Development of Face, Nose and Palate

Dr. Lubna Nazli

Objectives

• Devp of face• Devp of nose• Devp of palate• Developmental Anomalies

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There are five processes involved in the development of face

• Frontonasal process• Right and left maxillary processes• Right and left mandibular processes.

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• Frontonasal process grows from above, the primitive stomodeum.

• Maxillary processes grow from sides of the stomodeum.

• Mandibular processes grow below the stomodeum.

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• All five processes fuse with each other, forming fore head, nose, upper lip, lower lip, chin and cheeks.

• The neural crest cells migrate and form the facial bones.

• The pharyngeal arches I & II are responsible for the face development.

• The facial muscles arise from the mesoderm of second pharyngeal arch, hence supplied by facial nerve, the nerve of the second arch.

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The structures arising from the frontonasal process.

• 1. Fore head• 2. Upper eyelid• 3. Nose• 4. Philtrum

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The structures arising from the maxillary processes

• 1. lower eyelid• 2.lateral part of upper lip• 3.cheek

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The structures arising from the mandibular processes

• 1. lower lip• 2. chin

---nasal placode: by the 5th week, thickening of ectoderm of lower part of frontonasal prominence

---nasal pit: depressions in nasal placode---median nasal prominence and lateral nasal

prominence: proliferation of mesenchyme at the margins of the nasal placodes

Development of palate ---median palatine

process: or primary palate

/by the 6th week mesenchymal proliferation of inner portion of intermaxillary segment to give rise to small portion of palate

---lateral palatine process:

/by 8-9th week mesenchymal proliferation of inner portion of maxillary prominence

They fuse with each other, then fuse with the triangular primary palate to form secondary palate

---hard palate: ossification of anterior portion of secondary palate

---soft palate: posterior portion of secondary palate

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DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES

• Cleft (hare) lip & cleft jaw – The medial nasal processes does not fuse with the maxillary processes.

• Median cleft of upper lip – The 2 medial nasal processes fail to fuse.

• Median cleft of lower lip – Failure of fusion of 2 mandibular arches.

• Cleft palate/or Uvula – The palatine shelves fail to fuse with each other and or with the primary palate.

• Oblique facial cleft – The nasolacrimal duct remains exposed due to lateral nasal process failing to fuse with the maxillary process, it can occur with a cleft lip.

6. Congenital malformations

1) cleft lip:a. unilateral cleft lip:

results from failure of the maxillary prominence to merge with medial nasal prominence on the affected side

b. bilateral cleft lip : results from failure the maxillary prominences to merge with the medial nasal prominence on both sides

c. median cleft lip: results from failure of the medial nasal prominences to merge and form the intermaxillary segments

2) oblique facial cleft: results from failure of the maxillary prominence to fuse with the lateral nasal prominence

3) cleft palatea.  cleft of the primary palateb.  cleft of secondary palatec.  cleft of the primary and secondary palates

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CLEFT LIP

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Median cleft of upper lip

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Cleft palate

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