DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS - ailadownloads.org · Chapter Three: Consequences of Criminal Activity: Removal from the United States.....109

xvii Copyright ©2017. American Immigration Lawyers Association.

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.

Dedication .................................................................................................................................. v Preface .................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. xiii Glossary of Acronyms ............................................................................................................. xv Table of Decisions ................................................................................................................. 823 Subject-Matter Index .............................................................................................................. 847

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... xlii

Chapter One: An Overview of Basic Immigration Terms and the Immigration Law System ...................................................................................................................... 1

Who (or What) Is Your Client? An Introduction to Statuses .................................................... 1 Citizenship and Naturalization ......................................................................................... 3 The Lawful Permanent Resident (“Green-Card” Holder) ................................................ 3 The Nonimmigrant Visa Holder ...................................................................................... 4

Persons from the Caribbean, Canada, and Mexico who do not need visas— tourists and temporary workers ......................................................................................... 5

The Visa Waiver Program (tourists without visas) ..................................................... 5 Other Protective Categories ............................................................................................. 6

Refugees and asylees ................................................................................................... 6 Withholding of removal .............................................................................................. 7 Protection under the Convention Against Torture ....................................................... 8 Temporary protected status ......................................................................................... 8 Parole .......................................................................................................................... 9 Deferred action .......................................................................................................... 10 “DACA” .................................................................................................................... 11 Order of supervision .................................................................................................. 12

No Status: Present Without Inspection or Admission, or Overstay ............................... 12 Other Useful Terms .................................................................................................................. 13

Notice to Appear ............................................................................................................ 13 Form I-94 ....................................................................................................................... 13 Visa ................................................................................................................................ 14 Employment Authorization Document .......................................................................... 14 Refugee Travel Permits and Re-entry Permits ............................................................... 14

Authority over Immigration Law Enforcement: A Look at the Government Agencies .......... 15 The U.S. Department of Homeland Security: USCIS, ICE, and CBP ........................... 15

An arrest at the border ............................................................................................... 17

xviii IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.

Copyright ©2017. American Immigration Lawyers Association.

An arrest upon termination of sentence ..................................................................... 17 Arrest while out in the community ............................................................................ 17

The U.S. Department of State ........................................................................................ 18 The Executive Office for Immigration Review ............................................................. 18 The Board of Immigration Appeals ............................................................................... 19 Attorney General Review .............................................................................................. 20 The Administrative Appeals Office ............................................................................... 21

The Agencies at Work: Removal Proceedings ......................................................................... 21 Notice to Appear ............................................................................................................ 21 Course of Proceedings ................................................................................................... 23 The Burden of Proof ...................................................................................................... 24 Applications for Relief .................................................................................................. 25 Appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals ................................................................ 26 Travel While a BIA Appeal Is Pending ......................................................................... 28 Review in Federal Court ................................................................................................ 28

Federal Judicial Review ........................................................................................................... 28 The REAL ID Act .......................................................................................................... 31 Jurisdiction ..................................................................................................................... 32

No review of discretionary determinations ............................................................... 32 Petitions for Review to the Courts of Appeals ............................................................... 33 Petitions for Habeas Corpus to the Federal District Courts ........................................... 34

Tips and Tools of the Trade ..................................................................................................... 36 1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) rap sheet ................................................... 36 2. Accurint ................................................................................................................. 37 3. PACER .................................................................................................................. 37 4. FOIA requests ....................................................................................................... 38 5. Polygraph examinations ........................................................................................ 38 6. Westlaw, LEXIS, AILALink, AILA.org, and Fastcase ......................................... 38 7. Psychological and medical evaluations ................................................................. 39 8. Country-condition experts ..................................................................................... 39 9. Country-condition sources of information (websites) ........................................... 39 10. Confirmation-of-appointment letters ................................................................... 39 11. Intake sheets ........................................................................................................ 39

Sources of Legal Authority ...................................................................................................... 40 Citations to Key Legislation .......................................................................................... 40

Appendices 1A: Contact Information for Immigration Courts ................................................................ 42 1B: Structure of CBP ........................................................................................................... 43 1C: Structure of ICE ............................................................................................................ 44

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1D: Structure of USCIS ....................................................................................................... 45 1E: Sample Notice to Appear .............................................................................................. 46 1F: FBI Rap Sheet Request ................................................................................................. 49 1G: Appointment Confirmation Letter ................................................................................ 51 1H: Client Checklist for Analyzing a Case with a Crime .................................................... 52 1I: Client Information Sheet ................................................................................................ 55

Chapter Two: The Definition of “Conviction” According to Immigration Law ................................................................................................................................. 57

The Statutory Definition of “Conviction” ................................................................................ 57 The “Beyond a Reasonable Doubt” Standard and Municipal Court Proceedings .......... 58

Marijuana prosecutions ............................................................................................. 60 Court Martials ................................................................................................................ 61 Finality ........................................................................................................................... 62 Withholds or Deferrals of Adjudication ........................................................................ 62

A withhold with no penalty ....................................................................................... 64 Pretrial Intervention or Diversion .................................................................................. 64

Admissions to the prosecutor do not qualify ............................................................. 65 Expungements and Record Sealings .............................................................................. 65

First offender/youthful offender provisions .............................................................. 66 The Ninth Circuit’s treatment of FFOA dispositions and their state

counterparts ................................................................................................................ 67 The other federal circuits ...................................................................................... 68

Does an expungement under the FFOA result in a “conviction?” ............................. 70 Pardons .......................................................................................................................... 71

The effect of a pardon on a ground of inadmissibility .............................................. 72 Pardon’s effect on naturalization ............................................................................... 72 Pardon must be full and unconditional ...................................................................... 73 Foreign pardons ......................................................................................................... 73

Post-conviction Relief on the Merits: Matter of Pickering ............................................ 74 The burden of proof in Pickering-type cases ............................................................ 77 Motions to reopen ..................................................................................................... 78 BIA decisions after Pickering ................................................................................... 79 The federal courts’ approach to Pickering ................................................................ 79

Vacatur found effective in eliminating the conviction .......................................... 80 Vacatur found ineffective for immigration purposes ............................................ 80 Vacatur ineffective for naturalization purposes .................................................... 84 Vacatur granted after removal order executed ...................................................... 84

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel .................................................................................. 85 Post-conviction Relief Modifying the Sentence Imposed .............................................. 86

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Acts of Juvenile Delinquency ........................................................................................ 86 Other juvenile acts ..................................................................................................... 89

