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Talking point

Five years after subprime: Lending trends in Europe and the US

March 7, 2012

Lending trends in Europe and the US are currently diverging. Indicators point to a further slowdown in the

euro area, even though a credit crunch has so far not materialised. In the US, by contrast, the outlook has

considerably improved in recent quarters and loan volumes are growing again.

In recent years, it has been feared repeatedly that troubled European banks could trigger a credit crunch and

thereby curtail economic growth. So far, such a credit crunch has not materialised. In the euro area, loan volume

with companies at the end of 2011 was 1.1% higher than a year earlier; loans to private households were up by

1.4%. Even in the financial and economic crisis of 2008/09, lending hardly declined at all. Admittedly, given

inflation of about 2.5% yoy, current growth rates amount to a deleveraging in real terms and most of the factors

driving lending volumes signal a further deterioration. The euro area may fall back into recession this year, which

is likely to suppress credit demand especially in the peripheral countries. In addition, banks have tightened their

lending criteria in response to a wholesale funding squeeze in the second half of 2011. With the ECB flooding the

sector with medium-term liquidity and private funding markets

partially reopening this year, the worst has probably been averted

but banks may remain cautious about committing themselves to

significantly higher lending volumes. Pressure from the authorities

to increase capital ratios much faster and further than previously

anticipated has triggered a renewed wave of restructuring and

deleveraging particularly at the most-affected institutions. Though

banks intend to mainly cut back their foreign and capital-markets

exposure, scope for expanding loan volumes with the domestic

private sector may also be limited.

As refinancing constraints persist, it is of little help that deposit

trends stayed weak after the end of the recession. Private-sector

deposit growth of now 2.3% yoy is the lowest on record since

statistics began in 1999, despite efforts by banks to enlarge this

stable source of funding which is also treated favourably by new

regulation. The most important reason for this may be the sluggish

recovery, which already seems to be over again: it is keeping wage

(and therefore disposable income) growth down and unemployment

high, forcing many households to draw on their savings to make a

living. Record-low interest rates are doing their bit as well. It may

take a few years once the ongoing painful economic adjustment process in several European countries haslargely been completed before both deposit and lending volumes can again rise appreciably.

The other side of the Atlantic is showing some remarkable differences compared to Europe. In the US,

deleveraging has been much more pronounced, with lending to enterprises shrinking by a cumulative 19% or

USD 600 bn from peak to bottom (Q3 08-Q1 11, ten consecutive quarters) and lending to households declining by

a total of 12% or more than USD 500 bn (13 quarters in a row between Q4 07 and Q1 11). The US is thus the

only major developed country so far where households have substantially reduced their indebtedness.

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However, in line with the improved macroeconomic outlook, recent

developments clearly point upwards. Household lending has

increasingly improved since last spring, though the expansion is

still weak and levels are down yoy. Corporate lending has staged a

classic V-shaped recovery and is now back in positive territory.

Apparently, lending in America has turned the corner.

Even more striking is the fact that private-sector deposit volumeshave continuously outpaced lending since the demise of Lehman

Brothers. Growth rates have recently entered the double digits and

are at their highest level for the past two decades. Most of the

growth, however, has come from flows into large non-interest-

bearing transaction accounts that are fully government-insured

(beyond the normal USD 250,000 threshold). This crisis-induced

measure, a part of the FDICs Temporary Liquidity Guarantee

Programme, is due to expire at the end of the year. It therefore

remains to be seen whether the strong rise in deposits can be

sustained. Moreover, the bulk of the funds probably relates to the

build-up of liquidity by highly profitable businesses in an unsteadymacroeconomic environment, while household savings rates continue to be low. Hence, once brighter corporate

sentiment prompts firms to increase investments, banks may experience deposit outflows. This could lead to

lending and deposit growth rates converging again and possibly even before the end of this year.

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