University Kebangsaan Malaysia

Faculty of Engineering

Department of civil and structure engineering

Development plane of urban transportation in Malaysia

Urban transportation

KA6563

PREPARED BY: Rasha salah ahmed P64799

Haider farhan hashim P65405

Sahaer abd ali P65295

SUPERVISIED BY: Prof. Dr. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH O.K

Dec.2012.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

This project study some cities in Malaysia in terms of public transport

system and its properties, the disadvantages and the benefits, as well as

try to propose solutions to improve the transport system and increase its

efficiency and these cities are as follows:

General lines:

1. Nilai 3

2. Kajang

3. Putrajaya

4. Bandar Seri Putra

5. Bandar Baru Bangi

These attempts to improve and upgrade public transportation are in order

to get a sustainable environment so we will go through to study the urban

transportation facilities like :

1. project review

2. Urban transportation study

3. Urban Public transportation

4. Solutions of urban transportation problems

5. ITS

6. Financial analysis

The desired strategy for these cities focus on creating a transport network

that enables these objectives to be recognized; this means that the

network must be efficient, reliable, affordable, accessible and safe. Above

all, it must provide a quality of experience that enhances everyday life

and adds a significant dimension to the City’s local and national profile.

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To achieve all of above items , a lot of performences should be applied

,So you can see below in brief , the procedure we are going to be used in

our project :

1. Extract all useful information from the map below.

2. Indicate the derived information and tabulate them

3. With attention to the urban notes allocate appropriate

coefficints for each especific area determined above

Figure1.1: the Location of Study Area

Seri Putra

Nilai 3

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CHAPTER TWO

DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT:

The area of the specific region which is going to be constructed has been

defined and physical development is to proceed at a rate in line with the

aspirations of Vision 2020.

Land use projections at future time horizons will be the basis of future

public transport pattern in term of origin and destination of movement.

The corridor currently forms a zone of mixed density and different form

of land usage. These corridors have developed zone of residential,

commercial, industrial, institutional and others. However for this study

only residential and commercial will be consider for calculate the

demand.

We will introduce each zone briefly…..

Nilai 3

Nilai 3 is a town located in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Due to its

proximity, and connection through the KTM to Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya,

and Kuala Lumpur International Airport, it is a rapidly growing town, d

evelopment projects can be seen as one drives around Nilai. Area of Nilai

reach to (165ha) which represents the country’s largest wholesale center,

there are some areas try to establish same concept.

But it is not easy to link the success of Nilai-3Malaysia. Apparently, hard

work from the management and state government linkage is

accomplished in the city. They have done a great job in developing it.

But, still has some free lands to be developed in the future. Nilai 3 is

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considered as one stop center by the local people to shop for carpets,

curtains and fabrics for clothes.

Recently, they completed some rows of shop named Istanabul near the

first entrance junction. There are about 40 new stores built.This is

additional good news for tourist.

Figure 1.3: Master plan of Nilai

Figure 1.2: Map of Nilai 3

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After completed these shops, size of the unoccupied land is reduced by

some portion. We do believe in the near future there will be some more

shops to be built. This is to cope with the people coming to this place

especially during weekends and public holidays.

Nilai-3-pasar-borong

Parking view in Nilai

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Nilai has become a popular shopping town with the establishment of

several major shopping malls such as Nilai 3 Wholesale Centre, Nilai

Square, Mydin, Giant Hypermarket and Tesco Hypermarket.

Bangi, Malaysia

Bandar Baru Bangi (literally translated from Malay to English as New

Bangi Town) is a township - recently crowned as "Knowledge City" -

situated in the district of Hulu Langat, in Selangor, Malaysia, named after

the small town of Bangi situated further south. It is located between

Kajang and Putrajaya (formerly Prang Besar) and is about 25 km away

from the capital city, Kuala Lumpur. The planning for Bandar Baru Bangi

is based in Structure Plan, Local and Action Area Plan, Town Centre

Urban Plan and the Town Park Plan prepared by international teams led

by Peter Verity of PDRc Architects and Urbanists for the State Planning

Department and PKNS.

Bandar Baru Bangi has education institutions, national institutions and

agencies, corporate institutions, factories and industrial training centers. It

also houses a five-star hotel, Hotel Equatorial with an 18-hole golf course

The town is surrounded by palm oil estates; a Malaysian Palm Oil

Board/UKM research station is also based close to the town.

At present, public transportation in Bandar Baru Bangi still not satisfied

because there is no bus or taxi terminal in the town which mean there is

no centralized for public transportation. Nowadays, bus terminal in

Bandar Baru Bangi is sharing with Kajang town which the location of it

is at Hentian Kajang.

There are a lot of bus stop have been provided in Bandar Baru Bangi for

public facilities. The distance between each bus stop is around 300 meter.

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Bus cater in Bandar Baru Bangi are Rapid KL, Mini bus and University

Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) bus.

As a result of absence of centralized for buses and taxis, many of the taxi

drivers concentrated to get their passengers at shopping complex likes

Warta and around the bus stop near Seksyen 1.

Map of bangi

UKM Commuter Station:

UKM Komuter station is a KTM Komuter train station situated close to

and named after the National University of Malaysia (Malay: Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM) in Selangor, Malaysia.

The station serves as a small two-platform train halt for Rawang-to-

Seremban KTM Komuter train services, with an operational ticket

counter and two ticket vending machines. The station has witnessed a

significant development and expansion.

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Station has been located on the northeast tip of the university's grounds,

1.5 km from the university's campus. The university's club house (with an

18-hole golf course, a swimming pool and a club house) is located

immediately close to the station. Bus services are provided to carry

passengers between the station and the university due to its proximity to

the university, the station typically receives a large number of passengers

specially students of UKM and nearby universities.

Figure 1.4: KTM KOMUTER ROUTE MAP

Problems of bangi:

Absence of bus stations and Taxi Terminal caused difficulty for

residents of Bandar Baru Bangi to move to other destinations as well

as no centralize for public transportation.

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Mini bus and Taxi Terminal at Section 1

Bus stop Condition

One of the most important problems in the waiting bus stations in

Bangi are bad situation of it, in terms of seats and lamps as well as the

low lighting make animal vulnerable to attack as well as exposure to

the risk of theft , and finally These condition encourages crime to be

happened.