Foreign Convictions ....................................................................................................... 89 Proof of Convictions ................................................................................................................ 91 Suspensions of Sentence .......................................................................................................... 92 Appendices

2A: Sample Padilla Motion to Vacate Plea, Judgment, and Sentence ................................. 93 2B: Matter of [redacted], 2012 Newark, N.J. (AAO) .......................................................... 99 2C: Memorandum in Support of Admissibility Under INA §212(a)(2) ............................. 106

Chapter Three: Consequences of Criminal Activity: Removal from the United States ............................................................................................................................. 109

Inadmissibility ........................................................................................................................ 110 The Applications of INA §212(a)(2)(A) ...................................................................... 110

Knocking at the door ............................................................................................... 110 Applicants for admission ......................................................................................... 110 When an LPR seeks admission ............................................................................... 111 The Fleuti Doctrine ................................................................................................. 111

Supreme Court Finds IIRAIRA Amendment to §101(a)(13)(C) Not Retroactive ....... 113 Adjustment of status ................................................................................................ 114 Visa applicants at American consular posts abroad ................................................ 115 Change of status ...................................................................................................... 115 Parolees ................................................................................................................... 115 Persons physically present in violation of the law .................................................. 115 Temporary protected status ..................................................................................... 116 Naturalization and “good moral character” ............................................................. 116

Deportability .......................................................................................................................... 116 INA §237(a) ................................................................................................................. 116 Deportability vs. Inadmissibility .................................................................................. 117

Expedited (Administrative) Removal of Persons Convicted of Crime .................................. 119 Relief from Expedited Removal .................................................................................. 122

Detention ................................................................................................................................ 123 Mandatory Detention ................................................................................................... 123

Re-entering After Removal: Criminal Prosecution and Reinstatement of Removal ............. 123 Re-entry of Removed Aliens ....................................................................................... 123

Challenging the underlying order ............................................................................ 124 Reinstatement of Removal ........................................................................................... 125

Limited exception for certain nationality-based benefits ........................................ 126 U.S. Supreme Court upholds retroactive application of §241(a)(5) ........................ 127

How the Government Locates Your Client ............................................................................ 128

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The Sure Ways ............................................................................................................. 128 Serving time in state or federal detention, both pre– and post-trial ......................... 128 Filing an immigration application ........................................................................... 131

Frequently, But Not Always ........................................................................................ 132 While reporting to a probation or parole officer ...................................................... 132 When re-entering the United States after a trip abroad ........................................... 132

Local Law Enforcement and the Enforcement of Immigration Laws .......................... 133 Local police ............................................................................................................. 133

Appendices 3A: Sample Motion to Terminate Arriving Alien Status (Conviction vs.

Commission) ......................................................................................................... 134 3B: Sample Motion to Terminate Arriving Alien Status (False

Imprisonment) ....................................................................................................... 142 3C: Respondent’s Reply to DHS Response on Motion to Dismiss (Arriving

Alien) .................................................................................................................... 149

Chapter Four: Consequences of Criminal Activity: Detention Inside the United States ............................................................................................................................. 157

Mandatory Detention ............................................................................................................. 158 Cooperating Witnesses ................................................................................................ 160 Demore v. Kim ............................................................................................................. 161 Prolonged Detention Litigation Post–Demore v. Kim .................................................. 162 Arriving Aliens under INA §235(b) ............................................................................ 165

Supreme Court Review .......................................................................................................... 166 Bond Hearings Before the Immigration Court ............................................................. 167

Numerical Limitations and Jurisdiction .................................................................. 168 Matter of Aguilar-Aquino ........................................................................................ 170 Matter of Joseph ...................................................................................................... 170

Jurisdiction over Custody Issues .................................................................................. 173 Arriving aliens ......................................................................................................... 173 Other jurisdiction-stripping classifications.............................................................. 174 Deportable respondents and those who enter without inspection ............................ 175

The “Release from Custody” Requirement .................................................................. 175 “When released” litigation ...................................................................................... 175 Circuit split .............................................................................................................. 177 Castaneda v. Souza ................................................................................................. 177 Does a sentence of imprisonment have to be imposed? .......................................... 179

Detention for Offense Not Charged on Notice to Appear ............................................ 181 Releases on or Before October 8, 1998 ....................................................................... 182

Other Detention Issues ........................................................................................................... 182

xxii IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


Non–Mandatory Detention Cases: The Standard ......................................................... 183 The automatic stay .................................................................................................. 183

Detention After a Removal Order ................................................................................ 188 Detention during judicial review of final removal order ......................................... 190 Alternatives to detention ......................................................................................... 191

Appendices 4A: Custody Rule Invoked (Terminates the Transitional Period Custody

Rules) .................................................................................................................... 193 4B: Section 309 of the IIRAIRA – the Transition Rule for 1996 Amendments

to the INA ............................................................................................................. 195 4C: Section 303(b) of the IIRAIRA – Effective Date of INA §236(c)

Mandatory Detention ............................................................................................ 198 4D: Memorandum on INA §236(c)’s “Custody” Requirement and the Use of

Alternatives to Detention to Meet the Statute’s Requirements ............................. 200 4E: Memorandum of Law in Support of Bond Motion – Joseph Motion

Arguing Financial Loss to a Victim Did Not Exceed $10,000 for Purposes of INA §101(a)(43)(M) ......................................................................................... 205

4F: Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus Under 28 USC §2241 ..................... 210 4G: Memorandum in Support of Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas

Corpus Under 28 USC §2241 ............................................................................... 218 4H: Motion for Bond Based on Matter of Joseph; Fraud Offense Not an

Aggravated Felony Under INA §101(a)(43)(M)/Analyzing “Loss to a Victim” ................................................................................................................. 231

Chapter Five: Methodology: Classifying Crimes Under the Immigration and Nationality Act ............................................................................................................. 235

Proper Classification of Crimes and the Methodology .......................................................... 235 Analyses and Terms ............................................................................................................... 236

U.S. Supreme Court Recalibrates the Categorical Approach: Descamps v. U.S. ......... 236 Categorical Approach: An Elements Approach ...................................................... 237 Taylor v. U.S. .......................................................................................................... 238

The Modified Categorical Approach: Divisible Statutes ............................................. 239 Missing Element Statutes............................................................................................. 241 Identifying the Minimal (Least Culpable) Conduct ..................................................... 242 Non-elemental Facts and the Circumstance-Specific Approach .................................. 244

Nijhawan v. Holder ................................................................................................. 245 Matter of H. Estrada ............................................................................................... 247

