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Energy and Buildings 61 (2013) 116–124
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Energy and Buildings
j ourna l ho me pa g e: www.elsev ier .com/ locate /enbui ld
eveloping energy performance label for office buildings in Iran
arshid Bagheria,∗, Vahab Mokarizadeha, Mohsen Jabbarb
Niroo Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, IranTavanir Company, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran
r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:eceived 20 May 2012eceived in revised form 18 January 2013ccepted 7 February 2013
eywords:nergy performance label
a b s t r a c t
In this paper, technical procedure for developing energy performance label for office buildings in Iran ispresented. According to inappropriate energy consumption indexes of the office buildings in Iran, presentresearch was conducted for this group of buildings. For this purpose, a building energy simulator softwaretool was developed, validated, and applied to simulate an exhaustive sample society of office buildings. Awidespread field activity was conducted to gather the modeling data from 285 office buildings through allthe 4 climatic zones in Iran. Moreover, Reference Buildings as the energy efficient buildings were defined
ffice buildingradelimatic zoneeference Building
and modeled in the software environment. Energy consumption indexes from modeling of sample societyand Reference Buildings were applied to conclude the boundaries for grades A–G of the label. Finally, thelabel appearance was designed and authorized to be applied for both the existent and new buildings. Theupper limit for grade A is determined as: 84, 75, 78, and 82 (kWh/Y/m2) and the upper limit of grade G(the failing point) is concluded as: 588, 525, 546, and 574 (kWh/Y/m2) for cold, mild, hot and dry, andhot and wet climatic zones, respectively.
. Introduction
In spite of global climatic changes caused by fossil fuel contami-ations, total energy consumption in all the socioeconomic sectorsf Iran is increasing with an average yearly rate of about 8% [1,2].mong all the sectors, buildings have the greatest quota, which isbout 40% of all the energy consumption in the country. Residentialnd non-residential buildings in Iran consumed total energy equalo 581.2 TWh, in 2004.
Due to the high rate of increment, buildings energy consump-ion in Iran had increased up to 730.7 TWh in 2009. Evaluatinghe average energy consumption indexes of the buildings indicateshat remarkable energy conservation potentials are achievablehroughout the country. For instance, the approximate yearly pri-
ary energy consumption in residential buildings of Iran is about50 kWh/m2, which is more than twice the indexes in manyther countries [1,2]. The remarkable energy consumption indexesecessitate energy management implementation for controllinghe growth and reducing the existing quantities to acceptable val-es.
Among the various types of buildings according to the applica-ion type, office buildings in Iran have noticeably high energy con-umption indexes. The average yearly primary energy consumption
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 912 6401128.E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected] (F. Bagheri).
378-7788/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.02.022
© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
index for these types of buildings in Iran is about 350 kWh/m2
[1,2]. Consideration of the intermittent function of these build-ings (only 8–10 working hours a day) clarifies that the relativemagnitude of the cited energy index (350 kWh/m2) is very high.Because most of the large office buildings in Iran are governmen-tal or semi-governmental, energy management has not seriouslybeen performed in them. In addition, because the energy-costs donot affect the staff incomes in these buildings, they do not careabout it.