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Bus Stop Condition at Section 1, Bandar Baru Bangi

UKM Commuter :

One of the disadvantages of UKM commuter is the lack of parking

places for the public due to the use of these places by taxi drivers who

are waiting for passengers as well as it presence near residential

centers has led to environmental noise pollution.The facilities at the

UKM station were hopeless. There are no instructions on the places of

buses or any alternative transportation.

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Signboard of UKM commuter

Taxis used car parking spaces

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Kajang:

Kajang map

KAJANG CITY:

Kajang was made the capital of one of Selangor's districts, Hulu Langat

in the 1800s because of it being in the district's center. Now, it seems to

be the center of Selangor itself. Seeing a boom in its recent population,

the town is wasting no time in accommodating all. Along with regular

housing projects, luxury ones were launched as well, most famously -

Country Heights, along with Jade Hills and the Twin Palms among

others. The SILK Expressway is the main highway used to get from the

main Kajang area to its many townships, most notably Cheras.

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Recreational and lifestyle facilities around the area include Stadium

Kajang, the old Billion Shopping Centre and the more recent Metro

Kajang, Metro Point, (complex) Kota Kajang and big retailers Giant,

Tesco and Jusco. Medical assistance is provided by hospitals Kajang,

Putrajaya and serdang and a handful of privately run clinics and medical

centers. As for places of worship, The Masjid (Mosque) Kajang is a

visual attraction as much as it serves as a place of prayer, made

distinctive by its bright yellow paintwork and is particularly vibrant with

religious activity. It also proves itself to be an educational hub with

numerous primary, secondary and tertiary institutes.

It is located 21 kilometers (13 mi) from of Malaysia's capital

Kajang Township has transformed from its agricultural and tin based

rural substantial economy into commercialized small and medium

industries, service industries and has evolved into a commuter

township. Due to slow and sluggish infra-structure development ,

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problems like traffic jams, crimes, pollution, unscheduled

development and lots of other deteriorations in quality of life has

slowly encroached into their daily livelihood.

Transportation in kajang:

Kajang is well connected with many major highway and expressway like

Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway as a ring road of Kajang,Cheras-

Kajang Expressway (CKE, ),North-South Expressway (NSE) (Malay:

Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan) with Kajang exit and Kajang-Seremban

Expressway (LEKAS, ) at the south of Kajang near Semenyih. Because

the position of Kajang between three major city (Kuala Lumpur,

Seremban and Putrajaya), this city is included in Klang Valley or Greater

Kuala Lumpur. Public transports available in Kajang are bus, taxi, and

train

Transportation is an important to policy objectives, such as economic

development, urban regeneration, and social inclusion and reduced levels

of crime and disorder. It can also contribute towards improvements to

health and fitness, and to raising educational standards. These factors all,

ultimately, lead to improved quality of life for the people of Kajang and

they are reflected in the objectives of this Local Transport Planning. The

strategy for the City is focused

On the creation of a transport network that enables these objectives to be

realized; this means that the network must be efficient, reliable,

affordable accessible and safe. Above all, it must provide a quality of

experience that enhances everyday life and adds a significant dimension

to the City’s local and national profile. In Kajang, there are two stations.

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Kajang train station or KTM Kajang which is located in jalan Bukit and

bus station in Pusat Hentian Kajang. Both of them have a special function

as its name. Bus station in Pusat Hentian Kajang is provided only for one

modal transport. There are many kinds of buses will transit here, such as

RAPID KL bus mini (traveling inside the city), buses for the workers, and

buses for the long time journey (traveling intra the city) and so on.

Separation of the station of modals transport will cause some problems in

transportation. It will increase the level of air pollution and makes the

people prefer to private vehicles than public transport

Overview about KTM station in Kajang:

The Kajang railway station is a Malaysian railway station located near the

town of Kajang, Selangor. The station is situated 1 km south from

Kajang's town center.

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The station currently serves both the KTM Komuter and KTM Intercity

train services. The current Kajang station inherits the original station's

branch lines as well as responsibilities to manage railway switches,

railway monitoring and goods delivery. As such, the station supports a

number of railway staff. The station is also connected to sheds for railway

maintenance vehicles, as well as a warehouse.

The station contains three platforms: One (platform 1) assigned at a side

platform connected directly to the station building and two (platforms 2

and 3) assigned on an island platform. The platforms are lined along a set

of four main lines; three run between the two platforms, and one runs

along the other side of the island platform.

The line adjoining platform 1 is an acceptance route, while the line aside

it is a main route. The line along platform 2 could be used as a basic route

for virtually any train service, while the platform 3 lines is only used

periodically when platform 2 is occupied by another train.

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The proplem of ktm station in kajang:

Site of the railway station Kajang is far from highways and taxi station.

Therefore, it will cause people prefer private cars than public transport.

.the surrounding area of the railway station Kajang is located near a

residential area, so noise pollution can disturb people who live there, no

more space for the parking area at the railway station Kajang.

Kajang bus station

Bus Station in Pusat Hentian Kajang

Actually no significant problems about the location of bus station

it is not easy for the passenger if they want to continue their travel

by using the train. It will take more time to change from one modal

transport to the others one. And of course, it will increase the travel cost.

So, there is no choice for the passenger to choose more than one modals

transport.

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Putujaya city :

Putra Mosque, Putra

Putrajaya is a planned city, located 25km south of Kuala Lumpur that

serves as the federal administrative center of Malaysia. The seat of

government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to

the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala Lumpur areas.

Putrajaya has often been called the “intelligent garden city” because of its

commitment to the preservation of nature. 70% of its landscape consists

of gardens, lakes and parks. There are 13 different gardens ranging from

botanical to wetland and the main landscape consists of a 600-hectre

man-made lake. There are 8 bridges within Putrajaya and two of the

notable bridges include Putra Bridge which was inspired by the famous

Khaju Bridge in Isfahan, Iran and the Seri Wawasan Bridge which is a

modern cable-stayed bridge.

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Putrajaya map

Putra Mosque

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Putra Mosque is one of the most beautiful mosques in Malaysia. Located

on Lake Putra Jaya in Kuala Lumpur synthetic and can accommodate

more than 15 thousand worshipers, it has been completed in the year

1999.

