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Devil in the White City Fitness Walk Inspired by the architecture of Daniel Burnham and other architects of the 1893 Columbian ExposiBon

Devil in the White CityDRAFT41813

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Devil  in  the  White  City  Fitness  Walk    

Inspired  by  the  architecture  of  Daniel  Burnham  and  other  architects  of  the  

1893  Columbian  ExposiBon  

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About  Devil  in  the  White  City  

•  Non-­‐ficBon  work  that  takes  place  during  the  building  of  the  1893  Chicago  Worlds  Fair  also  known  as  the  World’s  Columbian  ExposiBon,  which  was  designed  to  commemorate  the  landing  of  Columbus  in  America.  

•  The  plot  centers  on  two  real-­‐life  characters,  Daniel  Hudson  Burnham,  a  master  architect/urban  planner  who  built  the  fair,  and  H.H.  Holmes,  a  serial  killer  who  exploits  the  fair  to  find  his  vicBms.  

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Chicago  School  of  Architecture  –  1st    Wave  

•  Chicago  School,  group  of  19th  century  architects  and  engineers  who  developed  the    “skyscraper”.  They  included  Daniel  Burnham  &  John  Root,  William  LeBaron  Jenney,  William  Holabaird  and  MarBn  Roche,  and  Dankmar  Adler  and  Louis  Sullivan  (First  Wave).  Among  the  buildings  representaBve  of  the  school  in  Chicago  are  the  Montauk  Building  (Burnham  and  Root,  1882),  the  Auditorium  Building  (Adler  and  Sullivan,  1887–89),  the  Monadnock  Building  (Burnham  and  Root,  1891),  and  the  Carson  Pirie  Sco]  &  Co.  store  (originally  the  Schlesinger-­‐Mayer  department  store;  Sullivan,  1898–1904).  Chicago,  because  of  this  informal  school,  has  been  called  the  “birthplace  of  modern  architecture.”  

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2nd  Chicago  School  

•  Mies  Van  de  Rohe  was  the  most  famous  alumni  of  the  2nd  Chicago  School.  (Taught  at  IIT)  

•  CharacterisBcs  included:  – Focus  on  structure  – Use  of  minimalism  – Use  of  steel  and  glass  

•  Huge  influence  on  20th  century  Architecture  •  RepresentaBve  of  modernism  

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Harold  Washington  Library  #1    Architects:  Hammond,  Beeby,  and  Babka  

•  Opened  in  1991.  Named  in  honor  of  Chicago’s  first  black  mayor.  Postmodern  design  paying  homage  to  Chicago  school  of  Architecture.  

•  Ten  stories,  red  brick  and  granite,  deep  recessed  five  story  tall  arched  windows  above.  (Beaux  Arts  style  reminiscent  of  the  “White  City”  of  the  World’s  Columbian  ExposiBon  of  1893).  

•  Topped  with  a  massive  green  (weathered  copper)  cornice  w/  giganBc  gargoyles.  

•  Other  features:  Owl  sculpture(State  Street  Side);  seed  pods  (Congress  and  VanBuren),  Goddess  Ceres;  medallions  that  depict  the  windy  city;  Chicago  “Y”  emblems  that  represents  the  three  branches  of  the  river.  

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Old  Chicago  

Monadnock  Building  Federal  Plaza  

Marque]e  Building  

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The  Monadnock  Building  #2    (1891)  Architects:  Burnham  and  Root  &  Holabird  and  Roche  

•  Sixteen  stories.  Once  the  world’s  tallest  commercial  and  stone  building.  Monadnock  means  granite  mountain  surrounded  by  a  glacial  plain.  

•  Block  long  building  erected  in  two  secBons;  Northern  half  (Jackson)  built  first  (designed  by  Burnham  &  Root,  1891)  features  external  masonry  (weight)  bearing  walls.    Southern  half    (Van  Buren)  built  (Holabird  and  Roche,  1893)  has  a  steel  skeleton  built  with  terra  co]a.    

•  Base  is  15  feet  thick;  interior  supports  are  made  of  steel.  •  Reminiscent  of  the  massive  columns    of  ancient  Egypt;  shape  

suggests  an  EgypBan  temple  (Root).  •  Bay  windows  on  the  north;  flat,  punched  out  rows  of  windows  on  

the  south.  Interior  consists  of  marble  floors.  •  Specifically  designed  to  be  funcBonal  (  no  surface  décor  on  the  

exterior).  

