Developing Biological tools 55

p g gin Lake Ohrid according to

the Water Frameworkthe Water Framework Directive

1Lirika KUPE; 2Suzana PATCEVA; 2Tatjana LOSHKOSKA

1 AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA.

2 HYDROBIOLOGICAL INSTITUT OF OHRID

OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

Introduction (Working group and Lake

Ohrid).)

Aims of the study.

Sampling, dynamic frequency

Biological approach based on WFD (Waterg pp (

Framework Directive).

W t l ifi ti b d i EU di tiWater classification based in EU directive.

WFD classification

Results and Discussion

Working Group in Project.

Lake Lake OhridOhrid

Is the deepest lake in

B lkBalkan.

The deepest point is

289 m and the average 289 m and the average

deepness is about 164

meters.meters.

The maximum width

is 14,8 km.,

The maximum length

is 30,8 km.

Station Code of station

Time of sampling

Method of sampling

DoganaTushemisht

AR3D July 2010 Periphyton from stons

P d 2 ANR5PG2 J l 2010 P i h t f

Station Code of station

Time of sampling

Method of sampling

Tushemisht - Drilon

ANR7T July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Pogradec 2 ANR5PG2 July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Udënisht ANR3U July 2010 Periphyton from stons

Piskupat (near the rock)

AR2 July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Pogradeci- Vërdovë

ANR6PG1 July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Mëmëlisht- train station

ANR4M July 2011

Periphyton from stones

the rock) stones

Lini-village ANR1L July 2010 Periphyton from stons

Radozda MRR July 2010 Periphyton from stones

station Piskupat ANR2P July

2011 Periphyton from stones

Cape of Lini

AR1L July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Kalishta MRK July Periphyton from stones

Struga MNRS July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Sateska river MNRSR July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Kalishta MRK July 2011

Periphyton from stones

AutocampAs

MNRA July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Koselska MNRK July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Grashnica MNRG July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Ohrid bay MNRZ July 2010 Periphyton from stones

H.Metropol MNRM July 2010 Periphyton from

2011 stonesBlato MNRB July

2011 Periphyton from stones

Rachanska

MNRRR July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Pestani MNRP July Periphyton from p y p ystones

Hotel Park MRP July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Velidab MRV July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Pestani MNRP July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Sv.Zaum MRZ July 2011

Periphyton from stones

Veljapesh MRVL July 2011

Periphyton from stonesTrpejca MNRT-

non reference

July 2010 Periphyton from stones

Cherava river MNRCR July 2010 Periphyton from stones

2011 stonesTrpejca MRT-

referenceJuly 2011

Periphyton from stones

Sv.Naum MNRSN July 2011

Periphyton from stones

LINI (Ohrid Lake)

Udenisht

Memelisht

Aims of StudyAims of StudyKnowledge of the diatom algae insediments of Lake Ohrid.

Evaluation of Lake Ohrid Biodiversity.

Calculation of the trophic and saprobicindexindex.

Human impact in Lake Ohrid during thep glast years.

Data processing based on ENSISprogram.

FIELD SAMPLING IN LAKE OHRID DURING 2010

Dogana Tushemisht (AR3D)Pogradec 2 (ANR5PG2)

Samples were collected only at 0.5m depth.

Udënisht (ANR3U)Piskupat (near the rock)(AR2)

Lini-village (ANR1L)

0.5m depth.

Samples were collected in 15 collected in 15 localities (5 localities in

Tushemisht - Drilon (ANR7T)

Albanian part and 10 localities in Macedonian

Radozda (MRR); Struga (MNRS)Sateska river (MNRSR); Grashnica (MNRG)Ohrid bay (MNRZ); Hotel Metropol (MNRM)( )Pogradeci- Vërdovë (ANR6PG1)

Mëmëlisht- train station (ANR4M) Piskupat (ANR2P)

Macedonian part).

Samples were

Hotel Park (MRP); Velidab (MRV)Trpejca (MNRT-non reference); Cherava river (MNRCR)

Cape of Lini (AR1L) Samples were collected one time per year.

FIELD SAMPLING IN LAKE OHRID DURING 2011

Samples were

Dogana Tushemisht (ANR3D)Pogradec 2 (ANR5PG2)

Tushemisht - Drilon (ANR7T)Pogradeci- Vërdovë (ANR6PG1)

Mëmëlisht- train station (ANR4M)

collected only at 0.5m depth.

