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DETERMINISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN
CHARACTER AND THE SETTING IN SISTER CARRIE BY
THEODORE DREISER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CLAUDIA NATALIA SUHIDRO
Student Number: 134214096
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
DETERMINISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN
CHARACTER AND THE SETTING IN SISTER CARRIE BY
THEODORE DREISER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CLAUDIA NATALIA SUHIDRO
Student Number: 134214096
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
DETERMINISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAINCHARACTER AND THE SETTING IN SISTER CARRIE BY
THEODORE DREISER
By
CLAUDIA NATALIA SUHIDRO
Student Number: 134214096
Approved by
Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum
Advisor
Elisa[£t, SS., M.Hum.
Co-Advisor
III
June 4, 2017
June 4, 2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
DETERMINISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAINCHARACTER AND THE SETTING IN SISTER CARRIE BY
THEODORE DREISER
By
CLAUDIA NATALIA SUHIDRO
Student Number: 134214096
Defended before the Board ofExaminerson July 21,2017
and Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name
Chairperson : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum
Secretary , : Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum.
Member 1 : Tatang Iskama, S.S., M.Hum.
Member 2 : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Bum
Member 3 : Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum.
Dr. P. Ari Subagyo, M.Hum
IV
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any degree at any university, and that, to the
best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously
written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the
undergraduate thesis
Yogyakarta, June 2, 2017
fj.Claudia Natalia Suhidro
..'
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
Claudia Nataha Suhidro
134214096
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
DETERMINISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAINCHARACTER AND THE SETTING IN SISTER CARRIE BY
THEODORE DREISER
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas SanataDham1a hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan, dalam bentuk media lain,mengelolanya elalam bentuk pangkalan elata, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, elanmempublikasikannya eli intemet atau meelia lain untuk kepentingan akaelemistanpa perlu meminta ijin kepaela saya maupun memberikan royalty kepaela sayaselama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat elengan sebenamya.
Dibuat eli Yogyakatia
Paelatanggal2Juni2017
Yang menyatakan,
HClaudia atalia Suhidro
VI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vii
This Undergraduate thesis is dedicated to:
The Lord Jesus Christ,
My Beloved Family,
And Everyone I love…
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank my Lord, Jesus Christ for His unconditional blessing in
my life. I am so thankful that He never failed me at anything. I know that He
always accompanies and guides me in every situation so that I can finish this
thesis.
Also, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan
Wijanarka, M.Hum. for giving me a lot of guidance, advices, suggestions, and
patience to help me to finish this thesis. I also like to thank my co-advisor, Elisa
Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum. for giving me her patience and her time to read and
also correct this undergraduate thesis to make it better.
I dedicate this thesis for my beloved parents, my dearest sister and brother,
and my beloved grandma. I thank them for always praying for me, giving me
supports, endless love, and a great care even though I often make them
disappointed. Without their continuous supports, I would have never been able to
finish this thesis. I really grateful to have them in my life. Thank you for being my
family.
My gratitude is also given to my special one, B.Giordano, for loving me
genuinely, supporting me and encouraging me to finish this thesis. Thank you for
always being there for me, thank you for your patience, thank you for accepting
me in all ways. Words can’t describe how lucky am I to have you in my life.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ix
I also want to thank my second family, komsel Victory, who is also my
spiritual family. Thank you for always praying for me, helping me in difficulties
in life, encouraging me when I almost give up in my thesis. I’m so happy in the
right community which I can call them as family. Thank you so much for
everything.
Last but not least, I give thanks to all my friends who filling my days with
laughter and happiness. They are especially from Bergelantungan group, Bu
Bagyo Family, Manis Manja group, and Sanquidlaudya group. Thank you for our
unforgettable memories together and thank you for our togetherness. I hope our
friendship will last long. I love you all.
Claudia Natalia Suhidro
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………........ ii
APPROVAL PAGE………………………………………………………...... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………........ iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………….... vi
DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………………...... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………….... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………. x
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………….............. xi
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………….………. xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………. 1
A. Background of the Study…………………………………………….. 1
B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………….... 5
C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………. 5
D. Definition of the Terms……………………………………………… 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………. 9
A. Review of Related Studies…………………………………………… 9
B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………………. 13
1. Theories on Character and Characterization…………….......... 13
2. Theories on Naturalism………………………………….......... 14
3. Theories on Determinism………………………………........... 17
4. Theories on Setting…………………………………………… 18
C. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………... 19
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……………………………………… 20
A. Object of the Study…………………………………………………. 20
B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………… 21
C. Method of the Study………………………………………………... 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS……………………………………………… 23
A. The Main Character Described in the Story……………………….. 23
B. The Idea of Determinism in Carrie’s Character……………………. 35
1. Internal Forces……………………………………………….. 35
2. External Forces………………………………………………. 39
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………. 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………... 48
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ABSTRACT
Claudia Natalia. Determinism as Seen through the Main Character and the
Setting in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.
Sister Carrie is the first work of Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie is a novel
about the main character, Carrie Meeber, who comes from small town Wisconsin.
In order to get a better life and pursue her happiness, she decides to move to big
city, in Chicago. The cruelty of social environment in modern American society
influences Carrie’s understanding of happiness. At the end, she’s trapped by her
endless desires for luxurious material and wealth.
There are two objectives related to the study. The first objectives is to find out
how is the main character, Sister Carrie, is described in the story. The second
objective is how the main character, Sister Carrie, reveals the idea of determinism.
In answering the problems, theory of determinism is needed. Determinism is
all events in the universe are determined by the conditions that produced them. It
is related the philosophy of certainty and every events can be the result of causes
that determine them.
The writer applied moral-philosophical approach to analyze the study. This
approach is used to investigate the philosophical issues in the novel since the
focus on the study is to analyze the idea of determinism through the main
character.
The result of the study shows that Sister Carrie has several characteristic
which are described through the story. Those characteristics are inexperienced,
timid, unconscious, desireful, insecure, dependent, materialistic, easily tempted,
and gloomy. The idea of determinism can be seen through the main character is
internal forces (hereditary, instinct, and passion) and external forces (society,
environment, and chance).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xii
ABSTRAK
Claudia Natalia. Determinism as Seen through the Main Character and the
Setting in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra
Inggris, fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.
Sister Carrie adalah karya pertama Theodore Dresier. Sister Carrie adalah
novel tentang karakter utama, Carrie Meeber, yang berasal dari kota kecil di
Wisconsin. Untuk mendapatkan kehidupan yang lebih baik dan mengejar
kebahagiaannya, ia memutuskan untuk pindah ke kota besar, di Chicago.
Kekejaman dari lingkungan sosial di masyarakat modern Amerika mempengaruhi
pemahaman Carrie tentang arti kebahagiaan. Pada akhirnya, dia terjebak oleh
keinginannya yang tak berujung untuk mengejar kekayaan dan harta benda
mewah.
Ada dua pokok permasalah yang berkaitan dengan studi ini. Pokok
permasalahan pertama adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana karakter dari tokoh
utama utama, Sister Carrie, yang dijelaskan dalam cerita. Pokok permasalahan
kedua adalah bagaimana karakter dari tokoh utama, Sister Carrie,
mengungkapkan gagasan determinisme sebagai aspek naturalisme.
Dalam menjawab pokok permasalahan tersebut, teori determinisme sangat
diperlukan dalam studi. Determinisme adalah segala peristiwa yang terjadi di
alam semesta ditentukan oleh hasil keadaan. Hal ini terkait filosofi kepastian dan
setiap kejadian bisa menjadi akibat dari sebab-sebab yang menentukannya.
Penulis menerapkan pendekatan moral-philosophical untuk menganalisa
penelitian. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk mengajarkan sastra sebagai metode
untuk menyelidiki isu-isu filosofis yang terdapat di dalam novel karena fokus dari
penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis gagasan determinisme melalui character
tokoh utama.
