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C H A P T E R 2C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F H O U S E H O L D S A N D R E S PO N D E N T S

T h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s c h a p t e r is t o p r o v i d e a d e m o g r a p h i c a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c p ro f i l e o f t h e E D H S - 9 5s a m p l e a n d a d e s c r ip t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t in w h i c h w o m e n a n d c h i l d r e n li v e . T h i s i sa c c o m p l i s h e d b y e x a m i n i n g t h e g e n e r a l c h a ra c t e ri s t ic s o f t h e h o u s e h o l d s a n d i n d i v i d u a l r e sp o n d e n t sin t e r v i e w e d i n th e E D H S - 9 5 . W i th r e g a r d t o h o u s e h o ld s , in f o r ma t io n i s p r e s e n t e d o n t h e a g e , s e x , a n de d u c a t i o n o f t h e h o u s e h o ld p o p u la t i o n as w e l l as o n h o u s in g f a c i l i t i e s a n d h o u s e h o ld p o s s e s s io n s . F o rin d iv id u a l re s p o n d e n t s , a b a s i c p r o f i l e i n c lu d in g i n f o r ma t io n o n a g e , r e s id e n c e , e d u c a t i o n , w o r k s t a tu s a n dr e l i g io n i s p r e s e n t e d f i r s t a n d t h e n m o r e d e t a i l e d i n f o r ma t io n i s p r o v id e d o n d i f f e r e n t i a ls i n e d u c a t i o n , a c c e s st o m a s s m e d i a , a n d e m p l o y m e n t p at t er n s .

T h e p r o f i l e o f t h e E D H S - 9 5 h o u s e h o l d s a n d respondents p r o v id e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r w i l l h e lp i nu n d e r s t a n d in g t h e r e s u l ts p r e s e n t e d i n th e f o l l o w in g c h a p t e r s. I n a d d i t i o n , i t ma y p r o v id e u s e f u l i n p u t f o rs o c i a l an d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g .

2 . 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f t h e H o u s e h o l d P o p u l a t i o nT h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e fo r t h e 1 9 9 5 E D H S in c lu d e d tw o q u e s t i o n s d i s t i n g u i s h in g b e tw e e n t h e d e j u r e

p o p u la t i o n ( p e r s o n s w h o u s u a l l y l i v e in s e l e c t e d h o u s e h o ld ) , a n d t h e de fac to p o p u la t i o n ( p e r s o n s w h o s p e n tt h e n ig h t b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w in t h e h o u s e h o ld ) . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e s e p o p u la t i o n s a r e s ma l l , a n ds in c e p a s t s u r v e y s a n d c e n s u s e s w e r e b a s e d o n d e f a c to p o p u la t i o n s , t a b u l a t i o n s f o r t h e h o u s e h o ld d a t ap r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r a r e b a s e d o n t h e d e f a c to d e f in i t io n , u n l e s s o th e r w i s e s ta t e d .Age and Sex C omposi tion

T a b le 2 .1 p r e s e n t s t h e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e d e f a c to p o p u la t i o n b y a g e , a c c o r d in g t o u r b a n - r u r a lr e s id e n c e a n d s e x . T h e t a b l e s h o w s t h e e f fe c t s o f p a s t d e m o g r a p h i c t r e n d s o n t h e s t r u c tu r e o f t h e E g y p t i a np o p u la t i o n a n d i n d i c a t e s t h e c o n t e x t in w h ic h a v a r i e ty o f d e mo g r a p h i c processes a re ope ra t ing .

T h e i n f o r ma t io n o n s e x a n d a g e d i s t r i b u t io n i s u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t a p o p u la t i o n p y r a m id d e s c r ib in g t h eE D H S - 9 5 h o u s e h o ld p o p u la t i o n ( s e e F ig u r e 2 .1 ). T h e p y r a m id h a s a w id e - b a s e , w i th a l a r g e concentration( 4 0 p e r c e n t ) o f t h e p o p u la t i o n u n d e r 1 5 y e a r s o f ag e . T h i s p a t t e r n i s t y p i c a l o f c o u n t r i e s t h a t e x p e r i e n c e dr e l a t i v e ly h ig h f e r t i l i t y i n t h e r e c e n t p as t . T h e d e c l i n e in f e r t i li t y w h ic h h a s b e e n o c c u r r i n g i n E g y p t s i n c eth e l a t e 1 9 8 0 s i s e v id e n c e d b y t h e f a c t th a t th e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e p o p u la t i o n a g e 0 - 4 y e a r s i s s o me w h a t s m a l l e rt h a n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a g e 5 - 9 y e a r s.

A s T a b l e 2 . 1 s h o w s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n u n d e r a g e 1 5 i s g r e a t e r in t h e r u r a l p o p u la t i o n t h a n t h e u r b a np o p u la t i o n . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e e v id e n c e o f l o w e r r e c e n t f e rt i l i ty in u r b a n a r e a sc o m p a r e d w i th r u r a l a r e a s.

T a b l e 2 . 2 p r e s e n t s a c o mp a r i s o n o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e h o u s e h o ld p o p u la t i o n b y b r o a d a g e g r o u p sf o r t h e t h r e e E D H S s u r v e y s c a rr i e d b e tw e e n 1 9 88 a n d 1 9 95 . T h e d e p e n d e n c y r a t i o , d e f i n e d a s t h e r a t i o o f t h en o n p r o d u c t i v e p o p u la t i o n ( p e r s o n s u n d e r a g e 1 5 a n d a g e 6 5 a n d o v e r ) to t h e p o p u la t i o n a g e 1 5 -6 4 , i s c a l c u l a t -e d b a s e d o n t h e s e f i g u r e s . T h e d e p e n d e n c y r a t i o d e c re a s e d f r o m 8 3 i n 1 9 92 t o 7 8 i n 1 9 9 5 , i n d i c a t i n g a g r a d u a ll e s s e n in g i n t h e b u r d e n p l a c e d o n p e r s o n s i n t h e p r o d u c t i v e a g e s t o s u p p o r t o ld e r a n d y o u n g e r h o u s e h o ldme m b e r s . T a b l e 2 . 2 a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e me d ia n a g e o f th e E D H S - 9 5 s u r v e y p o p u la t i o n w a s 1 9 .3 y e a r s i n1 9 95 , s l i g h t l y h ig h e r t h a n t h e me d ia n a g e i n 1 9 92 . Bo th t h e c h a n g e i n t h e d e p e n d e n c y r a t i o a n d i n t h e m e d ia na g e o f t h e p o p u la t i o n a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i th t h e g r a d u a l a g in g o f t h e p o p u la t i o n t h a t o c c u r s a s f e r t i l i t y d e c l i n e s .

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T a b l e 2 .1 H o u s e h o l d p o p u l a t i o n b y a g e~ r e s i d e n c e r a n d s e xP e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e d e f a c to h o u s e h o l d p o p u l a t i o n b y f i v e - y e a r a g e g r o u p s , a c c o r d i n g t ou r b a n - r u r a l r e s i d e n c e a n d s e x , E g y p t 1 9 9 5

U r b a n R u r a l T o t a lA g eg r o u p M a l e F e m a l e T o t al M a l e F e m a l e T o t a l M a l e F e m a l e T o t a l0 -4 11 .6 10 .6 I1 .1 15 .1 13 .2 14 .1 13 .5 12 .0 12 .85 - 9 1 3 .1 1 1 . 8 1 2 . 4 1 5 . 4 1 4 . 0 1 4 . 7 1 4 3 1 3 0 1 3 .710-14 12 .3 13 .0 12 .7 14 .8 13 .7 14 .2 13 .7 13 4 13 .515-19 11 ,3 l l .O l l . l 11 .8 11 ,3 11 .6 11 .6 11 ,2 11 ,42 0 - 2 4 8 0 8 . 7 8 , 3 6 . 9 8 . 6 7 . 8 7 . 4 8 . 7 8 02 5 - 2 9 7 1 7 . 8 7 . 5 6 . 4 7 . 2 6 . 8 6 7 7 . 5 7 .13 0 - 3 4 6 . 8 7 .1 6 . 9 5 . 9 6 . 0 6 , 0 6 3 6 , 5 6 . 43 5 - 3 9 6 . 2 7 . 2 6 . 7 5 1 5 . 6 5 . 4 5 . 6 6 3 6 04 0 - 4 4 6 . 0 5 9 6 . 0 4 .1 4 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 0 4 . 9 5 . 04 5 - ~ 4 9 5 .3 5 ,1 3 .6 4 , 2 3 . 9 4 . 2 4 . 7 4 . 55 0 - 5 4 3 . 5 2 , 9 3 2 2 . 5 2 9 2 . 7 2 . 9 2 . 9 2 . 95 5 - 5 9 3 . 0 2 8 2 . 9 2 . 3 2 . 6 2 . 5 2 . 7 2 . 7 2 . 760 -64 2 .4 2 .6 2 .5 2 ,1 2 .5 2 .3 2 .3 2 .5 2 .465 -69 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1 7 1 6 1,770 -74 1 .2 0 .9 1.0 I . I 1 .2 1 .2 I . I I . I 1 .17 5 - 7 9 0 , 6 0 . 4 0 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 4 0 . 58 0 + 0 4 0 . 4 0 4 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5T o t a l 1 ( 3 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0N u m b e r 1 8 , 2 9 3 1 8 , 4 7 5 3 6 , 7 6 8 2 2 , 0 6 8 2 2 , 6 8 7 4 4 , 7 5 5 4 0 , 3 6 0 4 1 , 1 6 2 8 1 , 5 2 3

Figure 2.1D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e H o u s e h o l d P o p u l a t i o n b y S e x a n d A g eA g e

8 4 2 0 2 4P e r c e n t

E D H S 1 9 9 5

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T a b ! e 2 . 2 P o p u l a t i o n b y a g e ) 1 9 8 8 r 19 9 2 , a n d 1 9 9 5Percent distribution o f t h e d e f a c to population b y b r o a d a g eg r o u p s , 1 9 8 8 E D H S , 1 9 9 2 E D H S , a n d 1 99 5 E D H S

1988 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 5A g e g r ou p E D H S E D H S E D H SL e s s t h a n 1 5 4 1 . 2 4 1 . 7 4 0 . 01 5 - 6 4 5 5 . 0 5 4 . 6 5 6 . 36 5 + 3 . 8 3 . 7 3 . 7T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0M e d i a n a g e - - 1 8 . 8 1 9 .3D e p e n d e n c y r a t io 8 1 . 8 8 3 . 2 7 7 . 6

H o u s e h o l d CompositionT a b le 2 . 3 p r e s e n t s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h o u s e h o ld s i n t h e E D H S - 9 5 s a m p le b y s e x o f t h e h e a d o f t h e

h o u s e h o ld a n d b y t h e n u m b e r o f h o u s e h o ld m e mb e r s . T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s a r e imp o r t a n t b e c a u s e t h e y a r eo f t e n a s s o c i a t e d w i th s o c io e c o n o mic d i f f e re n c e s b e tw e e n h o u s e h o ld s . F o r e x a m p le , fe ma le - h e a d e dh o u s e h o ld s f r e q u e n t ly a r e p o o r e r t h a n h o u s e h o ld s h e a d e d b y ma le s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s i z e a n d c o m p o s i t i o n