According to the noticeable energy consumption indexes ofoffice buildings in Iran and due to the last governmental policiesfor commencing the serious energy management activities, thesetypes of buildings are studied in the present research. Energy man-agement implementation for buildings could be commenced bydeveloping standards and labeling to prepare a basis of informa-tion and indexes for any activities in the future. Surveying similarexperiences in other countries indicates that developing energyperformance standards and labeling for buildings has been one ofthe remarkable activities in the field of energy management. The“Energy Performance of Buildings Directive” by European Communityhas forced EU countries toward developing energy performancestandards and labeling for buildings since 2002 [3]. The commu-nity introduced the energy certificate of buildings to reduce energyconsumption in buildings and emanated some standards in order
to publicize the buildings energy certificate procedure.In the UK, “Energy Label Certificates” have been provided anddeveloped in the last decade to assess the energy performancefor domestic and non-domestic buildings [4–6]. The developed
F. Bagheri et al. / Energy and Bui
Nomenclature
EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings DirectiveSBEM Simplified Building Energy ModelEPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning EngineersTMY Typical Meteorological YearHVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air ConditioningHB Heat Balance-ASHRAEn sample society sizeı2 variance of an attribute in the populationSAP Standard Assessment ProcedureDOE Department of Energy (U.S.)IECC International Energy Conservation CodeBEPS Building Energy Performance StandardLEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental DesignIES Illumination Engineering Society (U.S.)ECOs Energy Conservation OpportunitiesZ2 Desired Confidence Level Coefficient
lAltdbwbatcopc
wdasopr
Dalb
tIcst(
sacicam
e Desired Level of Precision (%)
abel contains performance grades from A to G. The “UK Standardssessment Procedure” was applied to develop the standards and
abeling for domestic buildings. In addition to the energy consump-ion indexes, other characteristics, such as building address, surveyate, separate electricity and fuel consumptions, quantity of car-on dioxide emissions, performance grades for structural parts, etc.,ere available for the developed label. Moreover, for non-domestic
uildings and large dwellings in UK, another methodology knowns SBEM has been developed and applied. Bull et al. [4] studiedhe effectiveness of the developed building energy certificate andoncluded that whilst certificates are no panacea for the problemf increased emissions from public buildings, producing and dis-laying building energy certificates act as a catalyst for behaviorhange.
There is a similar performance label for buildings in Francehich contains both energy performance index and CO2 pro-uction rating scale from A to G [7–9]. RT2000 method waspplied to develop the label in France. Richalet et al. [7] pre-ented a measurement-based methodology for energy certificationf houses, including the experimental equipment, the monitoringrotocol and the calculation tool. In addition, they discussed theesults for a set of 10 monitored houses within Europe.
In Germany by applying the EnEv methodology, DIN EN 832,IN 4108, DIN 4701, DIN 4710, DIN-v18599 have been developeds the energy consumption standards for buildings. In addition, aabel containing A–G grades for energy performance assessment ofuildings (ENERGIEAUSWEIS) has been developed [9–11].
Dall’O’ et al. [12] developed a methodology for classification ofhe energy performance for residential building in urban scales oftaly. Data regarding the energy performance of buildings wereollected using energy audits on sample buildings, which wereelected using a statistical approach. In addition, they have testedhe methodology in a medium sized town in the Lombardy regionItaly), and discussed the results.
Poel et al. [13] have presented an overview of the EPBD and aoftware that can be used to perform building energy audits andssess buildings in a uniform way, perform demand and savingsalculations, provide owners with specific advice for measures to
mprove energy performance, and issue an energy performanceertificate for existing buildings in several European countries. Inddition, they introduced a methodology named as: Energy Perfor-ance Assessment for Non-Residential buildings (EPA-NR).ldings 61 (2013) 116–124 117
In Spain, Rey et al. [14] have analyzed the different steps of anew methodology for energy simulation in building called BuildingEnergy Analysis (BEA methodology). The steps mentioned includecalculation of heating and cooling load, energy demand, energyconsumption and CO2 emission. Their research program concludedwith energy labeling of the buildings.
In addition, there are similar activities in the field of buildingenergy performance analysis and labeling which have been devel-oped in the other EU countries during the last decade [15–20].Accordingly, as a result of the EPBD, the energy certificates andlabels have been developed, assessed and revised throughout theEuropean countries, and are being used as one of the major speci-fication documents for the new and old buildings.
In the United States, DOE, EPA, and ASHRAE have preparedthe infrastructures and standards for energy performance assess-ment in buildings [21]. Comprehensive standards, which are beingused for buildings in the US are: ASHRAE 90.1, IECC, and BEPS[22,23]. Moreover, “Energy Star” and “Energyguide” labels have beendeveloped and applied to assess the energy performance status forbuildings. In addition, LEED label has been developed by US GreenBuildings Council to promote efficient building designs [24].
According to the successful energy labeling experiences throughthe other countries and due to the effectiveness of labels onenergy management for buildings, this research has concentratedon developing energy performance label for office buildings in Iran.