Just an hour's drive from Kuala Lumpur city center, Very cool, is located

on a lake characterized calm.

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Transportation in putujaya

Putrajaya Central is the main public transportation hub of Putrajaya. It is

a smaller version of Puduraya Station in Kuala Lumpur. Located at the

west side of Putrajaya, this is the place where public transportation from

other parts of Selangor stops. The Express Rail Link that links KLIA to

KL Central has a station here .

If you prefer to take buses which are very much cheaper compared to the

ERL, the two major bus companies that are operating here are Rapid KL

and Nadi Putra. Rapid KL takes passengers from outside of Putrajaya

from places such as Bandar Utama, Serdang and Cyberjaya whereas Nadi

Putra routes are confined to within Putrajaya. The Monorail project that

was supposed to link the various parts of this new township has been put

on hold due to the slowdown of the economy .

Overview on Putrajaya transportation

Putra Komuter station is a Malaysian commuter train halt in Kuala

Lumpur named in part after the Putra World Trade Centre located nearby.

The halt forms part of a common KTM Komuter railway line shared by

both the Rawang-Seremban Route and the Sentul-Port Klang Route. The

halt is also the northernmost station in the KTM Komuter network where

trains from both the Rawang-Seremban Route and the Sentul-Port Klang

Route stop.

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Route map (Route covers include Putrajaya Central)

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Putrajaya - Serdang KTM Komuter

Major highways in Putrajaya

• Persiaran Persekutuan

• Persiaran Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah

• Persiaran Utara

• Lebuh Sentosa

• Persiaran Barat

• Persiaran Selatan

• Persiaran Timur

• Persiaran Perdana

Monorail Suspension Bridge

In 2002, a high speed rail link called KLIA Transit was opened, linking

Putrajaya to both Kuala Lumpur and KL International Airport in Sepang.

However, construction of the Putrajaya Monorail which was intended to

be the city's metro system was suspended due to costs. One of the

monorail suspension bridges in Putrajaya remains unused.

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The project halted in 2004 because the government had not approved

further funding. The stalled project has often been described as the

missing link of the public transport system designed for the federal

administrative capital. The Ministry of the Federal Territories instructed

the Putrajaya Corporation to appoint an independent consultant to

conduct a study on the project’s viability.

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Western Transport Terminal

WTT is design to serve as a transportation Hub for Putrajaya and is

currently serving Express Rail Link (ERL) to KL International Airport

(KLIA) in the south and Kuala Lumpur in the North. Feeding to the Hub,

there are taxi services and Putrajaya Bus services called Nadi Putra. Nadi

Putra reaches WTT every 15 minutes during the peak hours and every 30

minutes during off peak hour's start.

Bus Service:

The bus company operates only 14 buses to transport passengers from

residential areas in the periphery to offices and commercial centers in the

core area. Generally, these buses have poor service frequency with an

average of 2 per hour, even during the morning and afternoon peak

periods. The buses are of standard high-floor design with no provision for

the disabled and elderly. With limited rolling stock, bus service has also

been unreliable.

Putrajaya Central

Intercity rail services are provided by the Express Rail System (ERL) and

the Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) rail commuter system.

However, both systems can at best be described as inadequate. For

example, the KLIA Transit service provided by the ERL stops at a station

quite far from the city center, forcing passengers to take transfer bus

riders .There are not many facilities provided yet such as restaurants and

shops.

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CHAPTER 3

Current public transport facilities:

Generally, public transportation is one of the most important part of

urban transportation division that are available now in Malaysia .Public

transport, all so called public transit or mass transit, consist of all shared-

ride transport service systems in which the passengers do not travel in

their own vehicles, so the existing public transport services in Bandar

Baru Bangi consist of two main parts:

1. Buses

2. Trains

There are a lot of bus stop have been provided in Bandar Baru Bangi for

public facilities. The distance between each bus stop is around 300 meter.

Bus cater in Bandar Baru Bangi are Rapid KL, Mini bus and University

Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) bus.

1.A:Mini Bus

The Kuala Lumpur Mini-Bus Service or Bas Mini was one of the oldest

and popular Malaysian public bus services, having served in Kuala

Lumpur and the Klang Valley region. The buses were primarily painted

pink with a white stripe on the sides, and had a capacity of 20-30

passengers, due to its smaller size. The bus operated on a commission

basis, with service operators being paid according to the fare they

collected.

The mini-bus service was discontinued from 1 July1998 onwards, to be

replaced by the Intrakota bus service and, later, Rapid KL buses in 2005.

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Historical point

The mini bus started operating on 23 September 1975 under the Ministry

of Transportation. At that time, the mini bus operated on various routes

according to their individual colors (blue- white, yellow-white, red-white,

purple-white and dark green-white). The mini bus was responsible for

servicing nearly sixty different routes. Three major companies (Syarikat

KerjasamaPengaman (M) Bhd, Bas Mini Wilayah and

KonsortiumPengusaha Bas Mini SdnBhd) monopolized the various bus

routes while smaller operators were allowed to service certain areas only.

In 1975, when the mini bus was introduced as a service, the bus-fare was

just 40 sen Later in 1991, the fare was increased to 50 sen while two

years after, the fare was again adjusted to 60 sen. The mini bus did not

have any fixed time-table. Instead, the service operated on a commission

basis whereby the operators were paid according to the number of trips

and fare collection they could raise in one day. Sometimes, in order to

outdo a competitor, a driver would detour from the designated route much

to the annoyance of the passengers.

In 1990, the then Deputy Minister of Transport, DatukPadukaRahmah

Osman, standardized the color of the mini bus to “Pink” and white. On

the 1st July 1998, the service of the mini bus was terminated in the city of

Kuala Lumpur.

B:Rapid KL

Rangkaian Pengangkutan Integrasi Deras Sdn Bhd (RapidKL) is the

company tasked with providing an integrated public transport system in

the Klang Valley incorporating rail and bus services. Today, RapidKL

operates 165 bus routes within the Klang Valley which consist of 10 City

Bus routes, 87 Local Bus routes, 65 Trunk Bus routes and 3 Express Bus

routes. We currently have 11 bus depots spreading across the Klang

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Valley and over one thousand buses in operation. Everyday RapidKL

transport over 192,000 passengers. To continuously encourage the use of

public transport and to provide services to the general public, RapidKL is

also continuously studying new bus routes with the arrival of more new

buses.

