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Developing an Objective Measure for Flushing on Chipseals
Dave Whitehead – Senior Asset Manager
NZTA National Office
Developing an Objective Measure for Flushing on Chipseals
Background to Study
Flushing is a major reason for resurfacing in NZ.
Flushing = Low texture.
Flushing = Low skid resistance.
Chipseals account for around 90% of SH surfacing
Background to Study - cont
Good to identify an objective measure of texture that correlates well with the reduction in skid resistance, so that:
Quantify flushing.
Targets for flushing can be established
Strategies can be evaluated
Appropriate levels of service for texture values can be set to maintain skid resistance and safety on the network
Methodology – Data Collection
Data from our annual SCRIM+ survey of the SH network.
Seasonal correction sites used for the study data.
Skid Resistance – SCRIM coefficient (SC)
Texture – survey collects 6 different measures.
– Mean Profile Depth (MPD)– modified MPD– Average Peak Count– Material Ratio – 10m average Sensor Measured Texture Depth (SMTD) – Texture Variability
Methodology - Visual Evaluation
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0.50
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
SC
Textu
re M
easu
re
Distance (m)
MPD SC
Double dip
Methodology – Evaluating the Data
Methodology – Selecting Sites for Analysis
Only sites with low texture selected.
>10% of site has low texture defined as
•≤0.5mm SMTD•≤0.7mm MPD and modified MPD•Material Ratio >40
32 sites meet these criterion and these formed the study dataset.
Methodology – Statistical Evaluation
Regression is a common test for determining the correlation between variables.
Needs to be a relationship between SC and texture for all values.
Therefore an alternative test, Pearson’s Chi squared test, was used to study dependency.
The Chi squared (X2) is used to assess independence by testing paired observations on two variables.
Methodology – Statistical Evaluation
In the X2 test the expected and the observed frequency is compared as shown in the equation.
Where:Χ2 = the test statistic that asymptotically approaches a X2 distribution. Oi = an observed frequency; Ei = an expected (theoretical) frequency, asserted by the null hypothesis;
n = the number of possible outcomes of each event.
Methodology – Statistical Evaluation
The table value for the null hypothesis is 10.827 so this can be rejected and we can conclude there is a dependency between the variables.
Wheel PathTexture Measure
MPD Mod MPD
SMTD Material Ratio
X2 X2 X2 X2
Left Wheel Path 16759 4333 20549 11080
Right Wheel Path
10143 3431 16982 7351
Methodology – Setting Texture Threshold Levels
Optimum texture thresholds were evaluated by determining % of 10m lengths below a specified SC at specific texture values in each wheel path.
SMTD(mm)
SCRIM Coefficient (SC)
0.30 0.325 0.35 0.375 0.4
LWP RWP LWP RWP LWP RWP LWP RWP LWP RWP
0.3 39.4%
30.4%
47.4%
34.6%
56.0%
39.1%
60.8%
42.5%
67.0%
45.3%
0.4 29.2%
24.3%
39.5%
31.0%
50.5%
38.8%
57.4%
44.0%
64.2%
48.9%
0.5 18.8%
15.4%
26.8%
21.4%
36.6%
28.7%
43.9%
34.2%
51.2%
39.6%
Detailed Visual Evaluation
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3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500
SC
Textu
re M
PD
an
d S
MTD
(m
m)
Length metres
MPD LWP SMTD LWP SC LWP
A
Detailed Visual Evaluation
Point A from Graph
Methodology – Quantifying Flushing
Texture or SC alone is no guarantee that flushing exists but together should produce a satisfactory measure.
Challenge to set measures at levels with acceptable levels of false positives and negatives.
SC Value of <0.35 with SMTD ≤0.4mm and MPD ≤0.7mm appear an appropriate initial values to test using video.
Methodology – Quantifying Flushing
Various thresholds for both texture measures were tested against SC to check the false positives and negatives.
Final assessment using SC<0.40 and SMTD ≤0.5mm expanded sites to 370 with 10% false positives.
Applying above to LWP of data set were able to quantify % meeting the criteria.
Summary of Conclusions
Objective of the study was to determine if texture data could be used to identify flushing.
Flushing is normally associated with a significant reduction in skid resistance.
Three years of seasonal site data was evaluated on 6 texture measures with 4 found to show correlation at low texture and skid resistance.
Using the video, correlation was also found between low texture and flushing.
Sites without low texture were removed from the study.
Summary of Conclusions
4 texture measures were evaluated to ensure a statistical dependency between them and low skid resistance.
SMTD and MPD found to be best and these were used for the rest of study.
Quantitative evaluation to determine proportion of SC at particular levels in bands of the SMTD and MPD.
Since texture or SC alone is no guarantee of flushing both were used to set threshold levels.
Review of the videos found that SC<0.40 and SMTD ≤0.5mm were most useful identifying areas starting to flush.
Recommendations
Threshold
Texture SC CommentsSMTD MPD
1 ≤0.50 ≤1.0 ≤0.40 To identify areas that are starting to flush
2 ≤0.40 ≤0.7 ≤0.35 To identify areas that are fully flushed
The following are recommended threshold levels for texture and skid resistance to identify flushed areas.
Also recommended that SMTD be used as a texture measure rather than MPD for identifying flushing.
Recommendations
Further recommendations
Validation of the criteria derived from this study is undertaken using a significant sample from the 2010/11 annual survey of the State Highway network.
Subject to validation consider a threshold report identifying flushed areas as a future standard deliverable.
Developing an Objective Measure for Flushing on Chipseals
THANK YOU