2. Methodology
Survey of similar standard and labeling procedures for build-ings throughout the world shows that in most of the valid andcomprehensive research activities, a sample society of buildings isconsidered as the data bank for studies. The studies are conductedeither by using the energy audit instruments or by applying theenergy simulator software tools. Afterwards, results of the stud-ies are concluded as the energy consumption indexes and appliedto develop the standard energy indexes for buildings. Comparisonof the cited methodologies (Detailed Energy Audit versus SoftwareTools) indicates that software tools are more common and havebeen applied rather than time-consuming and costly energy auditactivities. In addition, in many countries, software tools are used toestimate the energy performance grade for an existent or designed(not built) building [5,6].
According to the widespread applications of software tools inthe standard and labeling procedures for buildings, an indigenoussoftware tool for simulating energy consumption in buildings ofIran has been developed in the present study. Moreover, the devel-oped software tool has been validated by using a set of accurate datafrom energy audit results besides the EnergyPlus software tool out-puts. For this purpose, a society of 12 office buildings with variousapplications, such as electricity or fuel distribution company offices,postal service offices, engineering consultant company offices, etc.,were studied by using the detailed energy audit methodology.Afterwards, the exact indexes from detailed energy audit wereextracted and applied for completing the validation step. More-over, these buildings were simulated in both the EnergyPlus andthe developed software environments and the results were com-pared for validation. After validation, an expanded sample societyof office buildings throughout the country was simulated and theconcluded energy consumption indexes were applied to developthe energy label attributes.
3. Behsazan: the energy simulator software tool
According to the imperfect coverage of validated software tools,such as EnergyPlus, EQUEST, HEED, etc. on the climatic data for
118 F. Bagheri et al. / Energy and Buildings 61 (2013) 116–124
Fig. 1. Main frame of Behsazan software.
Table 1General specifications of audited office buildings.
No Storynumbers
Total area(m2)
Staffnumbers
Usage City Electricity consumption(kWh/Y/m2)
Fuel consumption(kWh/Y/m2)
1 5 7536 372 Electricity Distribution Co. Office Tabriz 72.5 305.22 3 5000 135 Electricity Distribution Co. Office Bushehr 168.1 52.93 8 7200 250 Energy Efficiency Organization Tehran 107.4 126.74 6 2400 100 Communication Service Co. Office Tehran 177.2 157.35 5 4000 70 Gas Distribution Co. Office Tehran 89.7 139.16 6 7000 291 Electricity Distribution Co. Office Shiraz 74.3 108.07 3 6000 238 Postal Service Office Mashhad 89.5 237.78 7 8400 338 Electricity Distribution Co. Office Isfahan 58.0 112.59 4 4700 183 Electricity Distribution Co. Office Ahvaz 215.2 104.6
of Unnt Co
cwtac
10 3 1083 75 Administrative Office11 6 7500 255 Engineering Consulta12 7 9500 460 Research Institute
ities of Iran, it was necessary to develop an indigenous soft-are tool for the present study. A comprehensive coverage of
he software database on all indigenous data requirements, suchs hourly climatic information (TMY data) for the most importantities of Iran, complete and detailed properties of common structural
Fig. 2. Comparing Behsazan outputs for audited buil
iversity Tehran 47.9 133.0. Office Arak 97.1 314.5
Tehran 103.6 188.1
materials, common lighting systems and HVAC equipments in Iran, etc.,was the main target for developing an indigenous software. More-
over, accurate load and energy calculations were expected from thedeveloped software. Consequently, a comprehensive and accuratedocumentation and data gathering were conducted to prepare thedings with energy bills and EnergyPlus results.
F. Bagheri et al. / Energy and Bui
ns
Fig. 3. Climatic zones of Iran [26].