Hasil pembahasan masalah menunjukan bahwa tokoh Sister Carrie memiliki
beberapa karakteristik yang terdapat di dalam cerita. Beberapa karakteristik
tersebut ialah kurangnya pengalaman, sifat takut-takut, tidak berakal sehat atau
jernih dalam mengambil keputusan, berambisi, selalu gelisah, tidak
mandiri/bergantung kepada orang lain, materialistis, mudah tergoda, dan suram.
Gagasan determinisme dapat dicerminkan melalui tokoh utama, Sister Carrie,
melalui faktor internal (keturunan, naluri, dan gairah) dan faktor eksternal
(masyarakat, lingkungan, dan peluang).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Naturalism is about human being who belongs to entirely in order of nature. A
person inherits personal traits and a compulsive instinct, especially hunger, the
accumulative drive, and sex, and is then subject to the social economic forces in
the family, the class, and environment into which that person is born. Naturalism
is held that human being doesn’t have soul nor any mode of participating in a
religious or spiritual world beyond the nature (Abrams, 1988: 175). It means that
human being exists because of nature. The existence of human being must follow
the nature’s rules. How the nature only relates with the reality human condition,
with no god or other religious beliefs in charge. The social condition, and
environment also has inevitable force in shaping human character. The characters
of people can be known through identifying their relationship to their
surroundings.
A naturalistic approach to and interpretation of life concentrated on depicting
the social environment and dwelt particularly on its deficiencies and on the
shortcomings of human beings (Cuddon, 2013: 462). It proves that naturalism
describes the accurate picture of life which the character of human beings are
influenced by their environment or social conditions.
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2
In literature, naturalism develops determinism as an aspect of naturalism. It is
supported by the statement of Edward Quinn, who said that determinism is the
view that all events in the universe, including those human history, are determined
by the conditions that produced them. In literary studies, determinism played a
key role in the formulation of Naturalism since the 19th
century (2006: 115).
Moreover, according to Newlin, the knowledge of philosophical naturalism is
more than helpful supplement to critical analysis, for misunderstanding of its
ideas has seriously undermined literary study. The discussion of determinism is
needed and cannot be ignored/avoided (2011:124). Thus, this research is going to
discuss about the idea of determinism as an aspect of naturalism.
Determinism refers to the philosophy of certainty and every events can be the
result of a consequence of a natural world. According to Holman, determinism is
the belief that acts of the will are actually the result of causes that determine them.
Determinism has the potential determining forces, such as fate, necessity, will of
God, the scientific law, and economic forces (1980:138).
Since this study is going to discuss the idea of determinism as an aspect of
naturalism, the moral philosophical approach is needed to analyze the study.
According to Aristotle’s theory, moral philosophy has the purpose as neither
speculation about the nature of goodness, nor analysis of the language of
obligation, but rather the practical task of making people good. The method leads
to a concrete discussion concerning the conditions and causes of human goodness
within his own particular circumstances (Celano, 2015: 12). This statement
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
supports the idea of moral philosophy as a branch of philosophy concerns on
human’s nature. Human’s nature is related to human’s rules in life, which
containing the right and wrong act based on the circumstances which they live.
Therefore, this approach is appropriate to examine on how the character of life
depends on the circumstances or environment.
In the story of Sister Carrie, the idea of determinism as an aspect of
naturalism portraits Carrie’s characterization as the main character who struggle
with other forces in the story. The portrayal of Carrie’s character is protagonist
which tries to survive in the urban society, including becomes a mistress to men.
The author of the novel is Theodore Dreiser. He is one of well-known
American naturalist writer. He was born in August 27, 1871 in Terre Haute,
Indiana, US. In 1889, he worked as the journalist in Chicago for Chicago
newspaper and several articles on writers. After living for two years in Chicago,
Dreiser became disgusted with the social condition in Chicago, which related on
the treatment toward the lower class living condition of less privileged. He
published his first book, entitled Sister Carrie in 1900 which caused a lot of
controversy. It is because the story of Sister Carrie itself portrayed the moral and
social condition the Victorian American era, which Dreiser determined to expose
the cruelty of social environment in modern American society, and also because
the book never mentioned God or other religious beliefs there.
The theme of the story in Sister Carrie is about poverty which related to the
great difference treatment between the rich and the poor, prostitution, and money-
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
oriented world. Through the story of Sister Carrie, Dreiser develops the idea of
determinism as an aspect of naturalism. He classifies Carrie’s character, and how
her personality can develop by her surroundings, her relationship with others, and
the circumstances which she lives in.
From explanation above, environment plays important role that can affect the
character. Thus, in this research, the writer is going to study the idea of
determinism as an aspect of naturalism as seen in the main character of Sister
Carrie by Theodore Dreiser.
There are some reasons why the Sister Carrie is a novel that is worth
studying. The first is the writer is attracted to study naturalism which is related to
character of human being with their surrounding and the environment. The novel
is interesting to be studied as determinism idea is reflected in the novel. It can be
found in the characterization and action of Sister Carrie to survive in the urban
society.
The second is the topic is worth to be studied as the writer wants to show to
the readers the idea of determinism that reflected in the novel and how big its
influence to change human character.
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5
A. Problem Formulation
Based on the background above, two problems are discussed in this study. The
two problems are
1. How is the main character, Sister Carrie, and the settings described in the
story?
2. How does the main character, Sister Carrie, and the setting reveal the idea of
determinism through her characteristics?
B. Objectives of the Study
There are several objectives of the study which are the questions that stated in
the problem formulation. There are two objectives related to problem formulation.
The first is to observe how the main character revealed through the story. The
main character plays important thing in the novel in order to identify the study
further more. The study is to find out the characterization of main character that
represented in the novel in order to answer the second question related to the idea
of determinism as an aspect of naturalism through the main character.
The second is to observe the main character reveal the idea of determinism as
an aspect of naturalism. It is related how the character could change and reveal the
idea of determinism. How the main character could be influenced by the
environment. The study is to identify the power of environment or the concept of
the idea of determinism that applied through the main character’s life in the novel.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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C. Definition of Terms
In order to clarify the discussion, the writer defining the terms that applied in
the thesis. There are three terms that are needed to be clarified. The terms are
determinism, naturalism, and character.
The first term is Determinism. According to C. Hugh Holman, determinism is
the belief that all apparent acts of the will are actually the result of causes which
determine them. When used as a term to describe a doctrine in a literary work,
determinism has a wide range of philosophical possibilities. The possible
determining forces are many. In classical literature it may be fated (1980: 124).
According to Timothy O’Connor at <https://plato.stanford.edu/>, determinism
is the world is governed by determinism if and only if, the way things go
thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law. There are philosophers who deny its
reality, either because of the existence of free will or on independent grounds;
accept its reality but argue for its compatibility with free will; or accept its reality
and deny its compatibility with free will.
In addition, according to Carl Hoefer at <https://plato.stanford.edu/>, the roots
of the notion of determinism surely lie in a very common philosophical idea: the
idea that “everything can, in principle, be explained, or that everything that is, has
a sufficient reason for being and being as it is, and not otherwise”. It means that
determinism is very simply stated, is the theory that all events are caused; we live
in an ordered universe and all change occurs with law-like regularity. This is
related to the view about the nature of things and the world. It is sometimes
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
argued that determinism implies that everything in the future can be, in principle,
predicted, and that events in the past are, in principle, explainable.
The second term is Naturalism. According to Harmon and Holman, naturalism
is a term for a literary movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. The definition of naturalism is about everything that exists in nature,
conceived as the world of objects, actions, and forces that yield their secrets to
objective scientific inquiry. The naturalistic view of human beings is that of
animals in the natural world, responding to environmental forces, and internal
stresses and drives, none of which they can control or understand (2003: 329).
Related to naturalism, according to Harmon and Holman, naturalism tends to
differ from Realism. In naturalism, the author is selecting the view of human life
as a representative of life. The author used the structure that reveal the pattern of
ideas—in this case, scientific theory—to form the picture of life based on the
author’s view of life (2003: 330).