The RAPIDKL bus network which is divided into 6 main areas, namely:

•Area 1 : Kuala Lumpur City Centre

•Area 2 : Kepong, Selayang, Batu Caves , Gombak, Sentul

•Area 3 : WangsaMaju, Hulu Klang, Keramat, Ampang, Pandan

•Area 4 : Cheras, Hulu Langat, Kajang, Putrajaya, Serdang

•Area 5 : Klang, Shah Alam Selatan, Subang Jaya, JlnKlang Lama,

Puchong

•Area 6 : Shah Alam Utara, Subang, Damansara, PJ Utara, Bangsar

Service pattern

•Service major activity centers such as office buildings, school and

hospital.

•Population density > 30. Serve at least 90% of the residents.

•Space routes at about 0.75 km in urban area and 1.5 in sub-urban area.

Service Level

•Service period : 6 am-12 pm

•Headway: Peak: 5 minutes

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Bus Stop

•CBD: 5 -7 stops / km, sub-urban: 1 - 3 stops /km

Passenger comfort

•Passenger shelter

•Route and destination sign

•Driver courtesy

Bus Operation Design:

The frequency =

Where:

•n = Demand for service (passengers / hr)

•N = Maximum number of passengers per bus

• Usually the minimum headway is set in multiples of 7.5 or 10 minutes

for the sake of coordination.

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Rail and bus map

1. TRAINS

Trains are type of transport facilities that occupy a significant role in the

transport system of a country because the development of trade, industry

and commerce of country largely depends on the development of

railways .Railways system are good alternative methods of transport

because of the following advantages:

1. It facilitates long distance travel and transport of bulky goods

which are not easily transported through motor vehicles.

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2. It is a quick and more regular form of transport because it helps in

the transportation of goods with speed and certainty.

3. It is the safest forms of transport, the chance of accidents of trains

are minimum as compared to other modes of transport.

4. It encourages mobility of labor and thereby provides a great scope

of employment

5. Its carrying capacity is extremely large. Moreover, its capacity is

elastic which can easily be increased by adding more wagons.

There are three types of trains available in present time:

1. MRT

2. LRT

3. KTM-KOMUTER

MRT

The Mass Rapid Transit is a proposed 3-line 150 km Mass Rapid Transit

‘”(MRT)”’ system in the Klang Valley/Greater KL conurbation which

envisages a “Wheel and Spoke” concept comprising two northeast-

southwest radial lines and one circle line looping around Kuala Lumpur

city. Klang Valley MRT will not only significantly increase the current

inadequate rail network but will also serve to integrate the existing rail

networks and expectantly alleviate the severe traffic congestion in the

Greater KL metropolitan area. The proposal was announced in June 2010

and was approved by the government of Malaysia in December 2010.

Construction of the first line is targeted to commence in July 2011. The

project also represents one of the economic entry point project identified

for the Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley National Key Economic

Area under the Economic Transformation Programmed.

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MRT

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Inside MRT

MRT characteristics

Speed up to 100 km/hr.

Couches 4-12 couches per train ,Couches 22m x 3.1 m

Capacity up to 80,000 passengers /hr / direction

Acceleration /deceleration _ 1.2 m/sec/2

Rail 1435 mm gauge Headway _ 120 sec

Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot ratio

Sub-station: 3-5 km spacing

LRT

Light rail transit (LRT) is used for urban public transport and some

special use such as transporting passengers between airport buildings.

There is one high speed railway line with two high speed train services

linking Kuala Lumpur with the Kuala Lumpur international airport. The

sole monorail line in the country is also used for public transport in Kuala

Lumpur while the only funicular railway line is in benang.

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LRT characteristics

Speed up to 40 km/hr.

2-6 couches per train

Capacity up to 40,000 passengers / hr / direction

Acceleration /deceleration _ 1.2 m/s/2

Rail 1000 or 1435mm gauge

Headway120 sec

Suitable for radial movement for high density and high plot ratio

area

Sub-station Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing

KTM commuter

KTM Commuter is an electrified commuter train service operated by

Keretapi Tanah MelayuBerhad. It was first introduced in 1995 to cater

especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban

areas and is a popular mode of transport for commuters working in Kuala

Lumpur, as they can travel to the city without being caught in traffic

congestion. Coaches are modern and air-conditioned. For those who drive

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to the stations/halts, 'Park & Ride' facilities are provided at a nominal

charge.

KTM Komuter is currently the most profitable passenger service offered

by KTMB, contributing RM84.63 million to group revenue in 2006,

higher than KTM InterCity's profit of 70.94 million in the same year.

According to the Ministry of Transport Malaysia 2008 Statistics, the

annual ridership for KTM Commuter was 36,557 million of passenger.

KTM characteristics

No. of stations 46

Type: Regional rail

Line length 173 km

Service Area: kalang-Kuala Lumpur-Sentul/TanjungMalim-Rawang-

Kuala Lumpur-Seremban

Ticketing: TNG, Store Value Ticket & Monthly Pass

Operational Mode: With driver

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The expansion of route

The new Tanjung Malim railway station will become the new terminus of

the KTM Komuter network

Besides new stations, additional plans were made to extend the Komuter

network outwards from its original route

The 179 km (111 mi) Rawang-Ipoh electrification and double-tracking

project will ultimately allow the KTM Komuter service to be extended to

TanjungMalim on the Selangor-Perak border, nearly 100 kilometers (62

mi) from Kuala Lumpur. The project has suffered several delays due

several reasons, but has seen limited revitalization. The first phase of the

extension, which includes 22 kilometers (14 mi) of rebuilt railway lines

and three new stations, became operational when a shuttle service from

the Rawang stations was launched on April 21, 2007.The service was

extended to Kuala KubuBharu on January 5, 2008.Shuttle service to

TanjungMalim and Ipoh will begin by December 2008.]

A 7.2 km (4 mi), four-station extension from the Sentul station to Batu

Caves has been approved. The project - which will cost RM515 million -

will include electrification, double-tracking and refitting the existing old

track, signalling, communications, as well as construction of new stations

at Sentul, Batu Cantonment, Batu Village, Taman Wahyu and Batu

Caves. Site possession was given to contractor YTL Corporation Berhad

on November 17, 2006.

