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DEVELOPEMENT OF A HOLISTC WELLNESS MODEL FOR MANAGERS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
Petrus Albertus Botha
Tshwane University of Technology
Polokwane Delivery site
Overview of presentation
IntroductionProblem statement & hypothesesLiterature reviewMethodologyFindingsConclusion & recommendations
INTRODUCTION
Restructuring higher education institutions
Change process impact well-being - occupational stress, lower job satisfaction, lack of trust, high levels of absenteeism & high mental and physical ill-health symptoms
Survival and longevity depend on well-being
Managers provide strategic direction – wellness crucial
Managers not healthy perception that organisations not healthy
Literature review
Development of a holistic wellness model – assessment of wellness behaviour of managers
Theoretical foundation six dimensions of wellness
Physical wellness
• Physical fitness and nutrition
• Medical self-care focus on immunization, TSE & BSE, tobacco smoking cessation, CAM, water, oral hygiene, skin protection, blood pressure, cholesterol
• Safety and lifestyle – driving under the influence of alcohol & drugs
Literature review cont
Social wellness• Environmental wellness focus on solid waste, air &
water pollution & global warming • Social awareness (social capital)
Emotional wellness• Emotional management focus on stress, burnout,
anxiety & depression• Emotional awareness and sexuality focus on STDs
Intellectual wellness Occupational wellness focus on WLB Spirituality and values
Literature review con
Thus literature review focus on : theoretical foundation wellness behaviour risks associated with each sub-
dimension interventions
Problem statement & hypotheses
Problem statement: The wellness behaviour of managers at two higher education institutions increases their health risks and necessitates wellness interventions.
Hypotheses:H0: There is no correlation between the health risk scores and the wellness behaviour levels of managers.H1: There is a negative relationship between the wellness behaviour levels and the health risk scores of managers.
Problem statement & hypotheses con
H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of heads of academic departments and directors of support services. H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of heads of academic departments and directors of support services.H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of male and female managers.H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of male and female managers.
Problem statement & hypotheses con
H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of post-graduate and PhD graduate managers.H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of post-graduate and PhD graduate managers.H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups used in this study.H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups used in this study.
Problem statement & hypotheses cont
H0: It is not possible to use a wellness prediction model, as a holistic dependent variable, to measure wellness against all possible independent variables.H1: A wellness prediction model can be used, as a holistic dependent variable, to measure wellness against all possible independent variables.
Research methodology
Research approach - survey research approach Research design – single stage survey of the wellness
behaviour levels of managers at two leading tertiary education institutions in Gauteng
Census on total population 324 (164 AC &160 TU) Sample – 89 managers (academic sections heads,
directors of support services & rectorate) 40.45% from AC & 59.55% from the TU Females 31.5% & males 68.5% Measuring instrument based on TestWell Wellness
Inventory for Adults Questionnaire included demographic information, a health
risks assessment and perceived wellness of managers covering the ten sub-dimensions of wellness
Procedures for data analysis
Descriptive statistics – tables, graphs, means & standard deviationsCronbach’s alpha coefficient – reliability of the ten sub-dimensions of the instrument
• Physical fitness and nutrition 0.69• Medical self-care 0.67• Safety 0.76• Environmental wellness 0.71• Social awareness 0.77• Sexuality and emotional awareness 0.81• Emotional management 0.84• Intellectual wellness 0.82• Occupational wellness 0.87• Spirituality and values 0.85• Full TestWell score 0.93
Procedures for data analysis
Pearson product moment correlation to determine the relationship between the heath risk scores and wellness behaviour levels of managersT – tests to compare the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risks scores of managers at the AC & the TU, heads of academic departments and directors of support services, female and male managers, and post-graduate and PhD graduate managers ANOVA to compare the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups (35-45, 46-55 & 56-65)
Research findings
Research aims was to:• Develop a holistic wellness model• Measure wellness behaviour levels of
managers• Identify health risk factors• Calculate health risk scores• Propose interventions
To accomplish research aims – study designed to explore seven research questions
Research question 1: What is the correlation between the health risks scores and wellness behaviour levels of managers
Research findings con
• No significant correlation the mean physical fitness and nutrition, medical self-care, safety, environmental wellness, social awareness, intellectual wellness, spirituality and values sub-dimensions and the health risk scores of managers
• Significant negative relationship between sexuality and emotional awareness and the health risk scores
• Small negative relationship between emotional management and the health risk scores
• Negative relationship between occupational wellness and the health risk scores.