Meanwhile, the second definition comes from Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary in 2002, it defines naturalism as an action, or thought based only on
natural desires and instincts. It also states that naturalism is a theory denying that
an event or object has a supernatural influences. The theory is a kind of a theory
in literature emphasizing scientific observation of life and describing the picture
of human life as it is (Frederick, 2002: 772).
The third term is character. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic
or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the
dialogue, and by what they do—the action (Abrams, 1988: 24). The character
could change or remains stable. It depends on how person’s emotional or action
developed from the start until the end of the story.
According to J Gideon Sarantino in his screen writing on August 18, 2014 at
<https://gideonsway.wordpress.com/>, the character which appears mostly in the
screen time or the story is called main character. Main characters are the one’s
telling and driving the story while the protagonist experiences the story. They
drive the plot through the main characters eyes. So, the story is told through the
main character’s point of view.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
In this study, the writer finds some reviews to avoid reduplication. There are
two studies that the writer chooses. The first study is about the same theory
related to the writer’s topic. The second study is about the other criticism in the
same novel and author that the writer uses to study.
The first study has been done by Renny Amit from Sanata Dharma University
in 2007, entitled “Naturalism as Seen in Natsume Soseki’s Botchan.” In her study,
the writer is studying how the idea of naturalism influenced not only in the
European literature but also the Japanese literature. This study is about how the
idea of Naturalism reflected in the story by using Determinism theory to analyze
the main character in Natsume Soseki’s Botchan.
Botchan who is the main character of the story. Botchan believes he has no
free will because he is strongly influenced by the heredity, chances, and the
environment. His way thought reflects the idea of naturalism (Amit, 2007: 57).
She studies how the naturalism is reflected through the main character in the
story, Botchan. He is described as he has no free will and being controlled by
environment. The idea of naturalism is reflected through Botchan as the main
character.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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The first study is related from the present study as the writer uses the same
theory, which is Determinism theory to analyze the main character through novel.
What makes the present studies is difference from the previous studies is different
book is used to analyze the reveal the idea of naturalism through the main
character.
The study is done by Sondang Maduma Simanjuntak from Sanata Dharma
University in 2011, entitled “The Portrait of American Urban Life in the Late 19th
Century as Seen through Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.” In her study, the writer was
analyzing the setting inside the novel. She studied Sister Carrie as the novel
which portrays American urban life in the late nineteenth century especially in
Chicago. The thesis is elaborate the setting of the novel and analyze it to reveal
the portrait of the real society in Chicago such their habits, the occupations, and
the lifestyle of the society. The narrator described the area by describing Minnie’s
flat and her surroundings.
Minnie’s flat as the one-floor resident apartments were then being called, was
in a part of West Van Buren street inhabited by families of laborers and clerks,
men who had come, and were still coming, with the rush of population
pouring in at the rate 50.000 a year. It was on the third floor, the front
windows looking down into the street, where, at night, the lights of grocery
stores were shining and children were playing (Maduma, 2011:24).
The statement above represents the environment and the society which live as
the residents of Minnie’s apartment. They are working class society who work at
the factories. From the statement, it is also described that their population in
Chicago grows rapidly. Those are shown that through the setting that described
through the novel, the portrayal of American urban life in the late 1800s such as
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
the condition of America, the society who live there, and the environment could
be found.
The second study is related with from the present study as the writer uses the
same novel, Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser to study. In the previous study,
Sociocultural Historical Approach and theory of setting are used to analyze the
literature work. Whereas, in the present study, the writer uses different theory and
approach as the writer uses Determinism theory and moral-philosophical approach
to analyze the present study.
Roy W. Meyer in his article entitled “Naturalism in American Farm Fiction”
explained about the definition of naturalism.
The definition of naturalism as “pessimistic realism” characterized by
objectivity, frankness, amorality, and a bias in the selection of characters, with
emphasis on those of strong physical drives and little intelligence and those at
the mercy of their neuroses (Meyer, 1961 : 27).
According to Meyer, naturalism is related with pessimistic realism which
means that its pessimism is expressed through melodramatic situation. Pessimistic
realism is also strongly influenced by the character of human beings as there is
powerful effect because of character which in way they influence the naturalism
aspect. So, there is a belief to see the characters as helpless victims of circum-
stance.
The next study is from Donna M. Campbell in her journal, entitled “Bitter
Tastes: Recognizing American Women’s Naturalism”. She explained about the
naturalist writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Writers in the first group, consisting primarily of Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and
London, were called “naturalists.” It is their work that set the limits of what
we know as American naturalism: the late nineteenth and early twentieth-
century period in which it was written; its practitioners, who were by and large
white, male, and young; its settings, typically urban jungles or an unforgiving
wilderness; its characters, often poor and ill- educated, victims of primal
forces that they could neither control nor understand; and its deterministic
philosophy of heredity and environment (Campbell, 2014: 648).
Campbell stated that the naturalist writers at that time typically focused on its
settings, characters, such their characters are often poor and ill-educated. The
writers usually describe those character as they are part of the naturalism’s
characters which are influenced by primal forces.
After looking at some researches related to the present study, this present
study will develop the idea of naturalism theory from the related studies as the
purpose of the research. The writer decides to take the idea of determinism as an
aspect of naturalism that applied to the novel in the smaller scope as the writer
only identifies the main character of the story and how does the main character
revealed the idea of determinism as the focus of the study. So, in this study, the
focus is to find out the main character female and the idea of determinism through
the main character in the novel.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories on Character and Characterization
The theory of characters is stated by Abrams in his book.
Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work,
who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral,
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intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons
say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue— and from what
they do—the action ( Abrams, 1988: 33).
According to Abram, motivation is the ground of people’s character for their
speech and actions, such character’s temperament, desires, and moral nature. So,
the character could be “stable” or unchanged from the beginning until the end of
the work.
From the previous statement, it is clear that the study of characters are
important element in the narrative. However, the study of characters is limited to
general observation about characteristics of characters in the story. Therefore, to
analyze the broad descriptions of characters traits, the theory of characterization is
needed
According to Abram, characterization is a broad distinction which is
frequently made between alternative methods for “characterizing” the person in a
narrative: showing and telling. In showing, the author merely presents his
characters behind what they say and do. In telling, the author himself intervenes
authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and
dispositional qualities of his characters. For example, in the fine opening chapter
of Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen first show us Mr. and Mrs. Bennet as they
talk to one another about the young man who has just rented Netherfield Park,
then tells us about them, and so confirms and expands the inferences and
judgments that reader has begun to make from what he has been shown.
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Meanwhile, according to Jens Eder, characterization is the process of
character building or construction of characters to make the story progresses. It
provide the detail and clear about the character’s personality through the way
character expresses his inner states or opinions through conversation with another
character in the story. The details are not only create the impression of character’s
personality, but they will create the broader themes of the fictional world or novel.
The statement is supported by Jens Eder in his book.
Characterization essentially involves the manifestation of inner states,
desires, motives, intentions, beliefs, through action, including speech acts.
We can ask why a speaker said what he did and propose an intentional
description as an answer (Eder, 2010: 187).
Speech acts, as the mention above, embody speakers’ intention, emphasize
that comprehends of narratives attempt to understand why actions, events and
states occur in the text, because that understanding contributes to a kind of higher,
level coherence, a deeper understanding.
2. Theories of Naturalism
According to Cuddon in his book, naturalism relates to a naturalistic approach
to and interpretation of life concentrated on depicting the social environment and
dwelt particularly on its deficiencies and on the shortcomings of human beings
(Cuddon, 2013: 462). It proves that naturalism describes the accurate picture of
life which the character of human beings are influenced by their environment or
social conditions.
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The second definition comes from Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
in 2002, it defines naturalism as an action, or thought based only on natural
desires and instincts. It also states that naturalism is a theory denying that an event
or object has a supernatural influences. Therefore, there is no religious issues or
belief that is addressed at all. The theory is a theory in literature emphasizing
scientific observation of life as it is (Frederick, 2002: 772).
