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Devil in the White City Fitness Walk
Inspired by the architecture of Daniel Burnham and other architects of the
1893 Columbian ExposiBon
About Devil in the White City
• Non-‐ficBon work that takes place during the building of the 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair also known as the World’s Columbian ExposiBon, which was designed to commemorate the landing of Columbus in America.
• The plot centers on two real-‐life characters, Daniel Hudson Burnham, a master architect/urban planner who built the fair, and H.H. Holmes, a serial killer who exploits the fair to find his vicBms.
Chicago School of Architecture – 1st Wave
• Chicago School, group of 19th century architects and engineers who developed the “skyscraper”. They included Daniel Burnham & John Root, William LeBaron Jenney, William Holabaird and MarBn Roche, and Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan (First Wave). Among the buildings representaBve of the school in Chicago are the Montauk Building (Burnham and Root, 1882), the Auditorium Building (Adler and Sullivan, 1887–89), the Monadnock Building (Burnham and Root, 1891), and the Carson Pirie Sco] & Co. store (originally the Schlesinger-‐Mayer department store; Sullivan, 1898–1904). Chicago, because of this informal school, has been called the “birthplace of modern architecture.”
2nd Chicago School
• Mies Van de Rohe was the most famous alumni of the 2nd Chicago School. (Taught at IIT)
• CharacterisBcs included: – Focus on structure – Use of minimalism – Use of steel and glass
• Huge influence on 20th century Architecture • RepresentaBve of modernism
Harold Washington Library #1 Architects: Hammond, Beeby, and Babka
• Opened in 1991. Named in honor of Chicago’s first black mayor. Postmodern design paying homage to Chicago school of Architecture.
• Ten stories, red brick and granite, deep recessed five story tall arched windows above. (Beaux Arts style reminiscent of the “White City” of the World’s Columbian ExposiBon of 1893).
• Topped with a massive green (weathered copper) cornice w/ giganBc gargoyles.
• Other features: Owl sculpture(State Street Side); seed pods (Congress and VanBuren), Goddess Ceres; medallions that depict the windy city; Chicago “Y” emblems that represents the three branches of the river.
Old Chicago
Monadnock Building Federal Plaza
Marque]e Building
The Monadnock Building #2 (1891) Architects: Burnham and Root & Holabird and Roche
• Sixteen stories. Once the world’s tallest commercial and stone building. Monadnock means granite mountain surrounded by a glacial plain.
• Block long building erected in two secBons; Northern half (Jackson) built first (designed by Burnham & Root, 1891) features external masonry (weight) bearing walls. Southern half (Van Buren) built (Holabird and Roche, 1893) has a steel skeleton built with terra co]a.
• Base is 15 feet thick; interior supports are made of steel. • Reminiscent of the massive columns of ancient Egypt; shape
suggests an EgypBan temple (Root). • Bay windows on the north; flat, punched out rows of windows on
the south. Interior consists of marble floors. • Specifically designed to be funcBonal ( no surface décor on the
exterior).
Federal Plaza #3 Architect: Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, Sculptor: Alexander Caulder • Federal Plaza consists of three
buildings: Dirksen, Kluczynski, & the US Post Office. Built between 1960 and 1974.
• Much like the Monadnock, Mie’s building expresses a minimalist design. Buildings are minimalist sculptures that were designed to complement each other . They focus the viewers a]enBon on the symmetry and grace of the construcBon. An example of Sullivan’s “form follows funcBon”
• The Kluczynski and Dirksen buildings are idenBcal internaBonal style skyscrapers. The smaller post office emphasizes the height of the twin buildings while maintaining a perfect balance of the space.
• The Flamingo, by Alexander Caulder, is a stabile (An abstract sculpture, usually of sheet metal, resembling a mobile but having no moving parts).
