Development Trend in Higher EducationT. BasaruddinSemiloka SAU Komisi KIPP4 Maret 2010

Knowledge Economy IndicatorsEconomic Incentive and Institutional Regime (EIR)Education and TrainingInnovation and Technological AdoptionInformation and Communications Technologies (ICT) InfrastructureQuality of Human Capital is essential*

Knowledge Economy Index 2009Indonesia was ranked 98 in 2008*Source: WB Report 2009

RankEconomyEIRInnovationEducationICT1Denmark9.619.499.789.212Sweden9.339.769.299.663Finland9.319.679.778.734Netherlands9.229.459.219.525Norway9.479.069.609.1048Malaysia6.116.824.217.1463Thailand5.125.765.585.6489 Philippines4.373.804.693.60103Indonesia3.663.193.592.72

Changing education and training needsHigher skill levels

Flexibility to adapt to change

Need for continuing education

Learning to learn and unlearn continuously

Workforce profile by education19601980200080%3%17%49%42%9%18%55%26%BasicSecondaryTertiarySouth KoreaBrazilSource: WB report 2007

Chart8

40-40

8.7-8.7

1.3-1.3

20.8-20.8

24.6-24.6

4.6-4.6

9.2-9.2

27.6-27.6

13.15-13.15

DATA_15

IndiaKoreaArgentina

Primary48.4-48.4Primary40-40Primary41-41

Secondary1.4-1.4Secondary8.7-8.7Secondary7.4-7.4

Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary1.3-1.3Tertiary1.6-1.6

Primary39.6-39.6Primary20.8-20.8Primary33.55-33.55

Secondary9.25-9.25Secondary24.6-24.6Secondary13.1-13.1

Tertiary1.2-1.2Tertiary4.6-4.6Tertiary3.35-3.35

Primary36.05-36.05Primary9.2-9.2Primary24.4-24.4

Secondary11.9-11.9Secondary27.6-27.6Secondary15.55-15.55

Tertiary2.05-2.05Tertiary13.15-13.15Tertiary10.05-10.05

PakistanMalaysiaBarbados

Primary48.35-48.35Primary44.15-44.15Primary41.6-41.6

Secondary1.55-1.55Secondary5.05-5.05Secondary8.1-8.1

Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary0.75-0.75Tertiary0.3-0.3

Primary42.3-42.3Primary36.4-36.4Primary31.75-31.75

Secondary6.85-6.85Secondary12.55-12.55Secondary16.15-16.15

Tertiary0.85-0.85Tertiary1-1Tertiary2.1-2.1

Primary36.4-36.4Primary29.3-29.3Primary22.15-22.15

Secondary12.45-12.45Secondary18.1-18.1Secondary21.65-21.65

Tertiary1.15-1.15Tertiary2.6-2.6Tertiary6.15-6.15

BangladeshPhilippinesBelize

Primary48.15-48.15Primary39.6-39.6Primary39.6-39.6

Secondary1.65-1.65Secondary7.25-7.25Secondary9.6-9.6

Tertiary0.2-0.2Tertiary3.15-3.15Tertiary0.8-0.8

Primary42.2-42.2Primary28.9-28.9Primary35.3-35.3

Secondary7.25-7.25Secondary13-13Secondary11-11

Tertiary0.55-0.55Tertiary8.1-8.1Tertiary3.2-3.2

Primary41.5-41.5Primary18.1-18.1Primary00

Secondary7-7Secondary20.3-20.3Secondary00

Tertiary1.5-1.5Tertiary11.6-11.6Tertiary00

IndonesiaSingaporeBolivia

Primary48.3-48.3Primary33.75-33.75Primary28.95-28.95

Secondary1.7-1.7Secondary16.25-16.25Secondary19.85-19.85

Tertiary0.05-0.05Tertiary00Tertiary1.2-1.2

Primary43.5-43.5Primary29.25-29.25Primary35.95-35.95

