Die Stämme (The Tribes)Die Stämme (The Tribes)

►Origin traced back as far as 2000 B.C. in Origin traced back as far as 2000 B.C. in ScandinaviaScandinavia

► Started moving southward sometime during Started moving southward sometime during the 1the 1stst Millenium B.C. (ca. 1000 B.C.) Millenium B.C. (ca. 1000 B.C.)

►Mainly followed rivers and would settle near Mainly followed rivers and would settle near them.them.

► Consisted of: Alemanni, Suevi, Franks, Consisted of: Alemanni, Suevi, Franks, Saxons, Thuringians, Goths (divided into Saxons, Thuringians, Goths (divided into Visigoths and Ostrogoths), Vandals, Visigoths and Ostrogoths), Vandals, Markommani Markommani

Die Römer und die DeutscheDie Römer und die Deutsche► 12 B.C.-- Rome decided to 12 B.C.-- Rome decided to

conquer Germania between conquer Germania between the Rhine and Elbe Rivers the Rhine and Elbe Rivers to establish a new northern to establish a new northern and eastern boundary.and eastern boundary.

► 9 A.D.– Germanic prince 9 A.D.– Germanic prince Armenius defeated the Armenius defeated the Roman forces in the Roman forces in the Teutoberg Forest.Teutoberg Forest.

► Roman Empire’s boundaries stayed at the Rhine-Danube Roman Empire’s boundaries stayed at the Rhine-Danube frontier, although they did extend slightly into them, along frontier, although they did extend slightly into them, along 300 miles of fortifications called the limes.300 miles of fortifications called the limes.

► ““Romanized” areas in the South and West were more Romanized” areas in the South and West were more “civilized” than the “barbaric” North and East. “civilized” than the “barbaric” North and East.

Germanic CultureGermanic Culture

►Tribal culture: basic unit was the clan.Tribal culture: basic unit was the clan.►Nomadic culture; built some walled Nomadic culture; built some walled

fortificationsfortifications►Hunted, some stock farming; no Hunted, some stock farming; no

economic structureeconomic structure►Land was communally owned and work Land was communally owned and work

divided equally among familiesdivided equally among families►Cultural life centered on feuds, plunder, Cultural life centered on feuds, plunder,

massacring enemies, even human massacring enemies, even human sacrificesacrifice

Germanic Culture Germanic Culture Continued…Continued…

►““Das Ding”—an assembly of freemen; Das Ding”—an assembly of freemen; elected king/duke (“Herzog”), acted as elected king/duke (“Herzog”), acted as a court of justice.a court of justice.

►No written lawNo written law►PolytheisticPolytheistic►Personal loyalty (Treue) took Personal loyalty (Treue) took

precedence over bonds of kinship and precedence over bonds of kinship and the tribe.the tribe.

Karl der Große Karl der Große (Charlemagne, aka Charles the Great)(Charlemagne, aka Charles the Great)

► Crowned “Emperor ever august of the Romans” by Crowned “Emperor ever august of the Romans” by the pope on Christmas Day, 800 A.D.the pope on Christmas Day, 800 A.D.

► Forged an alliance with papacy in RomeForged an alliance with papacy in Rome► Facilitated educational and religious Facilitated educational and religious

reformreform► Described as tall, dynamic, cruel, Described as tall, dynamic, cruel,

courageous, a victorious warrior; provided a courageous, a victorious warrior; provided a short-lived period of peace and justice.short-lived period of peace and justice.

► Ordered that his empire should be Ordered that his empire should be divided among his three sons. divided among his three sons. (Treaty of Verdun, 843)(Treaty of Verdun, 843)

919 – 1125 919 – 1125 Saxon and Salian DynastiesSaxon and Salian Dynasties

► 11stst German Empire (Reich) began with German Empire (Reich) began with election of Conrad I as the first German king.election of Conrad I as the first German king.