KTMB also plans to extend 8.5 km (5 mi) Komuter services to Senawang

and Sungai Gadut, Negeri Sembilan. Construction is expected to

complete by 2011. This will be part of the Seremban-Gemas line.

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CHAPTER 4

TRAFFIC CALCULATIONS FORMULAS

General

The methodology employed in the execution of the model development

portion of this study has closely followed the guideline contained in the

Manual for the Preparation of Urban Transport Plans in Malaysia (HPU-

1995). The computer traffic model was developed using the EMME/2

software. The model was initially developed was for private vehicles and

also to allow for movements of passengers by public transport modes.

The project is a green field site and currently has very low levels of

public transport service. Never the-less overall policy for the MSC plans

a high usage of public transport and an efficient network is envisaged.

In order to develop the traffic model, a number of data items were

required.

These included data on the highway inventory and vehicle movement

flows and patterns. The following data was input to the EMME/2 traffic

model.

Network inventory;

Junction layouts;

Link capacities;

Volume delay functions;

Vehicle volume counts.(for comparison of model assigned traffic)

The model developed will enable testing for the impact of changes

in the highway configuration and forecast future year flows on all

new and existing links.

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Network and Model Details

The network structure is node and link based. The nodes were established

as junctions, merging and diverging intersections, key traffic loading

points on to the highway network and points of delay. A link is defined as

the connection between two nodes to represent a road or highway, input

with all its features, including, volume delay function, capacity and free

flow speed. All nodes were allocated a unique number. Numbering was

consecutive starting at 1 to 199 for zones and their centroid connectors. In

total the model comprises 193 zones, covering the entire secondary and

primary zones of study as shown in Figure 6.0 All other nodes on the

link-node model were numbered 200 and above.

The consultants regard the development of the MSC and its link with

Kuala Lumpur, in particular, of major significance. The Land Use study

indicates that the final population of the project zone may reach 2.5

million.

As a means of comparison this reflects the population size of the Klang

Valley in 1994.

The quantum of travel between the MSC and all zones close to the area,

including Shah Alam, Serdang, Kajang, Bangi, Nilai and Labu can be

expected to be high. The presence of the airport in KLIA needs also to be

taken into consideration as a major cause of change in the overall regional

travel pattern. The approach used has taken full cognizance of the above

matters by including these zones as part of the overall model, rather than

providing a model truncated at the entry points to the MSC. The value of

the model will come into play in forecasting future year traffic pattern

and providing for the future traffic demand.

40

Establishing OD Traffic Model Calibration & Validation

In this study, the double constrained gravity model (Danial, et al, 1997)

was employed to distribute the generated trips using a range of the model

parameter values, with the model in the form as follows :-

The synthesized O-D trip matrices from the gravity model were then

assigned to the existing road network using equilibrium traffic

assignment program (Danial, et al, 1997). The equilibrium traffic

assignment was adopted due to its superiority over the all-or-nothing

assignment which was used in Maximization of Entropy adopted by

Irving, et al, especially when there are parallel routes between an O-D

pair.

A simple iterative search procedure was employed with the numerical

between the assigned traffic link volumes with actual site data were then

minimum value of the

objective function considered was taken as the appropriate solution. The

objective function considered in this study was the sum of square

differences between observed and assigned traffic link volumes. This

function is frequently identified as ‘the sum of squares of errors’ (SSE)

and it is written as:

41

THE METHODOLOGY

The overall procedure adopted is shown in Figure 15 and the initial step

involves evaluation of existing data and plans.

1. TRIP GENERATION

Trip generation is the first step in the conventional four-step

transportation forecasting Process (followed by trip distribution, mode

choice and route assignment), widely used for forecasting travel demand.

It predicts the number of trips originating in or destine for a particular

traffic analysis zone. Typically, trip generation analysis focuses on

residences, and residential trip generation is thought of as a function of

the social and economic attributes of households, at the level of the traffic

analysis zone, residential land uses (produce) or generate a trip. Traffic

analysis zones are also destinations of trips.

A forecasting activity such as one based on the concept of economic base

analysis provide aggregate measures of population and activity

growth.the corridor forms a zone of mixed density and different forms of

42

land usage .These corridors have developed zone of residential

,commercial, industrial and others.

In this study area based on land use sosio-economic in order to estimate

the total production and attraction for one zone to another zones.

ZONE PRODUCTION

1 kajang 432,500

2 Bangi 116,745

3 Putrajaya 59,559

4 Seri putra 71,683

5 Nilai3 3,091

43

Matrix balancing

Zone Production Attraction

1 kajang 294,742 309,018

2 Bangi 309,018 79,787

3 Putrajaya 22,500 26,663

4 Seri putra 79,787 33,402

5 Nilai3 10,120 6,819

SUM 716,167 455,689

Average 585927.75

Production Attraction

Zome Corr. Production Corr. Attraction

kajang 241,141 397,338

Bangi 252,821 102,591

Putrajaya 18,408 34,283

Seri putra 65,277 42,949

Nilai3 8,280 8,768

SUM 585,928 585,928

44

O-D MATRIX

attraction

Production

zone 1 2 3 4 5 sum

397,338 102,591 34,238 42,949 8,768 585,928

1 241,141 163,526 42,222 14,109 17,676 3608 241,141

2 252,821 171,447 44,267 14,793 18,532 3783 252,821

3 18,408 12,483 3223 1077 1349 275 18,408

4 65,277 44,267 11,429 3819 4785 977 65,277

5 8,280 5615 1450 484 607 124 8,280

sum 585,928 397,338 102,591 34283 42,949 8768 585,928

Modal Choice

The total travel demand from one zone to another modal split for trips to

an office building in the city center will be very different to that in a sub

urban area. Likewise the modal split of building in the vicinity of public

transport network will not to be similar to a building far from the

network. Provision of parking space can also alter the modal split.

The current modal split can be determined by observing equivalent land

use in the area based on observation and data collection by City Hall of

Kuala Lumpur average modal split in Klang Valley.