Secondary6.2-6.2Secondary18.85-18.85Secondary11.15-11.15

Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary1.95-1.95Tertiary2.9-2.9

Primary33.8-33.8Primary27.7-27.7Primary36.1-36.1

Secondary13.9-13.9Secondary17.3-17.3Secondary7.4-7.4

Tertiary2.25-2.25Tertiary5-5Tertiary6.5-6.5

Hong KongFinlandBrazil

Primary37.4-37.4Primary44.05-44.05Primary41.95-41.95

Secondary10.5-10.5Secondary3.8-3.8Secondary7.15-7.15

Tertiary2.15-2.15Tertiary2.1-2.1Tertiary0.9-0.9

Primary25.15-25.15Primary32.9-32.9Primary43.25-43.25

Secondary21.5-21.5Secondary11.75-11.75Secondary4.65-4.65

Tertiary3.3-3.3Tertiary5.4-5.4Tertiary2.15-2.15

Primary18.25-18.25Primary15.05-15.05Primary39.1-39.1

Secondary25.1-25.1Secondary23.8-23.8Secondary7.2-7.2

Tertiary6.65-6.65Tertiary11.15-11.15Tertiary3.75-3.75

FranceGermany, WestChile

Primary38.05-38.05Primary18.7-18.7Primary36.75-36.75

Secondary10.9-10.9Secondary30.5-30.5Secondary12.3-12.3

Tertiary1.05-1.05Tertiary0.75-0.75Tertiary0.95-0.95

Primary28.75-28.75Primary16.95-16.95Primary29.7-29.7

Secondary17.4-17.4Secondary30.2-30.2Secondary16.75-16.75

Tertiary3.85-3.85Tertiary2.85-2.85Tertiary3.55-3.55

Primary23.5-23.5Primary11.25-11.25Primary25.7-25.7

Secondary17.85-17.85Secondary30.7-30.7Secondary17.05-17.05

Tertiary8.65-8.65Tertiary8.05-8.05Tertiary7.25-7.25

ItalyJapanColombia

Primary40.8-40.8Primary24.8-24.8Primary42.1-42.1

Secondary8.3-8.3Secondary22.4-22.4Secondary7-7

Tertiary0.9-0.9Tertiary2.8-2.8Tertiary0.9-0.9

Primary28.5-28.5Primary19.45-19.45Primary36.45-36.45

Secondary19.85-19.85Secondary22.75-22.75Secondary11.35-11.35

Tertiary1.65-1.65Tertiary7.8-7.8Tertiary2.2-2.2

Primary23.6-23.6Primary13.85-13.85Primary31.55-31.55

Secondary19.35-19.35Secondary25.05-25.05Secondary13.6-13.6

Tertiary7.1-7.1Tertiary11.1-11.1Tertiary4.9-4.9

PolandNetherlandsCosta Rica

Primary37.8-37.8Primary43.6-43.6Primary43.75-43.75

Secondary10.65-10.65Secondary5.9-5.9Secondary5.05-5.05

Tertiary1.6-1.6Tertiary0.55-0.55Tertiary1.2-1.2

Primary28.05-28.05Primary18.05-18.05Primary36.75-36.75

Secondary19.7-19.7Secondary26.6-26.6Secondary9.05-9.05

Tertiary2.25-2.25Tertiary5.35-5.35Tertiary4.15-4.15

Primary18-18Primary14.6-14.6Primary33.2-33.2

Secondary26.85-26.85Secondary24.55-24.55Secondary7.85-7.85

Tertiary5.1-5.1Tertiary10.85-10.85Tertiary8.9-8.9

RomaniaSwedenDominica

Primary36.7-36.7Primary24.75-24.75Primary46.5-46.5

Secondary12.25-12.25Secondary22.05-22.05Secondary3.2-3.2

Tertiary1-1Tertiary3.2-3.2Tertiary0.25-0.25

Primary22.95-22.95Primary19-19Primary45.05-45.05

Secondary24.7-24.7Secondary23.3-23.3Secondary4.55-4.55

Tertiary2.3-2.3Tertiary7.7-7.7Tertiary0.4-0.4

Primary12.4-12.4Primary8.4-8.4Primary40.9-40.9

Secondary34-34Secondary30.7-30.7Secondary8.3-8.3

Tertiary3.65-3.65Tertiary10.85-10.85Tertiary0.75-0.75

NorwayUnited KingdomDominican Rep.

