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Determining the Determining the Feasibility of the Feasibility of the
Recovery of Woody Recovery of Woody BiomassBiomass
Bob Rummer, US Forest ServiceBob Rummer, US Forest Service
Mark Engle, Four Corners Mark Engle, Four Corners ConsultingConsulting
FeasibilityFeasibility
TechnicalTechnical– PerformancePerformance– Meeting constraintsMeeting constraints
EconomicEconomic– Market values of goods and Market values of goods and
servicesservices– Costs of operationCosts of operation
Intr
od
ucti
on
Determining FeasibilityDetermining Feasibility
Contractors bidding on a Contractors bidding on a projectproject
Grantors or investorsGrantors or investors Wood purchasersWood purchasers Resource managersResource managers Policy makersPolicy makers
Intr
od
ucti
on
Current Current ConditionCondition
Desired Desired FutureFuture
Forest Operation• How to treat
Prescription• What to treat
Forest Products andEcosystem Services
Intr
od
ucti
on
OutlineOutline
Technical feasibility issuesTechnical feasibility issues Needs and constraintsNeeds and constraints Biomass system Biomass system
technologytechnology Performance estimationPerformance estimation
Economic feasibility issuesEconomic feasibility issues Business planningBusiness planning
Intr
od
ucti
on
PrescriptionPrescription
Piece sizePiece size SpeciesSpecies Volume per acreVolume per acre Acres per landingAcres per landing Residual spacingResidual spacing UtilizationUtilization Terrain (slopes, riparian)Terrain (slopes, riparian) Additional workAdditional work
Need
s a
nd
Con
str
ain
ts
Prescription ConstraintsPrescription Constraints
Soil disturbanceSoil disturbance Residual damageResidual damage Exclusions (arch sites, nesting)Exclusions (arch sites, nesting) Operating seasonOperating season Activity fuelsActivity fuels NoiseNoise
Need
s a
nd
Con
str
ain
ts
Example: WUIExample: WUI
Work hours limited 700-1700Work hours limited 700-1700 Road impacts (no steel Road impacts (no steel
grousers)grousers) Unit size <5 acUnit size <5 ac Landings limitedLandings limited Terrain relatively flatTerrain relatively flat Control risk to publicControl risk to public High visibilityHigh visibility
Need
s a
nd
Con
str
ain
ts
Products and MarketsProducts and Markets
Current wood usersCurrent wood users– ProductsProducts– Market sizeMarket size
Merchandizing Merchandizing operationsoperations– SizeSize– Processing or conversionProcessing or conversion
Need
s a
nd
Con
str
ain
ts
Generic Technical SolutionsGeneric Technical Solutions
FunctionsFunctions– Felling, skidding, processing, Felling, skidding, processing,
loadingloading SystemsSystems
– Ground-basedGround-based Whole tree or tree lengthWhole tree or tree length Log lengthLog length
– CableCable– HelicopterHelicopter
Syste
m T
ech
nolo
gy
Biomass RecoveryBiomass Recovery
Added component of multi-Added component of multi-product harvestingproduct harvesting
Biomass harvesting smallwoodBiomass harvesting smallwood Biomass harvesting Biomass harvesting
brush/understorybrush/understory Short-rotation woody cropsShort-rotation woody crops
Syste
m T
ech
nolo
gy
Recovering ResiduesRecovering Residues
Chipping/grinding with Chipping/grinding with harvestingharvesting
Chipping/grinding separatelyChipping/grinding separately Hauling residues Hauling residues Keep the chipper busyKeep the chipper busy Can get complexCan get complex Don’t haul slash very farDon’t haul slash very far
Syste
m T
ech
nolo
gy:
Road
sid
e
Forwarding or skiddingForwarding or skidding
Payload = 1/3 solid Payload = 1/3 solid woodwood
Syste
m T
ech
nolo
gy:
In-w
ood
s
In-woods residue collectionIn-woods residue collection
Very sensitive to volume per Very sensitive to volume per acreacre
Concentration by previous Concentration by previous workwork
Payload is criticalPayload is critical Generally can’t pay for itselfGenerally can’t pay for itself
Syste
m T
ech
nolo
gy:
In-w
ood
s
Swath HarvestersSwath Harvesters
Sensitive to volume per acreSensitive to volume per acre Less sensitive to small piece Less sensitive to small piece
sizesize Takes everythingTakes everything Cleaning machinesCleaning machines Alternative to masticationAlternative to mastication How to move the chips?How to move the chips?
Syste
m T
ech
nolo
gy:
Sw
ath
Biomass ThinningBiomass Thinning
Low-value productLow-value product Generally facing smaller Generally facing smaller
diametersdiameters Many special treatmentsMany special treatments Tend to be lower system Tend to be lower system
outputoutput
Syste
m T
ech
nolo
gy:
Fu
el Th
inn
ing
Put a number on Put a number on ProductivityProductivity
Need to know outputNeed to know output Need to know time requiredNeed to know time required
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
Productivity = output / time
If you have a system …If you have a system …
Gross production estimateGross production estimate– simplesimple– Includes all effects, delaysIncludes all effects, delays– Only applies to specific Only applies to specific
conditionsconditions Do your own time studyDo your own time study
– Small sample of only productive Small sample of only productive timetime
– Measure things that affect timeMeasure things that affect time
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
Example: skiddingExample: skidding
Key variable is distanceKey variable is distance
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
Get your dataGet your data
Skidder Production
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 100 200 300 400
Distance (ft)
Cyc
le T
ime (
min
)
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
Summarize ResultsSummarize Results
Watch skidding for a truckloadWatch skidding for a truckload Total volume skidded/# turnsTotal volume skidded/# turns
– Volume per turnVolume per turn Total timeTotal time Calculate the average skid Calculate the average skid
distancedistance
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
“Skidder got 20 tons per hour at an average skid distance of 300 ft”
Unknown MachineUnknown Machine
Look at spec sheets for Look at spec sheets for payloadpayload
Estimate operational speedsEstimate operational speeds
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
“Feller-buncher can cut 2 trees/min that are 250 lbs each for a productivity of 15 tons per hour”
Be CarefulBe Careful
How many productive hours How many productive hours can you get in a year?can you get in a year?
Did you see all work tasks?Did you see all work tasks? What limited production?What limited production? Don’t overlook overheadDon’t overlook overhead
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
Look at the Whole SystemLook at the Whole System
System output is limited by slowest System output is limited by slowest operationoperation
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
Felling
$75/hr$75/hr
20 tons/hr20 tons/hr
Skidding
$75/hr$75/hr
12 tons/hr12 tons/hr
Loading
$50/hr$50/hr
80 tons/hr80 tons/hr
Technical FeasibilityTechnical Feasibility
Meets required performanceMeets required performance Estimate of production rateEstimate of production rate Some idea of how output is Some idea of how output is
affected by key factorsaffected by key factors
Perf
orm
an
ce E
sti
mati
on
Now the key question is, “Can you make money with it?”
Why is feasibility an issue?Why is feasibility an issue?
Constraints generally decrease Constraints generally decrease optionsoptions
Constraints not treated as tradeoffsConstraints not treated as tradeoffs There are unsolvable problemsThere are unsolvable problems New product New product
opportunities/requirementsopportunities/requirements ““There be monsters …”There be monsters …”
– Wide range of risks/unknownsWide range of risks/unknowns