ecessities for developing the software. Behsazan; the developedoftware, features following characteristics:
(1) Modeling of residential/non-residential buildings in differentclimatic conditions in more than 400 cities of Iran
(2) Detailed modeling for all the structural parts: external andinternal walls, roofs, floors, ceilings, windows, and doors
(3) Modeling of hourly profiles (schedules) for energy consumingequipments (office, kitchen, etc.), lighting system, and pres-ence of people, on each weekday for all the 12 months of theyear
(4) Designing standard lighting system for a building by applyingthe IES and Iranian National Standards for Lighting Systems
(5) Simulating electrical load and energy consumption for anexistent/designed lighting system in a building
(6) Hourly cooling/heating load and energy calculations by apply-
ing the HB method(7) Performance modeling of the existent HVAC systems in abuilding or designing new systems by use of common productsdatabase
Fig. 4. Primary energy consumption indexes
ldings 61 (2013) 116–124 119
(8) Hourly energy consumption calculations for all the energyconsuming equipments
(9) Applying energy conservation opportunities for the modeledbuilding and calculating the conservation potentials
(10) Validating calculated energy consumption indexes with realquantities from building’s energy bills
According to the cited features, Behsazan was developed asa comprehensive software tool to accomplish all the targets ofthe present research study. In Fig. 1, the main frame of Behsazansoftware has been presented. The majority of modeling step fora building is placed in “Modeling” menu. Open, Save and Exitcommands are included in the “File” menu. “National Rules” menuevaluates the heat transfer coefficient of building’s structural partswith minimum requirements of “Iranian National Standards forBuilding Envelope”. “Run” menu contains energy consumptioncalculations and “Energy Saving” menu includes the energy con-servation opportunities to be selected and evaluated. “Reports” and“Charts” menus display the results of simulations in the format ofreports and charts. “Library” menu shows database information tobe checked or even changed by the user.
Even though Behsazan includes a powerful calculation sourcecode with a comprehensive and indigenous database, validationwith accurate and valid benchmarks would be necessary. Therefore,the validation step would be considered in the next part. After-wards, the outputs from modeling of a widespread sample societyof office buildings in the Behsazan software environment would bepresented to develop the energy label for office buildings in Iran.
4. Energy audit for validating the Behsazan software
As it was cited in the “methodology” part, a precise and detailedenergy audit activity was conducted for 12 office buildings through-out the different climatic zones of Iran to attain two targets: Firstly,it provides a set of valid and accurate benchmarking data to eval-uate the accuracy of Behsazan software calculations. It meansthat comparing the simulation results with detailed energy auditmeasurements would demonstrate the accuracy of software calcu-lations. Secondly, energy indexes of these 12 office buildings wouldbe added to the simulation results of the main sample society and
make it more complete.Table 1 represents some general information of these 12 auditedoffice buildings. The buildings were selected from cold weathercities such as; Tabriz, Mashhad, and Arak, mild weather cities such
for samples in the cold climatic zone.
120 F. Bagheri et al. / Energy and Buildings 61 (2013) 116–124
Fig. 5. Primary energy consumption indexes for samples in the mild climatic zone.
Fig. 6. Primary energy consumption indexes for samples in the hot and dry climatic zone.
Fig. 7. Primary energy consumption indexes for
samples in the hot and wet climatic zone.
F. Bagheri et al. / Energy and Buildings 61 (2013) 116–124 121
tion i
aBTfo
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ot
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ttfisIwbo
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Fig. 8. Primary energy consump
s; Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz, and hot weather cities such as;ushehr, and Ahvaz, to cover different climatic conditions in Iran.he energy audit step was conducted by collecting electricity billsor at least 3 years and installing electricity measuring instrumentsn various electricity circuits of each building.
In additional, the fuel-meter instruments were applied for mea-urement to extract the non-electrical energy consumption indexesnd attributes. Moreover, the fuel consumption bills were collectedo prepare a more comprehensive and valid data collection.
After the audit step, detailed information for simulating energyonsumption of these 12 buildings through the Behsazan soft-are environment was prepared. In addition, due to the reliability
nd validity of EnergyPlus software tool for simulating energyonsumption in buildings, it was applied for conducting a supple-entary modeling of the audited buildings. It helped for a more
xhaustive validation of Behsazan software outputs.Consequently, energy audit results and EnergyPlus simulations
utputs were applied together for validating the Behsazan simula-ions accuracy. Fig. 2 represents the comparison of these results.
According to Fig. 2, the maximum difference between Behsazanesults and Energy Bills is 6% and is related to the audited buildingo. 2. In addition, the maximum difference between Behsazan andnergyPlus simulation results is equal to 8% and is related to theuildings no. 1. Consequently, accuracy of Behsazan software tool
s acceptable and it could be confidently applied for modeling theample society of office buildings to provide indexes for labelingurposes.