Another theory is coming from John Peck and Martin Coyle. They said that
the realistic mode is appealing because it is as varied as life itself, but we should
usually be able to identify a basic pattern of a convincing examination of the
experiences of characters caught in problematic situations. At the end of the
nineteenth century a cruder form of realism, called naturalism, appeared. In
naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress
on how environment and heredity shape people.
According to Daniel Robinson in his book, he said that:
Aristotle's universe, therefore, while material and efficient causes play
their part in it, is shot through with final causation.They are immanent
and form an essential element of Nature herself. They are not presented as
the work of a Creator. For Aristotle there is no Creator. The Cosmos is
eternal. But Nature herself especially living Nature is full of unconscious,
immanent purposes which steadily guide the lines of development which
we find (Robinson, 1939: 29).
According to Shipley, naturalism is characterized by the idea of determinism
which human life is controlled by internal and external forces. External forces are
society, environment, and chances, while internal forces are heredity, instinct, and
passion. Those factors control human’s life (1960: 278).
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In addition, Abrams states in his book that:
Naturalism is about human being belongs to entirely in order of nature. A
person inherits personal traits and a compulsive instinct, especially
hunger, the accumulative drive, and sex, and is then subject to the social
economic forces in the family, the class, and environment into which that
person is born. Naturalism is held that human being doesn’t have soul nor
any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the
nature (Abrams, 1988: 175).
According to Abram, naturalism is characterized by characters who exhibit
strong animal drives such as greed and sexual desire, and who are helpless victims
both of glandular secretions within and of sociological pressures without. The end
of the naturalistic novel is usually "tragic," but not, as in classical and Elizabethan
tragedy, because of a heroic but losing struggle of the individual mind and will
against gods, enemies, and circumstances. Instead the protagonist of the
naturalistic plot, a pawn to multiple compulsions, usually disintegrates, or is
wiped out (Abrams, 1988: 262).
According to Morina, another characteristic of Naturalism is the impartiality
and detachment from the story. Naturalist writer tries to create a certain tone,
which he considered as objective. At the same time, this author tries to appear as
neutral, creating the nameless characters. This requires the author to focus on
what happens in the course of events and the character of the subject and not
primarily on the character. Another characteristic of Naturalism is determinism.
Determinism is largely against the notion of free will (Morina, 2015: 233).
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3. Theories on Determinism
Since this study is concerning on the idea of naturalism, the theory of
Determinism is needed in the study. In literature, determinism cannot be separated
with the idea of naturalism in order to avoid misunderstanding of the idea of
naturalism. Therefore, the discussion of determinism is needed and cannot be
ignored/ avoided. The statement is supported by the statement of Keith Newlin in
his book.
The knowledge of philosophical naturalism is more than a helpful
supplement to critical analysis, for misunderstanding of its ideas has
seriously undermined literary study. Thus, good intentions
notwithstanding, discussion of determinism cannot be justifiably ignored
or avoided without leaving intact the misunderstandings that lead to claims
of naturalism’s inconsistency (Newlin, 2011: 124).
Another theories which state that determinism as a character of naturalism are
from Oxford Handbook of American Literary Naturalism. It stated the knowledge
of philosophical naturalism is more than helpful supplement to critical analysis,
for misunderstanding of its ideas has seriously undermined literary study. The
discussion of determinism is needed and cannot be ignored/avoided (Newlin,
2011:124).
Determinism refers to the philosophy of certainty and every events can be the
result of a consequence of a natural world. According to Holman, determinism is
the belief that acts of the will are actually the result of causes that determine them.
Determinism has the potential determining forces, such as fate, necessity, will of
God, the scientific law, and economic forces (1986:138).
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In addition, according to <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-
causal/>, the roots of the notion of determinism surely lie in a very common
philosophical idea: the idea that everything can, in principle, be explained, or that
everything that is, has a sufficient reason for being and being as it is, and not
otherwise. It means that determinism is very simply stated, is the theory that all
events are caused; we live in an ordered universe and all change occurs with law-
like regularity. This is related to the view about the nature of things and the world.
It is sometimes argued that determinism implies that everything in the future can
be, in principle, predicted, and that events in the past are, in principle, explainable.
4. Theories on Setting
Abrams states that setting of a narrative or dramatic work is related to the
place, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs in a
book; the setting of a single episode or scene within such a work is the particular
physical location or area in which it takes place (1998:284).
According to Kennedy & Gioia setting can help us to understand what
happens in the novel. It can make things happen by prompting character to act,
bring them to realizations, or cause them to reveal their inmost natures. It is
related to time and place. The time of the story includes hour, year, or century.
For example, when we read a historical novel in the 19th
century, we are soon
aware that we are reading about life in the 1990s. Besides the setting include the
time of the story, the idea of setting may crucially involve the physical
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environment of a story: a house, street, a city, a landscape, a region. We have to
recognize its locale, where the writer sets the stories in one geographic area. For
example, a writer, often a native of the places, tries to bring the story to the
readers who live elsewhere (2012: 92-93)
C. Theoretical Framework
This study aims to reveal the idea of determinism as reflected in the main
character and the setting in Theodore Dreiser’s novel, Sister Carrie. In order to
find out the idea of determinism in the main character, the writer needs some
theories to study. The theories that are needed to analyze the main character are
theories on character and characterization, theories on determinism, theories on
naturalism, and theories on setting. The theory on character and characterization is
applied in the study to answer the first problem formulation. The first problem of
the study is related to how the main female character is described. Therefore, the
theory of character and characterization is important to the study as the writer
analyses the main character in the story. After answering the first problem
formulation, the writer needs theories on determinism, naturalism, and setting to
answer the second problem formulation. The second problem of the study is
related to how the main female character reveals the idea of determinism as an
aspect of naturalism. Therefore, theories on determinism, naturalism, and setting
are needed in the study.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study in this thesis is a novel entitled Sister Carrie. The
novel was written by Theodore Dreiser. He was one of well-known American
naturalist writers in twentieth century. One of his famous novels was also his first
novel, entitled Sister Carrie. The novel was published in November 1900. The
novel is translated by Pennsylvania and sixth edition. It was marred by this
editorial interference and censorship and has been the basis of American editions
and foreign translations until the present (Dreiser, 1981: ix).
Sister Carrie is a novel about a character, Carrie Meeber, who comes from
Columbia city in Wisconsin. In the novel, she is described as an eighteenth years
old young girl who has beautiful appearance but is poor. In order to get better life,
she decides to move to Chicago to find a job. At the beginning of the story, she is
described as inexperienced, timid, and full of illusion. As the time goes by, how
Carrie loses those illusions is presented at the end of the story.
B. Approach of the Study
In this study, moral-philosophical approach is used to analyze the study.
Moral-philosophical approach is related to the basic position of such critics which
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is related to the larger function of literature to teach morality and to investigate
thoroughly philosophical issues. It would interpret literature with a context of the
philosophy thought of a period or group (Guerin and Labor, 2005: 29-30).
The approach insists on ascertaining and stating what is taught, such the
meaning and morality. However, since the focus on the study is to analyze the
idea of determinism which related to philosophical issue, the approach is not used
to teach literature as a good way to teach morality, but to investigate the
philosophical issues in the novel.
B. Method of the Study
The method which is used to analyze this study is the library research method.
There are some sources that are needed in this study. The primary source is the
novel, entitled Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. The other sources are from the
books, e-books, and sites on the internet about the similar discussion of the study.
There were several steps which were used to conduct the study. The first step
was doing the close reading to the primary source in order to understand the novel
thoroughly. The second step was deciding the topic and theory of literature to
apply in the study, after the topic and theory are decided, problems formulations
were formulated related to the novel. The third step was determining an approach
which was appropriate related to the problem formulations. The fourth step was
performing analysis through discussions to answer the problems formulation.
There will be two discussions related to problems formulation. The first is
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discussing the Carrie’s characters and characteristics using the theory of character
and characterization to answer the first problem. The second is discussing how the
aspects of determinism as an aspect of naturalism are reflected through main
character by applying the theory of determinism and naturalism to answer the
second problem. The last step was making the conclusion based on the analysis.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The purpose of the study is to reveal the idea of determinism as an aspect of
naturalism which reflected through the main character of the story as the character
could change because of environment. In this analysis part, the problems would be
divided into two parts; the first, the analysis of the main character in the story; the
second, the analysis of how the main character reflected the idea of determinism
as an aspect of naturalism.