► Otto I: 936-973 (Beginning of Saxon Dynasty), Otto I: 936-973 (Beginning of Saxon Dynasty), crowned in Rome in 962; gave successive crowned in Rome in 962; gave successive German rulers the title of “Emperor”, unifying German rulers the title of “Emperor”, unifying the German monarchy and Roman Empirethe German monarchy and Roman Empire

► From 962-1056, papacy was dominated by From 962-1056, papacy was dominated by the German rulers.the German rulers.

► Lateran decree of 1059 declared that the Lateran decree of 1059 declared that the pope was to be elected by the College of pope was to be elected by the College of Cardinals, not by the emperor. Caused Cardinals, not by the emperor. Caused excommunication of Henry IV (1056-1106).excommunication of Henry IV (1056-1106).

Hohenstaufen DynastyHohenstaufen Dynasty1138-12501138-1250

► Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa or “Red Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa or “Red Beard”) dealt successfully with the political Beard”) dealt successfully with the political turmoil of his time. turmoil of his time.

►During Barbarossa’s reign, the term “Holy During Barbarossa’s reign, the term “Holy Roman Empire” first came into use.Roman Empire” first came into use.

► Established Germany as a feudal monarchy.Established Germany as a feudal monarchy.► Time period considered a “golden age.”Time period considered a “golden age.”► Under the reign of Frederick II, princes were Under the reign of Frederick II, princes were

given more power in their territories, which given more power in their territories, which ensured six centuries of division in ensured six centuries of division in Germany.Germany.

Hapsburg DynastyHapsburg DynastyRulers in AustriaRulers in Austria

► 1273 the ruling house was established1273 the ruling house was established► Charles IV (1346-1378) laid the constitutional Charles IV (1346-1378) laid the constitutional

foundations of the Holy Roman Empire until it foundations of the Holy Roman Empire until it dissolved in 1806.dissolved in 1806.

► From 1438 on, the office of emperor was a hereditary From 1438 on, the office of emperor was a hereditary monarchy in the hands of the Hapsburg family.monarchy in the hands of the Hapsburg family.

► The power of the Emperor became constantly weaker The power of the Emperor became constantly weaker as the princes of the smaller territories/states as the princes of the smaller territories/states demanded more power. demanded more power.

► The Reich, the Holy Roman Empire of the German The Reich, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, continued to protect the smaller states from Nation, continued to protect the smaller states from foreign threats, and the imperial idea lived on until foreign threats, and the imperial idea lived on until Napoleon’s dissolution in 1806.Napoleon’s dissolution in 1806.

Cities and Craft GuildsCities and Craft Guilds► Cities began as isolated settlements.Cities began as isolated settlements.► No roots in German cultureNo roots in German culture► In the west and along the Roman frontier, some cities In the west and along the Roman frontier, some cities

had roots in Roman history, e.g. Köln, Augsburg, had roots in Roman history, e.g. Köln, Augsburg, Regensburg.Regensburg.

► Emperors would travel to different places and stay in Emperors would travel to different places and stay in wooden structures with earthen ramparts.wooden structures with earthen ramparts.

► Stone architecture was begun in Charlemagne’s time.Stone architecture was begun in Charlemagne’s time.► Feudal lords began to fortify permanent residences, Feudal lords began to fortify permanent residences,

situating them on hills or mountains—the first situating them on hills or mountains—the first fortresses, or “Burgs.”fortresses, or “Burgs.”

► Towns formed around the castles as can be seen in Towns formed around the castles as can be seen in some German city names: e.g. Augssome German city names: e.g. Augsburgburg, , RegensRegensburgburg, Magde, Magdeburgburg, etc., etc.

Cities and Craft Guilds Cities and Craft Guilds Continued…Continued…

► German word for city: Stadt; simply meant a German word for city: Stadt; simply meant a marketplace, a location where some activity takes marketplace, a location where some activity takes place. Does not stem from the Latin civitas, which place. Does not stem from the Latin civitas, which refers to a group of people living under the same laws, refers to a group of people living under the same laws, citizenship.citizenship.