Primary37.85-37.85Primary33.65-33.65Primary48-48

Secondary11.35-11.35Secondary15.6-15.6Secondary1.6-1.6

Tertiary0.8-0.8Tertiary0.75-0.75Tertiary0.35-0.35

Primary21-21Primary24.9-24.9Primary38.5-38.5

Secondary23.55-23.55Secondary19.95-19.95Secondary9.05-9.05

Tertiary5.45-5.45Tertiary5.15-5.15Tertiary2.45-2.45

Primary5.05-5.05Primary19.35-19.35Primary34.85-34.85

Secondary33.1-33.1Secondary20.85-20.85Secondary8.05-8.05

Tertiary11.85-11.85Tertiary9.8-9.8Tertiary7.1-7.1

SpainUnited StatesEcuador

Primary47.45-47.45Primary19.4-19.4Primary44.8-44.8

Secondary1.05-1.05Secondary23.35-23.35Secondary4.6-4.6

Tertiary1.5-1.5Tertiary7.25-7.25Tertiary0.65-0.65

Primary33.1-33.1Primary3-3Primary33.9-33.9

Secondary12.9-12.9Secondary33.1-33.1Secondary12.5-12.5

Tertiary4-4Tertiary14.05-14.05Tertiary3.6-3.6

Primary24-24Primary4.5-4.5Primary30.55-30.55

Secondary18-18Secondary21.45-21.45Secondary11.9-11.9

Tertiary8-8Tertiary24.05-24.05Tertiary7.55-7.55

ZimbabweUruguayEl Salvador

Primary48.7-48.7Primary37.15-37.15Primary46.7-46.7

Secondary0.95-0.95Secondary10.5-10.5Secondary3.1-3.1

Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary2.35-2.35Tertiary0.2-0.2

Primary47.2-47.2Primary33.7-33.7Primary45.45-45.45

Secondary2.45-2.45Secondary12.5-12.5Secondary3.45-3.45

Tertiary0.4-0.4Tertiary3.75-3.75Tertiary1.15-1.15

Primary29.2-29.2Primary24.95-24.95Primary38.35-38.35

Secondary18.65-18.65Secondary17.75-17.75Secondary6.7-6.7

Tertiary2.15-2.15Tertiary7.3-7.3Tertiary4.9-4.9

ZambiaVenezuelaGuatemala

Primary46.75-46.75Primary45.6-45.6Primary47.75-47.75

Secondary2.95-2.95Secondary3.75-3.75Secondary2.05-2.05

Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary0.65-0.65Tertiary0.15-0.15