T a b l e 2 . 3 H o u s e h o l d c o m p o s m o nP e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d s b y s e x o f h e a d o f h o u s e h o l d a n d h o u s e h o l d s i z e , a c c o r d i n g t o u r b a n -r u r a l r e s i d e n c e a n dp l a c e o f r e si d e n c e , E g y p t 1 9 9 5

C h a r a c t e r i s ti c U r b a n R u r a l

P l a c e o f r e s i d e n c eU r b a n L o w e r E g y p t U p p e r E g y p t F r o n t ie r

G o v e r - G o v e r -n o t a t e s T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l n o r a t e s T o t a l

H o u s e h o l d h e a d s h i pM a l e 8 7 . 3 8 7 . 4 8 7 . 2 8 7 . 0 8 6 . 3 8 7 . 4 8 7 . 8 8 8 . 5 8 7 . 4 9 5 . 5 8 7 4Fe m a l e 12 .7 12 .6 12 .8 13 .0 13 .7 12 .6 12 .2 11 .5 12 .6 4 .5 12 .6T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0N u m b e r o f u su a l m e m b e r s

I 6 .1 4 .6 6 .6 5 0 5 . 9 4 . 5 5 . 0 5 . 5 4 . 8 3 . 2 5 . 42 10 .8 7 .1 11 .5 8 .6 10 .6 7 .6 7 .6 9 .8 6 .4 7 .1 9 .03 13 .0 9 .5 13 .2 11 .6 14 .3 10 .3 9 .3 11 .2 8 .4 8 .6 11 .34 1 9 . 9 1 0 . 5 2 1 . 0 1 3 . 8 1 9 . 0 1 1 . 2 1 2 . 8 1 8 . 7 9 . 6 1 6 . 4 ] 5 . 35 20 .2 15 .2 20 .7 18 .6 21 .1 17 .4 14 .3 18 .2 12 .2 16 .3 17 .76 13 .3 14 .6 12 .9 15 .0 13 .6 15 .7 13 .4 13 9 13 2 12 .8 14 .07 7 .6 12 .7 6 .7 11 .0 8 .7 12 .1 11 .6 8 .2 13 .4 10 .8 10 .18 4 .2 9 .1 3 .8 6 .3 3 .5 7 .7 9 .2 5 .8 11 .0 6 .8 6 .69+ 4 .6 16 .7 3 .5 10 .0 3 .0 13 .4 16 .7 8 .6 21 .0 17 .7 10 .5

T ot a l 100 .0 1O0.0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 l (g ) .O 10(9 .0 100 .0M ean s i ze 4 .6 6 .0 4 .5 5 ,3 4 .5 5 .7 5 .9 5 .1 6 .4 6 .1 5 .3N u m b e r o f h o u s e h o l d s 7 , 9 2 4 7 , 6 4 3 3 , 9 1 1 6 , 5 9 4 2 ,2 0 6 4 , 3 8 7 4 , 9 4 2 1 , 7 2 2 3 , 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 5 , 5 6 7N o t e : T a b l e i s b a s e d o n d e l u r e m e m b e r s , i . e ., u s u a l r es i d e n ts .

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of the household affects the allocation o f financial and other resources among household members, whichin turn influences the overal l well-being of these individuals. Household size is also associated with crowdingin the dwelling, which can lead to unfavorable health conditions. Unlike earlier tables, Table 2.3 is based onde jure membe rs , i.e. usual residents.

The household head was female in 13 percent of households in the 1995 EDHS. There is littlevariation in the proportion of female-headed households by residence, except for the Frontier Governorates ,where only 5 percent of households were reported to be headed by females.

There are on average 5.3 persons in an Egyptian household. Around one in four households hasfewe r than 4 membe rs, while two in five households have 6 or more members. Households in rural areasare larger than households in urban areas. For example , fewer than one in ten urban households has 8 or moremem bers compared with one in four rural households. By place of residence, household size varies from anavera ge of 4.5 in the Urban Governorates and urban Lower Egypt to 6.4 in rural Upper Egypt.2 . 2 E d u c a t i o n o f t h e H o u s e h o l d P o p u l a t i o n

The education level of household members is among the most important characteristics of thehousehold because it is associated with many phenomena including reproductive behavior, use ofcontraception, and the health of children. Results from household interviews can be used to look at botheducational attainment among household members and school attendance among children and young adults.Educat ional Atta inment

Tables 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 present data on the educational level of the household population age six andover. Primary education in Egypt starts at age six and continues for five years. A further three-year period,known as the preparatory stage, is considered basic education and is compulsory. T he secondary stage, whichincludes an additional three years of schooling, is not compulsory.

The results in Tables 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 confirm that there is a gap in educational attainment betweenmales and females. Overall, 83 percent of Egyptian males have attended school compared with only 65percent of females. Even among those who have gone to school, there is a gender gap in the numbe r of yearsof schooling; the median n umber of years of schooling for men is 6.1 compared with 3.3 for women.

An examination of the changes in educational indicators over successive cohorts indmates that therehave been substantial increases over time in the educational attainment of both men and women. Forexample, the median number of years of schooling is 12.2 for males age 20-24 years compared with 9.7 inthe 30-34 age group and 6.5 in the 40-44 age group. W omen have also experienced substantial imp roveme ntsin education. As a result, the differentials in educational attainment between males and females havenarrowed am ong younger cohorts; for example, the gap in the median number of schooling for the 20-24 agegroup is 3.3 years, while it is around one year for those under age 20.

Urban residents are both more likely to have attended school and to have remained in school for alonger period than mral residents. Gend er differences in educational attainment also are less eviden t in urbanthan in rural areas. The median years of schooling among rural women is 1.0 compared with 4.9 among men.The difference is smaller in urban areas, where the median years of schooling is 6.1 for wo men and 7.6 form e n .

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Table 2.4.1 Educational level of the male household populationPercent distribution of the de facto male household population age six and over by highest level ofeducation attended, according to selected background characteristics, Egypt 1995

Primary Completed Number MedianBackground No Some th ro ug h secondary/ of numbercharacteristic education pri mar y secondary higher Total pe rso ns olyear sA g e g r o u p6-9 9.3 90.5 0.2 0.0 100.0 4,604 1.610-14 5.4 41.0 53.5 0.0 100.0 5,525 6.215-19 6.3 14.3 59.9 19.5 100.0 4,670 9.920-24 8.0 12.8 23.7 55.5 100.0 2,973 12.225-29 12.2 17.2 16.6 54.0 100.0 2,704 12.130-34 16.2 20.3 16.5 47.0 100.0 2,544 9.735-39 18.2 22.2 17.5 42.1 100.0 2,258 8440-44 25.6 20.5 18.5 35.5 100.0 2,020 6.545-49 33.8 19.5 19.3 27.4 100.0 1,709 5.750-54 40.3 17.1 18.8 23.7 109.0 1,181 4.955-59 45.7 17.7 17.0 19.6 100.0 1,074 2.7

60-64 50.2 23A 9.7 17.1 100.0 909 0 065+ 63.3 16.9 10.1 9.8 100.0 1,555 0.0U r b a n - r u r a lres id en ceUrban 11.2 28.4 28.4 32.0 100.0 15,703 7.6Rural 23.0 34.0 25.7 17.3 100.0 18,023 4.9

Place o f res id en ceUrban Governorates 10 .9 27.8 28.9 32.4 100.0 7,614 7 8Lower Egypt 16.7 32.0 28.0 23.3 100.0 14,426 6 2Urban 9.8 28.3 28.5 33.3 100.0 4,312 7.9Rural 19.6 33.6 27.8 19.0 1000 10,113 5.5Upper Egypt 23.1 33.0 24.2 19.7 100.0 I 1,383 4.9Urban 13.6 29.7 27.2 29.5 100 0 3,585 6.9Rural 27.5 34.5 22.8 15.2 109.0 7,797 3.9Frontier Governorates 16.0 29.5 28.2 26.3 100.0 304 66Total 17.5 31.4 26.9 24.2 1000 33,726 6.1

By place of residence, gender differences in the likelihood of attending school are most str iking inrural Upper Egypt and least evident in the Urban Governorates. In rural Upper Egypt, only 41 percent ofwomen have ever attended school compared with 73 percent among males. In the Urban Goveruorates, thegap is much smaller, with 80 percent of women having some education compared with 89 percent of men.

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T a b l e 2 , 4 . 2 E d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l o f t h e f e m a l e h o u s e h o l d p o p u l a t i o nP e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e d e f a c t o f e m a l e h o u s e h o l d p o p u l a t i o n a g e s i x a n d o v e r b y h i g h e s t l e v e l o fe d u c a t i o n a t t e n d e d , a c c o r d i n g t o s e l e c t e d b a c k g r o u n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , E g y p t 1 9 9 5

P r i m a r y C o m p l e t ed N u m b e r M e d i a nB a c k g r o u n d N o S o m e t h r o u g h s e c o nd a r y / o f n u m b e rc h a r a c t e r is t i c e d u c a t i o n p r i m a r y s e c o n d a r y h i g h e r T o t a l p e r s o n s o f y e a r sA g e g r o u p6 - 9 1 9 . 3 8 0 . 4 0 . 3 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 4 , 2 4 9 1 . 41 0 - 1 4 1 7 .1 3 5 . 9 4 7 . 0 0 1 I 0 0 . 0 5 , 5 0 4 5 . 01 5 - 1 9 1 9 . 4 1 3 . 4 4 7 . 5 1 9 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 4 , 5 9 8 9 . 32 0 - 2 4 2 7 . 8 1 1 . 6 1 7 . 4 4 3 . 2 1 0 0 0 3 , 5 6 3 8 . 9

2 5 - 2 9 3 6 . 4 1 6 .5 9 . 8 3 7 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 3 , 0 8 8 5 . 53 0 - 3 4 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 4 9 . 5 3 0 .1 ] 0 0 . 0 2 , 6 7 2 3 . 73 5 - 3 9 4 4 . 4 2 3 . 5 9 . 8 2 2 . 2 1 0 0 0 2 , 5 9 7 2 . 640- 44 47 .5 22 .2 12 .8 17 5 100 .0 2 ,034 1 .84 5 - 4 9 5 4 . 7 2 1 . 4 1 3 .1 1 0 . 8 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 9 3 8 0 . 05 0 - 5 4 6 2 . 6 1 9 .1 8 . 8 9 , 5 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 1 9 5 0 . 05 5 - 5 9 6 5 . 4 1 9 .3 8 . 5 6 . 8 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 1 2 7 0 . 06 0 - 6 4 6 8 . 8 2 1 . 7 5 . 8 3 . 8 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 0 4 5 0 . 06 5 + 8 0 . 8 1 1 . 9 5 .1 2 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 4 9 8 0 . 0

U r b a n - r u r a lres idenceU r b a n 2 0 . 8 2 8 . 2 2 5 . 3 2 5 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 1 6 , 0 7 9 6 .1R u r a l 4 7 , 8 2 7 . 6 15 . 8 8 . 8 1 0 0 . 0 1 9 , 0 3 2 1 0Pl a e e o f r e s i d e n ceU r b a n G o v e r n o r a t e s 2 0 . 4 2 7 . 2 2 6 .1 2 6 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 7 , 8 5 5 6 . 3L o w e r E g y p t 3 3 . 0 2 9 . 8 2 0 . 7 1 6 .5 1 0 0 . 0 1 5 , 0 1 0 3 . 5

U r b a n 1 8 . 8 2 8 . 9 2 5 . 5 2 6 . 8 1 0 0 . 0 4 , 3 6 1 6 . 3R u r a l 3 8 . 9 3 0 . 2 1 8 . 7 1 2 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 , 6 4 9 2 . 4U pp e r E g ypt 48 .3 26 .1 15 .5 10 .1 1 (30.0 11 ,948 1 .0U r b a n 2 4 .1 2 9 . 7 2 3 . 2 2 3 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 3 , 6 8 1 5 .3R u r a l 5 9 . 1 2 4 . 5 1 2 . 0 4 . 4 1 0 0 0 8 , 2 6 7 0 . 0F r o n t i e r G o v e r n o r a t e s 3 3 . 9 2 5 . 8 2 1 0 1 9 . 2 1 0 0 0 2 9 8 3 . 8

T ot a l 35 .4 27 .9 20 .1 16 .5 100 .0 35 ,111 3 .3N o t e : I n c l u d e s 3 p e r s o n s m i s s i n g / d o n ' t k n o w

S c h o o l A t t e n d a n c eT a b le 2 . 5 s h o w s t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e h o u s e h o ld p o p u la t i o n a g e 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s w h o a r e c u r r e n t l y

a t t e n d in g s c h o o l a c c o r d in g t o a g e , s e x , u r b a n - r u r a l re s id e n c e , a n d p l a c e o f r e s id e n c e . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w th a tb o th g e n d e r a n d r e s id e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s p e r s is t i n th e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e p o p u la t i o n c u r r e n t l y a t t e n d in g s c h o o li n E g y p t .