To calculate the primary energy consumption for any building,he electrical and non-electrical energy indexes are required. Dueo the remarkable energy wastes for production of electrical energyrom fossil fuels and the transmission from thermal power plants, its a requisite to consider a conversion coefficient for electricity con-umption indexes to obtain the related primary energy indexes. Inran, it was 3.37 for all the electricity production and transmission
astes in 2010 [1]. Therefore, primary energy consumption for eachuilding is equal to fuel consumption added by the multiplicationf electricity consumption and the cited coefficient:
rimary Energy = Electrical Energy 3.37 + NonElectrical Energy
(1)
. Designing the data gathering questionnaire, sampling,nd providing feed data
According to the software-based methodology for providingnergy indexes, it was necessary to define a sample society offfice buildings for gathering the feed data. Here, the feed data
ndexes for Reference Buildings.
would be any information that was required for simulating an officebuilding in the software environment. Therefore, a comprehen-sive questionnaire was designed to be filled by the energy expertswhile making a transient (short-term) energy audit for every officebuilding. According to the Behsazan software structure, the ques-tionnaire includes 7 parts:
(1) General characteristics of building: city, area, story numbers,staff numbers, etc.
(2) Energy consumption trend for last 3 years (from energy bills)(3) Attributes of materials in the structural part (walls, windows,
doors, roof, floor): type, thermal characteristics, dimensions,color, etc.
(4) Technical and operational information of HVAC systems:power, capacity, operation schedule, etc.
(5) Hourly profiles (schedules) for staff presence in the buildingduring different days of the 12 months of year
(6) Technical and operational information of lighting system: lamptypes, ballast types, electrical powers, operation schedules, etc.
(7) Technical and operational information of other energy con-sumer equipments (office equipments, cooking equipments,etc.): power, operation schedules, etc.
After designing the questionnaire and revising it by the statisticsexperts, the sample society properties were defined. To estimatethe required sample society size (number of sample office buildingsfor the energy studies), applying the statistics’ basics and formulaswould be necessary. For populations that are large, Cochran devel-oped a formula to yield a representative sample for proportions[25]:
n = Z2ı2
e2(2)
To have the appropriate precision, e could be equal to 5% and Zequal to 1.96 for a 95% desired confidence level [25]. Because thekey parameter in this study is energy consumption index of theoffice buildings, the variance of this parameter is required to bedetermined. Therefore, the sample society size (number of officebuildings) could be calculated from formula (2). However, beforedetermining the sample society size, there is another point to becarefully considered.
Survey of similar standard and labeling activities throughoutthe other countries shows that due to the intense effects of cli-
matic conditions on energy consumption indexes of buildings, itis necessary to provide separate standard indexes for each of thedifferent climatic zones [9]. According to the diversity of climaticconditions throughout Iran, it could be divided into 4 climatic zones
122 F. Bagheri et al. / Energy and Buildings 61 (2013) 116–124
ples a
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Fig. 9. Distribution of sam
26]. As presented in Fig. 3, Iran is divided into; (1) cold, (2) mild,3) hot and dry, and (4) hot and wet climatic zones. This climaticategorizing is considered in the present study. Consequently, theampling and energy consumption index extracting would be sep-rately conducted for each of these climatic zones.
By calculating the variance values for energy consumptionndexes of office buildings in each of the climatic zones – from avail-ble data on Refs. [1,2] – the sample society sizes (number of sampleffice buildings) were extracted as: (a) 72 samples for cold zone, (b)4 samples for mild zone, (c) 71 samples for hot and dry zone, andd) 68 samples for hot and wet zone. After designing the question-aire and determining the size of sample society, an expanded fieldctivity was performed for gathering the required data. All the dif-erent HVAC system types, building structure types, building sizes,ffice usage types, etc., were covered among the selected sampleffice buildings. Therefore, the appropriate feed data for modelingnd performing the studies were provided.
. Modeling of sample buildings and deriving energyonsumption indexes
After preparing the required data for the modeling step, eachample building was modeled in the Behsazan software envi-onment and the energy consumption indexes were concluded.n Figs. 4–7, sorted primary energy consumption indexes of theample buildings are presented for each of the climatic zones.he charts show a wide range of energy consumption indexes150–675 kWh/Y/m2) throughout the sample buildings. Accordingo the target of this study, which is developing energy label forffice buildings, this wide range of indexes would be comprehen-ive and very desirable. In fact, a comprehensive range of energy
onsumption indexes was necessary for defining the boundaries of–G grades (upper and lower limit for each grade). This compre-ensive covering on the energy indexes is a result of consideringll the effective parameters for sampling, such as different HVACround the defined grades.
system types, building sizes, usage types, operational characteris-tics, etc.