The Realistic Probability Test: Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez ...................................... 247 Re-emergence of the Categorical Approach ................................................................ 249

Moncrieffe v. Holder ............................................................................................... 249 Descamps v. U.S. ..................................................................................................... 251

Divisibility ................................................................................................................... 252

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Means vs. Elements ..................................................................................................... 253 Divisibility after Descamps: Supreme Court Cases ............................................................... 253 Divisibility After Descamps: Circuit Court Developments .................................................... 255

Alternative Statutory Provisions: Tenth Circuit on Distinct Mentes Reae as Means, not Elements ...................................................................................................................... 255

Alternative Statutory Provisions: Ninth Circuit on Controlled-Substance Schedules . 255 Alternative Statutory Provisions: First Circuit on Controlled-Substance Schedules ... 256 Alternative Statutory Provisions: Fifth Circuit on General Export Statute .................. 256 Facts-Based Approach: Third Circuit and Simple Assault .......................................... 257 Essential Elements Only: Ninth Circuit on Felony Gang Enhancement ...................... 257 Essential Elements Only: Ninth Circuit on Disjunctive Burglary Statute .................... 258 Essential Elements Only: Fourth Circuit on Disjunctive Larceny Statute ................... 258 Essential Elements Only: Eleventh Circuit Throwing a Deadly Missile ..................... 259

Divisibility after Descamps: Board of Immigration Appeals ................................................. 260 The Realistic Probability Test ...................................................................................... 262 Matter of Chairez II: Alternative Statutory Phrases .................................................... 263 Matter of Chairez III .................................................................................................... 264 Matter of Silva-Trevino ................................................................................................ 264 The AG’s Previous Methodology for Determining Moral Turpitude .......................... 266 The Realistic Probability Test ...................................................................................... 266 Moral Turpitude as a “Non-elemental Fact” ................................................................ 267 The Federal Courts’ Response to Silva-Trevino .......................................................... 267 BIA Limits Silva-Trevino ............................................................................................ 270 The Attorney General’s 2015 Vacatur ......................................................................... 270 Matter of Silva-Trevino (BIA 2016) ............................................................................ 270

Expanded Discussion: Arguments Against a Realistic Probability Test ............................... 271 The Realistic Probability test does not apply in “expressly overbroad statutes” ......... 271 Moncrieffe v. Holder: Distribution without remuneration of a controlled substance ... 272 Matter of Ferreira: Mismatched Controlled Substance Schedules .............................. 272 Mellouli v. Lynch: Mismatched Controlled-Substance Schedules ............................... 273 Singh v. U.S. Att’y Gen.: Counterfeit versus controlled substances ............................. 274 Swaby v. Yates: Mismatched Schedules, Realistic Probability Test Does Not Apply . 274 Matter of Chairez I: Antique Firearm Exception ......................................................... 274 Matter of Silva-Trevino: Indecency with a Child ......................................................... 275 Circuit Split: The Realistic Probability Test, to be or not to be ................................... 275 Points to Make: Arguing Against the Realistic Probability Test ................................. 276

Chapter Review: A Review of Pertinent Terms ..................................................................... 277 Appendices

5A: Unpublished IJ Decision (18 USC §1860 Not a CIMT) .............................................. 280

xxiv IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


5B: Excerpt from Board of Immigration Appeals Brief ..................................................... 283 5C: Sample Memorandum in Support of INA §240A(a) Eligibility for

Cancellation of Removal ........................................................................................... 288 5D: Respondent’s Reply to Government’s Opposition to Motion to

Reconsider ................................................................................................................. 295

Chapter Six: Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude ............................................................. 303 The Concept of Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude .............................................................. 303

Realistic Probability Analysis ...................................................................................... 305 Circuit Court Deference to the Agency ....................................................................... 306 Felonies and Misdemeanors ......................................................................................... 306

The elements of the criminal statute control ........................................................... 306 The question of intent .............................................................................................. 307 Divisible statutes and the record of conviction ....................................................... 310 Aiding and abetting; accessories and conspiracy .................................................... 310

Specific Offenses and Whether They Involve Moral Turpitude ............................................ 311 Theft and Larceny ........................................................................................................ 311 Theft Through Fraud; Copyright Infringement ............................................................ 316 Burglary ....................................................................................................................... 316 Fraud ............................................................................................................................ 318 False Statements .......................................................................................................... 319 Obstruction of Justice; Misprision ............................................................................... 320

Crimes of Violence ................................................................................................................ 322 Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude .............................................................................. 323 Crimes Not Involving Moral Turpitude ....................................................................... 324 Not Clear if Moral Turpitude Exists ............................................................................ 325 Gang Enhancement ...................................................................................................... 326 Failure to Register as a Sex Offender .......................................................................... 326 Crimes Involving Children .......................................................................................... 327 Driving Under the Influence ........................................................................................ 329 Controlled-Substance Offenses .................................................................................... 330 Firearms Offenses ........................................................................................................ 330 Immigration Law Violations ........................................................................................ 331

Appendix 6A: Motion to Dismiss and Terminate Arriving Alien Status; Conviction Under

Florida Theft Statute Not a Categorical CIMT .......................................................... 332

Chapter Seven: Aggravated Felonies ................................................................................. 341 The INA Definition of Aggravated Felony ............................................................................ 341

Murder ......................................................................................................................... 343 Sexual Abuse of a Minor ............................................................................................. 344

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Statutory Rape–Type Cases ......................................................................................... 345 Drug-Trafficking Crimes ............................................................................................. 347

Federal controlled-substance law: federal drug trafficking crime ...................... 348 First-time simple possession not an aggravated felony—except for

flunitrazepam ............................................................................................................ 348 Recidivist simple possession statutes ................................................................. 348

State controlled-substance convictions ................................................................... 349 Misdemeanor trafficking? ................................................................................... 349 Offenses involving the element of illicit trafficking ........................................... 350

Divisible statutes ..................................................................................................... 350 When trafficking isn’t “trafficking” ........................................................................ 352

Distribution Without Remuneration: Moncrieffe v. Holder ......................................... 353 Mis-matched Controlled Substance Schedules ....................................................... 356

Prescription Drugs ....................................................................................................... 359 Purchase of a Controlled Substance ............................................................................. 359 State Simple-Possession Offenses: A Mixed Approach .............................................. 360

The “hypothetical felony” approach ........................................................................ 361 The “guidelines” approach ...................................................................................... 362 Dueling circuits ....................................................................................................... 363 The Supreme Court’s decision in Lopez v. Gonzales .............................................. 364