L o o k in g a t g e n d e r d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e a t t e n d a n c e d a t a i n T a b l e 2 . 5, i t i s c l e a r th a t b o y s a r e g e n e r a l l ymo r e l i k e ly t h a n g i r l s t o b e a t t e n d in g s c h o o l . F o r e x a m p le , w h i l e 8 9 p e r c e n t o f b o y s a g e 6 - 1 0 a r e a t t e n d in gs c h o o l , t h i s f i g u r e i s o n ly 7 9 p e r c e n t f o r g i r l s a g e 6 - 1 0 . S im i l a r d i f f e r e n c e s b y g e n d e r a r e o b s e r v e d i n t h ea t t e n d a n c e r a t e s f o r o ld e r c h i l d r e n , w i th t h e g a p i n c r e a s in g w i th t h e a g e o f t h e c h i l d r e n .

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T a b l e 2 . 5 S c h o o l a t t e n d a n c eP e r c e n t a g e o f t h e d e fa c t o h o u s e h o l d p o p u l a t i o n a g e 6 - 2 4 y e a r s w h o a r e c u r r e n t ly a t t e n d i n g s c h o o l , b y a g eg r o u p , s e x , u r b a n - r u r a l r e s id e n c e , a n d p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e, E g y p t 1 9 9 5

P l a c e o f r e s i d e n c eU r b a n L o w e r E g y p t U p p e r E g y p t F r o n t ie rA g e G o v e r - G o v e r -g r o u p U r b a n R u r a l n o t a t e s T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l n o r a t e s T o t a l

M A L E6 - 1 0 9 2 , 6 8 6 . 7 9 2 . 8 9 1 . 5 9 4 . 0 9 0 . 5 8 4 . 7 9 0 . 4 8 2 . 7 9 0 . 6 8 9 . 11 1 - 1 5 8 2 . 6 7 6 , 9 8 1 . 2 8 0 . 6 8 2 . 3 7 9 , 9 7 6 . 5 8 5 , 0 7 3 . 0 8 2 . 5 7 9 . 36 - 1 5 8 7 . 8 8 2 . 0 8 7 , 3 8 6 . 0 8 8 . 1 8 5 . 2 8 1 . 0 8 7 . 8 7 8 . 4 8 6 . 9 8 4 , 41 6 - 2 0 5 4 . 3 4 3 . 0 5 6 . 3 4 8 . 7 5 5 . 5 4 5 . 9 4 2 . 5 4 9 . 0 3 9 . 7 4 3 . 7 4 8 . 121- 24 19 .3 12 ,9 21 .6 15 ,1 19 .0 13 .1 13 .4 14 .8 12 .6 8 .2 16 .1

F E M A L E6 - 1 0 9 2 . 3 6 9 . 7 9 1 , 8 8 6 . 0 9 4 , 6 8 3 . 1 6 4 . 8 9 0 . 7 5 4 . 5 8 0 . 7 7 9 . 01 1 - 1 5 8 4 , 5 5 6 . 9 8 3 , 4 7 5 . 0 8 7 . 4 7 0 . 1 5 3 , 7 8 3 . 3 4 1 . 2 7 0 . 0 6 9 . 06 - 1 5 8 8 . 4 6 3 . 6 8 7 , 6 8 0 . 7 9 0 . 9 7 6 . 9 5 9 . 5 8 7 , 1 4 8 . 3 7 5 , 7 7 4 . 11 6 - 2 0 4 7 . 3 2 4 . 1 4 9 , 9 3 7 . 9 5 3 , 9 3 1 . 8 1 9 . 8 3 3 , 8 1 3 . 8 2 9 , 5 3 4 . 321- 24 12 .7 3 .5 15 .1 6 .7 12 .5 4 .4 4 ,2 8 .3 2 .2 6 .7 7 ,7

T O T A L6 - 1 0 9 2 . 5 7 8 . 4 9 2 . 3 8 8 . 8 9 4 . 3 8 6 , 8 7 5 . 1 9 0 . 5 6 9 . 3 8 6 . 0 8 4 . 21 1 - 1 5 8 3 . 6 6 7 . 2 8 2 . 3 7 7 . 9 8 4 . 8 7 5 . 3 6 5 . 1 8 4 . 2 5 7 . 2 7 6 . 6 7 4 . 26 - 1 5 8 8 . 1 7 3 , 1 8 7 . 4 8 3 . 4 8 9 . 5 8 1 . 2 7 0 , 5 8 7 . 4 6 3 . 7 8 1 . 7 7 9 . 41 6 - 2 0 5 0 . 7 3 3 . 2 5 3 ,1 4 3 . 0 5 4 . 7 3 8 . 4 3 1 . 2 4 1 . 5 2 6 . 8 3 6 , 2 4 1 . 02 1 - 2 4 1 5 . 9 7 .7 1 8 . 3 1 0 , 6 1 5 . 8 8 , 3 8 . 4 1 1 . 3 6 , 9 7 . 4 1 1 . 6

C o n s id e r in g t h e e f f e c t o f r e s id e n c e , t h e g a p i n a t t e n d a n c e r a t e s b e tw e e n u r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s i sp r e s e n t f o r b o y s a n d e v e n m o r e s t r i k in g f o r g i r ls . F o r e x a m p le , th e a t t e n d a n c e r a t e f o r b o y s a g e 6 - 1 0 y e a r sin u r b a n a r e a s i s 9 3 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i th 8 7 p e r c e n t i n r u r a l ar e a s ; f o r g i r ls , t h e p e r c e n t a g e i s 9 2 p e r c e n ti n u r b a n a r e a s b u t o n ly 7 0 p e r c e n t i n r u r a l a r e a s ( s ee F ig u r e 2 .2 ). U r b a n - r u r a l d i f f e r e n t i a l s i n a t t e n d a n c e r a t e sa r e l a r g e r in U p p e r E g y p t t h a n i n L o w e r E g y p t , p a r t i c u l a rl y f o r g i r ls . W h i l e 9 1 p e r c e n t o f g i r l s a g e 6 - 1 0 i nu r b a n U p p e r E g y p t a r e a tt e n d in g s c h o o l , o n ly 5 5 p e r c e n t o f g i r ls i n t h i s a g e g r o u p i n r u r a l U p p e r E g y p t a t te n ds c h o o l . I n c o n t r a s t, 9 5 p e r c e n t o f g i r l s a g e 6 - 1 0 y e a r s i n u r b a n L o w e r E g y p t a r e c u r r e n t l y a t t e n d in g s c h o o lc o m p a r e d w i t h 8 3 p e r c e n t o f g i r ls i n t h a t a g e g r o u p i n r u ra l L o w e r E g y p t .

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Figure 2 .2S c h o o l A t t e n d a n c e a m o n g C h i l d r e n A g e 6 - 1 5b y A g e , S e x , a n d U r b an -R u r a l R e s i d e n c e

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T a b l e 2 . 6 p r e s e n t s t h e d i s t ri b u t io n o f h o u s e h o l d s b y s e l e ct e d h o u s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s , i n c l u d i n g t h es o u r c e o f d r i n k i n g w a t e r , t y p e o f s a n i t a ti o n f a c il it ie s , t y p e o f f l o o r i n g , a n d t h e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s p e r s l e e p i n gr o o m . T h e s e a r e i m p o r t a n t d e t e r m i n a n t s o f t h e h e a lt h s ta t u s o f h o u s e h o l d m e m b e r s , p a r t i c u l a r ly c h i l d r en .T h e y c a n a l s o b e u s e d a s i n d i c a t o r s o f t h e s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a tu s o f h o u s e h o l d s .

O v e r a l l , 9 6 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d s h a v e e l e c t ri c i t y . D i f f e r e n t i a l s in t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f e l e c t r ic i t y b yu r b a n - r u r a l r e s id e n c e a n d p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e a r e s m a l l . I n u r b a n a r e a s , v i rt u a l ly al l h o u s e h o l d s h a v ee l e c tr i c it y , a n d , i n r u r a l a r e a s , 9 2 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d s h a v e e l e c tr i c it y . T h e l o w e s t p r o p o r t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d sw i t h e l e c t r ic i t y i s f o u n d i n r u r al U p p e r E g y p t ( 8 7 p e r c e n t ).

I n E g y p t , m o r e t h a n e i g h t i n t e n h o u s e h o l d s h a v e a c c e s s t o p i p e d w a t e r , m a i n l y w i t h i n t h e i r d w e l l in g .U r b a n h o u s e h o l d s a r e s o m e w h a t m o r e l i k e l y t o h a v e a c c e s s to s a f e d r i n k i n g w a t e r th a n r u r a l h o u s e h o l d s .A m o n g u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s , 9 2 p e r c e n t h a v e p i p e d w a t e r in t h e ir r e si d e n c e , a n d 4 p e r c e n t o b t a in w a t e r f r o ma p u b l i c t ap . A m o n g r u r a l h o u s e h o l d s a l m o s t 7 0 p e r c e n t h a v e a c c e s s t o p i p e d w a t e r , p r i m a r i l y i n t h e i rr e s i d e n c e ( 5 3 p e r c e n t ). A m o n g t h e r e m a i n i n g ru r a l h o u s e h o l d s , m o s t u s e w e l l w a te r . H o u s e h o l d s i n r u r a lU p p e r E g y p t a r e s o m e w h a t m o r e l i k e ly t o b e r e l y i n g o n w e l l w a t e r t h a n h o u s e h o l d s i n r u r a l L o w e r E g y p t ( 3 8p e r c e n t a n d 1 7 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .

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T a b l e 2 . 6 H o u s i n g c h a ra c t e r is t i csP e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d s b y h o u s i n g c h a r a c t er i s ti c s , a c c o r d i n g t o u r b a n - r u r a l r e s i d e n c e a n d p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e ,E g y p t 1 9 9 5

P l a c e o f r e s i d e n c eU r b a n L o w e r E g y p t U p p e r E g y p t F r o n t i erG o v e r - G o v e r -C h a r a c t e r i s ti c U r b a n R u r a l n o t a t e s T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l n o t a t e s T o t a l

E l e c t r i c i t yY e s 9 9 . 0 9 1 . 9 9 9 . 3 9 6 . 8 9 9 . 3 9 5 , 6 9 0 . 8 9 7 . 8 8 7 . 0 9 1 . 9 9 5 . 5N o 1 .0 8 .1 0 .7 3 .2 0 .7 4 .4 9 .2 2 .2 12 .9 8 .0 4 .5T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 I 0 0 . 0 I 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0S o u r c e o f d r i n k i n g w a t e rP i p e d w a t e rP i p e d i n t o r e s i d e n c e 9 2 . 4 5 3 . 2 9 4 . 7 7 1 , 7 9 4 . 4 6 0 . 2 5 8 . 7 8 6 . 5 4 3 . 9 4 9 5 7 3 . 2Pu bl ic tap 4.1 16.2 4.3 14.3 3.8 19 6 9.2 4.2 ] 1.9 0 9 10.1W e l l w a t e rWe l l i n r e s i de n c e 0 .7 13 .3 0 .1 6 .8 0 .3 10 .0 12 .6 2 .7 18 .0 1 .3 6 .9P u b h c w e l l 0 . 4 1 2 . 2 0 . 0 4 . 4 0 . 2 6 . 5 1 3 . 6 I 3 2 0 .1 3 . 0 6 . 2Ni l e / c a na l 0 .0 0 .3 0 .0 0 . I 0 .0 0 . I 0 .3 0 0 0 .5 0 .1 0 . IOt h e r 2 .3 4 .7 0 .9 2 .8 1 .2 3 .6 5 .5 5 .1 5 .7 45 .2 3 .5T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 , 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0T i m e t o w a t e r s o u r c eW a t e r w i t h i n 1 5 m i n u t e s 9 5 . 9 8 1 . 3 9 6 . 2 8 5 . 8 9 7 . 4 7 9 . 9 8 7 . 0 9 3 . 9 8 3 . 2 8 0 . 7 8 8 . 7S a n i t a t i o n f a c i l i t yM o d e r n Oush t o d e t 5 0 . 4 6 . 2 5 7 . 7 2 1 . 8 4 7 . 4 8 . 9 1 4 . 7 3 7 . 4 2 . 6 3 9 1 28.7T ra dxt l ona l w / t a n k f l ush 1 .9 1 .4 I . I 2 .0 2 .6 1 .7 1 .7 3 .1 1 .0 3 .0 I 7T r a d i t i o n a l w / b u c k e t f l u s h 4 4 . 9 6 3 . 3 4 0 . 1 6 2 . 9 4 7 . 7 7 0 . 5 5 3 2 5 2 . 6 5 3 . 5 4 2 . 1 5 3 . 9P i t t o i l e t / l a t rme 1 .6 17 .8 0 .4 9 .8 1 .7 13 .8 16 .5 4 .2 23 .1 8 .6 9 5No fa c i l i t y 0 .9 9 .6 0 .5 2 .9 0 .5 4 .1 11 .9 2 .4 17 .0 1 .0 5 .2O t h e r 0 . 2 1 .7 0 .1 0 . 6 0 0 0 . 9 1 9 0 . 4 2 . 7 6 . 2 0 . 9T o t a l 1 0 0 0 1 ( 3 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0F l o o r i n gE a r t h / s a n d 5 . 9 5 4 . 0 2 . 6 2 8 . 7 4 . 6 4 0 . 8 5 2 . 3 1 5 .1 7 2 . 1 1 4 . 8 2 9 . 5P a r q u e f f p o h s h e d w o o d 2 . 4 0 . 0 3 , 8 0 . 3 0 . 8 0 . 0 0 . 6 1 .6 0 . 0 0 .1 1 .3C e ra m i c t i l e s 1 .3 0 .0 1 .8 0 .2 0 .6 0 .1 0 .3 0 .9 0 .0 0 .4 0 .7C e m e n t t i le s 7 4 . 0 2 2 . 0 7 6 . 6 4 4 . 1 7 5 . 2 2 8 . 5 3 1 . 8 6 6 . 9 1 3 .1 5 6 . 8 4 8 . 5C e me nt 10 .4 23 .4 10 .1 23 .6 I 1 .0 29 .9 12 .8 9 .8 14 ,5 23 .3 16 .8W a l l - t o - w a l l c a r p e t 4 . 7 0 . 4 3 .6 2 . 6 6 . 8 0 . 5 1 . 8 4 . 7 0 . 2 3 . 8 2 . 6Ot h e r 1 .3 0 .1 1 .6 0 .4 1 .0 0 .1 0 .3 0 .9 0 .0 0 .8 0 .7T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 , 0 1 1 3 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0P e r s o n s p e r s l e e p i n g r o o m1 - 2 6 6 . 0 4 7 . 2 6 7 . 6 5 6 . 7 6 7 . 0 5 1 . 5 4 8 . 0 6 0 . 7 4 1 . 3 6 5 0 5 6 . 73 - 4 2 7 . 7 3 9 . 9 2 6 . 2 3 4 . 7 2 7 . 6 3 8 2 3 8 . 3 3 1 . 0 4 2 . 2 3 0 . 3 3 3 . 7

5 - 6 4 . 7 9 . 3 4 . 4 6 . 6 3 . 9 7 . 9 9 . 4 6 . 2 1 1 .1 4 . 0 6 . 97 + 1 .7 3 .6 1 .7 2 .0 1 4 2 .4 4 .2 2 1 5 .4 0 .8 2 .6Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lO 0. O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lO0.OM e a n p e r s o n s pe r r o o m 2 .5 3 .1 2 .5 2 .8 2 .5 2 .9 3 .1N u m b e r o f h o u s e h o l d s 7 , 9 2 4 7 ,6 4 3 3, 91 1 6 , 5 9 4 2 , 2 0 6 4 , 3 8 7 4 , 9 4 2

2 . 7 3 3 2 . 6 2 . 81 , 7 2 2 3 , 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 5 , 5 6 7

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F o r m o s t h o u s e h o l d s , t h e s o u r c e f o r t h e i r d r i n k i n g w a t e r i s w i t h i n t h e ir d w e l l i n g o r n o t f a r f r o m t h e i rr e s i d e n c e . O v e r a l l , 8 9 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d s o b t a i n d r i n k i n g w a t e r i n th e i r d w e l l i n g o r w i t h i n 1 5 m i n u t e so f t h e r e s i d e n c e . U r b a n h o u s e h o l d s t e n d t o b e c l o s e r t o th e s o u r c e o f w a t e r t h a n r u r a l a r e a s ; 9 6 p e r c e n t o fh o u s e h o l d s i n u r b a n a r e a s r e p o r t t h a t th e s o u r c e f o r d r i n k i n g w a t e r is i n t he h o u s e o r w i t h i n 1 5 m i n u t e s o f t h ed w e l l i n g c o m p a r e d w i t h 8 1 p e r c e n t o f ru r a l h o u s e h o l d s .

M o r e t h a n a q u a r t e r o f E g y p t ia n h o u s e h o l d s h a v e a m o d e m f l u s h to i le t, a n d m o r e t h a n h a l f o fh o u s e h o l d s h a v e t r a d i t i o n a l fl u s h t o il e ts . T e n p e r c e n t u s e a p i t o r l a tr i n e a n d o n l y 5 p e r c e n t r e p o r t h a v i n g n ot o i l e t f a c i l i ti e s . T h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e t y p e o f t o il e t f a c i l it i e s a v a i l a b l e t o h o u s e h o l d s b y b o t h u r b a n -r u r a l r e s id e n c e a n d p l a c e o f r e s id e n c e . H o u s e h o l d s i n u r b a n a r e a s a re a b o u t e q u a l l y li k e l y t o h a v e a m o d e mf l u s h t o i le t ( 5 0 p e r c e n t ) o r a t r a d i t i o n a l fl u s h t o il e t (4 5 p e r c e n t ). O n l y 3 p e r c e n t o f u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s u s e ap i t o r l a t r in e o r r e p o r t t h a t t h e y h a v e n o t o i le t f ac i li ti e s . I n c o m p a r i s o n , 1 8 p e r c e n t o f r u r a l h o u s e h o l d s u s ea p i t o r l a t r in e , a n d 1 0 p e r c e n t s a y t h a t t h e y h a v e n o t o i l e t f a c i l it i e s . S a n i t a t i o n f a c i l i ti e s a p p e a r to b e p o o r e s ti n r u r a l U p p e r E g y p t , w h e r e 4 0 p e r c e n t e i t h e r u s e a p i t o r l a tr i n e o r h a v e n o f a c il i ti e s .

W i t h r e g a r d t o f l o o r i n g , a r o u n d h a l f o f h o u s e h o l d s l iv e i n d w e l l i n g s w i t h c e m e n t t i le f l o o r s , a na d d i t i o n a l 1 7 p e r c e n t h a v e a c e m e n t f l o o r , a n d 3 0 p e r c e n t h a v e e a r t h o r s a n d f l o o rs . T h e r e a r e s u b s t a n t i a ld i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e f lo o r i n g m a t e r i a l s in u r b a n a n d r u r a l d w e l li n g s . A m o n g u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s , 7 4 p e r c e n t h a v ea c e m e n t t i le f l o o r c o m p a r e d w i t h 2 2 p e r c e n t o f r u r al h o u s e h o l d s . C o n v e r s e l y , 5 4 p e r c e n t o f r u r a l h o u s e h o l d sl i v e in d w e l l i n g s t h a t h a v e e a r t h / s a n d f l o o r c o m p a r e d w i t h o n l y 6 p e r c e n t o f u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s . I n r u r a l U p p e rE g y p t , m o r e t h a n s e v e n i n t e n h o u s e h o l d s l i v e i n d w e l l i n g s w i th e a r t h / s a n d f lo o r s .

I n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s p e r s le e p i n g r o o m w a s c o l l e c t e d in t h e E D H S - 9 5 i n o r d e r t op r o v i d e a m e a s u r e o f c r o w d i n g . T a b l e 2 . 6 s h o w s t h a t 5 7 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d s h a d o n e o r t w o p e r s o n s p e rs l e e p i n g r o o m , a n d o n e - t h i r d h a d t h r e e t o f o u r p e r s o n s p e r s le e p i n g r o o m . T h e o v e r a l l m e a n i s 2 . 8 p e r s o n sp e r s l e e p in g r o o m . R u r a l h o u s e h o l d s a re m o r e c r o w d e d t h a n u r b a n h o u s eh o l d s . T h e m e a n n u m b e r o f p e r s o n sp e r s l e e p i n g r o o m i s 2 . 5 in u r b a n a r e a s c o m p a r e d w i t h 3.1 p e r s o n s i n r u r a l a r e a s . T h e m o s t c r o w d e d a r e a isr u r a l U p p e r E g y p t (3 . 3 p e r s o n s p e r s l e e p in g r o o m ) .

H o u s e h o l d P o s s e s si o n sT a b l e 2 . 7 p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o u s e h o l d o w n e r s h i p o f d u r a b l e g o o d s a n d o t h e r p o s s e s s i o n s .

W i t h r e g a r d t o d u r a b l e g o o d s , a l m o s t e i g h t i n t e n h o u s e h o l d s i n E g y p t o w n a t e l e v is i o n ( c o l o r o r b l a c k a n dw h i t e ), m o r e t h a n s e v e n i n te n h o u s e h o l d s o w n a w a s h i n g m a c h i n e , m o r e t h a n s i x i n te n o w n a r a d i o w i t h ac a s s e t t e r e c o r d e r o r a s t o v e , a n d m o r e t h a n h a l f o w n a r e f r i g e r a t o r o r e l ec t r ic f a n . U r b a n h o u s e h o l d s a r e m o r el i k e ly t o h a v e t h e c o n v e n i e n c e o f t h e se i t em s t h a n r u r a l h o u s e h o l d s . F o r e x a m p l e , 9 0 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d si n u r b a n a r e a s o w n a w a s h i n g m a c h i n e c o m p a r e d w i t h a r o u n d 6 0 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d s i n r u r a l a r e a s .S i m i l a r l y , 8 5 p e r c e n t o f u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s o w n a g a s s t o v e c o m p a r e d w i t h 4 0 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d s i n r u r a la r e a s . R a t e s o f o w n e r s h i p o f v a r i o u s h o u s e h o l d p o s s e s s i o n s a l s o d i f f e r b y p l a c e o f r e s id e n c e , w i t h h i g h e rr a te s o f o w n e r s h i p f o r m o s t i t em s r e p o r t e d a m o n g h o u s e h o l d s i n th e U r b a n G o v e m o r a t e s , L o w e r E g y p t , a n dt h e F r o n t i e r G o v e m o r a t e s t h a n i n U p p e r E g y p t . H o u s e h o l d s i n r u r a l U p p e r E g y p t h a v e t h e l o w e s t ra t e s o fo w n e r s h i p f o r a l l d u r a b l e g o o d s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f a n e l e c t r ic f a n .

T a b l e 2 . 7 a l s o i n c l u d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o u s e h o l d o w n e r s h i p o f a m e a n s o f t r a n s p o r t a ti o n . O v e r a l l ,8 p e r c e n t o f h o u s e h o l d s o w n a c a r o r m o t o r c y c l e , w i t h th e h i g h e s t r a te o f o w n e r s h i p i n th e U r b a nG o v e m o r a t e s ( 1 4 p e r c e n t ) a n d t h e l o w e s t r a t e in r u ra l U p p e r E g y p t (3 p e r c e n t) . R a t e s o f o w n e r s h i p o fb i c y c l e s v a r y f r o m 9 p e r c e n t i n th e U r b a n G o v e m o r a t e s t o 2 8 p e r c e n t i n t h e F r o n t i e r G o v e m o r a t e s .

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T ab le 2 .7 Househo ld possess ionsPercen tag e o f househo lds p ossess ing va r ious househo ld e f fec ts , means o f t r anspo r ta tion , p rope r ty , and fa rman imals / imp lemen ts , by u rban - ru ra l r e s idence and p lace o f re s idence , E gyp t 1995

Possess ion Urba n Rura l

P lace o f re s idenceU r b a n L o w e r E g y p t U p p e r E g y p t F r o n t i e rG o v e r - G o v e r -n o r a te s T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l T o t a l U r b a n R u r a l n or a t es T o t a l

Household effectsR a d i o 7 3 , 4 5 4 . 6 7 4 . 9 6 1 . 7 7 2 . 0 5 6 , 5 5 8 . 8 7 1 . 6 5 1 . 9 7 2 , 0 6 4 . 2T e l e v i s i o n 8 8 . 5 6 8 . 8 9 0 , 0 7 8 . 8 8 8 . 1 7 4 . 1 6 9 . 9 8 5 . 3 6 1 . 6 8 2 . 7 7 8 . 8Video 14 .8 1 .0 18 .5 4 .1 10 .2 i . I 5 .0 12 .4 1 .0 6 .9 8 .0E l e c t r i c f a n 6 9 . 7 3 8 . 6 7 0 . 7 4 5 . 4 6 4 . 3 3 5 . 8 5 3 . 5 7 4 , 2 4 2 . 5 6 0 , 0 5 4 . 4C o o k i n g s t o v e 8 5 . 4 3 9 . 6 8 9 . 3 6 3 . 6 8 6 . 2 5 2 . 2 4 0 . 9 7 5 . 6 2 2 . 3 7 6 , 7 6 2 . 9W a t e r h e a t e r 4 4 . 3 6 . 5 4 9 . 6 1 9 . 4 4 0 . 6 8 . 7 1 5 . 4 3 7 . 6 3 . 6 2 6 . 8 2 5 . 8R e f r i g e r a to r 7 7 . 9 3 3 .1 8 0 . 6 4 8 . 9 7 4 . 5 3 6 . 0 4 5 . 2 7 5 . 7 2 9 . 0 7 6 . 5 5 5 . 9Sew ing mach ine 22 .9 9 .7 23 .9 15 .4 22 .9 11 .5 11 .6 20 .1 7 .0 27 .2 16 .4W a s h i n g m a c h i n e 8 9 . 8 5 9 . 4 9 0 . 8 7 8 . 7 9 1 . 2 7 2 . 4 5 7 . 0 8 5 . 5 4 1 , 8 7 9 . 6 7 4 . 9

Means of transportationBicyc le 13 ,5 16 .0 8 .6 17 .4 17 .3 17 ,5 15 .5 18 .7 13 .8 28 .0 14 ,7Pr iva te ca r /mo to rcyc le 12 ,4 4 .2 14 .4 6 .4 9 .5 4 .9 6 .1 11 .5 3 .2 15 .0 8 .4P r o p e r t yFarm/o the r land 7 .0 37 ,8 4 .2 27 .2 10 .3 35 .7 29 .6 9 .3 40 .4 22 .5 22 .1Farm animals/implementsLives tock /pou l t ry 4 ,0 39 .8 1 .5 23 .6 4 .8 33 .0 34 .8 8 .4 48 .9 19 .7 21 .6None o f the above 2 .8 10 .0 2 .1 5 .5 2 .0 7 .2 10 .9 5 ,2 13 .9 1 .6 6 .3N u m b e r o f h o u s e ho l d s 7 , 9 2 4 7, 6 4 3 3 , 91 1 6 , 5 9 4 2 , 2 0 6 4 , 3 8 7 4 , 9 4 2 1 , 7 2 2 3 , 2 2 0 1 21 1 5 , 5 6 7

A s e x p e c t e d , h o u s e h o l d s i n r u r a l a r e a s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e l i k e ly t h a n u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s t o o w na f a r m o r o t h e r la n d . M o r e t h a n o n e - t h i r d o f r u r a l h o u s e h o l d s o w n a f a r m o r o t h e r l a n d c o m p a r e d w i t h o n l y7 p e r c e n t o f u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s . T h e r e a l s o w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a ti o n i n th e p r o p o r t i o n r e p o r t i n g t h a t th e yo w n e d l i v e s t o c k o r p o u l t r y , f r o m n e a r l y 5 0 p e r c e n t o f r u r a l U p p e r E g y p t h o u s e h o l d s t o o n l y 2 p e r c e n t o fh o u s e h o l d s i n t h e U r b a n G o v e r n o r a t es .2 .4 Ba c k g r o u n d C h a r a c t e ri s ti c s o f R e s p o n d e n t sGeneral Characteristics

T a b l e 2 . 8 p r e s e n t s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r e s p o n d e n t s t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l q u e s t i o n n a i r e b y v a r i o u sbackground c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n c l u d i n g a g e , m a r i t a l s ta t u s, u r b a n - r u r a l r e s id e n c e , p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e ,e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l, a n d r e li g i o n . A s n o t e d i n C h a p t e r 1 , e v e r - m a r r i e d w o m e n a g e 1 5 - 4 9 w h o w e r e u s u a lr e s i d e n t s o r p r e s e n t i n t h e h o u s e h o l d o n t h e n i g h t b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w e r ' s v i s it w e r e e l i g ib l e t o b e i n t e r v i e w e di n th e E D H S - 9 5 . A m o n g t h e e v e r - m a r r i e d w o m e n i n th e s a m p l e , 9 3 p e r c e n t a r e c u r r e n tl y m a r r i e d , 5 p e r c e n ta r e w i d o w e d , a n d 2 p e r c e n t a r e d i v o r c e d .

L o o k i n g a t t h e a g e d i s tr i b u t io n i n T a b l e 2 . 8 , s l i g h tl y m o r e t h a n o n e - t h i r d o f E D H S - 9 5 r e s p o n d e n t sa r e u n d e r a g e 3 0 a n d a r o u n d o n e - q u a r t e r a r e a g e 4 0 a n d o v e r . T h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f w o m e n i n t h e a g e g r o u p s

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1 5 - 1 9 a n d 2 0 - 2 4 a r e sm a l l e r th a n t he p e r c e n t-a g e o f w o m e n i n t he 2 5 - 2 9 a g e g r o up . T h i s i sd u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t o n l y e v e r - m a r r i e d w o m e nwere in t erv iewed in Egypt and t hat t here hasb e e n a t r e n d t o w a r d d e l a y i n g m a r r i a g e i nEgy pt . M arr iage patt erns are descr ibed in moredet a i l in Chapt er 8 .

M o r e t h a n h a l f o f th e w o m e n i nt er -v i e w e d ( 5 4 p e r c e n t ) a r e l i v i n g i n ru r a l a r ea s .C o n s i d e r i n g p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e , s l i g h tl y m o r et h a n o n e - f i f t h o f t h e w o m e n i n t e r v i e w e d a r ef r o m t h e U r b a n G o v e r n o r a t e s , 4 2 p e r c e n t li v ei n L o w e r E g y p t , a n d 3 5 p e r c e n t li v e in U p p e rE g y p t . O n l y o n e p e r c e n t a r e f r o m th e F r o n t i e rG o v e r n o r a t e s .

T a b l e 2 . 8 s h o w s t h a t t h e e d u c a t i o n a ll e v e l o f t h e w o m e n i n t e r v i e w e d i n t h eE D H S - 9 5 v a r ie s c o n s i d e r a b l y . F o r ty - f o u r p er -c e n t o f t h e w o m e n h a v e n e v e r a t t en d e d s c h o o l,2 0 p e r c e n t a t t e n d e d b u t d i d n o t c o m p l e t e t h ep r i m a r y l e v e l, a n d 1 3 p e r c e n t h a v e c o m p l e t e dp r i m a r y s c h o o l a n d / o r a t t e n d e d a t l e a s t s o m es e c o n d a r y s c h o o l . O n l y a r o u n d o n e - q u a r t e r o fw o m e n h a v e c o m p l e t e d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l o rh i g h e r .

T h e r e s u l ts i n T a b l e 2 . 8 s u g g e s t t h a tr e l a t i v e l y f e w E g y p t i a n w o m e n r e c e i v e c a s hf o r a n y w o r k t h a t t h e y d o . O n l y 1 6 p e r c e n t o fE D H S - 9 5 r e s p o n d e n t s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y a r ew o r k i n g a t a j o b f o r w h i c h t h e y a r e p a i d i nc a s h .