Research findings con
• With an increase in the sexuality and emotional awareness, emotional management and occupational wellness levels there will be in decrease in the health risk scores
Research questions 2 - 5: Is there a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of managers at the AC and the TU, heads of academic departments & directors of support services, female and male managers, and post-graduate and PhD graduate managers?
Research findings con
• The null hypotheses could not be rejected
Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Managers at the AC and the TU
Research findings con
TUAC
University
100
80
60
40
20
0
Average percentage
84847978
848481
77
85878383
6866
8892
6062
5656
Spirituality & Values
Occupational Wellness
Intellectual Wellness
Emotional Management
Sexuality
Social Awareness
Environmental Wellness
Safety
Medical Self-Care
Physical Fitness
Research findings con
Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Heads of Academic Departments and Directors of Support Services
Research findings con
Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Female and Male Managers
MaleFemale
100
80
60
40
20
0
Average percentage
8386
79788485
8077
8589
8382
6865
8991
616055
58
Spirituality & ValuesOccupational WellnessIntellectual WellnessEmotional Management SexualitySocial AwarenessEnvironmental WellnessSafetyMedical Self-CarePhysical Fitness
Gender
Research findings con
Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Post-Graduate and PhD Graduate Managers
Research findings con
Research question 6: Is there a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups (35-45, 46-55 & 56-65)
• The null hypothesis was maintained
Research findings con
Mean scores of wellness behaviour levels of the three age groups
56-6546-5535-45
Age Group
100
80
60
40
20
0
Average percentage
8583
86
8076
818483
87
8077
828585
90
828285
72
6464
928988
6258
63
585456
Spirituality & Values
Occupational Wellness
Intellectual Wellness
Emotional Management
Sexuality
Social Awareness
Environmental Wellness
Safety
Medical Self-Care
Physical Fitness
Research findings con
Research question 7: Can a wellness prediction model be used, as a holistic dependent variable, to measure wellness against all possible independent variables?
• Linear regression model could not be used
Research findings con
Combined health risk scores and wellness behaviour levels of managers at the sample universities
56%
61%
90%
67%
83%
86%
79%
84%
78%
84%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1
Wellness sub-dimensions
Average percentage
Physical Fitness
Medical Self-Care
Safety
Environmental Wellness
Social Awareness
Sexuality
Emotional Management
Intellectual Wellness
Occupational Wellness
Spirituality & Values
Research findings con
Combined health risk scores and wellness behaviour levels of managers at the two sample universitiesPhysical fitness and nutrition – 56%Medical self-care – 61%Safety – 90%Environmental wellness – 67% Social awareness – 83%Sexuality and emotional awareness – 86%Emotional management – 79%Intellectual wellness – 84%Occupational wellness – 78%Spirituality and values – 84%Health risk score -19.36%
Research findings con
The wellness behaviour levels ranged between 56% and 90% with an average score of 76.80%. Two lowest scores - physical fitness and nutrition (56%) and medical self-care (61%), while, safety had obtained the highest score (90%).
Conclusion and recommendations
Contribute to growing literature on wellness and healthy lifestyle behaviourHolistic wellness behaviour assessment indication of levels & areas improvementInstrument valid & reliableLow response rate (28%) indicative ignoranceUnwillingness to participateNeed education Wellness - retention toolAgeing workforceWellness behaviour and health risk model – theoretical framework
A wellness behaviour and health risk model for managers at South African Tertiary institutions
Conclusion and recommendations
Conclusion and recommendations
Model – wellness (dependent variable) determined by 11 independent variables
Managers high wellness behaviour levels (76%) & low health risks (19.36%)
Physical fitness & nutrition (56%) & medical self-care (61%) wellness behaviour levels as weaknesses – interventions
THANK YOU !!!!!!