The Federal Recidivist Statute ..................................................................................... 365 The Supreme Court’s decision in Carachuri-Rosendo ............................................ 367 The BIA’s response to Carachuri-Rosendo ............................................................ 368

Charging phase vs. sentencing phase .................................................................. 369 Prosecutorial discretion ...................................................................................... 370 Is there a “conviction”? ...................................................................................... 371

Attempts and Conspiracies .......................................................................................... 372 The Definition of “Crime of Violence” .................................................................................. 372

Mens Rea: The Levels of Intent ................................................................................... 372 The Supreme Court’s interpretation of crime of violence ........................................... 374

Recklessness and the use of force ........................................................................... 376 Force versus contact ................................................................................................ 377 Matter of Francisco-Alonzo .................................................................................... 382

The Board’s Analysis in Matter of Chairez ................................................................. 384 Particular Offenses ....................................................................................................... 385

Not crimes of violence ............................................................................................ 385 Crimes of violence .................................................................................................. 386 Unauthorized use of a motor vehicle ....................................................................... 387

Firearms Offenses ........................................................................................................ 389

xxvi IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


Whether a state firearms offense is “described in” a federal statute ....................... 391 Third Circuit on “described in”: Bautista v. U.S. Att’y Gen. .............................. 391 Supreme Court on “described in”: Torres v. Lynch ............................................ 392

Theft and Burglary Crimes .......................................................................................... 392 Aiding and abetting ................................................................................................. 392 Burglary .................................................................................................................. 394 Possession of stolen property .................................................................................. 395 Receipt of stolen property ....................................................................................... 395 Embezzlement ......................................................................................................... 396

Alien Smuggling .......................................................................................................... 396 Offenses That Depend on the Sentence Imposed ......................................................... 397

Perjury ..................................................................................................................... 397 Commercial bribery; obstruction of justice ............................................................. 397 Bail jumping ............................................................................................................ 398

Offenses That Depend on the Amount of Funds Involved .......................................... 399 Contesting “Loss” Findings; Understanding “Relevant Conduct” ......................................... 400

Offenses That Depend on “Commercial Advantage” .................................................. 404 “Aggravated Felony”—Must It Be a Felony? ........................................................................ 405

Misdemeanor Crimes of Violence ............................................................................... 406 Misdemeanor Sexual Abuse of a Minor ...................................................................... 406

Attempts and Conspiracies ..................................................................................................... 408 Appendices

7A: Petition for Review of Denial of Naturalization Application ................................. 409 7B: Memorandum in Support of Cancellation Eligibility.............................................. 426 7C: Sample Motion to Terminate Removal Proceedings .............................................. 429 7D: Motion to Dismiss Aggravated Felony Firearm Charge under the

Definition at INA §101(a)(43)(E) ......................................................................... 435 7E: Motion to Terminate Aggravated Felony Charge under INA

§101(a)(43)(A) Sexual Abuse of a Minor ............................................................. 440

Chapter Eight: Classifications Beyond Moral Turpitude and Aggravated Felony ........................................................................................................................... 443

Controlled Substance Offenses .............................................................................................. 443 The Definition of “Controlled-Substance Offense” ..................................................... 444

Personal-use exception ............................................................................................ 447 Variations on the Personal Use Exception .............................................................. 447 Drugs, but Not Controlled Substances .................................................................... 448 Solicitation Offenses ............................................................................................... 450 Paraphernalia ........................................................................................................... 451 Possession must be accompanied by “intent to use” ............................................... 453

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Paraphernalia must be tied to a federal controlled substance .................................. 453 Simulated or imitation controlled substances .......................................................... 453

“Reason to Believe” ..................................................................................................... 454 Drug Abusers and Addicts ........................................................................................... 455

Firearms Offenses .................................................................................................................. 455 “Firearm” and “Destructive Device” Defined ............................................................. 455

Firearm must be an element .................................................................................... 457 Firearms offense not a ground of inadmissibility .................................................... 458

No “Reason to Believe” or “Admission of the Essential Elements” Standards Apply ................................................................................................................................. 458

Money Laundering ................................................................................................................. 458 “Reason to Believe” ..................................................................................................... 459

Crimes of Domestic Violence ................................................................................................ 460 Offenses Included as Ground of Deportability ............................................................ 460 “Crime of Domestic Violence” Defined ...................................................................... 460 The Domestic Violence Victim ................................................................................... 462

Defining the “victim”; BIA adopts a circumstance-specific approach .................... 462 Child Abuse ................................................................................................................. 464 Violations of Protection Orders ................................................................................... 466

Applies to convictions after September 30, 1996 .................................................... 467 Domestic Violence Offense as a Crime Involving Moral Turpitude ........................... 467

Alien Smuggling .................................................................................................................... 467 Limited Exceptions for Smuggling an Immediate Family Member ............................ 469 Alien Smuggling Defined ............................................................................................ 469 The Crime of Alien Smuggling ................................................................................... 469

Crimes Involving Failure to Register; Visa and Passport Fraud ........................................... 471 Failure to Register ........................................................................................................ 472 Visa and Passport Fraud .............................................................................................. 473

Visa fraud as a crime involving moral turpitude and an aggravated felony ............ 474 Immigration document fraud ................................................................................... 475 Passport fraud .......................................................................................................... 475

Export Law; National Security Violations ............................................................................. 475 Export Law Violations: A Matter of National Security ............................................... 475

Public Safety and National Security ...................................................................................... 477 Failure to Register as a Sex Offender ..................................................................................... 478

The Adam Walsh Act .................................................................................................. 478 Unlawful Voting .................................................................................................................... 480 Appendices

8A: Sample Motion to Dismiss CIMT and RTB Charges ............................................. 481

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8B: Unpublished BIA Decision on Drug Paraphernalia and Pickering Vacatur Standard ................................................................................................................ 496

8C: Bond Motion Excerpt (Florida Firearms Statute) Not a Categorical Match to Federal Firearm Definition ............................................................................... 501

8D: Motion to Dismiss Charge under INA §237(a)(2)(B), New York Facilitation Conviction under NYPL §115.05 not a Categorical Controlled Substance Violation .............................................................................................. 509

8E: Motion to Dismiss Firearm Charge under INA §237(a)(2)(C) ............................... 514

Chapter Nine: Consequences of Specific Criminal Activity ............................................. 519 How to Use This Chapter ....................................................................................................... 519 Consequences of Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude ............................................................ 520

Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 520 Admission of the essential elements ....................................................................... 521 Petty offense and youthful offender exceptions ...................................................... 522 Political offense exception ...................................................................................... 523

Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 524 Defining “admission” .............................................................................................. 525 Multiple criminal convictions ................................................................................. 526

Mandatory Detention ................................................................................................... 527 Voluntary Departure .................................................................................................... 528

Pre-commencement or early stage of removal proceedings .................................... 528 Voluntary departure at conclusion of removal proceedings .................................... 528

Asylum, Withholding of Removal, and Convention Against Torture ......................... 529 Asylum .................................................................................................................... 529 Withholding of removal .......................................................................................... 530

Political offense exception .................................................................................. 530 Convention Against Torture .................................................................................... 531

Naturalization .............................................................................................................. 531 Revocation of naturalization (de-naturalization) ................................................ 532 Criminal prosecution for knowing illegal procurement of citizenship ............... 534 A defense attorney’s obligations......................................................................... 534

Consequences of an Aggravated Felony Conviction ............................................................. 534 Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 534 Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 535 Mandatory Detention ................................................................................................... 535 Voluntary Departure .................................................................................................... 535

Summary of caveat eligibility for individual with aggravated felony conviction seeking voluntary departure: ......................................................................................... 536 Asylum and Withholding of Removal ......................................................................... 536

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Judicial review of the “particularly serious crime” determination .......................... 538 Political offense exception .................................................................................. 538

Convention Against Torture ........................................................................................ 538 Naturalization .............................................................................................................. 539

Revocation of naturalization (denaturalization) ...................................................... 539 Consequences of a Controlled Substance Conviction ............................................................ 539

Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 539 “Reason to believe” ................................................................................................. 540

Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 541 The personal use exception ..................................................................................... 541

Does the personal use exception extend to paraphernalia? ................................. 541 Compare deportability with inadmissibility ............................................................ 542


Pre-commencement or early stage of removal proceedings .................................... 544 Conclusion of Proceedings .......................................................................................... 544 Asylum and Withholding of Removal ......................................................................... 544 Naturalization .............................................................................................................. 545

Revocation of naturalization (denaturalization) ...................................................... 546 Consequences of a Firearms Offense ..................................................................................... 546

Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 546 Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 547

Cross-reference with the aggravated felony definition ............................................ 547 Supreme Court: Torres v. Lynch ............................................................................. 549


Pre-commencement or early stage of removal proceedings .................................... 549 Conclusion of proceedings ...................................................................................... 549

Asylum and Withholding of Removal ......................................................................... 549 Naturalization .............................................................................................................. 550

Revocation of naturalization (denaturalization) ...................................................... 550 Consequences for Money Laundering Offenses .................................................................... 551

Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 551 State money-laundering offenses ............................................................................ 552 Moral turpitude........................................................................................................ 552

Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 553 Mandatory Detention ................................................................................................... 553 Voluntary Departure .................................................................................................... 553

xxx IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.




Revocation of naturalization (denaturalization) ...................................................... 556 Consequences of a Domestic Violence Conviction ............................................................... 556

The Definition .............................................................................................................. 556 Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 556

Cross-reference to crimes involving moral turpitude .............................................. 556 Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 558 Mandatory Detention ................................................................................................... 560 Voluntary Departure .................................................................................................... 560



Revocation of naturalization (denaturalization) ...................................................... 562 Consequences of Alien Smuggling ........................................................................................ 562

Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 562 Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 562

Cross-reference with the aggravated felony definition ............................................ 563 Mandatory Detention ................................................................................................... 563 Voluntary Departure .................................................................................................... 563



Revocation of naturalization (denaturalization) ...................................................... 565 Falsification of Documents, and Visa and Passport Fraud ..................................................... 565

Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 565 Visa fraud ................................................................................................................ 566 Possession vs. use .................................................................................................... 566 Civil or criminal document fraud violations under INA §274C .............................. 567

Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 568 Registration and Visa Fraud .................................................................................... 568 Civil or criminal document fraud violations under INA §274C .............................. 568


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Pre-commencement or preliminary stage of removal proceedings ......................... 569 Conclusion of proceedings ...................................................................................... 569


Revocation of naturalization (denaturalization) ...................................................... 571 Consequences of Export Law Violations ............................................................................... 571

Inadmissibility, Including Adjustment of Status and Visa Eligibility ......................... 571 Deportability/Removability ......................................................................................... 573 Mandatory Detention ................................................................................................... 573 Voluntary Departure .................................................................................................... 573



Adam Walsh Act .................................................................................................................... 575 Appendix

9A: Crimes and Possible Consequences Chart .............................................................. 577

Chapter Ten: Immigration Defense: Waivers and Other Relief ...................................... 579 Burden of Proof and Persuasion ............................................................................................. 580

Categorical approach in the relief phase ...................................................................... 580 Mandatory Bars and DHS’s Burden of Proof .............................................................. 582

Adjustment of Status .............................................................................................................. 582 Available to Permanent and Non–Permanent Residents .............................................. 585 Discretionary Benefit ................................................................................................... 586 Jurisdiction ................................................................................................................... 587 Aggravated Felony Offenses ....................................................................................... 588 Firearms Offenses ........................................................................................................ 589 Domestic Violence Offenses ....................................................................................... 590 Visa and Registration Offenses .................................................................................... 590 Export Violations ......................................................................................................... 591

Waivers Under INA §212(h) .................................................................................................. 592 The 15-Year Waiver .................................................................................................... 594 The Extreme Hardship Waiver .................................................................................... 594 The Battered Spouse and Child Waiver ....................................................................... 594 Special Rules for Lawful Permanent Residents ........................................................... 595

LPRs with aggravated felony and other convictions ............................................... 595 Retroactivity of the amendment .............................................................................. 596 Important circuit case law: defining “admission” ................................................... 596

xxxii IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


The analysis: understanding “admission” ........................................................... 596 The analysis: understanding the criminal bar’s language ................................... 597

Matter of J-H-J ........................................................................................................ 598 Matter of Alyazji ...................................................................................................... 598

The analysis: what about entry without inspection? ........................................... 599 The next move: DHS argues subsequent re-entries are “admissions” ................ 599

LPRs with non-aggravated felony convictions ........................................................ 600 Defining Lawful Continual Residence ......................................................................... 601 Tolling of Seven-Year Period: Initiation of Removal Proceedings ............................. 601 Arriving Aliens or Those Adjusting Status .................................................................. 602

BIA abandons Matter of Sanchez ....................................................................... 604 Crimes occurring prior to admission that were not revealed .............................. 605

Limited Availability of INA §212(h) for Persons Convicted of Violent or Dangerous Crimes ............................................................................................................. 605

INA §209(c) Waiver for Refugees and Asylees ..................................................................... 609 Compare with the INA §212(h) Waiver ...................................................................... 610 Use of INA §209(c) by Certain Lawful Permanent Residents to Avoid Removal ...... 611

Asylum and Withholding of Removal ................................................................................... 612 Asylum......................................................................................................................... 613 Withholding of or Restriction on Removal Under the INA ......................................... 614

Defining the “particularly serious crime” ................................................................ 615 Withholding and Deferral Under the Convention Against Torture ............................... 617

Cancellation of Removal ........................................................................................................ 617 Continuous Residence Versus Lawful Permanent Resident Status .............................. 618 Residence Cannot Be Imputed to Minor Children Living Abroad .............................. 618 Defining “Admission” ................................................................................................. 619

Offense need not be charged in removal proceedings to stop the time ................... 621 The Requirement of a Lawful Admission .................................................................... 622 Individuals Who Are Ineligible for Cancellation ......................................................... 623

Combining waivers ................................................................................................. 623 Special Rule for Battered Spouses ............................................................................... 624 Special Rule Cancellation of Removal: NACARA §203 ............................................ 625 No Reinstatement of Removal ..................................................................................... 627

The Waiver That Keeps Giving: INA §212(c) (repealed 1996) ............................................. 627 Overview of Eligibility Criteria for §212(c) Waiver ................................................... 627 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 628 Advance Permission to Return to Unrelinquished Domicile ....................................... 630 Case Law Expands Eligibility to Those in Deportation Track ..................................... 631 The Immigration Act of 1990 ...................................................................................... 631

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxiii


The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ....................................... 632 The U.S. Supreme Court Decision: INS v. St. Cyr ....................................................... 632 The 2004 Regulation .................................................................................................... 633

Eligibility cut-off dates............................................................................................ 633 Individuals in exclusion proceedings ...................................................................... 636 IIRAIRA definition of aggravated felony retroactive: the summer of 1996 ........... 636 Persons convicted by trial ....................................................................................... 638 Utilizing the waiver to cure post-1996 convictions (persons already in deportation

proceedings) .................................................................................................................. 639 INA §212(c) Eligibility Criteria .................................................................................. 639 Persons wrongfully removed prior to St. Cyr, Judulang, or Abdelghany .................... 641

Re-entry after pretermission of §212(c) application and deportation ...................... 642 Gabryelsky filings: adjustment of status combined with INA §212(c) ................... 644

Combining INA §212(c) and Cancellation of Removal .............................................. 645 Affirmative Applications for §212(c) .......................................................................... 645 Naturalization After a Waiver Under INA §212(c) ..................................................... 646

Voluntary Departure .............................................................................................................. 646 Precommencement or Preliminary Stage of Proceedings ............................................ 648 Voluntary Departure at Conclusion of Proceedings ..................................................... 649

Is Your Client an American Citizen? An Introduction to Derivative and Acquired Citizenship ..................................................................................................................... 651 Watch for Effective Dates ............................................................................................ 651 Acquired Citizenship at Birth ...................................................................................... 652 Derivative Citizenship After Birth ............................................................................... 654

Individual who turned 18 before February 27, 2001 ............................................... 654 Naturalization as a Defense to Deportation ............................................................................ 656

Termination of Removal Proceedings for Naturalization ............................................ 656 Soldiers and Veterans .................................................................................................. 657

Relief from Alien Smuggling Charges ................................................................................... 660 Relief from Deportability and Inadmissibility, Absent a Conviction .......................... 660

Waiver for smuggling immediate family members ................................................. 660 Cancellation of removal .......................................................................................... 660

Relief from a Conviction for Alien Smuggling (An Aggravated Felony) ................... 661 Adjustment of status ................................................................................................ 661 INA §212(h) waiver ................................................................................................ 661 Cancellation of removal .......................................................................................... 662 INA §212(c) waiver ................................................................................................ 662 Asylum and withholding of removal ....................................................................... 662 Naturalization .......................................................................................................... 662

xxxiv IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


Nonimmigrant Visa Waiver Under INA §212(d)(3) .............................................................. 663 Introduction: “My son’s been deported for an aggravated felony; can he ever come

back?” ................................................................................................................................ 663 Jurisdiction ................................................................................................................... 664

Applications at the consulate ................................................................................... 664 Applications at a port of entry ................................................................................. 665 Separate permission to re-enter after deportation or removal (Form I-212) not

required ......................................................................................................................... 666 Does not waive security or terrorism grounds of inadmissibility ............................ 667

Factors for Consideration............................................................................................. 667 Defending the Criminal Charge of Re-entry After Removal ................................................. 668

Collaterally attacking the underlying removal order ............................................... 669 Appendices

10A: Sample Motion to Reopen Sua Sponte Based on New Case Law ........................ 672 10B: Unpublished BIA Decision re: Sua Sponte Motion to Reopen for INA

§212(c) After Removal Order, Conviction by Trial .............................................. 677 10C: Brief Excerpt: Particularly Serious Crime Analysis, Asylum Versus

Withholding .......................................................................................................... 679 10D: Sample Motion to Pretermit Waiver Application Under INA §212(h) ................. 682 10E: Sample Memorandum in Support of INA §212(h) Eligibility .............................. 687 10F: Unpublished BIA Decision re: Cancellation of Removal, Waiver of

Inadmissibility Under INA §212(h) ...................................................................... 693

Chapter Eleven: Immigration Defense: Fashioning a Plea to Avoid Adverse Immigration Consequences ........................................................................................ 697

Avoiding Adverse Immigration Consequences ...................................................................... 698 Avoiding a Conviction Through Pretrial Diversion ..................................................... 698

Beware of admissions to the crime .......................................................................... 699 Federal First Offender Act Treatment; 18 USC §3607 ................................................ 699 Keep the Case in Juvenile Court .................................................................................. 700 The Petty Offense Exception ....................................................................................... 701

Section 237’s version of the petty offense exception .............................................. 701 Avoiding a Conviction of a Crime Involving Moral Turpitude ............................................. 702

Why It Is Important (A Quick Rundown on Consequences) ....................................... 702 Eligibility for permanent resident status ................................................................. 702 Mandatory detention ............................................................................................... 702 Naturalization .......................................................................................................... 702