A. The Characteristics of Main Character in the Story
The main character is the most important aspect to the study. The character
could change or remains stable. It depends on how person’s emotional or action
developed from the start until the end of the story. Therefore, in this part, the
writer will analyze the main character that described through the novel.
There are several characteristic of the main character, Caroline Meeber, which
are described through the story.
1. Inexperienced
At the beginning of the story, Caroline Meeber or also called Sister Carrie as
the given name by his parents, is described as an 18-year-old girl who travels
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alone from Columbia city to Chicago. She is described as young as it is stated
below:
She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of
ignorance and youth. She gazed at the green landscape, now passing in
swift review, until her swifter thoughts replaced its impression with vague
conjectures of what Chicago might be (Dreiser, 1900:3).
The narration above shows how Carrie‟s youth which always full of hope and
illusion about her future in Chicago but she‟s inexperienced since she‟s still
young. The narrative shows how she doesn‟t have idea about what the condition
of urban society as she only lived in her hometown. Her hometown is described as
a countryside whereas the environment is the contrary of urban society, such the
most people in her hometown are not money oriented, while in the urban society
most of people have to be money-oriented to make a living.
Carrie‟s youth character is shown as she lacks of experience of urban society
life. She‟s never leave her hometown before so that she has no idea about the
reality or condition of urban society really is.
Carrie said nothing, but bent over her work. She felt as though she could
hardly endure such a life. Her idea of work had been so entirely different.
All during the long afternoon she thought of the city outside and its
imposing show, crowds, and fine buildings. Columbia City and the better
side of herhome life came back (Dreiser, 1900:38).
She‟s only imagines what urban society be like. Her characteristic which is
inexperienced makes Carrie realizes that the big city is beyond her imagination. In
the narrative above, it is shown how Carrie‟s idea of work in urban society
changes after she experiences the hardship of working life.
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2. Timid
Carrie is just an eighteenth years old girl who leaving her hometown for the
first time to live in big city. At this point, Carrie is feeling timid as she faces new
situation in big city by herself. While on the way to the town, Carrie meets Drouet
on the train. Carrie feels timid to talk to Drouet as he‟s only a stranger to her. The
conversation below shows how Carrie feels timid to the stranger who wants to
talk with her.
"Oh, yes, I am," answered Carrie. "That is, I live at Columbia City. I have
never been through here, though." "And so this is your first visit to
Chicago," he observed. All the time she was conscious of certain features
out of the side of her eye. Flush, colorful cheeks, a light moustache, a grey
fedora hat. She now turned and looked upon him in full, the instincts of
self-protection and coquetry mingling confusedly in her brain (Dreiser,
1900:5).
Carrie feels like it‟s not right to talk so much about her situation and condition
to the people who she‟s just meet, especially to talk about her own identity and
problem to unfamiliar people. The conversation above shows how Carrie feels
timid as she has the instinct of self-protection.
It was with weak knees and a slight catch in her breathing that she came
up to the great shoe company at Adams and Fifth Avenue and entered the
elevator. When she stepped out on the fourth floor there was no one at
hand, only great aisles of boxes piled to the ceiling. She stood, very much
frightened, awaiting someone (Dreiser, 1900:33).
The quotation above shows Carrie‟s timidity when she hardly finding a job in
the company. She is described as she‟s too frightened to wait for someone in the
company. This occurs because she‟s in the new situation where she doesn‟t
recognize people around her. She‟s becoming frighten to do anything she wants in
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order to avoid some negative reaction from people, such humiliated, criticized,
rejection, etc. The result, she is becoming lack of comfort or timid.
3. Unconscious
Carrie‟s unconsciousness is shown through her conversation with Drouet on
the train. She, suddenly, feels afraid after she‟s leaving her hometown alone. She
finally realizes what she has done so far, such as leaving her hometown to a big
city without anyone accompanying her, after she has the conversation with Drouet
on the train. It‟s like she‟s unconscious after she has a little conversation with
Drouet. She wasn‟t aware of what she has done or her decision to leaving her
hometown beyond her consciousness.
She did not hear this very well. Her heart was troubled by a kind of terror.
The fact that she was alone, away from home, rushing into a great sea of
life and endeavour, began to tell. She could not help but feel a little choked
for breath—a little sick as her heart beat so fast. She half closed her eyes
and tried to think it was nothing, that Columbia City was only a little way
off (Dreiser, 1900:10).
Carrie‟s unconsciousness is related to her inner self or mind which affects her
behavior and emotions. When Carrie decides to leave her sister to follow Drouet,
she has unconscious desire to live together with Drouet so that she can be happy
and live in easier way. She doesn‟t aware about what she has done. She leaves her
only relative in Chicago, Minnie, and cuts the relationship with her sister after she
falls on Drouet‟s seductive to be her mistress.
Carrie‟s unconsciousness can also be seen in the sentences below.
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Carrie had no excellent home principles fixed upon her. If she had, she
would have been more consciously distressed. Now the lunch went off
with considerable warmth. Under the influence of the varied occurrences,
the fine, invisible passion which was emanating from Drouet, the food, the
still unusual luxury, she relaxed and heard with open ears. She was again
the victim of the city's hypnotic influence (Dreiser, 1900:74-75).
In the narrative, Carrie is described as a girl who had not guided by her family
as she had no excellent home principles upon her. She missed the guidance and
affection from her family. Therefore, Carrie is senseless. She falls on Drouet‟s
seduction because she thinks that Drouet and Hurstwood can give Carrie affection
which she has never had before. She lives in luxurious way like the upper-class
society do because of Drouet. She got expensive clothes, foods which she‟s never
got before.
A blare of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appeal to the
astonished senses in equivocal terms. Without a counsellor at hand to
whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoods may not these things
breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognised for what they are, their
beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then weakens, then perverts the
simpler human perceptions (Dreiser, 1900:4).
In the narrative, she symbolizes people‟s voice as the music, which is beauty
and relaxes to hear. Statement above shows how Carrie acts senseless because she
lost the presence of counsellor, who can be her father, as she‟s never got attention
and guidance from her father. Because she lost the presence of her “counsellor”,
she acts without guidance and she takes people‟s voice as her guidance to act.
Therefore, she seeks for men to replace her presence of her father to fulfill her
needs. As the result, she is always concern to fulfill what she lacked at her
hometown.
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Carrie‟s unconsciousness is also showed when she thinks that the voice of
people is the voice of God. Because of her family was lacking to guide and direct
Carrie, she becomes senseless as she reconsiders that the voice of people which is
like the voice of God to her.
It was no just and sapient counsellor in its last analysis. It was only an
average little conscience, a thing which represented the world, her past
environment, habit, convention, in a confused way. With it, the voice of
the people was truly the voice of God. "Oh, thou failure!" said the voice
(Dreiser, 1900:87).
4. Desireful
Carrie leaves her hometown because she is desirable. She feels dissatisfied to
live in her hometown, and comes to Chicago with her imagery dream that in
Chicago, she will get a new home, such living together with her sister, Minnie,
and she will get a job which leads her to success. She thinks that everything will
beautiful as she expected.
After living for a while in Chicago, she decides to leave her sister, Minnie, to
live with Drouet because she thinks that only Drouet who will satisfy all she
needs. She is the mistress of Drouet, and she wants to be a wife to secure her
position. She wants a marriage, but Drouet doesn‟t pay attention to Carrie‟s
desire.
After she met Hurstwood, Drouet‟s friend, who is wealthier than Drouet.
Carrie‟s desire to marriage moves to Hurstwood. Her desire increases for the lust
of material things, so that she decides to leave Drouet and be Hurstwood‟s
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mistress. Here, Carrie‟s desire to marriage is reflected in the conversation between
Carrie and Hurstwood below.