F i n a l l y , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e w o m e ni n t e r v i e w e d a r e M u s l i m s ( 9 5 p e r c en t ) .D i f f e r e n t i a l s i n E d u c a t i o n

A n o v e r v i e w o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e -t w e e n w o m e n ' s l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n a n d o t h e r

Table 2.8 Background characteristics of respondentsPercent distribuUon of ever-married women by selectedbackground characteristics, Egypt 1995

Number of womenBackground Weighted Un-characteristic percent Weighted weightedMarital statusMarried 92.8 13,710 13,718Widowed 5.0 746 741Divorced 2.2 322 320Age group15-19 4.6 673 70420-24 14.5 2,136 2,16725-29 18.6 2,749 2,77030-34 17.6 2,605 2,60635-39 17.4 2,573 2,55440-44 13.9 2,059 2,00345-49 13.4 1,984 1,975U r b a n -r u r a l r e s id e n c eUrban 46.1 6,809 6,279Rural 53.9 7,970 8,500Place of res idenceUrban Governorates 22.4 3,312 2,595Lower Egypt 42.0 6,207 4,676Urban 12.4 1,830 1,447Rural 29.6 4,377 3,229Upper Egypt 34.7 5,125 6,262Urban 10.7 1,583 1,510Rural 24 0 3,543 4,752Frontier Governorates 0.9 135 1,246E d u c a t i o n

No education 43.7Some primary 19.7Primary through secondary 13,0Completed secondary/higher 23.6 3,483Work statusWorkmg for cash 15.6 2,312Not workmg for cash 84.4 12,467Rel ig ionMushm 94.6 13, 981Christian/other 5 4 798

6,464 6,7932,908 2,8211,923 1,8543,311

2,21612,563

13,910869All women 100.0 14,779 14,779

b a c k g r o u n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s p r o v i d e d i n T a b l e 2 .9 . A s e x p e c t e d , t h e l ev e l o f e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e s w i t hi n c r e a s in g a g e o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t a m o n g r e s p o n d e n ts a g e 2 5 a n d o v e r . T h e f a c t th a t w o m e n a g e 2 5 - 2 9 h a v ea g e n e r a l l y h i g h e r l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n t h a n w o m e n i n t h e 1 5 - 1 9 a n d 2 0 - 2 4 a g e g r o u p s s h o u l d n o t b e i n t e r p r e te da s e v i d e n c e o f a r e c e n t d e c li n e i n e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a in m e n t a m o n g y o u n g w o m e n . S i n c e o n l y e v e r - m a r r i e dw o m e n w e r e i n t e r v i e w e d , r e s p o n d e n t s in th e 1 5 - 1 9 a n d 2 0 - 2 4 a g e g r o u p s a r e m o r e l i k e ly to h a v e l o w e re d u c a t i o n a l l e v e ls t h a n o t h e r w o m e n i n th e s e a g e c o h o r t s b e c a u s e t h e y l e f t s c h o o l e a r l y ( e it h e r b e f o r e o r a tt h e t im e t h e y m a r r i e d ) .

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T a b l e 2 . 9 L e v e l o f e d u c a ti o nPercen t d i s t r ibu t ion o f eve r -mar r ied wom en by highest l e v e l o f education attended, according tose lec ted background cha rac te r i st ic s , E gyp t 1995

Lev el o f educat*onP r i m a r y C o m p l e t e d N u m b e rBackg round No Some through secondary / o fcha rac te r i s t ic educa t ion p r imary secondary h ighe r T o ta l wom en

A g e g r o u p15-19 43 .5 19 .3 26 .7 10 .5 100 .0 67320-24 37 .8 14 .6 20 .6 27 .1 100 .0 2 ,1362 5 - 2 9 3 8 . 9 1 6 .8 9 . 9 3 4 . 4 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 7 4 93 0 - 3 4 4 1 . 2 2 0 .1 9 , 8 2 9 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 6 0 53 5 - 3 9 4 4 . 7 2 3 . 8 9 . 7 2 1 . 8 1 0 0 , 0 2 , 5 7 34 0 - 4 4 4 7 . 3 2 2 , 3 1 2 . 6 1 7 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 0 5 945-4 9 55 ,4 20 .6 13 .5 10 .6 100 .0 1 ,984U r b a n -r u r a l r e s id e n c eUrba n 26 .5 19 .5 17 ,7 36 .4 100 .0 6 ,809Rura l 58 .5 19 .9 9 .0 12 .6 100 .0 7 ,970Pl a c e o f r e s i d e n ceUrba n Gov erno ra te s 26 .4 18 .6 19 .4 35 .5 100 .0 3 ,312Low er E gyp t 43 .5 20 .6 11 .8 24 . I 100 .0 6 ,207U r b a n 2 3 . 5 2 1 . 0 1 6 , 6 3 9 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 8 3 0Rura l 51 .8 20 ,4 9 .8 17 .9 100 .0 4 ,377Up per E gyp t 55 .3 19 .4 10 .3 15 .0 100 .0 5 ,125Urb an 30 .2 19 .7 15 .5 34 ,6 100 .0 1 ,583Rura l 66 .5 19 .3 8 .0 6 .2 100 .0 3 ,543Fron t ie r Gov emora te s 40 .9 14 .1 13 .9 31 .2 100 .0 135W o r k s t a t u sW o r k i n g f o r c a s h 2 1 , 4 8 . 2 4 . 2 6 6 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 3 1 2Not work in g fo r cash 47 .9 21 .8 14 .7 15 .7 1 (30 .0 12 ,467T o ta l 43 .7 19 .7 13 .0 23 .6 100 .0 14 ,779

W o m e n i n u r b a n a r e a s a r e m o r e e d u c a t e d t h a n t h o s e f r o m r u r a l a r e a s . T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f u r b a nw o m e n w h o h a v e c o m p l e t e d a t le a s t s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l is a lm o s t t h r e e ti m e s t h e p e r c e n t a g e a m o n g r u r a lw o m e n w h o h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e s e c o n d a r y le v e l (3 6 p e r c e n t a n d 1 3 p e r c e n t, r e s p e ct i v e ly ) . E d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l sa r e l o w e s t a m o n g w o m e n f r o m r u r al U p p e r E g y p t , w h e r e 6 7 p e rc e n t h av e n e v e r g o n e t o s c h o o l . T h e h i g h e s tl e v e ls a r e f o u n d i n t h e U r b a n G o v e r n o r a t e s , w h e r e o n l y a r o u n d o n e - q u a r t e r o f w o m e n h a v e n e v e r a t t e n d e ds c h o o l .

N o t s u r p r i s i n g l y , t h e m a j o r i ty o f w o m e n w o r k i n g f o r cash h a v e c o m p l e t e d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l o rh i g h e r .

R e a s o n s f o r L e a v i n g S c h o o lK n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e r e a s o n s w h i c h l ea d w o m e n t o d r o p o u t o f s c h o o l c a n p r o v i d e g u i d a n c e t o

p r o g r a m s s e e k i n g t o i m p r o v e e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t ie s fo r w o m e n . T o o b t a i n s o m e i n s i g h t i n to t h i s i s s u e ,e v e r - m a r r i e d w o m e n a g e 1 5 - 2 4 y ea r s w h o w e r e n o t c u r re n t ly a t te n d i n g s c h o o l w e r e a s k e d d u r i n g t h e E D H S -9 5 i n t e r v i e w a b o u t th e m a i n r e a s o n f o r le a v i n g s c h o o l. T a b l e 2 . 1 0 s h o w s t h e p e r c e n t d i s tr i b u t i o n o f w o m e n1 5 - 2 4 y e a r s a c c o r d i n g to w h e t h e r t h e y a r e c u r r e n t ly a t t e n d i n g s c h o o l a n d , i f n o t, t h e i r r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n gs c h o o l , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n a t t e n d e d .

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O n l y a s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n o fE D H S r e s p o n d e n t s ( 3 p e r c e n t ) w e r ea t t e n d i n g s c h o o l a t t h e t i m e o f t h e i n t er -v i e w . T h e r e a s o n s w o m e n g a v e f o r l e av -i n g v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l e v e l o fs c h o o l t h e y h a d a t t a i n e d a t th e t i m e t h e yl ef t sc h o o l. W o m e n w h o h a d n o t c o m -p l e t e d p r i m a r y s c h o o l w e r e m o s t l ik e l yt o s a y t h a t t h e y h a d l e f t b e c a u s e t h e yh a d n o t l i k e d s c h o o l ( 3 3 p e r c e n t ) o r b e -c a u s e t h e y h a d f a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n s .A l m o s t o n e - f i f th c i t ed t h e n e e d t o c a r ef o r o t h e r c h i l d r e n o r t o a s s i s t t h e f a m i l yi n o t h e r w a y s a s r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n gs c h o o l a n d 1 1 p e r c e n t s a i d t h a t t h e yc o u l d n o t p a y th e s c h o o l f e e s . M a r r i a g e( 3 6 p e r c e n t ) w a s t h e p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n f o rd r o p p i n g o u t o f s c ho o l a m o n g w o m e nw h o l e ft a f t e r c o m p l e t i n g th e p r i m a r yl e v e l f o l l o w e d b y t h e f a i l u r e t o p a s se x a m i n a t i o n s ( 2 2 p e r c e n t ) a n d a d i sl i k ef o r s c h o o l ( 1 8 p e r c e n t ). A m o n g t h o s ew h o c o m p l e t e d t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l ,o v e r 8 0 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y l e f tb e c a u s e t h e y h a d g r a d u a t e d o r h a de n o u g h s c h o o l w h i l e 9 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e dt h a t t h e y s t o p p e d g o i n g t o s c h o o l b e -c a u s e t h e y m a r r i e d .2 .5 A c c e s s t o M a s s M e d i a

T h e E D H S c o l le c t ed i n fo r m a -t io n o n t h e e x p o s u r e o f w o m e n t o b o t hb r o a d c a s t a n d p r i n t m e d i a . T h e s e d a t aa r e i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e t h e y p r o v i d es o m e i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e e x t en t t o w h i c hE g y p t i a n w o m e n a r e re g u l a r ly e x p o s edt o m a s s m e d i a , w h i c h a r e e x t e n s i v e l yu s e d i n E g y p t t o c o n v e y f a m i l y p l a n n i n ga n d h e a l t h m e s s a g e s t o t h e p o p u l a t io n .

T h e l ev e l o f e x p o s u r e o f w o m e nt o t e l e v i s i o n , r a d i o a n d n e w s p a p e r s o rm a g a z i n e s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 . 1 1 .A r o u n d o n e - q u a r t e r o f r e sp o n d e n t s r e a da n e w s p a p e r o r m a g a z i n e w e e k l y , m o r et h a n 8 0 p e r c e n t w a t c h t e l e v is i o n d a i l y ,a n d 6 4 p e r c e n t l is t e n to r a d i o d a il y . O n ei n f i v e w o m e n r e p o r t e d e x p o s u r e t o a l lt h r e e m e d i a , a n d o n l y 1 3 p e r c e n t h a d n om e d i a e x p o s u r e .