Udënisht (ANR3U)Piskupat (near the rock)(ANR2)

Lini-village (ANR1L)

Piskupat (ANR2P) Cape of Lini (AR1L) Samples were

collected in 15 localities (5 localities (5 localities in Albanian part

Kalishta (MRK); Autocamp As (MNRA) Koselska river (MNRK); Blato (MNRB)Rachanska river (MNRRR); Pestani ( )

and 10 localities in Macedonian (MNRP)

Sv.Zaum (MRZ); Veljapesh (MRVL); Trpejca (MRT-reference)St N (MNRSN)

Macedonian part).

Samples were St.Naum (MNRSN) Samples were collected one time per year.

Monitoring of fresh water with diatoms is based in two standards:

1. Standard EN 13946:2003, Water quality - Guidance standard

for the routine sampling and pre-treatment of benthic diatoms

from rivers. Establishes a method for the sampling and

laboratory preparation of benthic diatoms for water quality

assessments. Data produced by this method are suitable for

production of water quality indices based on the relativeproduction of water quality indices based on the relative

abundance of taxa. With appropriate modifications the method

can be applied to the study of benthic diatoms in lakes.

Monitoring of fresh water with diatoms is based in two standards:

2. Standard EN 14407:2004 Water quality. Guidance

standard for the identification, enumeration and

interpretation of benthic diatom samples from running

t Thi t d d t f id tifi ti dwaters. This standard covers aspects of identification and

enumeration of the relative abundance of diatom taxa on

prepared slides and of data interpretation relevant to

assessment of water quality.assessment of water quality.

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

C ll t d i h ti i i l (Di t )Collected epiphytic microscopic algae (Diatoms).

Cleaning of diatom frustules: boiling with HClcc and g gH2SO4cc (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot, 1986-1991)

Microscopic slides: using Naphrax (index 1 71)Microscopic slides: using Naphrax (index 1.71)

Observed in an optic microscope, using 40X and 63X bj tiobjectives.

Determinations: Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986-1991) keys.

More than 400 valves were counted (with confidenceMore than 400 valves were counted (with confidence 95 %)

ECOLOGY OF WATERECOLOGY OF WATER

n

Diversity index: Shannon &Weaver (1949)

n

iii ppH

12

' log

C l l t T hi di t Id B d i R tt t l 1997

ii

n

i HGTW

Calculate Trophic diatom Idex: Based in Rott et al., 1997

n

iii

iDIA

HGTI

1

1 Is in correlation with inorganic matter in water

n

HGS

Calculate Saprobic Index: Based in Rott et al., 1999

n

iii

iii

i

HG

HGSSI

1

1 Is in correlation with organic matter in water

Trophic value

Trophic class

Concentration of total phosphorus (mg/l)Mean year Extrem

valueCorrelation between Trophic value

WATER CLASSIFICATION

≤ 1,0 ultraoligotroph

< 0,005 < 0,010

1,1 -1,3 oligotroph < 0,010 < 0,020

1 4 1 5 li 0 010 0 050

Correlation between Trophic value, Trophic class and concentration of total phosphorus, by Rott at al. 1997

1,4 - 1,5 oligo-mesotroph

0,010 -0,020

< 0,050

1,6 - 1,8 mesotroph < 0,030 < 0,100

1,9 - 2,2 meso- 0,030 - < 0,150

Saprobic value

Saprobic class

, ,eutroph

,0,050

,

2,3 - 2,6 eutroph 0,030 -0,100

< 0,250

2,7 - 3,1 eu- > 0,100 > 0,650

1,0 - <1,5 oligosaprob

1,5 - <1,8 Oligosaprob to-mesosaprob2,7 3,1 eu

polytroph> 0,100 > 0,650

3,2 - 3,4 polytroph 0,250 -0,650

> 0,650

> 3 4 poly > 0 650 > 0 650

1,8 - <2,3 -mesosaprob

2,3 -<2,7 -mesosaprob to-mesosaprob> 3,4 poly-

hypertroph> 0,650 > 0,650 -mesosaprob

2,7 - <3,2 -mesosaprob

3,2 - <3,5 -mesosaprob toCorrelation between Saprobic value and polisaprob

3,5 - <4,0 polisaprob

Correlation between Saprobic value and Saprobic class, by Rott at al. 1999

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONLake Ohrid represents a unique ecosystem from

diatoms.

