Development of Computer Prahlad

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I gratefully acknowledge our respected principal sir Mr. Hemant Mittal for giving us thisopportunity to show our talent through this

project. I also pay my sincere thanks to our social

science sir Mr. K.P. Mishra for providing expert guidance and helpful suggestions without whichthe completion of the project could not be

possible. At last I acknowledge to those peoplewho contributed with me a lot to make this

project. I also thank my parents and friends whohad given me the ideas to make the project.


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Vipul Banger in class XIsession 2011-12 of New Era Public Academy Roll No. __________ has completed his project

on the topic Development of Computer under the strict guidance and has given asatisfactory account of it in this project file.

Teachers Sign Principals Sign


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INDEX

Introduction History of Computer Generation of Computer Types of computer Characteristics of Computer Components of Computer Communicating with Computer systems Conclusion


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Introduction A computer is a programmable machine designed

to sequentially and automatically carry out asequence of arithmetic or logical operations. Theparticular sequence of operations can be changedreadily, allowing the computer to solve more thanone kind of problem.

A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate andthen store data. Conditional instructions changethe sequence of instructions as a function of thecurrent state of the machine or its environment.


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History of computer

The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a

person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the wordcontinued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century.From the end of the 19th century onwards, the word began to take on itsmore familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations

The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in

Manchester, England, was one of the first programmable devices. In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator, a

device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying onhuman intelligence. The mechanical calculator was at the root of thedevelopment of computers in two separate ways ; initially, it is in trying to

develop more powerful and more flexible calculators that the computerwas first theorized by Charles Babbage and then developed, leading to thedevelopment of mainframe computers in the 1960s, but also themicroprocessor, which started the personal computer revolution, andwhich is now at the heart of all computer systems regardless of size orpurpose, was invented serendipitously by Intel during the development of an electronic calculator, a direct descendant to the mechanical calculator


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The abacus, which emerged about 5,000 years ago in Asia Minorand is still in use today, may be considered the first computer. Thisdevice allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack. Early merchants used the abacusto keep trading transactions. But as the use of paper andpencilspread, particularly in Europe, the abacus lost itsimportance. It took nearly 12 centuries, however, for the nextsignificant advance in computing devices to emerge. In1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), the 18-year-old son of a Frenchtax collector, invented what he called a numerical wheelcalculator to help his father with his duties. This brass rectangularbox, also called a Pascaline, used eight movable dials to add sumsup to eight figures long. Pascal's device used a base of ten toaccomplish this. For example, as one dial moved ten notches, orone complete revolution, it moved the next dial - whichrepresented the ten's column - one place. When the ten's dialmoved one revolution, the dial representing the hundred's placemoved one notch and so on. The drawback to the Pascaline, of course, was its limitation to addition.


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Generation OF COMPUTER The history of computer development is often referred to in

reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer ischaracterized by a major technological development thatfundamentally changed the way computers operate,resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerfuland more efficient and reliable devices. Read about eachgeneration and the developments that led to the currentdevices that we use today.

Each generation of computer is characterized by a majortechnological development that fundamentally changedthe way computers operate, resulting in increasinglysmaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient andreliable devices.


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First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated

Circuits Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

Microprocessors: Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

Artificial Intelligence:


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Types of computer Supercomputer A supercomputer is focused on performing tasks involving intense numerical

calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations,theoretical astrophysics, and complex scientific computations.

Mainframe computers The term mainframe computer was created to distinguish the traditional, large,

institutional computer intended to service multiple users from the smaller, singleuser machines.

Minicomputers (Midrange computers) A minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a class of multi-user computers that lies in

the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the smallest multi-usersystems (mainframe computers) and the largest single-user systems(microcomputers or personal computers).

Microcomputers (Personal computers) Microcomputers are the most common type of computers used by people today,

whether in a workplace, at school or on the desk at home. The term

microcomputer was introduced with the advent of single chip microprocessors.The term microcomputer itself is now practically an anachronism.


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Characteristics of Computer The following are the characteristics of a computer:

A computer is a machine. It is an inanimate object and, as such, will needhuman intervention to operate. Furthermore, it will only do things for which itis designed for.

A computer is electronic. It is made up of electronic circuits and runs onelectrical energy.

A computer is automatic. Once started, it continues to run without outsideintervention.

A computer can manipulate data. It can perform arithmetic functions such asaddition, subtraction, division, and multiplication following specific rules orinstructions. It cans also compare data.

A computer has memory. It has the capacity to remember what it has done. Itcan store data and instruction in its memory and retrieve these wheneverthey are needed during operation.

A computer has logical functions. It can be given a set of instructions whichtells what it must do and how it must do them and can produce results uponcompletion of these instructions. Very often, the instructions containstatements in which the computer is asked to make predetermined decisions.


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Components of Computer

Computers are made of the following basic components: Power Supply Motherboard Hard disk drive

CD-ROM drive Floppy drive Keyboard Mouse Soundcard Graphics card Ports


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Communicating with the computersystem

Hardware:-

Hardware represents the physical components of

the computer i.e. the components that can beseen and touched.

Types of hardware:-

1. Input device2. Output device


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Input device:-

A peripheral (external) hardware device thatsends information in to the computer (CPU) iscalled input. There are various types of inputdevices:

Keyboard

MouseLight pen


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Output: -

A peripheral (external) hardware device thatreceives and/or displays output from acomputer is called output device. There arevarious types of output devices:

Monitor Printer Speaker


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Conclusion Computers and office equipment has been the leading exportcategory from East Asia to the rest of the world for the last 15years. Firms in the region have produced these goods withinregional production and distribution networks. They havebroken up long production processes and allocated productionblocks across developing, emerging, and developed economies

in the region based on differences in factor endowments.This study examined the factors affecting the exports of computers produced within East Asian production networks.The results indicate that exchange rate appreciations incountries supplying parts and components would reduce

computer exports from East Asian processor economies. Inaddition, the findings indicate that a decrease in income inimporting countries would cause a large drop in computerexports. On the other hand, there is no robust evidence thatexchange rate changes in assembly countries would affectexports.


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Documents

Development of Computer Prahlad