• 53 feet tall, vermillion colored • Conveys acBon and contrasts the
straight lines of the Mie’s buildings with the curves of Calder’s sculpture
The Marque]e Building #4 Architects: Holabird & Roche
• Early skyscraper; uBlizes steel-‐frame construcBon, and Chicago windows. • Rich with art that honors Chicago history. Listed as a NaBonal Historic Landmark. • Built the year of the World’s Columbian ExposiBon (Chicago World’s Fair, 1893). Completed in
1895. Named aper Pere Jacques Marque]e, a Jesuit priest and explorer of the New World (explored the area I 1674-‐75).
• At the main entrance are four bronze reliefs sculptures by Herman A. MacNeil which illustrate Father Marque]e and Louis Joliet’s travels, launching canoes, meeBng NaBve Americans, arriving at the Chicago River, interring Marque]e’s body.
• On the revolving doors are kick plates with tomahawks and push plates with panther heads designed by Edward Kemeys (sculptor of the Art InsBtutes Lions). The vesBbule features French and Catholic moBfs like fleur de lis and the cross.
• Inside contains a large elevator lobby (for the Bme); a two story rotunda with white Cararra marble trim, accented with classical moBfs.
• Above each elevator doors are more designs by Kemeys; illuminated bronze relief bust depicBng members of Marque]e and Joliet’s expediBon party and important NaBve American Chiefs (includng Chicagou)
• Other highlights: Busts of Marque]e and Joliet (designed by Owen Aldis sister); on the balcony face is a frieze of six stunning iridescent (shimmering) glass and abalone (shellfish with pearly shell) mosaic scenes depicBng more of Marque]e’s adventures and death and designed by Tiffany designer J.A. Holzer . They feature a colorful array of seventeenth century characters, costume, weapons, and symbols.
Financial
Bank of America #5, Chicago Board of Trade # 6
Bank of America • Architects: Graham, Anderson,
Probst, and White • Bank of America Building FNA the
ConBnental Illinois NaBonal Bank Building (1924)
• 19 story white limestone Roman structure w/ massive Ionic columns. Designed to represent power
• Louis Sullivan open said, “Here bankers wear togas and speak LaBn”
Chicago Board of Trade • Architects: Holabird & Root (1930),
141 W. Jackson • Rare Art Deco design • Rises to 45 stories, Jackson façade
creates an impression of a throne. • 32-‐foot aluminum faceless statue of
Ceres (Roman Goddess of grain) sits atop the pyramid shaped roof. Accompanying are figures holding sheaves of corn and wheat (created by IL arBst, Alvin Meyer)
• The Untouchables and the Dark Knight were filmed here
• VisiBng the trading floor is one of the most popular tour a]racBons
The Rookery 209 S. Lasalle, #7 (1888) Architects: Burnham and Root
• Called the Rookery because for many years the building was plagued by masses of pigeons that it made it their home.
• Eleven story Richardsonian Romanesque style, bearing construcBon (Monadnock), bay windows Dark red façade is adorned with sculptured terra co]a, features an arched entry.
• Became the headquarters for the Burnham and Root architectural firm. • Exterior decoraBve design includes a pair of rooks carved into the granite
columns brackeBng the LaSalle Street entrance; interior contains a beauBful cast iron staircase.
• UBlized the new hydraulic passenger elevators and employed extensive plate glass and fireproof materials through the buildings. In its early years considered the most modern of office buildings.
• Originally called the Chicago City Hall, it was designed around a huge iron water tank that survived the Chicago Fire.
• The lobby was redesigned in 1907 by a struggling young architect named Frank Lloyd Wright (Created Prairie School of design).
Inland Steel # 8 (1958)-‐30 W. Monroe Architect: Skidmore, Owens, and Merrill
• A building of firsts; the first skyscraper erected in the Loop since the Depression; the first building to use steel pilings deep into the earth to support it. Dearborn side moves in and out of space from projecBng columns and steel and glass curtain wall.
• Made of stainless steel and blue green glass; 19 stories high with adjoining 27-‐story service tower.
• The Inland Steel Company was founded in 1901 in Chicago Heights, Illinois and is the only steel company based in Chicago; the eighth largest in the United States.
• Lobby holds the wire sculpture, the Radiant One, by Richard Lippold. It is made of stainless steel, gold, and copper. The elegant, radiaBng arms hover over a pool of water.
Sculpture/Art
The Four Seasons #9 (1974) Marc Chagall
• Five sided mosaic mural that depicts the year’s changing season. Made of hand chipped stone and glass fragment. Measures 70 x 14 x10 p.