Item Land Use Bus user

%

car/van/

jeep

user %

m/cycle user %

2. Non-Government

Office

48.0% 45.6% 6.4%

3. Bank 49.9% 45.0% 5.1%

4. Hotel 35.9% 60.1% 4.0%

5. Shopping Centre 54.3% 40.7% 5.0%

6. Bungalow House 12.1% 84.0% 3.9%

7. Semi-Detached

House

16.2% 79.4% 4.4%

8. Link House 42.1% 48.5% 9.4%

9. Condominium 13.7% 85.1% 1.2%

10. Apartment 39.9% 45.0% 15.1%

11. Flat 49.5% 28.3% 21.7%

45

MATRIX DEVELOPMENT

The future year trip matrices were developed using population and

employment growth factors for each zone derived from data on land use

changes. Such data was taken from Structure Plan and Local Plan

information supplied by the local planning authorities. The data related to

changes in population, employment and commercial activity, together

with the likely change in car ownership levels.

MODAL CHOICE

Transport networks are Kajang, Bangi, Bandar Seri Putra, putrajaya,

Nilai3, of the utmost importance in facilities is the movement of people

within the city, provided that this means the capacity and efficiency of

high-quality acceptable.

To lead this city’s position as an international commercial and financial

center in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur must be able to provide an

efficient and equitable city structure, that is as far as possible, allows all

members of the community equal accessibility to all areas and facilities

so that everyone may enjoy the maximum benefits of city living.

Although these cities have many means of public transport like buses,

trains and taxis but there are some problems and deficiencies in the

quality of services we offer, which will report in detail .

Recently, reliance on private transport increased by 17% from the use of

public transport. The shortfall is due to the use of public transport instead

of private transport to the following reasons :-

1. Increasing personal wealth and material improvement in the

situation of citizen.

2. Inefficient public transport .

3. Comfort and luxury, which find use in private cars is better

than public transport .

4. Lack of discipline time of arrival and departure of public

transport .

5. Lack of public transportation in some regions, such as nilai3.

46

EXISTING SITUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

GENERAL:

A) Transport Modal Share

I. Existing Situation

The institutional structure responsible for urban transportation within

Malaysia and more specifically, KAJANG, BANGI, BANDAR SERI

PUTRA, PUTRAJAYA, NILAI3 and are divided between federal

departments and City Hall Kajang, Bangi, Bandar Seri Putra,

PUTRAJAYA, Nilai3.,

The Transport Department is entrusted with wide ranging coordination

and administrative functions for the planning of urban transport in an

effective manner. The Federal Government deals more with nationwide

transportation plans, policy guidelines and matters concerning overall

transport administration and planning. Private sector involvement in the

provision of transport infrastructure has expanded from the original role

of bus and taxi transport operations to toll road construction and the

implementation, operation

And maintenance of the commuter, light rapid transit (LRT) and people

mover rapid transit (PRT) systems .

PROBLEM

Lack of high-efficiency of transport in the year that found citizens of

transport in private, leading to an increase in traffic congestion.

B) Travel Demand

I. Existing Situation

Because of luxury and the high personal income there was increasing in

number of private transport vehicles of cars and motorcycles, which led

to a traffic jam, especially in intersections at peak hours at after noon

time. In addition to increasing in number of visitors to the centers of,

Kajang, Bangi, Bandar Seri Putra, to eliminate their daily needs of

purchase, working and the educational purposes of teaching and studying

in schools and universities. So these streets could not accommodate this

traffic density and increasing in the number of daily trips.

47

Increasing in numbers of daily trips from and to these cities led to a

traffic jam especially in the center, and driving in speed resulted traffic

accidents in streets and intersections especially at the traffic peak in

crowds and the maximum capacity .

II. PROBLEM

Crowding in the city streets during the peak hours.

C) Traffic Management

I. Existing Situation

This smart traffic controlling system is able to effectively reduce traffic

congestion. This system has been employed at main intersections around

Bandar Baru Bangi and Kajang Town for the past few years.

The smart traffic light uses a camera as a sensor that really "sees” the real

traffic situation. Video images are captured by the cameras placed on

high positions and the images are processed in order to gauge the number

of incoming vehicles, the length of the queue as well as to detect

accidents .

This means that the smart traffic system responds almost immediately

every time there occurs a slight change in the traffic patterns. It is done

by using the total-disperse system and all the traffic lights at every

intersection are all smart traffic lights. Thus, a fast response is achieved

according to the traffic situation at a particular intersection.

During peak periods, it distributes the green time according to the ratio

length of the respective queue. It also priorities traffic flows accordingly.

Test on site shows that the system is able to respond correctly within 120

seconds. Physically, the system consists of four basic components,

namely the Smart Camera sensor for collecting traffic data, the Intelligent

Controller for controlling traffic flows at an individual intersection, the

Intelligent Coordinator for coordinating the timing of an individual

controller with its neighbors and the Smart Traffic Advisor.

Communication is based on wireless Local Area Network that links all

local controllers .

48

II. PROBLEM

In spite of the traffic management measures to ease the traffic flows

especially in city center, that cannot continue to do if the traffic demands

still growing, because traffic management measures alone cannot

effectively increase existing road capacity levels.

D) Transportation Institutional Framework

I. Existing Situation

Public institutions and the role of the private sector

group of organizations and departments of transportation in Malaysia,

specifically in Kajang, Bangi, Bandar Seri Putra, Bukit Mahkota, Nilai3

and Nilai, these departments directly interesting for the urban transport

planning in these cities to improve and develop more efficient and

effective for the present and future and improve the existing deal and the

Federal Government policies and issues concerning the management of

public transport, planning and introduction of private sector to build roads

that implementation of fees, operation and maintenance and increasing

the use of bus transport and taxis.

II. PROBLEM

In some instances there were overlaps and duplication in functions of the

responsible agencies of the transportation networks in KAJANG,

BANGI, BANDAR SERI PUTRA, PUTRAJAYA NILAI3 , which has

led to conflicting policies and programmers. And that has made it more

difficult to determine policies for public and private transportation which

are consistent.