"You'll stay with me, won't you?" he asked. "Yes," she said, nodding her
head. He gathered her to himself, imprinting kisses upon her lips and
cheeks. "You must marry me, though," she said (Dreiser, 1900:260).
5. Insecure
Carrie couldn‟t stand of being poor anymore. Carrie is always insecure
because of her position. She feels insecure that her position as mistress will not
safe enough to live. She thinks that Drouet can leave her whenever he wants
because they are not legally bound by. Carrie is afraid of losing Drouet as the only
one who can get Carrie out of poverty and satisfy Carrie‟s needs. Therefore,
marriage to Carrie is the only way to secure her “position” as being wife to
someone who will guarantee her life, then, she will live without worry about life
at all.
Her old father, in his flour-dusted miller's suit, sometimes returned to her
in memory, revived by a face in a window. A shoemaker pegging at his
last, a blastman seen through a narrow window in some basement where
iron was being melted, a bench-worker seen high aloft in some window,
his coat off, his sleeves rolled up; these took her back in fancy to the
details of the mill. She felt, though she seldom expressed them, sad
thoughts upon this score. Her sympathies were ever with that underworld
of toil from which she had so recently sprung, and which she best
understood (Dreiser, 1900:134).
6. Dependent
After she knows that Drouet is a salesman in Chicago city, she tries to open
out about her personal life to him, she tells Drouet about her currently living with
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Minnie, her sister who live in Chicago with her baby and her husband in small
flat where usually inhabited by families of laborers and clerks. Carrie tells Drouet
about how she feels inconvenience to live with her sister and her husband who is
unwelcome and always presses Carrie to pay rent for living in their house, while
Carrie is only a low wage worker in a shoe factory.
Carrie ends up becoming a worker in a shoe factory because she got rejected
in several companies because she has no experience of working. One day, she
gets injured in running a machine while working and she has to lose her job.
One day, after she loses her job because of the accident, she meets Drouet
again. He spoils and fulfills Carrie‟s needs, such gives her money, dines with her
in expensive restaurant, and takes her shopping. Then, Carrie thinks that Drouet
is someone who she needs in life. She can depend on him as it is shows in the
sentences below.
She conceived a true estimate of Drouet. To her, and indeed to all the
world, he was a nice, good-hearted man. There was nothing evil in the
fellow. He gave her the money out of a good heart—out of a realization of
her want. He would not have given the same amount to a poor young man,
but we must not forget that a poor young man could not, in the nature of
things, have appealed to him like a poor young girl (Dreiser, 1900: 60).
After Drouet asks her to be his lover, she agrees. In another word, Carrie
agrees become his mistress because Drouet doesn‟t have the intention to marry
Carrie. Because of worrying to live in poverty and working as laborer in her
lifetime, she chooses to be his mistress. She decides to stay together and move in
Drouet‟s place. She believes that she can get out from the poverty and live the
way Drouet live with no worry of no money in that way.
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7. Materialistic
Carrie is materialistic as she thinks that money is all she needs in life. She
thinks that money is important thing and everybody needs money in order to be
happy. The narrative below shows about her understanding on money.
As for Carrie, her understanding of the moral significance of money was
the popular understanding, nothing more. The old definition: "Money:
something everybody else has and I must get," would have expressed her
understanding of it thoroughly--She felt that she was immensely better off
for the having of them. It was something that was power in itself (Dreiser,
1900: 59).
In the story, after Carrie meets Drouet, she is also meet Drouet‟s friend,
Hurstwood. Hurstwood falls on Carrie‟s beauty at the first sight. He is attracted to
Carrie and he wants to make Carrie as his lover. Carrie is also attracted with
Hurstwood‟s higher position than Drouet as the manager of Fitzgerald and Moy's.
Her materialistic is also shown through her obsession on material desire.
Carrie‟s obsession of material desire is shown through her desire for nice clothes
and material goods. Her desire is stated in the beginning of the story, when she
meets Drouet.
A woman should some day write the complete philosophy of clothes. No
matter how young, it is one of the things she wholly comprehends. There
is an indescribably faint line in the matter of man's apparel which
somehow divides for her those who are worth glancing at and those who
are not. Once an individual has passed this faint line on the way downward
he will get no glance from her. There is another line at which the dress of a
man will cause her to study her own. This line the individual at her elbow
now marked for Carrie. She became conscious of an inequality. Her own
plain blue dress, with its black cotton tape trimmings, now seemed to her
shabby. She felt the worn state of her shoes (Dreiser, 1900: 6).
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In the narrative above, it is shown that Carrie has her absolute mark to weigh
up people from their clothes. How the man‟s apparel symbolize wealth of person.
From her understanding to view life, no matter how young she is, others will only
attract to look upon her if she has a nice cloth on her. It is how Carrie‟s view
toward Drouet‟s nice clothes. How she‟s feeling inequality and inferiority after
she looks on Drouet‟s apparel because she doesn‟t have a nice cloth to wear on.
He reached down in his hip pocket and took out a fat purse. It was filled
with slips of paper, some mileage books, a roll of greenbacks. It impressed
her deeply. Such a purse had never been carried by any one attentive to
her. Indeed, an experienced traveller, a brisk man of the world, had never
come within such close range before. The purse, the shiny tan shoes, the
smart new suit, and the air with which he did things, built up for her a dim
world of fortune, of which he was the centre. It disposed her pleasantly
toward all he might do (Dreiser, 1900: 8).
From the narrative above, it is shown how Carrie is attracted on Drouet‟s fat
purse which means that he has a lot of money in his purse. Beside Drouet‟s
money, Carrie is also attracted on Drouet‟s material goods, such his shiny tan
shoes, and his smart new suit which those are described in story.
Another statement of Carrie‟s materialistic is shown when she‟s attracted with
the way Drouet treats Carrie, such spending a lot money to buy Carrie‟s clothes,
and having a fancy dinner in elegant restaurant. Here, Drouet gives pleasant things
to Carrie, or in another word, he fulfills Carrie‟s material pleasure.
In the store they found that shine and rustle of new things which
immediately laid hold of Carrie's heart. Under the influence of a good
dinner and Drouet's radiating presence, the scheme proposed seemed
feasible (Dreiser, 1900: 66).
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33
In Carrie‟s understanding, she thinks that money, clothes and material goods
are pleasure of life, which she has to fulfill her desire in order to be happy.
8. Easily tempted
In the story, Hurstwood kidnaps Carrie to come along with him. As she knows
the truth, she‟s mad to him but she is tempted by Hurstwood‟s sweet words to her
as he ensures her with the hope that he will marry her and have a good life in New
York. He lures her to leave Chicago city to start a new life in New York with him.
It is shown in the conversation between Hurtswood and Carrie below.
"… I'm going to get a divorce just as soon as I can... If I can have you I
won't ever think of another woman again." Carrie heard all this in a very
ruffled state. It sounded sincere enough, however, despite all he had done.
"When I say you wouldn't come unless I could marry you, I decided to put
everything else behind me and get you to come away with me. I'm going
off now to another city…We'll go and live in New York, if you say."
(Dreiser, 1900: 246)
From the conversation above, it is shown how Carrie is swayed by his luring
words. Carrie thinks that marriage is the way she would be rescued or she will
have the „guarantee position‟ to have a good future.
9. Gloomy
At the end of the story, she becomes famous actress and rich but she still
unhappy or gloomy. Carrie feels that she‟s connected with Laura‟s character when
she‟s acting. The condition, is supported by the character of a girl, Laura, who is
abandoned by the family and society. Laura is a character who reminds on her
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34
own state of life. It is shown her act of Laura, a character who always suffering
and full of tears.
The part of Laura, as Carrie found out when she began to examine it, was
one of suffering and tears. As delineated by Mr. Daly, it was true to the
most sacred traditions of melodrama as he found it when he began his
career (Dreiser, 1900: 147).
On the stage, Carrie feels desire of playing her role. She got excellence in her
performance when she acts as Laura. All at once, after an exit, Carrie was
frowning alone on the stage and the audience was giggling and laughing at her
performance (Dreiser, 1900: 398). Carrie‟s sadness performance becomes the
appeal to audiences, even in comedy genre.