Most of the species in Ohrid Lake areMost of the species in Ohrid Lake areOLIGOTROPHIC like as :Gomphonemalateripuncatatum, Diploneis ovalis, Nitzschiadenticula, Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbellamicrocephala, Navicula cryptotenella,Nit hi t t G hNitzschia angustata, Gomphonematruncatum, G. parvulum, G.intricatumvar pumilum Fragilaria capucina Fragilariavar.pumilum, Fragilaria capucina, Fragilariavirescens, F. bicapitata, etc. This specieswere widespread in: Cape of Lini (AR1L),p p ( ),Dogana-Tushemisht (AR3D), Hotel Park(MRP),St.Zaum (MRZ), Radozda (MRR).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Other species of highest vitality in strongerMESOTROPHIC TO EUTROPHIC waters wereobserved, like: Amphora pediculus, Cocconeispediculus, Cymbella minuta, Diatoma vulgaris var.vulgaris Epithemia adnata E sorex Gomphonemavulgaris, Epithemia adnata, E. sorex, Gomphonemapumilum, G. olivaceum, Gyrosigma accuminatum, N.menisculus var. grunowii, Navicula reinhardtii,Nit hi di i tNitzschia dissipata.

Rhoicosphaenia abbreviata etc., were found inp ,Piskupat near the rock (AR2) , Udenisht (ANR3U ),Piskupat (ANR2P ), Memelisht (ANR4M ), Ohrid bay(MNRZ ) Peshtani (MNRP ) Kalishta (MRK )(MNRZ ), Peshtani (MNRP ), Kalishta (MRK ).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Despite some Poly-hypertrophicspecies of diatoms like as: Amphoraspecies of diatoms like as: Amphoralybica, Cymatopleura solea, Fragilariaulna Gomphonema parvulum Nitzchiaulna, Gomphonema parvulum, Nitzchiapalea, etc. have been observed inepiphytes samples of Lini villageepiphytes samples of Lini-village(ANR1L), Grashnica (MNRG), and rarelyin Pogradeci town (ANR5PG2) in Lakein Pogradeci-town (ANR5PG2) in LakeOhrid but there were not morewidespreadwidespread.

1- Cyclotella ocellata; 2-Stephanodiscus hantzchii .3-M l i i 4Melosira varians 4-Diatoma vulgaris 5-Cocconeis placentula 6-Fragilaria capucina Fragilaria capucina var. vauscheria 7-Cocconeis pediculus; 8-Cymbella microcephala; 9-Cymbella minuta; 10- Amphora inariensis ; 11-Navicula Navicula menisculus; 12-Gomphonema olivaceum; 14-Gomphonema truncatum; 15-Amphora lybicia; 16- Nitzschia palea; 17- Gomphonema tergestinum; 18-tergestinum; 18-Navicula cryptotenella

The most widespread Centric DiatomsDiatoms

16.8

12.6

14.0

15.4

8.4

9.8

11.2

4.2

5.6

7.0

Cyclotella ocellata

0.0

1.4

2.8

Melosira varians

Pograd

ec

Dog

ana

Ude

nish

t

Piskup

at Lin

Rado

zda

Struga

Sateska river

Grash

nica

Ohrid bay

H.M

etropo

l

Hotel Park

Velidab

Trpe

jca

Che

rava river

C l t ll ll t thCyclotella ocellata were the most widespread species in Lake Ohrid .

The most widespread Pennat DiatomsDiatoms

27.328.329.330.331.3

Cocconeispediculus

21.322.323.324.325.326.327.3

Fragilariavirescens

14 315.316.317.318.319.320.3

Amphora

Cymatopleura soela

Cymbella minuta

8.39.310.311.312.313.314.3 Amphora 

ovalis

Fragilaria capucina

Navicula radiosa

Cymbella elogenisis

1 32.33.34.35.36.37.3

Roicosphaeniaabbreviata

Gomphonema olivaceumEpithemia adnata

G transsylvanicum

0.31.3 G. transsylvanicum

Number of species during July 2010

The poorest stations in species were: Udënishti, Lini-village, Velidab, Trpejca.

The high number of species were found in Sateska river (more over 40 species), Grashnica, Radozda, Cherava river, Dogana etc.

Velidab

Trpejca

Cherava river

Grashnica

Ohrid bay

H.Metropol

Hotel Park

Radozda

Struga

Sateska river

Grashnica

Dogana (Tushemisht)

Udenisht

Piskupat (Rock)

Lin

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Pogradec 2

Number of species,N: 500

Diversity Index during July 2010Higher diversity values were observed in Pogradeci 2, Sateska river (about 1.30),Grashnica, Trpejca, Cherava river, Hotel park, Struga, etc.