Primary41.85-41.85Primary31.5-31.5Primary43.6-43.6

Secondary8-8Secondary15.25-15.25Secondary5.35-5.35

Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary3.2-3.2Tertiary1-1

Primary36.45-36.45Primary26.9-26.9Primary40.8-40.8

Secondary12.7-12.7Secondary16.25-16.25Secondary6.7-6.7

Tertiary0.85-0.85Tertiary6.85-6.85Tertiary2.5-2.5

GhanaSt.Kitts& NevisGuyana

Primary48.85-48.85Primary10.9-10.9Primary44.5-44.5

Secondary0.8-0.8Secondary38.4-38.4Secondary5.25-5.25

Tertiary0.35-0.35Tertiary0.7-0.7Tertiary0.2-0.2

Primary36.7-36.7Primary00Primary36.25-36.25

Secondary13-13Secondary00Secondary13-13

Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary00Tertiary0.8-0.8

Primary36.7-36.7Primary00Primary27.8-27.8

Secondary12.85-12.85Secondary00Secondary20.05-20.05

Tertiary0.5-0.5Tertiary00Tertiary2.15-2.15

TaiwanSt.LuciaHaiti

Primary39.95-39.95Primary48.15-48.15Primary47.1-47.1

Secondary8.15-8.15Secondary1.7-1.7Secondary2.8-2.8

Tertiary1.9-1.9Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary0.1-0.1

Primary25.65-25.65Primary41.45-41.45Primary44.65-44.65

Secondary19.4-19.4Secondary8.15-8.15Secondary5.1-5.1

Tertiary4.95-4.95Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary0.3-0.3

Primary17.1-17.1Primary00Primary41.3-41.3

Secondary23.1-23.1Secondary00Secondary8.25-8.25

Tertiary9.8-9.8Tertiary00Tertiary0.45-0.45

CanadaSt.Vincent & G.Honduras

Primary16.65-16.65Primary46.9-46.9Primary47.5-47.5

Secondary24.35-24.35Secondary2.95-2.95Secondary2.2-2.2

Tertiary9-9Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary0.25-0.25

Primary10.35-10.35Primary40.8-40.8Primary45-45

Secondary21.8-21.8Secondary8.75-8.75Secondary4.05-4.05

Tertiary17.8-17.8Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary1-1

Primary7.95-7.95Primary00Primary37.75-37.75

Secondary14.9-14.9Secondary00Secondary9.4-9.4

Tertiary27.15-27.15Tertiary00Tertiary2.85-2.85

U.S.S.R.ChinaJamaica

Primary30-30Primary33.85-33.85Primary46.5-46.5

Secondary18-18Secondary15.7-15.7Secondary3.3-3.3

Tertiary2-2Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary0.2-0.2

Primary18.55-18.55Primary32.65-32.65Primary36.35-36.35

Secondary27.75-27.75Secondary16.85-16.85Secondary12.85-12.85

Tertiary4.15-4.15Tertiary0.45-0.45Tertiary0.8-0.8

Primary16.65-16.65Primary25.95-25.95Primary27.5-27.5

Secondary25.1-25.1Secondary22.65-22.65Secondary20.5-20.5

Tertiary8.3-8.3Tertiary1.4-1.4Tertiary2-2

South AfricaDenmarkMexico

Primary36.05-36.05Primary15.6-15.6Primary46.15-46.15

Secondary13.95-13.95Secondary27.05-27.05Secondary3.25-3.25

Tertiary00Tertiary7.35-7.35Tertiary0.65-0.65

Primary40.35-40.35Primary16.35-16.35Primary37-37

Secondary9.3-9.3Secondary25.7-25.7Secondary10.2-10.2

Tertiary0.3-0.3Tertiary7.95-7.95Tertiary2.8-2.8

Primary28.3-28.3Primary18.05-18.05Primary25.75-25.75

Secondary18.05-18.05Secondary22.65-22.65Secondary18.95-18.95

Tertiary3.65-3.65Tertiary9.3-9.3Tertiary5.3-5.3

KenyaPeruNicaragua

Primary48.7-48.7Primary42.8-42.8Primary45.95-45.95

Secondary1.15-1.15Secondary6-6Secondary2.6-2.6

Tertiary0.15-0.15Tertiary1.15-1.15Tertiary1.4-1.4

Primary42.5-42.5Primary29.85-29.85Primary42.5-42.5

Secondary7.25-7.25Secondary15.25-15.25Secondary4.1-4.1

Tertiary0.25-0.25Tertiary4.95-4.95Tertiary3.4-3.4

Primary41.25-41.25Primary21.65-21.65Primary36-36

Secondary8.2-8.2Secondary17.25-17.25Secondary9.9-9.9

Tertiary0.55-0.55Tertiary11.1-11.1Tertiary4.15-4.15

UgandaTrinidad & Tob.Panama

Primary48.1-48.1Primary42.05-42.05Primary39.7-39.7

Secondary1.9-1.9Secondary7.55-7.55Secondary9.25-9.25

Tertiary00Tertiary0.35-0.35Tertiary1.1-1.1

Primary45.9-45.9Primary31.5-31.5Primary29.95-29.95

Secondary4-4Secondary17.3-17.3Secondary16.2-16.2