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Federal  Plaza  #3    Architect:  Ludwig  Mies  Van  der  Rohe,  Sculptor:  Alexander  Caulder  •  Federal  Plaza  consists  of  three  

buildings:  Dirksen,  Kluczynski,  &  the  US  Post  Office.  Built  between  1960  and  1974.  

•  Much  like  the  Monadnock,    Mie’s  building  expresses  a  minimalist  design.  Buildings  are  minimalist  sculptures  that  were  designed  to  complement  each  other  .  They  focus  the  viewers  a]enBon  on  the  symmetry  and  grace  of  the  construcBon.  An  example  of  Sullivan’s  “form  follows  funcBon”  

•  The  Kluczynski  and  Dirksen  buildings  are  idenBcal  internaBonal  style  skyscrapers.  The  smaller  post  office  emphasizes  the  height  of  the  twin  buildings  while  maintaining  a  perfect  balance  of  the  space.  

•  The  Flamingo,  by  Alexander  Caulder,  is  a  stabile  (An  abstract  sculpture,  usually  of  sheet  metal,  resembling  a  mobile  but  having  no  moving  parts).  

•  53  feet  tall,  vermillion  colored  •  Conveys  acBon  and  contrasts  the  

straight  lines  of  the  Mie’s  buildings  with  the  curves  of  Calder’s  sculpture  

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The  Marque]e  Building  #4  Architects:  Holabird  &  Roche  

•  Early  skyscraper;  uBlizes  steel-­‐frame  construcBon,  and  Chicago  windows.  •  Rich  with  art  that  honors  Chicago  history.  Listed  as  a  NaBonal  Historic  Landmark.  •  Built  the  year  of  the  World’s  Columbian  ExposiBon  (Chicago  World’s  Fair,  1893).  Completed  in  

1895.  Named  aper  Pere  Jacques  Marque]e,  a  Jesuit  priest  and  explorer  of  the  New  World  (explored  the  area  I  1674-­‐75).  

•  At  the  main  entrance  are  four  bronze  reliefs  sculptures  by  Herman  A.  MacNeil  which  illustrate  Father  Marque]e  and  Louis  Joliet’s  travels,  launching  canoes,  meeBng    NaBve  Americans,  arriving  at  the  Chicago  River,  interring  Marque]e’s  body.  

•  On  the  revolving  doors  are  kick  plates  with  tomahawks  and  push  plates  with  panther  heads  designed  by  Edward  Kemeys  (sculptor  of  the  Art  InsBtutes  Lions).  The  vesBbule  features  French  and  Catholic  moBfs  like  fleur  de  lis  and  the  cross.  

•  Inside  contains  a  large  elevator  lobby  (for  the  Bme);  a  two  story  rotunda  with  white    Cararra  marble  trim,  accented  with  classical  moBfs.  

•  Above  each  elevator  doors  are  more  designs  by  Kemeys;  illuminated  bronze  relief  bust  depicBng  members  of  Marque]e  and  Joliet’s  expediBon  party  and  important  NaBve  American  Chiefs  (includng  Chicagou)  

•  Other  highlights:    Busts  of  Marque]e  and  Joliet  (designed  by  Owen  Aldis  sister);    on  the  balcony  face  is  a  frieze  of  six  stunning  iridescent  (shimmering)  glass  and  abalone  (shellfish  with  pearly  shell)  mosaic  scenes  depicBng  more  of  Marque]e’s  adventures  and  death  and  designed  by  Tiffany  designer  J.A.  Holzer  .  They  feature  a  colorful  array  of  seventeenth  century  characters,  costume,  weapons,  and  symbols.  

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Financial  

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Bank  of  America  #5,  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  #  6  

Bank  of  America  •  Architects:  Graham,  Anderson,  

Probst,  and  White  •  Bank  of  America  Building  FNA  the  

ConBnental  Illinois  NaBonal  Bank  Building  (1924)  

•  19  story    white  limestone  Roman  structure  w/  massive  Ionic  columns.  Designed  to  represent  power  

•  Louis  Sullivan  open  said,  “Here  bankers  wear  togas  and  speak  LaBn”  

Chicago  Board  of  Trade  •  Architects:  Holabird  &  Root  (1930),  

141  W.  Jackson  •  Rare  Art  Deco  design  •  Rises  to  45  stories,  Jackson  façade  

creates  an  impression  of  a  throne.  •  32-­‐foot  aluminum  faceless  statue  of  

