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DEVELOPMENT OF TEST METHODS FOR
SMART TEXTILES
June 26, 2016
Justine Decaens, Olivier Vermeersch,
Patricia Dolez & Dominic Lachapelle
www.gcttg.com
Laboratory testing services
Research, Development &
Innovation
Expertise
Our Group
Our Group
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Textiles became SMART ....
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AGENDA:
1. Overview of test methods developed at CTT Group
2. Example 1: Thermal performance of heating textiles
3. Example 2: Dewatering performance of electro-conductive
geosynthetics for mine tailings
4. Example 3: Linear electrical resistance of tracks
5. Initiatives all around the world
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Overview of test methods developed at CTT Group
5
•Method GCTTG 4002-09 :
•Method GCTTG 4003-10 and GCTTG 4004-11 :
Measurement of the evolution of the
electrical characteristics as a function of the
elongation and abrasion of an electro-
conductive textile.
Measurement of electrical resistance of conductive fibers
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Test methods developed at CTT Group (cont’d)
6
•Method GCTTG 4008-15:
Characterization of the piezo-resistive sensitivity
of membranes
•Method GCTTG 4009-15 and 4011-16 :
Measurement of thermal performance and
homogeneity of heating or cooling textiles
•Method GCTTG 4010-15 :
Evaluation of the durability of electro-conductive
textiles when exposed to liquids
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Example 1: Thermal performance of heating textiles
•Geographical context : Canada ���� Cold winter, need for suitable clothing
•Current workwear issues:
•Bulky, heavy, not breathable enough
•Difficult to adapt to different physical activities
•Reduced mobility
•Advantage of heating clothing
•Controlled and adjustable thermal comfort
• Thinner layers
Context:
8
Source : www.msdsonline.com
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•Comparison between the performance of heating textiles and traditionnal
insulating layers
•Adaptation of an existing test method : Guarded Sweating Hot Plate –
ASTM F1868
•Formula :
Methodology:
9
Hc
ATaTsRct
*)( −
=
• Ts, temperature of the plate (°C) : 35°C
• Ta, temperature of the climatic chamber (°C) : 20°C
• A, surface of the plate (m²)
• Hc, power output (W)
Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont’d)
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Technical constraints :
• Retroaction with temperature controller and thermocouple
• Set point value : 2°C higher than the temperature measured at rest
Regulation of the heating power :
• Non homogenous surface : hot points
• Interface : high thermal conductivity + electrically insulated
• Determination of the interface dimensions : representative, not impacting
Development of the interface :
• Copper surface coated with PU/PC
•Surface 9*9 cm
10
Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont’d)
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Results :
• Large differences between product performances : Product # P1 thermal insulation
increases by 90% while Product #P2 thermal insulation only by 25%
• Influence of the encapsulation medium
• Relation between the Clo value and the temperature of use
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3
Clo
(m
².K
/W
Heating products
Heating performances – Heavy
insulated coat
Système actif
Système passif
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3
Clo
(m
².K
/W)
Heating products
Heating performances – Light,
non-insulated coat
Système actif
Système passif
11
Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont’d)
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Example 2: Dewatering performance of electro-
conductive geosynthetics for mine tailings
Context:
• Production of crude bitumen from oil sands
mining expected to double by 2020
• Production of 1 ton of synthetic crude oil
by open-pit mining
� Requires 12.3 tons of oil sands
� Generates 15.6 tons of tailings
���� Investigation of the effect of the tailings
composition on their dewatering using
electrokinetic geocomposite (eGCP)
50 km
13
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Principle:• eGCP Prototype = Drain-tube planar
geocomposite + metal electrode
• Filtration of different formulations of
Mature Fine Tailings (MFT)
• Obtained from Canadian oil sands
producers (MFTR)
• Produced in the laboratory (MFTS)
Dewatering performance of electro-conductive
geosynthetics for mine tailings (Cont’d)
14
Active dewatering
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Test setup & protocol:
• Laboratory Scale Dewatering Device : Simulate the entire path of water taking place in
real tailings disposal, i.e. under self-weight consolidation, consolidation under the
weight of overlying layers of tailings, electro-osmosis, and drainage
20 L
15
Dewatering performance of electro-conductive
geosynthetics for mine tailings (Cont’d)
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Results:• Volume of filtrate expelled from
the tailings as a function of time
for the successive phases of the
dewatering treatment
• 50% volume reduction at the
end of the treatment
• Increase in the shear strength
from 0 to ~ 25 kPa (trafficable
surface)
• Different MFT formulations
required different treatment
durations to reach a 50%-volume
reduction
16
Dewatering performance of electro-conductive
geosynthetics for mine tailings (Cont’d)
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Example 3: Linear electrical resistance of tracks
Context - Partnership:
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• European project SUSTASMART – Supporting Standardization for Smart Textiles
• Categorising Smart Textiles
• Evaluating the need for standardization
• Identifying the first applications to consider
• Two standards have been proposed :
• Evaluating the thermal effect of PCM
• Determining the linear electrical resistance of conductive tracks
• Draft submitted to CEN/TC 248/WG 31 N 163
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Objective :
19
• Determine the electrical resistance of :
• Yarns
• Knitted or woven bands, ribbons
• Characterize the length/width ratio : 10/1
Four points – Four wires Method :
• Conditionning for 24 h (20°C – 65%HR)
• Relaxing for 24h (EN 12127)
• 5 specimens of at least 50 cm long
• For each specimen, 2 independant series of 5 voltage measurements
Linear electrical resistance of tracks (Cont’d)
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Nature Weight (g/m²) Stress applied
Yarns - 0.5 cN / tex
Not stretchable fabrics
< 200 2N
200-500 5N
> 500 10N
Stretchable fabrics - 0.5 N
Method principle:
• Four electrodes aligned
• Distance between the electrode = at least
50 cm or 10 times the width of the track
• Electrodes are flat with a good contact with
the tested material (glue, soldering, etc.)
• Tension applied on the textile element :
Linear electrical resistance of tracks (Cont’d)
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Initiatives all around the world
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Standardization organisations:
• CEN : Creation of the first task group in 2006
• ASTM : workshop sessions began in 2012
• AATCC : March 2016
Research groups:
• CTT Group
• Centexbel
• Ohmatex
• Aachen University
• Others …
Source : www.forbes.com