T a b l e 2 . 1 0 S c h o o l a t t e n d a n c e a n d r e as o n s f o r l e a v i n g s c h o o lP e r c en t d l s m b u t i o n o f e v e r - m a r ri e d w o m e n 1 5 - 2 4 b y w h e t h e r a t t en d i n gs c h o o l a n d r e a s o n f o r l e a v i n g s c h o o l , a c c o r d i n g t o h i g h e s t l e v e l o fe d u c a t i o n a t t en d e d a n d u r b a n - r u r a l r e s i d e n c e , E g y p t 1 9 9 5

E d u c a t i o n a l a t t m n m e n tA t t e n d a n c e / P r i m a r y C o m p l e t e dR e a s o n s f o r S o m e t h r o u g h s e c o n d a r y /l e a v i n g s c h o o l p r i m a r y s e c o n d a r y h i g h e r T o t a l

U R B A NCurrently attending 2.5 3.6 6 . 4 4 . 6Reason for leavingGot m a r r i e d 7 . 2T a k e c a r e o f y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n 5 . 4F a m i l y n e e d h e l p 6 . 6C o u l d n o t p a y s c h o o l f e e s 1 2 . 6N e e d t o e a r n m o n e y 0 , 9G r a d u a t e d / E n o u g h s c h o o l 0 .1D i d n o t p a s s e x a m s 1 6 . 2D i d n o t l i k e s c h o o l 3 2 . 9S c h o o l n o t a c c e s s i b le 0 . 0O t h e r 1 5 . 6D o n ' t k n o w / m i s s in g 0 . 0

T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0N u m b e r 1 4 3

3 7 . 7 7 . 8 1 9 . 41 .4 0 .0 1 .60 .9 0 .0 1 .78 .0 1 .4 6 .21 .5 0 .0 0 ,82 .1 82 .7 34 .915 .9 0 .1 9 .42 2 . 3 0 . 0 1 5 . 20.1 0.1 0.15 .8 0 .8 5 .70 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 5I ~ . 0 1 ~ . 0 1 ~ . 02 8 4 3 ~ 7 2 7

R U R A LCurrently attending 0.1 1.8 3.9 2 .0Reason for leavingG o t m a r r i e d 4 . 0 3 3 . 7 9 . 7 1 6 .1T a k e c a r e o f y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n 9 . 3 2 . 5 0 . 0 3 . 7F a m i l y n e e d h d p 1 2 . 9 3 .1 0 . 0 5 , 0C o u l d n o t p a y s c h o o l f e e s 9 . 8 5 . 2 1 . 0 5 .1N e e d t o e a r n m o n e y 0 . 3 0 . 9 0 . 0 0 . 4G r a d u a t e d / E n o u g h s c h o o l 0 . 3 2 . 4 8 2 . 7 3 0 3

D i d n o t p a s s e x a m s 1 5 . 5 2 7 . 2 0 . 6 1 4 . 2D i d n o t l i k e s c h o o l 3 2 . 5 1 4 . 2 0 . 0 1 4 . 7Sc h ool no t a c c e s s i b l e 1 .7 1 .3 0 ,6 1 .1Ot h e r 12 .9 6 .5 1 .3 6 .6D o n ' t k n o w / m i s s i n g 0 . 6 t . 2 0 . 3 0 . 7T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0N u m b e r 2 9 8 3 3 5 3 4 9 9 8 2

T O T A LCurrently attending 0 . 9 2 . 6 5.1 3.1Reason for leavingG o t m a r r i e d 5 . 0 3 5 . 5 8 . 8 1 7 . 5T a k e c a r e o f y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n 8 . 0 2 , 0 0 . 0 2 . 8

F a m i l y n e e d h e l p 1 0 , 9 2 . 1 0 . 0 3 . 6C o u l d n o t p a y s c h o o l f e e s 1 0 . 7 6 . 5 1 .2 5 . 6N e e d t o e a r n m o n e y 0 . 5 1 .2 0 . 0 0 . 6G r a d u a t e d / E n o u g h s c h o o l 0 . 2 2 . 2 8 2 . 7 3 2 . 3D i d n o t p a s s e x a m s 1 5 . 7 2 2 . 0 0 . 4 1 2 . 2D i d n o t l i k e s c h o o l 3 2 . 6 1 7 . 9 0 . 0 1 4 . 9S c h o o l n o t a c c e s s i b l e 1 .1 0 . 7 0 , 4 0 . 7O t h e r 1 3 . 8 6 . 2 1 .1 6 . 2D o n ' t k n o w / m i s s i n g 0 . 4 0 . 9 0 . 5 0 . 6T o t a l 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0N u m b e r 4 4 1 6 1 9 6 4 9 1 , 7 09

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Table 2.11 Access to mass mediaPercentage of ever.married women who usually read a newspaper once a week, watch televisiondaily, or listen to the radio daily, by s e l ec ted background characteristics, Egypt 1995

No Read Watch Listen to All NumberBackground media newspaper television radio three ofcharacteristic exposure weekly daily daily media womenA g e g r o u p15-19 11.5 17.7 83.6 67.2 14.1 67320-24 8.9 26.9 83,1 69.2 20.8 2,13625-29 11.5 30.0 82.5 65.5 23.8 2,74930-34 12.4 26.7 81,2 63.7 21.4 2,60535-39 13.4 24.2 80.0 62.6 19.5 2,57340-44 13.8 22,5 79.4 62.0 17.2 2,05945-49 16.2 16.6 77.2 59.4 13.4 1,984U r b a n -r u r a l r e s id e n c eUrban 5.0 38.7 89.3 72.0 30.7 6,809Rural 19.0 12.4 73,6 57.I 9.8 7,970Place of res idenceUrban Governorates 4.5 40.6 89.7 71.0 31.5 3,312Lower Egypt 11.2 25,0 81.8 65.7 20.1 6,207Urban 3.6 42.1 89.7 76.1 34.0 1,830Rural 14.3 17.8 78.5 61.4 14.3 4,377Upper Egypt 19.4 13.6 73.9 57.3 10,8 5,125Urban 7.8 30.7 87.6 69.4 25.0 1,583Rural 24.5 5.9 67,8 51.9 4.4 3,543Frontier Governorates 12.2 29.6 79.1 67.5 23.6 135E d u c a t i o nNo education 21.6 0.5 71.4 51.9 0,3 6,464Some primary 12.0 7.6 80.8 61.3 5.2 2,908Primary through secondary 3.2 42.8 90.0 75.6 31.9 1,923

Completed secondary/higher 1.4 73.4 93.2 82.3 59.9 3,483W o r k s t a t usWorking for cash 8.2 54.6 85.6 72 5 44.7 2,312Not working for cash 13.4 19.0 79.9 62.4 14.8 12,467Total 12.5 24.6 80.8 64.0 19.4 14,779

W o m e n l iv i n g in u r b a n a r e a s a r e m o r e l i k el y t o b e e x p o s e d to m a s s m e d i a t h a n o t h e r w o m e n . F o re x a m p l e , 9 0 p e r c e n t o f u r b a n w o m e n s a y t h e y w a t c h te le v is i on d a l l y c o m p a r e d w i t h 7 4 p e r c e n t o f w o m e ni n r u r a l a re a s . T h e l e v e l o f e x p o s u r e t o r a d i o b r o a d c a s t s i s a l s o g r e a t e r a m o n g u r b a n t h a n r u r a l w o m e n .R e f l e c t i n g t h e h i g h e r r a t e s o f il l it e ra c y a m o n g r u r a l w o m e n , o n l y 1 2 p e r c e n t s a y t h e y r e a d a n e w s p a p e r o rm a g a z i n e w e e k l y c o m p a r e d w i th n e a r l y 4 0 p e r c e n t o f u r b a n w o m e n . O v e r a ll , o n ly 5 p e r c e n t o f u r b a n w o m e nw e r e n o t e x p o s e d t o a n y o f t h e t h r ee m e d i a c o m p a r e d w i t h 1 9 p e r c e n t o f r u r a l w o m e n .

C o n s i d e r i n g p l a c e o f r es i d e n c e , a m a j o r i ty o f w o m e n i n e v e r y r e s i d e n t i a l c a t e g o r y r e p o r t e d w a t c h i n gt e l e v is i o n o r l i s te n i n g t o th e r a d i o d a i l y ( s e e F ig u r e 2 . 3 ) . T h e p e r c e n t a g e w h o r e a d a n e w s p a p e r o r m a g a z i n ew e e k l y v a r ie s c o n s i d e r ab l y , f r o m 6 p e r c e n t in r u r a l U p p e r E g y p t t o o v e r 4 0 p e r c e n t in u r b a n L o w e r E g y p ta n d t h e U r b a n G o v e r n o r a t e s. L a c k o f e x p o s u r e t o a n y o f t he t h re e m e d i a v a r i es f r o m 4 p e r c e n t o f w o m e n i nu r b a n L o w e r E g y p t t o 2 5 p e r c e n t o f w o m e n i n ru r a l U p p e r E g y p t .

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Figure 2 .3Pe rc e n t a g e o f Ev e r - Ma r r i e d W o m a n W h o W a t c hTelev is ion or L is ten to the Radio Dai lyb y P l a c e o f R e s i d e n c eP e r c e n t

1 0 0

8 0

6 O

4 O

2 0

0 Urban Total Urban R u r a l T o ta l U r b a n R u r a l FrontierG o v e r n o r a t a s Lower Egypt Upper Egypt G o v e r n o r a t e s

E D H S 1 9 95

T h e r e i s a s t r o n g a s s o c i a ti o n b e t w e e n t h e l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n a n d e x p o s u r e t o m a s s m e d i a ; a s e d u c a t i o no f E D H S - 9 5 r e s p o n d e n t s i n c re a s e s , th e p e r c e n t a g e s w h o r e p o r t e d e x p o s u r e to e a c h o f th e t h r e e m a s s m e d i ai n c r e a s e s .2 . 6 E m p l o y m e n t

I n t h e 1 9 9 5 E D H S , r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e a s k e d a n u m b e r o f q u e s t i o n s a b o u t th e i r e m p l o y m e n t , i n c l u d i n gw h e t h e r t h e y w e r e c u r r e n t l y w o r k i n g a n d , i f no t , w h e t h e r t h e y h a d w o r k e d d u r i n g t h e y e a r b e f o r e t h e s u r v e y .W o m e n w h o w e r e c u r r e n tl y w o r k i n g w e r e t h en a s k e d a n u m b e r o f q u es t io n s a b o u t th e k i n d o f w o r k t h ey w e r ed o i n g a n d w h e t h e r t h e y w e r e p a id i n c a s h o r n o t. T h o s e w h o e a r n e d c a s h f o r t h e i r w o r k w e r e a s k e d a b o u tw h o m a d e t h e d e c i s i o n a b o u t h o w t h e i r e a r n i n g s w e r e u s e d . I f t h e y h a d s m a l l c h i ld r e n , th e y w e r e a s k e d a b o u tt h e a r r a n g e m e n t s t h e y h a d f o r c h il d c a r e w h e n t h e y w e r e w o r k i n g .Current Employment

T a b l e 2 . 1 2 s h o w s t h e p e r c e n t d i s t ri b u t io n o f r e s p o n d e n t s a c c o r d i n g t o c u r r e n t a n d p a s t e m p l o y m e n t .F o r t h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s w h o w e r e c u r r e n t l y w o r k i n g , t h e t a b l e p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n w h e t h e r th e w o m a nw a s w o r k i n g f u ll - ti m e o r n o t. O v e r a l l, 1 9 p e rc e n t o f w o m e n w e r e c u rr e n tl y e n g a g e d i n s o m e e c o n o m i ca c t i v i ty . M o s t o f t h e w o m e n w h o w e r e n o t w o r k i n g a t t h e ti m e o f th e s u r v e y d i d n o t r e p o r t re c e n t w o r ke x p e r i e n c e ; o n l y 2 p e r c e n t o f r e s p o n d e n t s s a i d t h a t t h e y h a d w o r k e d i n t h e 1 2 - m o n t h p e r i o d b e f o r e t h e s u r v e y .M o s t o f t h e w o m e n w h o w e r e w o r k i n g r ep o r t e d t h a t t h e y w e r e e m p l o y e d f u l l- t im e ( f iv e o r m o r e d a y s p e rw e e k ) .