49

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

A) Rail - Based Public Transport

Existing Situation

In 2008 train transportation become a significant way of public transport

between Kajang, Bangi, Bandar Seri Putra, Bukit Mahkota, Nilai3 and

Nilai ,in addition to KL Sentral station in the capital Kuala Lumpur and

the international airport (KLIA), to save money and time and to short the

long distance in a short time comparing with other transportation ways.

PROBLEM

Rail station has been encouraged form the government, but the optimal

usage had not been achieved due to:

1. Inefficient facilities at stations including car and motor cycle

parking.

2. Poor support services and service coverage.

50

B) Bus Services

I. Existing Situation

Many of companies operating in the area like ((Rapid KL, Bus Mini,

Road Liner)) to support the public transport by buses between each of

(OUR AREAS) and connect them with capital Kuala Lumpur. These

companies do operating daily flights contribute to these trips to provide

transport for the citizens of the areas mention most of these trips launched

from the town of Kajang .

II. PROBLEM

There are improvements in the existing bus system and infrastructure is

still lacking a lot:

1. The existence of these types of buses to lack the basic means of

comfort and safety, such as the Mini Bus .

2. Lack of key stations model .... For example, the absence of a bus

station in Kajang and model Bangi such as the plant Kajang .

3. The stations of stops somewhat acceptable, but must be doing

maintenance because of the impact of negative climate and the

need to provide protection for people from the rain stations.

C) Taxis

I. Existing Situation

Taxi is an important way of transportation because not all of people have

private cars, so they need taxis to carry them from place to other in a

private way without crowding in buses, and to save time when the time is

more important than money.

II. PROBLEM

There is no shortage of taxis, but the problem is at peak periods and

during bad weather, and because of the variety of drivers nationalities and

origins taxis became unreliable .

PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION

Private transportation (as opposed to public transport), is transportation

service which is not available for use by general public, it is now the

dominant form of transportation in the

51

Most of the world, in this study we will talk about two kind of private

transport:

A) Car

B) Motorcycles.

A) Cars

II. Existing Situation:

The demand for cars and also for cars parking has increased in our areas

that we study because of the growth of population and also because of

urban development in this area. This growth together with the increase in

density and intensity of developments such, as residential, industrial and

52

commercial land uses, make the existing parking guidelines and parking

standards for all Malaysian cities obsolete. As parking demand and

parking requirements change very fast, this study looks into the

approaches and methods which have been used in other cities in their

works in revising their parking guidelines and standards to suit the

current situation.

II. PROBLEM

The flexibility afforded by private transport, and the low parking charges

encourages commuters to continue to use private transport into the city

center. The low cost of long-term parking in the city center together with

the abundance of parking spaces and the flexibility of movement

associated with car transport, has made car transport the preferred forms

facility for traveling.

B) Motorcycles

I. Existing Situation

The second mean of private transportation that is preferred to use is

motorcycle, because it is the cheapest mean of transport; moreover, it has

economic usage of fuel. It is preferred by two types of users, by the

young's groups, and by the lower income groups.

II. PROBLEM

The motorcycles are not safe mean ,because it is making roads accidents

(it is cause more than fifty percent of accidents),it's accidents is higher

than the other means of transportation .

The motorcycles are harmful for the human health and for the climate and

air because it makes noisy and the main reason it makes air pollution.

ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between places. Roads are

typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel,

though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply

recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.

53

Malaysia has 98, 721 km of roadway, of which more than 80,000 km is

paved. The country has an extensive road system. Excellent local and

long distance bus, cabs, and tourist coach services function throughout

the Malaysia. The interurban North-South Expressway, New Klang

Valley Expressway (NKVE) and the Federal Highway Route 2 (FHR2)

are the biggest road transportation infrastructure in Peninsula Malaysia.

Expressways, which span more than 1,000 km, connect major industrial

hubs and urban centres starting from Bukit Kayu Hitam in the northern

Kedah State to Johor Bahru in the state of Johor.

I. Existing Situation

Based on the Ministry of Transport’s statistics, the share of road transport

of passengers comprises 64.8% by private car and 30.0% by bus, as

compared to 4.7% by rail transport and 0.5% by air transport. The road

transport also moved 303 million tons of goods or an overwhelming

96.4% of total trips.

The transportation infrastructure during the Seventh Plan period focused

on capacity expansion to ensure the availability of facilities to meet

demand. For the Eighth Plan period, emphasis was given to increasing the

capacity and accessibility in less developed areas while in urban areas,

the focus was to enhance efficiency and improve public transport

services. In the Ninth Malaysia Plan, PWD has so far been allocated

RM9.6 billion for the construction of new roads.

The Government is concentrating on developing integrated public

transport system further. Buses, cabs, trains, and airplanes form the major

transportation modes. To enhance the quality, reliability, and efficiency

of the bus and cab services, many measures have been taken, like

merging of transport companies, and proviso of supporting amenities like

terminals, signage, depots, and route information system.

The construction, usage, and maintenance of expressways are subject to

Federal Roads Act, 1984. The expressways are known as high-speed

routes with at least two lanes in each direction. Majority of expressways

are limited-access expressways .

The electronic toll collection systems, Smart TAG and Touch ‘n Go, have

been made mandatory on all expressways since 2004. Other electronic

54

payment systems that were used earlier by other highway operators were

stopped to standardize the electronic payment method.

II. PROBLEM

Some of the roads in our cities we study have assumed functions for

which they were not specially designed like the residential roads which

have become trunk roads due to the bad connection between these roads.

And because of that many difficulties have appeared in the design and

management of these roads in special case, and generally in the overall

roads network.

In addition to that, the road infrastructure in this area that we study does

not meet the increasing demand over the years due to the growth of

population ratio and the urban development of these cities, besides; the

major roads in these cities have not observed road classification

requirements always.

NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT

Non-motorized transport (NMT, also called active transport and human

powered transport) refers to walking, cycling, and variants such as

wheelchair, scooter and handcart use. it includes both utilitarian and

recreational travel activity, plus stationary uses of pedestrian

environments such as standing on sidewalks and sitting at bus stops.

