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Development of the
Envelope Criteria
Merle McBride, Ph.D., P.ESenior Research Associate
Owens Corning
ASHRAERepresentative At Large
Orlando, FL
February 7, 2005
Agenda- Objective- Problem Statement- Background- Approach- Analysis- Results- Conclusions- Recommendations- Q & A
Objective
Develop prescriptive criteria that will result in a 30% energy savings relative to
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999.
Problem Statement
Include in Analysis:
- Envelope
- HVAC
- O.A. Damper Controls
- SWH
- Interior Lighting
Exclude from Analysis:
- Exterior Lighting
- Plug Loads (Office Equip. & Appliances)
Background 90.1 Development
• LCC Economics
• Classes of Construction
• Base Energy Usage– Climate Zones– Constructions– Size
Classes of Construction• Roofs
– Ins. Above Deck– Metal Building– Attic and Other
• Walls, Above Grade– Mass– Metal Building– Steel Framed– Wood Framed & Other
• Floors– Mass– Steel Joist– Wood Framed & Other
• Walls, Below Grade
• Slab –On-Grade– Unheated– Heated
• Opaque Doors– Swinging– Non-Swinging
• Fenestration (U, SHGC)– 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%
• Skylights (3% max.)– Curb, Glass– Curb, Plastic– No Curb
U.S. Weather Data and 90.1 26 Climate Zones
0
900
1800
2700
3600
4500
5400
6300
7200
8100
9000
9900
10800
11700
126000
90
0
18
00
27
00
36
00
45
00
54
00
63
00
72
00
81
00
90
00
99
00
10
80
0
11
70
0
12
60
0
13
50
0
14
40
0
15
30
0
16
20
0
17
10
0
18
00
0
18
90
0
19
80
0
20
70
0
21
60
0
22
50
0
23
40
0
HDD65
CD
D50
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
12
13
15
16
18
1921
22
23 24 25 26
11
14 17
20
6
8 Climate Zones, 15 Cities
0900
1800270036004500540063007200810090009900
10800
0
1800
3600
5400
7200
9000
1080
0
1260
0
1440
0
1620
0
HDD65
CD
D50
1
2
3A,B
3C 4 5 6 7 8
15 Cities
90.1-2004 and SP102 8 Climate Zones, Counties Map
Approach
Floor Area 5,000 ft2 20,000 ft2
No. Stories One Two
Roof Wood Framed Ins. Above Deck
Walls Wood Framed Mass
Foundation Unheated Slab Unheated Slab
WWR 20% & 40% 30% & 40%
Analysis
• Couple economics and energy savings
• Design of Experiment (DOE)
• Simplified Energy Regression Models– Heating, Cooling, SWH, Fans, AUX
• Iterative Solution Technique– 30% Energy Savings by Climate Zone
• Merge 5,000 ft2 and 20,000 ft2
LCC EconomicsINCREMENTAL ENERGY SAVINGS > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (1)
HEATING + COOLING > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (2)
(U1–U2)*Hcoef*HDD65*Ph*SR + (U1–U2)*Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc*SR > FC2–FC1 (3)
Hcoef*HDD65*Ph*SR + Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc*SR > (FC2–FC1) (4)
(U1–U2)
(FC2–FC1) = ΔFC/ΔU (5) (U1–U2)
[Hcoef*HDD65*Ph + Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc]*SR > ΔFC/ΔU (6)
dFC/dU
Opaque Envelope Components
05
101520253035404550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70R
dFC
/dU
1-Attic
2-Above Deck
3-Single Rafter
4-Slab-Heated
5-Slab-Unheated
6-Mass Floor
7-Wood Joist Floor
8-Metal Frame Wall
9-Wood Frame Wall
10-Metal Joist Floor
12-Mass Walls
13-Below Grade Walls
14-Perlite Overlay
15-Metal Bldg Roof
16-Metal Bldg Wall
17-Sw inginhg Door
18-Non-Sw inging Door
Design of Experiment5,000 ft2
DOE-2 Simulations
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
HDD65
DO
E-2
To
tal E
ner
gy
- (M
MB
tu)
Base Advanced Ltg+Fan+SWH 30% Savings Target Ltg+Fan+SWH+OA Damper Controls Sensitivity Runs
Heating Regression Equation
HEATING = UoAo*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF)
+ 1.08*ACH*VOLUME*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF)
- WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*%HEAT/CF
- WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*%HEAT/CF
- WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*%HEAT/CF
- WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*%HEAT/CF
- (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*%HEAT
- People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*%HEAT/CF
%HEAT = HDD65/(HDD65+CDD50)
where:
Heating5,000 ft2
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
DOE-2 Heating (MMBtu)
Re
g.
Mo
de
l H
ea
tin
g (
MM
BT
U)
Cooling Regression Equation
COOLING = UoAo*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF)
+ 1.08*ACH*VOLUME*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF)
+ WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*(1 - %HEAT)/CF
+ WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*(1 - %HEAT)/CF
+ WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*(1 – %HEAT)/CF
+ WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*(1 – %HEAT)/CF
+ (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*(1 – %HEAT)
+ People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*(1 – %HEAT)/CF
Cooling5,000 ft2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Actual (MM btu)
Reg
ress
ion
(M
M b
tu)
Fans
FANS = INTERCEPT + (HDD65 + CDD50) + WWR + Ufen + PF + Ufen*WWR + Ufen*PF + (HDD65 + CDD50)*Ufen*PF*WWR
Fans5,000 ft2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
DOE-2
Re
gre
ss
ion
Mo
de
l
O.A. Damper Energy Savings5,000 ft2 and 20,000 ft2
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1000
0
1100
0
1200
0
1300
0
1400
0
1500
0
1600
0
HDD65
OA
Dam
per
En
erg
y S
avin
gs
- M
MB
tu
5000 ft2 5000 ft2 20,000 ft2
20,000 ft2 Linear (20,000 ft2) Linear (5000 ft2)
AUX5,000 ft2
y = -0.0235x + 1.8657
R2 = 0.9328
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Tannual
AU
X
SWH5,000 ft2
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Actual (MM btu)
Reg
ress
ion
(M
M B
tu)
Figure 6 Total Energy
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500
Actual (MM btu)
Regr
essi
on (M
M b
tu)
Regression Model Statistics
Scalar Ratio for 30% Savings
Bin City 5,000ft2 20,000ft2 Criteria1 Miami 10 8 102 Houston 12 8 123 Memphis 12-20-22 12-18-22 144 Albuquerque 10 14-18 145 Boise 10-14 8 146 Helena 12-16 8 127 Duluth 14 10 148 Fairbanks 12-20-26 10 20
Results
- Tables of Prescriptive Criteria for 8 Climate Zones- Same Format as 90.1- Roof – Surface reflectance/emittance (0.65 initial/0.86)- WWR – 20% to 40% max.- SHGC – North has separate criteria- Window Orientation – (Zones 1-5)- (An*SHGCn + As*SHGCs) > (Ae*SHGCe + Aw*SHGCw) - Exterior Sun Control – Projection Factors (Zones 1-5)- How-To-Use (EN1- to EN-42)- Appendix A (R-values and U-factors)
Conclusions
- Collaborative Effort
- Multiple Organizations
- Many Individuals
- Challenging
- Rewarding
Recommendations
• Encourage Participation in Future Projects
• Accept the Challenge
Acknowledgements
SP102 Members
Bing Liu - PNNL
Leonard Suharli - OC
Doug Walden - OC