Oh, the tangle of human life! How dimly as yet we see. Here was Carrie,
in the beginning poor, unsophisticated, emotional; responding with desire
to everything most lovely in life, yet finding herself turned as by a wall
(Dreiser, 1900: 447).
The paragraph above shows her gloomy, such being isolation in the work. She
becomes the popular celebrity but she‟s still unhappy and lonely. She realizes that
she‟s trapped by the illusion of happiness. Her desire to pursuit the material goods
and fame is perhaps unworthiness.
Even had Hurstwood returned in his original beauty and glory, he could
not now have allured her. She had learned that in his world, as in her own
present state, was not happiness (Dreiser, 1900: 448).
In the paragraph above, it is shown how Carrie is gloomy. In the end, she
learns that in Hurstwood‟s world, when he‟s still having a lot of money, material
goods, and higher position in the job, was not happiness. Same with the state of
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35
Hurstwood before, she learns that in her present state, after she got a lot of money,
material goods, and fame, she‟s still unhappy.
B. The Idea of Determinism Reflected in the Main Character
According to French philosopher Baron D‟Holbach, determinism is a theory
related to human action which is influenced by internal and external forces. It
means that human has no free will. His actions and decisions will be depended by
the circumstances.
That which a man is about to do, is always a consequence of that which he
has been—of that which he is—of that which he has done up to the
moment of the action: His total and actual existence, considered under all
its possible circumstances, contains the sum of all the motives to the action
he is about to commit (1999:102).
The belief which characters do not have free will is called determinism.
According to Shipley, determinism can be seen through internal forces
(hereditary, instinct, and passion) and external forces (society, environment, and
chance). Here are internal and external forces which are reflected in the main
character of Carrie.
1. Internal forces
Internal forces in Carrie‟s character is divided into three factors. The first is
hereditary. Hereditary is related to the physical appearance of Sister Carrie. The
naturalistic aspect is reflected in Drouet‟s and Hurtswood‟s way of thinking of
Carrie as they are attracted on the physical appearance of Carrie and they want to
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36
make Carrie as their lover. As for them, Carrie is a young girl who has
extraordinary beauty. Her beauty making men to chase her. Here is Drouet‟s
statement when he successfully lures Carrie to live with him.
Good clothes, of course, were the first essential, the things without which
he was nothing. A strong physical nature, actuated by a keen desire for the
feminine, was the next. A mind free of any consideration of the problems
or forces of the world and actuated not by greed, but an insatiable love of
variable pleasure. His method was always simple. Its principal element
was daring, backed, of course, by an intense desire and admiration for the
sex (Dreiser, 1900: 6).
Carrie‟s beauty also determines her success to be a famous actress in the end
of the story. The following statement shows Carrie‟s beauty.
Now, because Carrie was pretty, the gentlemen who made up the advance
illustrations of shows about to appear for the Sunday papers selected
Carrie's photo along with others to illustrate the announcement. Because
she was very pretty, they gave it excellent space and drew scrolls about it.
Carrie was delighted (Dreiser, 1900: 397).
Another hereditary aspect is also shown in the family relation between Carrie
and her family. Carrie is described as she had no excellent home principles upon
her. Carrie lost the presence of her father as she‟s never got attention and guidance
from her father. Because she lost the presence of her father which also her
“counsellor”, she acts without guidance and she takes people‟s voice as her
guidance to act. Therefore, she seeks for men to replace her presence of her father
to fulfill her needs.
The second is instinct. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, definition
of instinct is behavior that is mediated by reactions below the conscious level. So,
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37
instinct is the form of unconsciousness which it happens naturally, without
learning and thinking about it. In Carrie‟s character, instinct can be found through
Carrie‟s unconsciousness is related to her inner self which affects her behavior
and emotions. It is shown in the quotation below.
She did not hear this very well. Her heart was troubled by a kind of terror.
The fact that she was alone, away from home, rushing into a great sea of
life and endeavour, began to tell. She could not help but feel a little choked
for breath—a little sick as her heart beat so fast. She half closed her eyes
and tried to think it was nothing, that Columbia City was only a little way
off (Dreiser, 1900: 10).
She didn‟t aware about what she has done or her decision to leaving her
hometown beyond her consciousness. She leaves her only relative in Chicago,
Minnie, and cuts the relationship with her sister after she falls on Drouet‟s
seductive to be her mistress. Then, later on moves to be Hurstwood‟s mistress.
She was sad beyond measure, and yet uncertain, wishing, fancying.
Finally, it seemed as if all her state was one of loneliness and
forsakenness, and she could scarce refrain from trembling at the lip. She
hummed and hummed as the moments went by, sitting in the shadow by
the window, and was therein as happy, though she did not perceive it, as
she ever would be (Dreiser, 1900: 107).
She unconsciously trapped in the illusion that happiness could be found on the
material things. She got influenced by the urban society lifestyle to pursue her
happiness. At the end of the story, even though she has everything which she
hunger for, such wealthy, beauty, and fame as an artist, she‟s feeling sad and
lonely.
The third is passion. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, definition of
passion is a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something or about
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38
doing something. So, it is related to a strong feeling/ sexual desire which causes
people to act in a dangerous way. There‟s a change in Carrie‟s character which
from the beginning of the story, Carrie who is timid and doesn‟t have excitement
in her previous work as a laborer, later on after she moves in New York, she finds
her own excitement or enthusiasm as an actress in acting industry.
Fulfilling her part capably brought another notice in the papers that she
was doing her work acceptably. This pleased her immensely. She began to
think the world was taking note of her (Dreiser, 1900: 394).
In Carrie‟s character, passion can be found through her character which she
pursues her dream to be an artist. While she becomes an artist in New York, she
got her own salary. Meanwhile, Hurstwood is jobless and can‟t support Carrie‟s
basic needs anymore, Carrie decides to break her relationship with Hurstwood and
leave him alone in poverty and despair.
Timid as Carrie was, she was strong in capability. The reliance of others
made her feel as if she must, and when she must she dared. Experience of
the world and of necessity was in her favour. No longer the lightest word
of a man made her head dizzy. She had learned that men could change and
fail (Dreiser, 1900: 385).
After Carrie‟s decision to leave him, he becomes homeless, then commits
suicide. Here, Carrie‟s character is changing from dependent person to be
independent person. In the end, Carrie is trapped by illusion of happiness which
could be found in the fame of as an artist. Even though she becomes a famous
artist, she remains unhappy.
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2. External forces
External forces can be divided into three categories. The categories are
society, environment, and chance.
a) Society
Society in Carrie‟s hometown differs from the society in big cities, such
Chicago and New York. In the Carrie‟s hometown, which is rural area in
Wisconsin as the part of Columbia city. The area is typically an open land with
few of buildings and people who live there. Most people usually work as farmers
because agriculture is the main industry in the rural area. Therefore, the society
there is not typical of modern industrial civilization like urban society. They
usually focus on working rather than giving attention to social status, so that
there‟s no division based on social status. While in the urban society, people
always comparing each other based on the social status, such a social division of
communities and labor. In rural communities, there is little room for job mobility
rather than in the big city. There‟s also no fast mobility for social adaptation such
in the urban city. People are loving nature, most of them usually believes in gods
and goddesses. In the compare to the society in the big city, people are most
realistic and not typically religious but instead they‟re materialistic.
In a material way, she was considerably improved. Her awkwardness had
all but passed, leaving, if anything, a quaint residue which was as pleasing
as perfect grace. Her little shoes now fitted her smartly and had high heels
(Dreiser, 1900: 397).
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Based on the paragraph below, Carrie‟s characteristics are develop as she
comes from the rural area in Wisconsin to the big city, Chicago. After living in
Chicago, her characters are develop. She learns that she has to live the way
society live there in order to survive in the urban society. As time goes by, she got
accustomed with luxurious life style in the urban society as she lives there.
b) Environment
It related to social conditions of the story. A story taking place in in modern
American society in Chicago such as poverty, a great difference treatment
between the rich and the poor, and money-oriented world. It is shown in the
quotation below.