Low values of Diversity index (H') were the result of a small number of genera anda high abundance of a few common species. Which were observed in: Ohrid bay(under 1.00), Udenisht, Velidab etc.

Cherava river

Oh id b

H.Metropol

Hotel Park

Velidab

Trpejca

Radozda

Struga

Sateska river

Grashnica

Ohrid bay

Dogana

Udenisht

Piskupat

Lin

Radozda

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

Pogradec 2

Diversity index, H':

Number of species during July 2011

The poorest stations in species were: Peshtani, Tushemishti, St. Zaum, Lini, etc.

The high number of species were found in: Auto camp As (More over 40 species), Rachanska river, Koselska river, Kalishta, Blato, Pogradec 1, Piskupat (near the rock), Memelisht, St. Naum and Trpejca.

Trpejca

St. Naum

Rachanska river

Pestani

St. Zaum

Veljapesh

p j

Kalishta

As

Koselska river

Blato

Piskupat

Tushemisht (Dogana)

Memelisht (Train station)

Cape of Lini

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Pogradec 1 (Verdove)

Number of species,N: 500

Diversity Index during July 2011

Higher diversity values were observed in Rachanska, As, Koselska (about 1.40),Veljapesh, St. Naum, Trpejca, Pogradec 1, Tushemisht, Memelisht (about 1.30).

Low values of Diversity index (H') were the result of a small number of genera and aLow values of Diversity index (H ) were the result of a small number of genera and ahigh abundance of a few common species. Which were observed in: Blato and St. Zaum(about 1.00).

St. Naum

Pestani

St. Zaum

Veljapesh

Trpejca

As

Koselska river

Blato

Rachanska river

Tushemisht (Dogana)

Memelisht (Train …

Cape of Lini

Kalishta

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

Pogradec 1 (Verdove)

Piskupat

Diversity index, H':

TIDIA in Ohrid Lake during 2010The water qulaity in Ohrid Lake, based in TIDIA: Trophic value ranged from oligo-mesotrophicq y , p g g pto eutrophic. Dogana (1.5), Udenishti (1.7) and Velidab (1.8) ranged from oligo-mesotrophic tomesotrophic. More of station ranged from mesotrophic to meso-eutrophic. Only Lini-village, Grashnica and Ohrid bay ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic.

2 5

3.02.7 2.7

2.4

Eutroph

2.0

2.5 2.3

1.7

1.9 1.9

2.1

2.0

4

2.02.1

1.8

2.2 2.2

Mesotroph

Meso-eutroph

1.0

1.51.5

Oligotroph

Oligo-mesotroph

0.5

TIDIA (2010)

TIDIA in Ohrid Lake during 2011

The water quality in Ohrid lake, based in TIDIA, trophic value ranged from oligo-mesotrophicq y , , p g g pto eutrophic. St. Zaum (1.5), Piskupati (1.8) and Tushemishti (1.8) ranged from oligo-mesotrophic to mesotrophic. More of station renged from mesotrophic to meso-eutrophic.Only Rachanska (2.6) Pogradeci town and St. Naum ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic.

2 5

3.0

2.62.5

Eutroph

2.0

2.5 2.3

1.8 1.8

2.12.3 2.3 2.3

2.1 2.22.3

1 5

2.12.2

Mesotroph

Meso-eutroph

1.0

1.51.5

Oligotroph

Oligo-mesotroph

0.5

TIDIA (2011)

Saprobic Index during 2010

The water quality in Ohrid Lake based on SI, were classified from Oligosaprobic (HotelP k d D ) t Oli bi (R d d Pi k t S t k i H t lPark and Dogana) to Oligo - - mesosaprobic (Radozda, Piskupat, Sateska river, HotelMetropol, Velidab and Trpejca). Only Pogradec 2, Hudenisht, Piskupat, Grashnica andOhrid Bay were classified from Oligo-β-mesosaprobic to -mesosaprobic, which show aslightly pollution.

mesosaprob (1 8 2 3)

1.9

2.0

Oli b

-mesosaprob (1.8-2.3)

1 5

1.6

1.7

1.8

Oli b (1 1 5)

Oligo--mesosaprob (1.5-1.8)

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5 Oligosaprob (1 – 1.5)

1.0

1.1

SI (2010)

Saprobic Index during 2011The water quality Ohrid Lake based in SI, was classified from Oligosaprobic(St. Zaum approximately 1.4) to Oligo - - mesosaprobic (Cape ofLini, Veljapesh, Trpejca, St. Naum) and other station ranged from Oligo--mesosaprobic to -mesosaprobic.