A) Pedestrian

A pedestrian is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In

some communities, those traveling using tiny wheels such as roller

skates, skateboards, and scooters, as well as wheelchair users [1] are also

included as pedestrians. In modern times, the term mostly refers to

someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case

historically

55

I. Existing Situation

A major deficiency, especially in the City Centre, is the lack of pedestrian

linkages. Activities such as unlicensed hawkers and vendors encroach

into pedestrian walkways while some buildings do not permit public

access across their property boundaries thus, leaving little or no space for

pedestrian movement. In recent years, there has been a gradual

improvement in the provision of pedestrian linkages in newer buildings

but the shortcomings of earlier development remain. Similarly, not many

buildings provide pedestrians with proper protection from the sun and

rain.

II. PROBLEM

The pedestrian infrastructures almost in our cities are not really planned

for the pedestrian's movements ,it is quite often just a part of streets ,for

example there is lacks always in sidewalks and the existing sidewalks are

blocked or in poor repair.

B) Bicycles

Existing Situation

The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle

with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other.

Cycle ways have, for some time, been incorporated into new housing

estates and Recreational areas. Despite the relatively flat terrain our cities,

cycling as a convenient means of transport is under-utilized partly due to

local climatic conditions. There are also, however, some shortcomings in

the existing cycle way network which contribute to the underutilization of

bicycles.

56

II. PROBLEM

Opportunities exist for bicycle transport in providing connections to

public transport services and short distance local travel. Other cities have

utilized their roads, rail and open space corridors to create a

comprehensive local area cycle way network .

Bicycles ways in housing estates suffer from under usage, misuse (illegal

parking) and poor maintenance.

57

Chapter 5

Proposals for the development of transport in the

study area:

Due to the estimated production and attraction for future demand in 2020

we suggest apply some strategies like:

1. Dissuasion. Although automobile circulation is permitted, it is

impeded by regulations and physical planning. For instance, parking

space can be severely limited and speed bumps placed to force speed

reduction this is also an attempt to encourage public transport and

reduce accidents.

2. Prohibition of downtown circulation. Automobile circulation is

forbidden in the downtown area during most of the day but deliveries

are permitted during the night. This strategy can help in protecting the

character and the physical infrastructures of an historical city. They do

however, like most policies, have inadvertent consequences. If restrict

movement in a particular region or a particular time, people simply

either will change their way (i.e. walk through another) or change the

time of their departure and this strategy will help reduce traffic

congestion in these areas

58

3. Provide an efficient Toll gate to provide a smooth traffic flow and

avoids traffic jam at Toll Gate, it confers the potential advantage of

congestion mitigation and revenue generation. Most evidence prove

that drivers are willing to stand additional toll costs for the

convenience of using a car, especially for commuting since it is linked

with their main source of income.

4. We suggest construct HOV lanes. High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)

lanes insure that vehicles with 2 or more passengers (buses, vans,

59

carpool, etc.) Have a lane of its own that can reduce congested lane,

particularly during peak hours.

HOV lane applications

5. We suggest constructing new LRT system as follows.

60

LRT System

Speed – up to 40 km/hr.

2 – 6 couches per train

Capacity – up to 40,000 passengers /hr /direction

Acceleration / deceleration 1.2 m/s 2

Rail – 1000 or 1435mm gauge

Headway 120 s

Suitable for radial movement

For high density and high plot ratio area.

Feeder bus service is required

Power supply: 750 V dc

Sub-station: 3 – 5 km spacing

61

Guide way utilization factor = 0.75

Load factor = 0.9.

To calculate possible range of head way (h) for LRT:

Since:

Where:

Cp = Theoretical passenger line capacity assume= (27040) passengers/hr.

α = guideway utilization factor (0.6)

= load factor (0.9)

n = vehicle per train

S = Maximum passenger per vehicle

h = headway in second.

So: h=22.47*(n)

62

N h

1 22.47 2 44.94 3 67.41 4 89.88 5 112.35 6 134.82

7 157.29 8 179.76

Possible range (h): 120 sec to 300 sec. & Max No of Couches: 6

(veh/train)

Final choice: Number of couches = 6 & headway = 134 sec

A View for the New LRT line with new modern

63

Figure: The Proposed LRT line with Interchange to KTM station

Figure: The proposed BRT Line with New BRT Stations

6. We suggest take heavy vehicles out of CBD area to reduce the traffic

and this can be done by applying the following strategies:

Enforce existing laws on heavy vehicle restrictions and bus lanes

64

Transport terminals: Gombak ITT revival, intermodal terminals

and city hubs for bus-rail linkages.

7. We suggest making new Bus Rapid Transit system as follows:

65

Figure: Proposed BRT Stop

66

The Existing Situation for the Road Network between the Five Areas

67

Proposition to construct new roads and widening the old ones to

bring the BRT to service

Figure: Proposed New Pedestrian walks that help the Passenger to

change between stop or cross the street

68

7. Provide new Multi-level Parking Facilities near to LRT: multi-level

parking system have provided relief since they come with many

benefits:

Better exploitation of available space.

Less cost for the establishment and maintenance.

This strategy provides safety as well as being

environmentally friendly.

Comfortable for drivers and economical for contractors

because they dispense height or depth.

.

Multi-layer car parking system

69

8. We suggest create a single National Authority for Public

Transportation to create national standards, while Local and Regional

Public Transportation Authorities will plan and implement strategies

on the local level.

CONCLUSION:

In recent years, Malaysians found themselves constrained by transport

companies that are supposed to provide them with freedom of movement.

Bus operators and even government operators like Rapid KL, KL

Monorail, and KTMB Trying the best of what they have the power to

keep travelers use their services even at the expense of passenger

convenience. The problem with these companies is the lack of adequate

information on the tracks such as with Bus operators which only provide

basic route information and only on the bus itself while Rapid KL has

discouraged the sale of integrated public transport maps like Bastren KL

at LRT stations and bus hubs.

When the local authority was founded, it has become required from these

companies to publish advertisements of their track everywhere via the

Internet, bus stations, and radio news-spots on broadcasting,

narrowcasting, free paper guides, downloadable route maps, and sms

services. This will help information reach the customers. We wish that

the Government understand and recognize the major role that

transportation system and distinguishing system transportation are played

on of humanity; Transport targets for future cities are developing a people

and environment-friendly Compact city. As Malaysian society becomes

increasingly aged with fewer people, revitalizing and increasing the

convenience of public transport while transport developing a pleasant

environment near public transport routes will allow more people to live in

safety and peace of mind.

70