After achieving the energy consumption indexes for existentbuildings, main part of the required data for developing energylabel is prepared. However, analyzing the similar label devel-opment procedures in other researches shows that defining thereference (optimized) energy indexes would make the proceduremore complete and exhaustive [9,23,24]. In fact, the efficient energyconsumption indexes are very useful for determining the bound-aries of top grades in the label (A and B grades). Consequently, toachieve the cited purpose, Reference Buildings would be definedand studied in the next step.
7. Reference Buildings and energy indexes
Main target of developing energy label for office buildings is tomanage and optimize the existent energy consumption indexes.In order to attain this goal, it is necessary to define the energyconsumption indexes for optimized (energy efficient) buildings asthe best achievable indexes. Reference Buildings are the energyefficient buildings in which the optimized energy consumptionindexes are appeared [9,22,23,24].
Due to the existence of minimum requirement standards forheat resistance of structural parts and efficiencies of HVAC sys-tems in buildings of Iran, the characteristics of Reference Buildingscould be defined accordingly. Based on these standards, the char-acteristics of Reference Buildings were defined and the relatedenergy consumption indexes were concluded after modeling in theBehsazan software environment. ASHRAE 90.1 and Iranian NationalStandards for Buildings (Structural Parts Minimum Heat ResistanceRequirements, HVAC and Lighting Systems Minimum Efficiencies)
were applied as the basis for defining the properties of ReferenceBuildings.Three Reference Buildings at three different cities for each cli-matic zone were defined and modeled in the Behsazan software
F. Bagheri et al. / Energy and Buildings 61 (2013) 116–124 123
Table 2Boundaries of grades in energy label for office buildings in Iran (I = primary energy consumption index (kWh/Y/m2)).
Climatic zones Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Grade F Grade G
Cold I < 84 84 ≤ I < 168 168 ≤ I < 252 252 ≤ I < 336 336 ≤ I < 420 420 ≤ I < 504 504 ≤ I < 588Mild I < 75 75 ≤ I < 150 150 ≤ I < 225 225 ≤ I < 300 300 ≤ I < 375 375 ≤ I < 450 450 ≤ I < 525Hot and dry I < 78 78 ≤ I < 156 156 ≤ I < 234 234 ≤ I < 312 312 ≤ I < 390 390 ≤ I < 468 468 ≤ I < 546
246 ≤ I < 328 328 ≤ I < 410 410 ≤ I < 492 492 ≤ I < 574
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Hot and wet I < 82 82 ≤ I < 164 164 ≤ I < 246
nvironment. In each zone, the operational profiles of Referenceuildings were set similar to the common profiles of the existentuildings. Hereby, energy consumption indexes of the Referenceuildings for each climatic zone are extracted and presented inig. 8. This chart shows the primary energy consumption for each ofhe three modeled Reference Buildings in each of the four climaticones of Iran. Consequently, the average primary energy consump-ion indexes (kWh/Y/m2) of the Reference Buildings have beenoncluded as: (a) 83.7 for cold zone, (b) 74.5 for mild zone, (c) 77.8or hot and dry zone, and (d) 81.6 for hot and wet zone. According tohe definition of Reference Buildings as the energy efficient build-ngs, the extracted indexes could be very helpful for determininghe boundary of grade A in the label.
. Determining boundaries for A–G grades and designinghe label
According to the provided data for energy consumption indexesf the existent and Reference Buildings, the boundaries of grades–G for energy label could be determined by considering 3 con-epts: (1) vacating the top grades of label (A and B) to provide
growth space in the obtained grade for even the partially effi-ient existing buildings (after conducting the energy conservationpportunities), (2) preventing the failure of multitude of the exist-nt buildings from achieving even the grade G, and (3) attaining aormal distribution for sample society members around the gradesdistribution of samples abundance through the grades A–G).