• Marc Chagall was a Russian born arBst. He said the mural represents human life, both physical and spiritual, at its different stages.
• Surrealist. Images are typical of Chagall’s dreamlike surreal scenes. Images of fish, birds, suns, and flowers, and lovers, plus six scenes from Chicago in sop pastel hues
• Donated by the arBst and dedicated in 1974.
Miss Chicago #10 (1979) Joan Miro
• LocaBon: 69 W. Washington • 39 foot tall Earth Mother sculpture made of steel, wire-‐mesh, concrete, bronze, and ceramic Bles.
• The simple form depicBng a body looks like an upside down wine glass.
• Also described as a descendant of the wasp-‐waisted snake goddess of Ancient Crete; chilld-‐like
• The ceramic porBons were created in his Majorca studios; bronze element cast in Barcelona, and the rest of the components were assembled in Chicago.
Picasso Sculpture #11 Pablo Picasso
• Probably one of Chicago’s most famous works of art and tourist a]racBon. A mini model (maque]e) is installed at the Art InsBtute.
• What is it? Many descripBons. For many years Picasso refused to explain the subject but later revealed that it was a portrait of his wife Jacqueline, who facial structure resembled an Afghan Hound.
• Donated by Picasso in 1967
Monument with Standing Beast #12 Jean Dubuffet
• Dedicated in 1984. Located in the James Thompson Center, formerly known as the State of Illinois building
• 29 foot high fiberglass sculpture . • Another work of art that asks, “What is it?” (Upright animal, tree, beast?). Also called “Snoopy in a blender.”
• Dubuffet work in a style called L’Art Brut or “art in the raw.” He rejected tradiBonal concepts of personal beauty and open portrayed people as block-‐like, with black lines arBculaBng their shapes (as in this sculpture). Also recalls the Cubism of Picasso.
Old Chicago Part II
Chicago Cultural Center #13
Architects: Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge
• Former locaBon of the main library. Built in 1897. Became the cultural center in 1991. Same firm that designed the Art InsBtute.
• Neo-‐Renaissance structure with Roman arches (top) and recessed windows (Another Beaux Arts style.
• Highlights: White marble staircase (Randolph), marble walls, mosaic floors, Tiffany stained-‐glass dome (third floor), roof is filled naBve plants and beehives.
• Was almost torn down in the 1970’s but saved by Sis Daley, former first lady.
Carson Pirie Sco] #14 Architect: Louis Sullivan
• Built in 1899, originally called the Schlesinger and Mayer department store. Later addiBons were added in 1903,1906, and 1961.
• Highlights: fireproof steel frame construcBon, recessed Chicago windows, cornice tops the structure with Corinthian columns (Stand across the street).
• Sullivan felt the store window should be a decoraBve frame for the merchandise displayed within; he designed rich and delicate pa]ers in cast iron to highlight that effect.
• Most famous for its cast-‐iron ornamentaBon of nature that adorn the front entrance. These representaBon of natural forms express the Sullivan’s idea that architecture is a poeBc depicBon of nature (go inside the vesBbule). The architects iniBals “LHS” is worked into the design
• VesBbule contains mahogany paneling, leafy capitals, reminiscent of a forest.
Auditorium Theater # 15
Architects: Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler
• Commissioned in 1886 by Ferdinand Wythe Peck. Completed in 1889
• Originally a hotel and office building with an auditorium (exquisite acousBcs.
• $3,200,00 price tag;110,00 ton wieght (heaviest building in the world at one points.
• Façade design influenced by the the Romanesque revival style.
• Highlights: Load bearing construcBon, rusBcated granite, arched walls of smooth Bedford limestone.
• Once housed the Chicago Opera and Symphony Orchestra.
Form Follows FuncBon
• Louis Sullivan, Sullivan’s famous phrase, “form follows funcBon,” became the touchstone for many architects. This means that the purpose of a building should be the starBng point for its design. Sullivan mentee, Frank Lloyd Wright extended the teachings of his mentor by changing the phrase to “form and funcBon are one.”