-mesosaprob (1.8-2.3)

1 7

1.9

2.1

Oligosaprob- mesosaprob1.5-1.8)

1.3

1.5

1.7

Oligosaprob (1-1.5)

0.7

0.9

1.1

0.5

SI (2011)

Data processing based in ENSIS program - (TIDIA).

Value of Trophic Index Trophic Classes

≤ 1,0 ultraoligotroph

1,1 -1,3 oligotroph, , g p

1,4 - 1,5 oligo-mesotroph1,6 - 1,8 mesotroph

1,9 - 2,2 meso-eutroph2 3 2 6 e troph2,3 - 2,6 eutroph

2,7 - 3,1 eu-polytroph3,2 - 3,4 polytroph

> 3,4 poly-hypertroph, p y yp p

2 sampling sites wereoligo-mesotroph.4 sampling sites were

t hmeso-troph.13 sampling sites weremeso-eutroph.9 sampling sites were

t heutroph.2 sampling sites were eu-politroph.

Data processing based in ENSIS program - SI

Value of SI Saprobic Classes

1,0 - <1,5 oligosaprob

1,5 - <1,8 Oligosaprob - βmesosaprob

1,8 - <2,3 β mesosaprob

2,3 -<2,7 β mesosaprob -αmesosaprob1 sampling sites were

Oligosaprob.

2,7 - <3,2 α mesosaprob

3,2 - <3,5 α mesosaprob -li b

10 sampling sites were Oligo--mesosaprob.

polisaprob19 sapmling sites were -mesosaprob.

Data processing based in ENSIS program - SI

Nitzchia palea is pthe most abundant species in the locality of Grasnica.

Fragilariai i th virescens is the

most abundant species in the localities Park andlocalities Park andSt. Zaum.

The total The total Phosphorous is the highest in the locality of OhridBay.

CONCLUSION

Littoral habitats in Lake Ohrid belonging toan environment oligotrophic or mesotrophican environment oligotrophic or mesotrophicrepresented by species such as: Cyclotellaocellata, Achnanthes minutissima and A.,biasolettiana, Fragilaria capucina,Gomphonema pumilum, G. olivaceum, etc.Al h th i th t d i tAlso has other species that dominateeutrophic habitats such as: Amphorapediculus Cocconeis pediculus Cymbellapediculus, Cocconeis pediculus, Cymbellaminuta, Gomphonema minutum, Nitzschiadissipata, but there were not morep ,widespread in all sampling sites.

CONCLUSION

Trophic diatom index ranged from 1.5 (mesotrophic)in Dogana (AR3D), Udënishti (ANR3U), St. Zaum(MRZ) to 2.7 (eupolitroph) in Lini-village (ANR1L) andGrashnica (MNRG).

Saprobic index ranged from 1.4 (oligosaprobic) and1.6 (oligo- β-mesosaprobic), in St. Zaum (MRZ),Dogana (AR3D) Cape of Lini (AR1L); to 2 0 or 2 1 (βDogana (AR3D), Cape of Lini (AR1L); to 2.0 or 2.1 (β-mesosaprobic), in Lini-village (ANR1L).

The water of Lake Ohrid near Pogradeci town andGrashnica were dominated by Amphora lybica,Cymatopleura solea, Fragilaria ulna, Naviculay p , g ,cuspidata, Nitzschia palea, Gophonema parvulum(which considered as Polytrophic species).

CONCLUSION

Composition of diatoms show a slightelypollution with organic matter (oligo-β-mesosaprobic to β-mesosaprobic) and moderatemesosaprobic to β mesosaprobic) and moderatepolluted with inorganic matter (mesotrophic),exception of Lini-village and Grashnica is verypolluted (polytrophic)polluted (polytrophic).

As above, in all sampling stations nutrients werelower than the EC guide values for surface water.High values of nutrients were measured in Lini-village (ANR1L) and Pogradeci town nearvillage (ANR1L) and Pogradeci town nearEnkeleana Hotel (ANR6PG1).

The diatom index has an advantage of a shortThe diatom index has an advantage of a short-term indicator and furthermore, the samples canbe easily collected compare with other analyses.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In occasion, we express our

gratitude especially to thanks thegratitude especially to thanks the

Norwegian Ministry of ForeignNorwegian Ministry of Foreign

Affairs for financial support.

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!БЛАГОДАРАМ!БЛАГОДАРАМ!FALEMINDERIT!FALEMINDERIT!