What Is “Moral Turpitude?” ........................................................................................ 702 Fraud crimes ............................................................................................................ 703 Theft offenses: defining “deprive” .......................................................................... 703 Embezzlement ......................................................................................................... 704

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxv


Burglary .................................................................................................................. 704 Working with a divisible statute: control the conviction record ......................... 705 Alternative pleas ................................................................................................. 705

Crimes of violence .................................................................................................. 705 DUIs (operating under the influence) ...................................................................... 706

Avoid Multiple Counts ................................................................................................ 706 Summary Examples of Successful Plea Bargaining to Avoid a Crime Involving Moral

Turpitude ........................................................................................................................... 707 Avoiding the Aggravated Felony Conviction ........................................................................ 708

Why It Is Important (A Quick Rundown on Consequences) ....................................... 708 Limited eligibility for relief from removal and mandatory detention ..................... 708 Barred from asylum ................................................................................................. 709 No naturalization for convictions entered after November 29, 1990 ...................... 709

Avoiding an Aggravated Felony—Keep the Sentence Under One Year ..................... 709 Avoiding Loss to a Victim, or Funds, Exceeding $10,000 .......................................... 710 Avoiding Crime of Violence by Pleading to a Non–Specific Intent Crime ................. 711 Avoiding Alien Smuggling/Aggravated Felony Conviction ........................................ 711 Summary Examples of Effective Plea Bargaining to Avoid Aggravated Felony ........ 712

Avoiding Deportability for Domestic Violence Offenses ...................................................... 718 Creating Eligibility for Relief ................................................................................................ 718

INA §212(h) ................................................................................................................ 719 Less than 30 grams of marijuana ............................................................................. 719

Cancellation of Removal ............................................................................................. 719 Avoid offenses that toll the seven years of legal residence ..................................... 719 Avoid the aggravated felony conviction ................................................................. 720

Withholding of Removal and Asylum ......................................................................... 720 Naturalization eligibility .............................................................................................. 720 Creating a Good Record Through the Plea Agreement and Plea Colloquy ................. 720

Defense and immigration counsel must work as a team ......................................... 722 Plea Agreements to Avoid (Bad Plea Deals) ............................................................... 722

False statements and currency transactions ............................................................. 722 Aggravated assault and probation only ................................................................... 723 Multiple counts........................................................................................................ 723 365 days in jail ........................................................................................................ 723 Five-year prison sentence ........................................................................................ 724

Appendix 11A: Sample Memorandum for Fashioning a Plea ................................................................ 725

xxxvi IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


Chapter Twelve: Visas for Cooperating Witnesses ........................................................... 735 “S” Status ............................................................................................................................... 736

The Statute ................................................................................................................... 737 The Regulations ........................................................................................................... 738 Conditions of Status ..................................................................................................... 739 Adjustment to Permanent Resident Status Under S ..................................................... 740

The statute ............................................................................................................... 741 The regulations ........................................................................................................ 742 Special requirements for family members ............................................................... 742

Miscellaneous Tips and Advice About S Status .......................................................... 743 Asylum, Withholding and CAT as alternatives ....................................................... 745 Convention Against Torture for the principal family member/witness ................... 746

“T” Status ............................................................................................................................... 748 The Statute ................................................................................................................... 748 New 2017 Regulations ................................................................................................. 749

“Severe form of trafficking” is force, fraud, or coercion ........................................ 749 “Extreme hardship” defined .................................................................................... 750 Physical presence requirement ................................................................................ 750

Application Procedure ................................................................................................. 751 Effect of pending immigration proceedings ............................................................ 752 Applicants with final orders of removal .................................................................. 752 Annual cap on number of admissions ..................................................................... 753 Revocation of status ................................................................................................ 753

Family Members .......................................................................................................... 753 Duration of nonimmigrant status and application for permanent residency ............ 754

“U” Status .............................................................................................................................. 755 The Statute ................................................................................................................... 756

“Criminal activity” defined ..................................................................................... 757 The Regulation............................................................................................................. 757

Filing ....................................................................................................................... 759 Cap and Backlogs .................................................................................................... 760 Qualifying family members .................................................................................... 760 Persons in removal proceedings .............................................................................. 761 Age-out protection .................................................................................................. 763

Permanent Resident Status: A Change in Focus .......................................................... 764 Family Members Not Already in U Status .............................................................. 766 Jurisdiction .............................................................................................................. 767

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxvii


Appendix 12A: Form I-854, Inter-Agency Alien Witness and Informant Record ........................ 768

Chapter Thirteen: Preparing and Presenting Applications That Waive a Criminal Conviction .................................................................................................... 781

Venues: an Overview of Jurisdiction ..................................................................................... 782 Consulate Cases: USCIS Jurisdiction over Waivers .................................................... 782 Adjustment of Status: USCIS Jurisdiction, Possible Interview ................................... 783 Immigration Court ....................................................................................................... 784

Nonimmigrant Visas at Consulate: Admissibility Review Office ........................... 784 Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Stays of Removal ................................... 785

Filing Fees ................................................................................................................... 785 Rules Regarding Biometrics ........................................................................................ 785

The Universal List: Evidence in Support of a Waiver ........................................................... 787 Evidence Relating to the Applicant ............................................................................. 788 Evidence Relating to Family Members ........................................................................ 790

Adjustment of Status .............................................................................................................. 792 Forms, Fees, and Attachments ..................................................................................... 792 When Filing with the Immigration Court .................................................................... 794 Adjustment Is Discretionary ........................................................................................ 794

INA §212(h) Waivers—15-Year, Hardship, and Battered Spouse or Child .......................... 794 Form and Fee ............................................................................................................... 794 When Filing with the Immigration Court .................................................................... 795 Emphasis on Hardship to Family Members ................................................................. 795 Discretion Must Be Warranted, Notwithstanding Hardship ........................................ 796

Refugee Waiver Under INA §209(c) ..................................................................................... 796 Waiver Under the Pre-AEDPA INA §212(c) (repealed in 1996) ........................................... 798

Form and Fee ............................................................................................................... 798 Emphasis on Unrelinquished Domicile; All Equities Are Relevant ............................ 798

Cannot have served five years in prison for an aggravated felony or felonies ........ 798 A balancing of the equities ...................................................................................... 799

Cancellation of Removal—INA §240A(a) ............................................................................ 799 Form and Fee ............................................................................................................... 799 Filing with the Immigration Court ............................................................................... 799 Emphasis on Residency Requirements; All Equities Apply ........................................ 800

A balancing of the equities ...................................................................................... 800 Special Rule Cancellation of Removal ................................................................................... 800

