DevelopmentSubtitle

Overview

• Big Questions:

• Nature vs. Nurture

• Stability vs. Change

• Continuity vs. Stage development

• People: Piaget, Erikson, Freud, Kohlberg, Lev Vygotsky (Zone of Proximal development/Scaffolding), Harlow, Ainsworth, Baumrind, Gilligan

Research

Longitudinal• Same group over time

• Better data

• More difficult, time-consuming

Cross-Sectional• Different age groups at

same time

• Easier/faster

• Data not as reliable

Prenatal Development

• Genetics

• Twin: Identical vs. Fraternal

• Temperatment: Jerome Kagan• Bold vs. Shy babies tend to be

similar when older

• Teratogens

• FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

• Zygote to Embryo to Fetus

• Most developmental damage to major body systems occurs during the embryonic stage

Reflexes

• Rooting

• Sucking

• Grasping

• Moro

• Babinski: stroke foot, will spread toes

Newborn Senses

• Like sweet tastes

• Rely on hearing

• Best sight range is 8-12 in.

• Like faces

• Motor skills: Most roll over, then stand, then walk

Attachment

Harry Harlow: Mother Love• Baby monkeys prefer soft mother

over wire/food mother

• Deprivation of attachment had long term effects

• Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting in geese (humans don’t)

Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation• Secure vs. Insecure (Avoidant &

Anxious/Ambivalent) Attachments

• Long-term: Secures are better socially

Parenting Styles: Diana Baumrind

• Authoritative (most beneficial)

• Authoritarian

• Permissive

• Neglectful

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

• Fixation: Anal Retentive v. Expulsive, Oral

• Oedipus Complex & Electra Complex

Erikson: Psychsocial Stages

• Neo-Freudian, but more emphasis on experience with others.

Piaget: Cognitive Development• Kids think differently than adults

• Use Schemata to Assimilate & Accommodate new experiences

• Sensorimotor: Object Perm.

• Preop: Symbolic thought; Centrated; Egocentric, Lack conservation, reversibility & hierarchical classification, Animistic (ex: flowers have feelings)

• Concrete: Fix preop issues

• Formal: Abstract, Hypothetical & Metacognition (think about how we think)

Criticisms of Piaget

• Underestimated young children: Habituation studies now show infant thought

• Development is more continuous

• Information Processing Model: Our abilities to memorize, interpret and perceive gradually develop

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

• Heinz’s Dilemma: Steal drug for wife?

• Criticisms:

• Western Culture bias

• **This is important! Carol Gilligan suggests gender differences may exist in moral reasoning (men are more cut/dry; women evaluate situation/relationships more)

Gender Development

Gender Schema Theory• By internalizing messages,

we develop schemata for male/female behavior

Social Learning Theory• We are encouraged by our

environment to behave male/female