Tertiary0.1-0.1Tertiary1.1-1.1Tertiary3.9-3.9

Primary43.65-43.65Primary24.2-24.2Primary22.65-22.65

Secondary5.9-5.9Secondary23.65-23.65Secondary17.9-17.9

Tertiary0.4-0.4Tertiary2.15-2.15Tertiary9.4-9.4

SenegalParaguay

Primary47.55-47.55Primary44.95-44.95

Secondary2.2-2.2Secondary4.5-4.5

Tertiary0.25-0.25Tertiary0.5-0.5

Primary46.7-46.7Primary37.85-37.85

Secondary2.75-2.75Secondary10.55-10.55

Tertiary0.6-0.6Tertiary1.55-1.55

Primary44.7-44.7Primary34.05-34.05

Secondary4.25-4.25Secondary12.05-12.05

Tertiary1.05-1.05Tertiary3.9-3.9

DATA_15

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00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

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Sheet6

Indonesia 2009SD 37,95SLTP 18,84Source: Syafrida MP-DPT

Changes in job task-skill demands in the case: USA

Source: Autor, Levy, and Murnane (2003) The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration, Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Chart1

00000

21.40.80-1

42.71.7-0.2-2

6.64.11.1-1.8-3.2

9.25.80.2-3.3-4.5

11.87.3-1.4-5.9-5

13.48.3-2.7-7.7-5.5

Expert Thinking

ComplexCommunication

Routine Manual

Routine Cognitive

Non-Routine Manual

Expert Thinking

Complex Communication

Routine Manual

Routine Cognitive

Non-Routine Manual

Percentile Change

Sheet1

1969197419791984198919941998

Expert Thinking0246.69.211.813.4

Complex Communication01.42.74.15.87.38.3

Routine Manual00.81.71.10.2-1.4-2.7

Routine Cognitive00-0.2-1.8-3.3-5.9-7.7

Non-Routine Manual0-1-2-3.2-4.5-5-5.5

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet4

Sheet5

Sheet6

Workforce Profile by Types of WorkDEVELOPED COUNTRIESSource: Jamil Salmi 2007

OECD AveragePISA results for selected countries

Chart7

12.48262629824.88503762226.8736539926.0279666813.5378560488.0999450405

36.79381405452.0200914250.00062603763.25039954743.9983574521.6998325525

67.69781940379.56703689175.23959665590.56583409178.33716723844.5624607245

88.5457667395.19228968491.75666499398.789980308295.37667787371.7980725805

96.226981218699.528136861998.0793625199.946177233399.517271448291.8841354775

99.999999999799.9999999998100.0000000006100.000000000299.9999999999100.0000000001

Turkey

Mexico

Brazil

Indonesia

Thailand

OECD total

PISA Proficiency Level

Cumulative % of Learners

old_graph

updated_graph

Table 6.1

Percentage of students at each level of proficiency on the reading scale

CountryProficiency levels

Below Level 1(below 335 score points)Level 1(from 335 to 407 score points)Level 2(from 408 to 480 score points)Level 3(from 481 to 552 score points)Level 4(from 553 to 625 score points)Level 5(above 625 score points)

%%%%%%

Mexico24.927.127.515.64.30.5

Turkey12.524.330.920.87.73.8

Brazil26.923.125.216.56.31.9

Indonesia26.037.227.38.21.20.1

Thailand13.530.534.317.04.10.5

OECD total8.113.622.927.220.18.1

CountryCumilative Proficiency Levels

University of the future? postgraduate studiesfirst degreecontinuing education

*Universities, Competitiveness and the National Innovation SystemModern theories on higher education generally describe roles or tasks of universities, that is: to maintain and develop an advanced knowledge base; to train people for their professional careers; to prepare them for a life as active citizens in a democratic society; to contribute to their personal growth. National goals are to accelerate growth, reduce poverty, achieve the MDGs, and improve the competitiveness of local industry, thereby creating higher wage, higher-skilled jobs that generate rising standards of living for allIn todays global economy, tertiary education and innovation are indispensable tools for achieving those goals