Form and Fee ............................................................................................................... 800 Supporting Documents ................................................................................................ 800

xxxviii IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


Waiver Under INA §212(d)(3)(A) ......................................................................................... 801 Form and Fee ............................................................................................................... 801 Information Required ................................................................................................... 801 Contacting LegalNet for Assistance When Consul Declines to Accept Waiver .......... 802

Memoranda of Law and Witness Lists ................................................................................... 803 Before USCIS .............................................................................................................. 803 Pretrial Statements to the Immigration Court .............................................................. 804 Witnesses ..................................................................................................................... 806

Witness list .............................................................................................................. 806 Choosing witnesses ................................................................................................. 806 Working with witnesses .......................................................................................... 806 The REAL ID Act and Credibility .......................................................................... 807 Details: The time and place of hearing, the need for an interpreter ......................... 807

Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 807 Applications Filed After an Order of Removal ...................................................................... 808

Stay of Deportation: Form I-246.................................................................................. 808 Criteria .................................................................................................................... 808

Permission to Reapply for Admission After a Removal Order .................................... 809 Criteria .................................................................................................................... 811

Appendices 13A: Sample Respondent’s Pretrial Statement .............................................................. 813 13B: Statement in Support of Naturalization Eligibility................................................ 818

APPENDICES

1A: Contact Information for Immigration Courts .................................................................... 42 1B: Structure of CBP ............................................................................................................... 43 1C: Structure of ICE ................................................................................................................ 44 1D: Structure of USCIS ........................................................................................................... 45 1E: Sample Notice to Appear ................................................................................................... 45 1F: FBI Rap Sheet Request ...................................................................................................... 49 1G: Appointment Confirmation Letter ..................................................................................... 51 1H: Client Checklist for Analyzing a Case with a Crime ........................................................ 52 1I: Client Information Sheet..................................................................................................... 55 2A: Sample Padilla Motion to Vacate Plea, Judgment, and Sentence ..................................... 93 2B: Matter of [redacted], 2012 Newark N..J. (AAO) .............................................................. 99 2C: Memorandum in Support of Admissibility Under INA §212(a)(2) ................................. 106 3A: Sample Motion to Terminate Arriving Alien Status (Conviction vs.

Commission) ................................................................................................................. 134

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxix


3B: Sample Motion to Terminate Arriving Alien Status (False Imprisonment) ............................................................................................................... 142

3C: Respondent’s Reply to DHS Response on Motion to Dismiss (Arriving Alien) ............. 149 4A: Custody Rule Invoked (Terminates the Transitional Period Custody

Rules) ............................................................................................................................ 193 4B: Section 309 of the IIRAIRA – the Transition Rule for 1996 Amendments to the

INA ................................................................................................................................ 195 4C: Section 303(b) of the IIRAIRA – Effective Date of INA §236(c)

Mandatory Detention ..................................................................................................... 198 4D: Memorandum on INA §236(c)’s “Custody” Requirement and the Use of

Alternatives to Detention to Meet the Statute’s Requirements ...................................... 200 4E: Memorandum of Law in Support of Bond Motion – Joseph Motion

Arguing Financial Loss to a Victim Did Not Exceed $10,000 for Purposes of INA §101(a)(43)(M) ...................................................................................................... 205

4F: Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus Under 28 USC §2241.............................. 210 4G: Memorandum in Support of Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas

Corpus Under 28 USC §2241 ........................................................................................ 218 4H: Motion for Bond Based on Matter of Joseph; Fraud Offense Not an Aggravated

Felony Under INA §101(a)(43)(M)/Analyzing “Loss to a Victim” .............................. 231 5A: Unpublished IJ Decision (18 USC §1860 Not a CIMT) ................................................. 280 5B: Excerpt from Board of Immigration Appeals Brief ......................................................... 283 5C: Sample Memorandum in Support of INA §240A(a) Eligibility for Cancellation

of Removal .................................................................................................................... 288 5D: Respondent’s Reply to Government’s Opposition to Motion to

Reconsider ..................................................................................................................... 295 6A: Motion to Dismiss and Terminate Arriving Alien Status; Conviction Under

Florida Theft Statute Not a Categorical CIMT .............................................................. 332 7A: Petition for Review of Denial of Naturalization Application .......................................... 409 7B: Memorandum in Support of Cancellation Eligibility ...................................................... 426 7C: Sample Motion to Terminate Removal Proceedings ....................................................... 429 7D: Motion to Dismiss Aggravated Felony Firearm Charge under the

Definition at INA §101(a)(43)(E) .................................................................................. 435 7E: Motion to Terminate Aggravated Felony Charge under INA

§101(a)(43)(A) Sexual Abuse of a Minor ..................................................................... 440 8A: Sample Motion to Dismiss CIMT and RTB Charges ...................................................... 481 8B: Unpublished BIA Decision on Drug Paraphernalia and Pickering Vacatur

Standard ......................................................................................................................... 496 8C: Bond Motion Excerpt (Florida Firearms Statute) Not a Categorical Match to

Federal Firearm Definition ............................................................................................ 501 8D: Motion to Dismiss Charge under INA §237(a)(2)(B), New York Facilitation

Conviction under NYPL §115.05 not a Categorical Controlled Substance Violation ........................................................................................................................ 509

8E: Motion to Dismiss Firearm Charge under INA §237(a)(2)(C) ........................................ 514

xl IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, SEVENTH ED.


9A: Crimes and Possible Consequences Chart....................................................................... 577 10A: Sample Motion to Reopen Sua Sponte Based on New Case Law ................................. 672 10B: Unpublished BIA Decision re: Sua Sponte Motion to Reopen for INA §212(c)

After Removal Order, Conviction by Trial .................................................................... 677 10C: Brief Excerpt: Particularly Serious Crime Analysis, Asylum Versus

Withholding ................................................................................................................... 679 10D: Sample Motion to Pretermit Waiver Application Under INA §212(h) ......................... 682 10E: Sample Memorandum in Support of INA §212(h) Eligibility ....................................... 687 10F: Unpublished BIA Decision re: Cancellation of Removal, Waiver of

Inadmissibility Under INA §212(h) .............................................................................. 693 11A: Sample Memorandum for Fashioning a Plea ................................................................ 725 12A: Form I-854, Inter-Agency Alien Witness and Informant Record................................. 768 13A: Sample Respondent’s Pretrial Statement ...................................................................... 813 13B: Statement in Support of Naturalization Eligibility ........................................................ 818