Ceres  (Roman  Goddess  of  grain)  sits  atop  the  pyramid  shaped  roof.  Accompanying  are  figures  holding  sheaves  of  corn  and  wheat  (created  by  IL  arBst,  Alvin  Meyer)  

•   The  Untouchables  and  the  Dark  Knight  were  filmed  here  

•  VisiBng  the  trading  floor  is  one  of  the  most  popular  tour  a]racBons  

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The  Rookery    209  S.  Lasalle,  #7  (1888)  Architects:  Burnham  and  Root  

•  Called  the  Rookery  because  for  many  years  the  building  was  plagued  by  masses  of  pigeons  that  it  made  it  their  home.  

•  Eleven  story  Richardsonian  Romanesque  style,    bearing  construcBon  (Monadnock),  bay  windows    Dark  red  façade  is  adorned  with  sculptured  terra  co]a,  features  an  arched  entry.  

•  Became  the  headquarters  for  the  Burnham  and  Root  architectural  firm.  •  Exterior  decoraBve  design  includes  a  pair  of  rooks  carved  into  the  granite  

columns  brackeBng  the  LaSalle  Street  entrance;  interior  contains  a  beauBful  cast  iron  staircase.    

•  UBlized  the  new  hydraulic  passenger  elevators  and  employed  extensive  plate  glass  and  fireproof  materials  through  the  buildings.  In  its  early  years  considered  the  most  modern  of  office  buildings.  

•  Originally  called  the  Chicago  City  Hall,  it  was  designed  around  a  huge  iron  water  tank  that  survived  the  Chicago  Fire.  

•  The  lobby  was  redesigned  in  1907  by  a  struggling  young  architect  named  Frank  Lloyd  Wright  (Created  Prairie  School  of  design).  

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Inland  Steel  #  8  (1958)-­‐30  W.  Monroe  Architect:  Skidmore,  Owens,  and  Merrill  

•  A  building  of  firsts;  the  first  skyscraper  erected  in  the  Loop  since  the  Depression;  the  first  building  to  use  steel  pilings  deep  into  the  earth  to  support  it.  Dearborn  side  moves  in  and  out  of  space  from  projecBng  columns  and  steel    and  glass  curtain  wall.    

•  Made  of  stainless  steel  and  blue  green  glass;  19  stories  high  with  adjoining  27-­‐story  service  tower.  

•  The  Inland  Steel  Company  was  founded  in  1901  in  Chicago  Heights,  Illinois  and  is  the  only  steel  company  based  in  Chicago;    the  eighth  largest  in  the  United  States.  

•  Lobby  holds  the  wire  sculpture,  the  Radiant  One,  by  Richard  Lippold.  It  is  made  of  stainless  steel,  gold,  and  copper.  The  elegant,  radiaBng  arms  hover  over  a  pool  of  water.  

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Sculpture/Art  

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The  Four  Seasons  #9  (1974)  Marc  Chagall  

•  Five  sided  mosaic  mural  that  depicts  the  year’s  changing  season.  Made  of  hand  chipped  stone  and  glass  fragment.  Measures  70  x  14  x10  p.  

•  Marc  Chagall  was  a  Russian  born  arBst.  He  said  the    mural  represents  human  life,  both  physical  and  spiritual,  at  its  different  stages.  

•  Surrealist.  Images  are  typical  of  Chagall’s  dreamlike  surreal  scenes.  Images  of  fish,  birds,  suns,  and  flowers,  and  lovers,  plus  six  scenes  from  Chicago  in  sop  pastel  hues  

•   Donated  by  the  arBst    and  dedicated  in  1974.  

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Miss  Chicago  #10  (1979)  Joan  Miro  

•  LocaBon:  69  W.  Washington  •  39  foot  tall  Earth  Mother  sculpture  made  of  steel,  wire-­‐mesh,  concrete,  bronze,  and  ceramic  Bles.    

•  The  simple  form  depicBng  a  body  looks  like  an  upside  down  wine  glass.  

•  Also  described  as  a  descendant  of  the  wasp-­‐waisted  snake  goddess  of  Ancient  Crete;  chilld-­‐like  

•  The  ceramic  porBons  were  created  in  his  Majorca  studios;  bronze  element  cast  in  Barcelona,  and  the  rest  of  the  components  were  assembled  in  Chicago.  