► German cities developed under purely economic lines. German cities developed under purely economic lines. ► To evolve into modern cities, they needed to be freed To evolve into modern cities, they needed to be freed

from control of the lord/bishop; they needed to develop from control of the lord/bishop; they needed to develop city councils.city councils.

► Tradesmen became very important: handicrafts, Tradesmen became very important: handicrafts, industry, and banking were of great importance.industry, and banking were of great importance.

► Later Craft Guilds—made up of tradesmen—took over Later Craft Guilds—made up of tradesmen—took over the city councils. (14the city councils. (14thth century) century)

► The Guilds created the models for good government The Guilds created the models for good government later imitated by the territorial states.later imitated by the territorial states.

Origins of CapitalismOrigins of Capitalism► Social and psychological atmosphere encouraged materialistic Social and psychological atmosphere encouraged materialistic

values and the rise of capitalismvalues and the rise of capitalism► German capitalism was more modern that that of Italy German capitalism was more modern that that of Italy

because the middle class sought to make money and increase because the middle class sought to make money and increase production as ends in themselves—as opposed to doing it to production as ends in themselves—as opposed to doing it to attain power or fame, as was done by the Italian princes.attain power or fame, as was done by the Italian princes.

► Mining (silver) and banking expanded considerablyMining (silver) and banking expanded considerably► Silver became the medium of exchange (currency)Silver became the medium of exchange (currency)► The German emperor was dependent on the princes for The German emperor was dependent on the princes for

financial support and often had to rely on bankers. Some financial support and often had to rely on bankers. Some emperors had to go into hiding or were kept as prisoners in emperors had to go into hiding or were kept as prisoners in towns because of their financial problems.towns because of their financial problems.

► Banking became powerful enough to influence politics.Banking became powerful enough to influence politics.► Although social mobility existed, rank was still valued highly.Although social mobility existed, rank was still valued highly.► Population growth and inflation undermined any possible Population growth and inflation undermined any possible

economic improvement.economic improvement.

Middle AgesMiddle Ages► Beginnings of Renaissance thinkingBeginnings of Renaissance thinking► First universities established starting in 1348 (University of First universities established starting in 1348 (University of

Prague), followed by Vienna, Erfurt, Heidelberg (1386), Prague), followed by Vienna, Erfurt, Heidelberg (1386), Cologne , and Leipzig (1410).Cologne , and Leipzig (1410).

► Intellectual life was the province of the middle class; they, Intellectual life was the province of the middle class; they, however, had no interest in politics and society.however, had no interest in politics and society.

► Contributed to a narrow-minded view, or an interest in utopian Contributed to a narrow-minded view, or an interest in utopian ideas that has impacted even the present day. (Think about ideas that has impacted even the present day. (Think about what happened during WWII.)what happened during WWII.)

► Major crisis 1: Bubonic Plague. Wiped out 2/5 of the European Major crisis 1: Bubonic Plague. Wiped out 2/5 of the European population; inspired an obsession with death, encouraged a population; inspired an obsession with death, encouraged a deep pessimism.deep pessimism.

► Major crisis 2: The Great Schism—created a disastrous division Major crisis 2: The Great Schism—created a disastrous division in the church when three claimants contended for the papal in the church when three claimants contended for the papal throne. This and other issues in the church led to the throne. This and other issues in the church led to the postponement of important religious reforms and led to the postponement of important religious reforms and led to the Reformation.Reformation.

►Germany, A Reference Guide From the Germany, A Reference Guide From the Renaissance to the Present by Joseph A. Renaissance to the Present by Joseph A. BiesingerBiesinger

► Slide 3 map: Slide 3 map: http://http://www.rollintl.com/roll/germanics.htmwww.rollintl.com/roll/germanics.htm

► Slide 4 picture: Slide 4 picture: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Germanic_cultureermanic_culture

► Slide 7 picture: Slide 7 picture: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne