Upload
marian-knight
View
218
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Developmental Theories
Theory: A DefinitionTheory: A Definition
A set of interrelated statements that provides an explanation for a class of events.
Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories
The view that personality is fashioned progressively as the individual passes through various psychosexual stages:Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Three states of being: id, superego, ego
Freud: Psychosexual Stages of Freud: Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentDevelopment
The Role of the Unconscious Psychosexual Stages Fixation
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of DevelopmentStages of Development
Epigenetic Principle Stages pose tasks and crises that
individuals must struggle through. Personality development takes place
throughout the entire life span.
Erikson’s Nine StagesErikson’s Nine Stages Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. identity confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair Despair vs. hope and faith
Behavioral TheoryBehavioral Theory
Concerned with observable behavior: what people do and say.
Behavior divided into units: responses Environment divided into units: stimuli Also called learning theory
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
Process of stimulus substitution in which a new, previously neutral stimulus is substituted for the stimulus that naturally elicits a response
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning
A type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior alter the strength of that behavior
Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification Pathological behavior is acquired through
learning. The way to eliminate an unwanted behavior
is to stop reinforcing it.
Cognitive TheoryCognitive Theory
Cognition: Acts or processes of knowing
Representing, organizing, treating, and transforming information as we devise our behavior.
Jean PiagetJean Piaget
Cognitive Stages in Development: Sequential periods in the growth or maturing of an individual’s ability to think--to gain knowledge, self-awareness, and awareness of the environment.
Cognitive Stages in Cognitive Stages in DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Formal
Cognitive Learning and Cognitive Learning and Information ProcessingInformation Processing
Cognitive Learning (Bandura, Mischel, Rosenthal and Zimmerman)
Imitation of behavior of socially competent models
Self-Efficacy Use of symbols
Ecological TheoryEcological Theory
Centers on the relationship between the developing individual and the changing environment.
Focus on the relationship between the person and the environment .
Sociocultural TheorySociocultural Theory
Development (Vygotsky): Determined by the activity of groups
a.Child interacts with other persons
b.Assimilates social aspects of activity
c.Takes information and internalizes it
d. Social values become personal values
ControversiesControversies
Mechanistic Model: Focuses on the universe as a machine composed of elementary particles in motion
Continuity: Learning is cumulative, building on itself.
Organismic Model: Focuses on the universe as a whole
Discontinuity: Individual is seen as passing through stages.
Different tasks call for different theories
Eclectic Approach: Selects from the various theories
Nature Versus Nature:Nature Versus Nature:
The “Which” Question The “How Much” Question The “How” Question
Behavioral GeneticsBehavioral Genetics
Jerome Kagan: Timidity Studies The Minnesota Twin Project Polygenic inheritance
Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation TheoryTheory
Natural Selection (Charles Darwin) Ethology Releasing Stimuli Imprinting Critical Period Sensitive Period