*Growth and Poverty Reduction are the Objectives;Education, Innovation, and PSD Are Means to Achieve These ObjectivesSource: Watkins 2007

*National Technological LearningS&T learning capacityS&T learning opportunitiesKnowledge generation capacityCapital importsInward FDIS&T co-operation+Knowledge absorption capacityEducationR&DLicensingDiaspora and ExpatsInternet Export CustomersSource: Watkins 2007

New pedagogical approachesfocus on learning tailored to needs of individuals rather than teachingnew and varied modalities for learning: interactive & collaborative learningreliance on advanced education technology in appropriate waysrepresentation of knowledge and concept in multiple waysteacher as guide and facilitator

Emerging challenges

world-class universities

quality and relevance

values and ethics

flexibility

Characteristics of a World-Class UniversityAlignment of Key FactorsSource: Jamil Salmi 2007

Quality and Relevance

Pressures from the society and governmentSensitivity to societal demandsProgramsThe right balance between professional skills, soft competenciesCreativity is one of the CSFMeasurement of student learning outcomesEffectiveness of learning (from conventional to u-learning)

Ethical dimensions

humanistic values

admission requirements

false institutional affiliation

conflict of interest in research

rules for fund raising

environmental responsibility

Flexibility

good feedback mechanisms

ability to react and adapt rapidly

Closing remarks

PISA rendah, maturity of PSD rendah so whatUI punya faculty of education Bagaimana inovasi di ajarkan? Cara evaluasi?Affirmative policy dari Pemerintah?Tujuan umum pendidikan, Trait lulusan, yg stay perlu role model Budaya organisasi menjadi penciri lulusan UI; internalized : how?

These graphs show evolution on educational attainment of population 15 years and older. The red bar represents the proportion that has achieved primary or lower; the blue bar indicated the proportion that has achieved some secondary education; and the green the proportion with higher education.Both countries were able to close the secondary education gap fast and in a balanced way.Effects of mass introduction of computers in the workplace on demand for skills ==) new division of labor within firmsFigure displays trend for each of five types of tasks.Expert thinking: solving problems for which there are no rule-based solutions, e.g. research, forming and testing hypotheses, medical diagnosis and diagnostic in general (resolving discrepancies).Complex communication: interacting with humans to acquire information, to explain it, or to persuade others of its implications for action, e.g. persuading, selling, legal writing, managing others.Routine cognitive tasks: mental tasks that are well described by logical rules, e.g. maintaining expense reports, record keeping, repetitive customer service, bank teller.Routine manual tasks: physical tasks that can be well described using rules, e.g. counting and packaging pills, repetitive assembly.Non-routine manual tasks: physical tasks that cannot be well described as following a set of If-Then-Do rules instead, they require optical recognition and fine muscle control, e.g. janitorial services, truck driving.Each trend reflects changes in the numbers of people employed in occupations emphasizing that task.Importance of each task in US economy is set to 0 in 1969, value in each subsequent year represents percentile change in importance of each type of task in economy.Rules-based tasks (routine tasks) where computers can substitute for humans, have decline.

In middle income countries few students perform on PISA at the OECD averageBut not all middle income countries are the sameMexico, Thailand, Brazil and Indonesia have large number of students at the lower end of the distributionTurkey does better, with about 20 % at the top.

*Need to add one more box for learning opportunities expatriates and diasporaScience and engineeringHiroshimaSocial engagement: University of MonterreyFinnish prime minister: responsiveness to changeNursing story in USDemographics in Korea