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Picasso  Sculpture  #11    Pablo  Picasso  

•  Probably  one  of  Chicago’s  most  famous  works  of  art  and  tourist  a]racBon.  A  mini  model  (maque]e)  is  installed  at  the  Art  InsBtute.  

•  What  is  it?  Many  descripBons.  For  many  years  Picasso  refused  to  explain  the  subject  but  later  revealed  that  it  was  a  portrait  of  his  wife  Jacqueline,  who  facial  structure  resembled  an  Afghan  Hound.    

•  Donated  by  Picasso  in  1967  

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Monument  with  Standing  Beast    #12  Jean  Dubuffet  

•  Dedicated  in  1984.  Located  in  the  James  Thompson  Center,  formerly  known  as  the  State  of  Illinois  building  

•  29  foot  high  fiberglass  sculpture  .  •  Another  work  of  art  that  asks,  “What  is  it?”  (Upright  animal,  tree,  beast?).  Also  called  “Snoopy  in  a  blender.”  

•  Dubuffet  work  in  a  style  called  L’Art  Brut  or  “art  in  the  raw.”  He  rejected  tradiBonal  concepts  of  personal  beauty  and  open  portrayed  people  as  block-­‐like,  with  black  lines  arBculaBng  their  shapes  (as  in  this  sculpture).  Also  recalls  the  Cubism  of  Picasso.  

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Old  Chicago  Part  II  

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Chicago  Cultural  Center    #13    

Architects:  Shepley,  Rutan,  and  Coolidge  

•  Former  locaBon  of  the  main  library.  Built  in  1897.  Became  the  cultural  center  in  1991.  Same  firm  that  designed  the  Art  InsBtute.  

•  Neo-­‐Renaissance  structure  with  Roman  arches  (top)  and  recessed  windows  (Another  Beaux  Arts  style.  

•  Highlights:    White  marble  staircase  (Randolph),  marble  walls,  mosaic  floors,  Tiffany  stained-­‐glass  dome  (third  floor),  roof  is  filled  naBve  plants  and  beehives.  

•  Was  almost  torn  down  in  the  1970’s  but  saved  by  Sis  Daley,  former  first  lady.  

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Carson  Pirie  Sco]    #14  Architect:  Louis  Sullivan    

•  Built  in  1899,  originally  called  the  Schlesinger  and  Mayer  department  store.    Later  addiBons  were  added  in  1903,1906,  and  1961.    

•  Highlights:  fireproof  steel  frame  construcBon,  recessed  Chicago  windows,  cornice  tops  the  structure  with  Corinthian  columns  (Stand  across  the  street).  

•  Sullivan  felt  the  store  window  should  be  a  decoraBve  frame  for  the  merchandise  displayed  within;  he  designed  rich  and  delicate  pa]ers  in  cast  iron  to  highlight  that  effect.  

•  Most  famous  for  its  cast-­‐iron  ornamentaBon  of  nature  that  adorn  the  front  entrance.  These  representaBon  of  natural  forms  express  the  Sullivan’s  idea    that  architecture    is  a  poeBc  depicBon  of  nature  (go  inside  the  vesBbule).  The  architects  iniBals  “LHS”  is  worked  into  the  design  

•  VesBbule  contains  mahogany  paneling,  leafy  capitals,  reminiscent  of  a  forest.  

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Auditorium  Theater  #  15  

Architects:  Louis  Sullivan  and  Dankmar  Adler    

•  Commissioned  in  1886  by  Ferdinand  Wythe  Peck.  Completed  in  1889  

•  Originally  a  hotel  and  office  building  with  an  auditorium  (exquisite  acousBcs.  

•  $3,200,00  price  tag;110,00  ton  wieght  (heaviest  building  in  the  world  at  one  points.  

•  Façade  design  influenced  by  the  the  Romanesque  revival  style.  

•  Highlights:  Load  bearing  construcBon,  rusBcated  granite,  arched  walls  of  smooth  Bedford  limestone.  

•  Once  housed  the  Chicago  Opera  and  Symphony  Orchestra.  

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Form  Follows  FuncBon  

•  Louis  Sullivan,  Sullivan’s  famous  phrase,  “form  follows  funcBon,”  became  the  touchstone  for  many  architects.  This  means  that  the  purpose  of  a  building  should  be  the  starBng  point  for  its  design.    Sullivan  mentee,  Frank  Lloyd  Wright  extended  the  teachings  of  his  mentor  by  changing  the  phrase  to  “form  and  funcBon  are  one.”