Carrie said nothing, but bent over her work. She felt as though she could
hardly endure such a life. Her idea of work had been so entirely different.
All during the long afternoon she thought of the city outside and its
imposing show, crowds, and fine buildings. Columbia City and the better
side of her home life came back (Dreiser, 1900:38).
Chicago, here, is described as big city with fine buildings which its condition
is difference with Columbia city as the village with agriculture fields. Because of
her poor condition, Carrie decides to leave her hometown, Columbia, to go to the
big city, Chicago to increase her dream.
After Carrie leaves her hometown, she realizes that Chicago isn‟t as beautiful
big city as she expected. She has to struggle to get proper job, deal with the
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41
treatment of the urban society, and live in poor condition. The condition is shown
below.
Carrie looked out through the window into the busy street. There it was,
the admirable, great city, so fine when you are not poor. An elegant coach,
with a prancing pair of bays, passed by, carrying in its upholstered depths
a young lady (Dreiser, 1900:71).
Her vision to have a better life in Chicago is slowly disappear as she faces the
reality and the harsh life in urban society. Here, her characters are developed
because of different views on the social condition in the urban society. She
becomes desireful and materialistic.
The glamour of the high life of the city had, in the few experiences
afforded her by the former, seized her completely. She had been taught
how to dress and where to go without having ample means to do either
(Dreiser, 1900:301).
In her understanding, money is the most important thing for her in order to
survive and live well in the society. In other word, she can be happy in Chicago if
she has a lot of money because she can fulfill her needs and anything that she
wants in Chicago. As she meets Drouet and Hurstwood, she becomes heavily
dependent to them. She realizes that she needs their money to support her life in
the urban society.
c) Chance
A chance is related to a set of circumstance that makes it possible to do
something. It is shown in the quotation below.
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“Carrie's new state was remarkable in that she saw possibilities in it. She
was no sensualist, longing to drowse sleepily in the lap of luxury. She
turned about, troubled by her daring, glad of her release…” (Dreiser,
1900:71).
The conversation above shows that after Carrie agrees to be Drouet‟s mistress,
Carrie thinks that it is a chance for her to avoid poverty. A chance, here, is related
to the possibility which she takes to get out of her poor living condition by
becoming Drouet‟s mistress.
So, Carrie is described as becoming a dependent women to men‟s power after
she has been living in Chicago. Her timid character which is described in the
beginning of the story also disappears later on. It because she is getting to know
Drouet‟s power and she learns that she can get out from the poverty if she can
trust and lean her life to Drouet. It is considered as her chance to live well on
Drouet‟s support and later moves to Hurstwood‟s support.
At the end of the story, Carrie also got a chance to be a famous actress in New
York City. It is stated below:
Whatever a man like Hurstwood could be in Chicago, it is very evident
that he would be but an inconspicuous drop in an ocean like New York. In
Chicago, whose population still ranged about 500,000, millionaires were
not numerous. The rich had not become so conspicuously rich as to drown
all moderate incomes in obscurity (Dreiser, 1900:263).
Carrie is attracted by the manager in acting industry and she gets promotion
because of her looks. Carrie‟s beauty and her circumstance makes her possible to
be a famous actress. Her circumstance, which in New York, is a great big city
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with high population in the world. The city is known for its modernity of mass
distribution, factory production, and large consumption of luxuries in the city.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In this last chapter, the conclusion of a whole discussions will be drawn in this
study. The conclusion is needed to give explicit explanation and answers of two
problem formulations which have been discussed in the previous chapters. The
two problem formulations are: first, how the main character, Sister Carrie,
described in the story; second, how the main character, Sister Carrie, reveals the
idea of determinism in the story.
Firstly, the main character, Sister Carrie, becomes the object of the study.
Sister Carrie is described as a young beautiful country girl who comes from
Wisconsin to move to Chicago. Her characteristics, such inexperienced, timid, and
unconscious are shown in the beginning of the story as she is born and grown up
in rural area in Wisconsin, which is also her hometown.
In Carrie’s childhood, Carrie is described as a girl who had not been guided by
her family as she had no excellent home principles upon her. She missed the
guidance and affection from her family. Therefore, she looks for affection on men
because she thinks that men can give her affection which she has never had before
from her family. Carrie’s desire to men later on changes to be insecurity because
she’s afraid of losing men’s affection. Those are leading Carrie to another
characteristics, such are desireful and insecure. Then, after she moves to the big
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45
cities, such Chicago, and New York, Carrie is described as dependent,
materialistic, easily tempted, and gloomy.
Carrie is a dependent girl. After she lives in Chicago, she worries to live in
poverty and working as laborer in her lifetime. She decides to be a mistress to
men to get out from those difficult situation. In another word, she chooses to
depend on men to take care of her life.
Carrie is considered as materialistic because her obsession of material desire
to men's fat purse. They fulfills Carrie’s material pleasure, such spending a lot
money to buy Carrie’s clothes, and having a fancy dinner in elegant restaurant. In
Carrie’s understanding, she thinks that money, nice clothes, material goods are
pleasure of life, which she has to fulfill her desire in order to be happy.
Carrie is easily tempted. Carrie is easily swayed by men’s luring words. One
of the examples, she is tempted by Hurstwood’s sweet words to marry her and
have a good life in New York because she thinks that marriage is the way she
would be rescued or she will have the ‘guarantee position’ to have a good future.
Carrie is gloomy, shown in the end of the story. She successfully pursuit her
dream, becomes famous actress and rich but she still unhappy and lonely. She
realizes that she’s trapped by the illusion of happiness. Her desire to pursuit the
material goods and fame is perhaps unworthiness
Determinism which reflected to the main character, Sister Carrie, can be seen
through internal forces (hereditary, instinct, and passion) and external forces
(society, environment, and chance).
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Internal forces in Carrie’s character is divided into three factors. The first is
hereditary. Hereditary is related to the physical appearance of Carrie and in the
family relation between Carrie and her family. The second is instinct. Instinct can
be found through Carrie’s unconsciousness which affects her behavior and
emotions through her inner self. She didn’t aware about what she has done or her
decision to leave her hometown beyond her consciousness. The third is passion.
Passion is related to a strong feeling/ sexual desire which causes people to act in a
dangerous way. It is found through her character which she pursues her dream to
be a famous artist and decides to break her relationship with Hurstwood to get
more money.
External forces can be divided into three categories. The first is society.
Society in Carrie’s hometown differs from the society in big cities, such Chicago
and New York. In the Carrie’s hometown, which is rural area in Wisconsin as the
part of Columbia city. However, after living in Chicago, Carrie’s characteristics
are developed as she learns that she has to live the way society live there in order
to survive in the urban society. The second is environment. It related to social
conditions of the story which taking place in modern American society such
poverty, a great difference treatment between the rich and the poor, and money-
oriented world. Those are influencing Carrie’s characteristics, such desireful and
materialistic. The last is a chance. A chance is related to a set of circumstance that
makes it possible to do something. Because of Carrie beauty, she got a chance to
be a mistress to men. It is consider as her chance to live well on Drouet’s support
and later moves to Hurstwood’s support. Because of her looks, Carrie is also
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47
attracted by the manager in acting industry and she gets promotion to be a famous
actress in New York. Carrie’s beauty and her circumstance makes her possible to
be a mistress and also a famous actress.
In the story of Sister Carrie, Determinism portraits Carrie’s characterization
as the main character who struggles with other forces in the story. The portrayal
of Carrie’s character is influenced by the society as she tries to survive in the
urban society, including becomes a mistress to men to avoid poverty. As the time
goes by, she entrances the bourgeois society, then she makes her life style is also
changing to upper class society. However, the idea of Determinism reflected that
Carrie is a victim of ‘environment’ as her character and personality are controlled
by her circumstances. In the end, Carrie seems fated to be unhappy and lonely
even though Carrie successfully escaped from poverty.
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