The first cited concept follows the main goal of this labeling pro-ess, which is improving the energy efficiency level for any existentuilding and urging the building designers and constructors to
ncrease the energy efficiency traits for new buildings. Accordingo this concept, grades A and B of the label would be inaccessibleor the existent buildings to provide a growth space for even theests. It means that even the efficient existent buildings could athe most get the grade C of the label and with some simple energy
anagement considerations they could achieve the grade B. How-ver, achieving the grade A of the label (like Reference Buildings)equires more exhaustive and time/cost consuming energy conser-ation opportunities.
The cited second concept is considered for the implementationtep of the developed label. If a large portion of office buildings is notble to gain even the grade G, implementation of the energy labelould accompany with challenges. In other words, if a lot of office
uildings could not even get the grade G, it would weaken the effec-iveness of labeling through the implementation step. Consideringhe third concept means that the majority of the existent buildingould get grades of D, E, and F and the minority could get grades Cnd G. In other words, majority of the available buildings appear inhe intermediate grades of the label. This would be very desirablehich provides a good growth space for any existent building.
According to the cited concepts, the boundaries of grades A to are determined and presented in Table 2. Indicator I is the pri-
ary energy consumption index for an office building. In Fig. 9,istributions of studied sample office buildings around the definedrades are presented. These charts show the number of sampleffice buildings, which are included in any of the A–G grades of
Fig. 10. Designed energy performance label for office buildings in Iran.
energy performance, for each climatic zone. The distribution ofsample buildings through the grades indicates that approximatelya standard normal distribution is visible for each of the climaticzones.
Designing the label appearance configuration was the last stepin this research activity. According to the configuration of existentenergy performance labels for energy consuming equipments inIran, the colored A–G grading is common and well-known. There-fore, placing the A–G grades configuration on the label wouldfacilitate the implementation step after the development. In orderto cover some main specifications of office buildings in the label, itis designed as presented in Fig. 10. It contains some general infor-mation of building, grades of primary, electrical and non-electrical
energy consumption indexes, and indexes of the main energy con-sumption components.
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. Conclusions
In this paper, the procedure of developing energy performanceabel for office buildings in Iran is considered. In order to providehe required data for labeling, an energy simulator software toolBehsazan) has been developed. Behsazan is applied for studyinghe energy consumption characteristics in a widespread sampleociety of office buildings. To validate the software simulationsccuracy, a group of 12 office buildings throughout the countryre audited to extract the accurate energy consumption indexes.fterwards, the extracted indexes are applied for validating theehsazan outputs, which proved the accuracy of its simulations.
set of 285 existent office buildings throughout all the 4 climaticones of Iran is considered as the sample society and the resultf simulations is presented. Moreover, the characteristics of Ref-rence Buildings as the energy efficient buildings are defined. Theeference Buildings are simulated in the Behsazan environmentnd the concluded energy consumption indexes are considered toefine the boundaries of grade A in the label. Concepts and crite-ia for deriving the boundaries of label grades (A–G) are discussednd the final ranges for each grade are extracted. Achieving a nor-al distribution of samples around the defined grades is precisely
onsidered for all the climatic zones. The upper limit of primarynergy consumption index for grade A is determined as; 84, 75,8, and 82 (kWh/Y/m2) for cold, mild, hot and dry, and hot andet zones, respectively. In addition, the failing point which is thepper limit of grade G in the label is concluded as; 588, 525, 546,nd 574 (kWh/Y/m2) for cold, mild, hot and dry, and hot and wetones, respectively. Finally, the label appearance is designed anduthorized for implementation as a national standard.
cknowledgments
This research was supported by Niroo Research Institute (NRI)nd Tavanir Company at Ministry of Energy in Iran. The authorould like to thank NRI and Tavanir for supporting the implemen-
ation step of this label after development.
eferences
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[2] D. Pasdar, A. Pakdaman, et al., Balance of Hydrocarbon Products for Iran, 1st
ed., Institute for International Energy Studies, Ministry of Petroleum, Tehran,2011.[3] A. Johansson, C. Jonsson, H. Parker, Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Par-liament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the Energy Performance ofBuildings, Official Journal of the European Communities, L1 (2003) 65–71.
[[
ldings 61 (2013) 116–124
[4] R. Bull, N. Chang, P. Fleming, The use of building energy certificates to reduceenergy consumption in European public buildings, Journal of Energy and Build-ings 50 (2012) 103–110.
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