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Table 2.12 EmploymentPercent distribution of ever-married women by employment status and continuity of employment , according tobackground characteristics, Egypt 1995

Not currentlyemployed Currently employed

Did notwork Worked All yearin last in NumberBackground 12 last 12 5+ days

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T a b l e 2 .1 3 O c c u p a t i o nP e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c u r r e n tl y e m p l o y e d w o m e n b y o c c u p a t i o n a n d t y p e o f a g r ic u l t u r a l l a n d w o r k e d o r t y p e o f n o n -a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m e n t , a c c o r d i n g t o b a c k g r o u n d c h a r a c t e r i s U c s , E g y p t 1 9 9 5

Agricultural Non-agriculturalProf./tech./ H ousehold Num berBackground Ow n Farnlly Rented Other's manzg./ Sales/ Skdled and ofcharacterist ic land land land land cler.t services manual domesuc M issing Total wom en

A ge15-19 9 .1 15 .3 19 .9 14 .6 1 .2 2 9 4 10 .5 0 .0 0 .0 100 .0 2020-2 4 4 .5 16 .1 4 .6 5 .3 45 9 9 .7 13 .9 0 .0 0 0 100 .0 17125-2 9 3 .8 8 .1 3 .5 8 .2 56 .3 13 .3 5 .2 1 .3 0 .4 100 .0 4583 0 - 3 4 2 . 3 5 . 5 4 . 2 7 .1 5 8 2 1 2 . 5 6 . 7 3 . 0 0 . 6 1 0 0 . 0 6 7 43 5 - 3 9 3 . 5 5 . 6 5 . 3 6 . 7 6 3 . 2 9 . 3 4 . 3 2 .1 0 .1 1 0 0 . 0 6 2 94 0 - 4 4 4 . 7 4 . 7 5 . 6 6 . 9 5 3 . 4 1 5 . 0 5 . 4 3 . 8 0 . 5 1 0 0 . 0 4 8 54 5 - 4 9 6 . 2 6 .1 2 . 9 8 . 6 4 1 . 2 2 1 . 6 8 0 4 . 9 0 . 6 1 0 0 . 0 3 5 4

ResidenceU r b a n 0 2 1 . 0 0 . 8 0 . 7 7 6 . 6 1 0 . 2 6 . 6 3 . 3 0 . 6 1 0 0 . 0 1 ,5 0 5R u ra l 8 .3 13 .1 8 .9 15 .0 29 .4 17 .2 6 .0 1 .9 0 .2 100 .0 1 ,286

Pl a c e o f r e s i d e n c eU r b a n G o v e r n o r a t e s 0 . 0 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 3 7 4 . 2 1 2 . 2 7 . 2 4 6 0 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 6 7 4L o w e r E g y p t 5 . 0 8 . 6 6 .1 1 1 . 4 4 8 . 0 1 3 3 5 . 3 2 1 0 . 2 1 ( 3 0 . 0 1 ,3 9 5Urb a n 0 .5 1 .1 1 .7 1 .4 78 .1 8 .3 7 0 1 .6 0 4 100 .0 471

R u ra l 7 .3 12 .4 8 .4 16 .5 32 .6 15 .9 4 .4 2 .3 0 .2 100 .0 924U p p e r E g y p t 5 . 6 8 .7 5 4 6 . 0 4 8 . 6 1 5 . 2 7 . 6 2 .1 0 . 8 1 0 0 . 0 6 9 3Ur ba n 0 .0 1 .8 0 1 0 .4 78 .5 9 .5 5 .1 3 .2 1 .4 100 .0 335R ur a l 10 .9 15 .1 10 .4 11 .2 20 ,6 20 .6 10 .0 1 .1 0 .1 100 .0 358F r o n t i e r G o v e r n o r a t e s 0 . 0 1 .0 0 . 3 0 . 3 8 6 . 6 4 . 4 3 4 3 . 9 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 9

E d u c a t i o nN o e d u c a t i o n I 1 . 0 1 7 . 0 1 1 . 0 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 2 4 . 5 8 . 8 4 . 1 0 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 8 5 0S o m e p r i m a r y 4 . 9 1 1 .5 9 . 7 7 . 0 3 . 1 3 7 . 5 1 7 . 4 8 .8 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 8 4P r i m a r y t h r o u g h s e c o n d a r y 1. 7 3 . 3 5 . 6 1 .5 2 0 . 2 1 8 . 8 3 6 . 4 1 2 . 5 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 I 1 5C o m p l . s e c o n d a r y / h i g h e r 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 0 0 .1 9 6 . 0 2 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 0 0 . 6 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 5 4 2

T o t a l 3 . 9 6 . 6 4 . 6 7 . 3 5 4 . 8 1 3 . 4 6 . 3 2 . 7 0 . 4 t 0 0 . 0 2 , 7 9 0P r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l , m a n a g e r i a l , a n d c l e r ic a l o c c u p a t i o n s

nical or man ageri al occupations was grea ter among urban residents and among highly educated women thanamon g other women , while rural women and less educated wo men were more likely to be involved inagricultural occupations.E m p l o y e r a n d F o r m o f E a rn i n g s

Table 2.14 shows that, among working women, 18 percent are self-employed, around 12 percent areworking for relatives, and 70 percent are working for someone else. Rural women, particularly from UpperEgypt, are m ore likely to be self-employed or to work for a relative than urban women. Similarly, lesseducated wome n are more likely to be se lf-employed or to work for a relative than highly educated women.Amon g employe d women wh o never attended school, for example, around 40 percent are self-employed, andmore than one-quarter of these wome n work for relatives. In contrast, only around 2 percent of workingwomen with secondary education or higher are self-employed or working for a relative.

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T a b l e 2 . 1 4 E m p l o y e r a n d fo r m o f e a r n in g sP e r c en t d i s tr i b u ti o n o f c u r re n t ly e m p l o y e d w o m e n b y e m p l o y e r a n d f o r m o f earnings, according t o b a c k g r o u n dc h a r a c t e r is t i c s , E g y p t 1 9 9 5

E m p l o y e d b y E m p l o y e d b yS e l f - e m p l o y e d a n o n - r e l a t iv e a r e l a ti v eD o e s D o e s D o e s N u m b e rB a c k g r o u n d E a r n s n o t e a r n E a r n s n o t e a r n E a r n s n o t e a r n o f

c h a r a c t er i s ti c c a s h c a s h c a s h c a s h c a s h c a s h M i s s i n g T o t a l w o m e n

A g e1 5 - 1 9 2 5 . 2 0 , 0 2 4 . 3 0 . 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 4 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 02 0 - 2 4 1 7 . 0 2 . 3 5 1 . 9 2 . 8 2 . 7 2 2 . 5 0 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 1 7 125-2 9 11 .5 3 .6 67 .0 2 .6 1 .5 13 .6 0 ,2 1 (30 .0 4583 0 - 3 4 13 .2 4 .3 70 .5 1 .6 2 .4 8 .0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 6 7 43 5 - 3 9 1 0 . 0 5 . 9 7 4 . 0 1 .3 1 .5 7 . 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 6 2 94 0 - 4 4 1 4 .1 4 . 8 6 9 . 2 1 ,1 0 , 2 9 . 9 0 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 4 8 54 5 - 4 9 1 8 .5 7 . 6 6 0 . 2 0 . 3 2 . 0 1 1 . 5 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 3 5 4

ResidenceUr ba n 7 .5 0 .9 86 .5 0 .2 1 .6 3 .2 0 .1 100 .0 1 ,505R u r a l 2 0 . 3 9 . 6 4 5 . 6 3 . 0 1 .7 1 9 . 5 0 . 3 1 0 0 , 0 1 , 2 8 6

Place of residenceU r b a n G o v e m o r a t e s 8 . 0 0 . 9 8 5 , 7 0 . 0 1 .7 3 . 5 0 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 6 7 4L o w e r E g y p t 1 2 . 7 6 . 4 6 4 . 6 1 .5 1 . 6 1 2 . 9 0 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 3 9 5Ur ba n 5 .9 1 .4 87 .9 0 .7 1 ,2 2 .8 0 .1 100 .0 471R u r a l 1 6 . 2 8 . 9 5 2 . 8 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 8 . 0 0 . 4 1 0 0 . 0 9 2 4U p p e r E g y p t 2 0 . 2 6 . 0 5 5 . 4 3 .1 1 . 6 1 3 . 8 0 . 0 1 13 0.0 6 9 3

U r b a n 8 . 8 0 . 2 8 5 . 8 0 . 0 1 .9 3 . 3 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 3 3 5R u r a l 3 0 . 8 1 1 . 4 2 6 . 9 6 . 0 1 ,2 2 3 . 6 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 3 5 8F r o n t i e r G o v e r n o r a t e s 5 . 3 0 . 3 9 1 . 1 0 . 0 1 .3 2 . 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 , 0 2 9Education

N o e d u c a t i o n 2 8 . 0 1 2 . 2 2 7 , 3 4 . 5 2 . 9 2 5 . 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 . 0 8 5 0S o m e p r i m a r y 3 2 , 7 9 . 5 3 0 . 4 1 . 0 3 . 5 2 2 . 7 0 . 4 1 0 0 . 0 2 8 4P r i m a r y t h r o u g h s e c o n d a r y 2 1 . 3 4 .1 6 1 . 3 0 . 0 1 .1 1 2 . 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 1 5C o m p l e t e d s e c o n d a r y / h i g h e r 1 .2 0 .1 9 7 . 3 0 .1 0 . 6 0 . 5 0 . 2 1 0 0 , 0 1 , 5 4 2T o t a l 1 3 . 4 4 . 9 6 7 . 7 1 .5 1 . 6 1 0 . 7 0 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 7 9 0

T a b le 2 . 1 4 a l s o s h o w s t h a t, a mo n g w o m e n w h o w o r k , 8 3 p e rc e n t e a r n c a s h f o r t h e w o r k t h e y d o . T h eproportion e a r n i n g c a s h v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o th e t y p e o f em p l o y e r . W o m e n w h o a r e e m p l o y e d b y a n o n -r e l a t i v e a lmo s t a lw a y s r e p o r t e a r n in g c a s h , a n d t h e ma jo r i t y o f s e l f - e mp lo y e d w o m e n r e c e iv e c a s h f o r t h ew o r k t h e y d o . A m o n g t h e w o m e n w h o w o r k f o r r e l at i v es , h o w e v e r , t h e m a j o r it y s a y t h a t th e y a r e n o t p a i din c a s h f o r t h e i r w o r k .C o n t r o l o f E a r n i n g s

W o m e n w h o e a r n c a s h fo r t h e i r w o r k w e r e a s k e d a b o u t w h o m a i n l y d e c i d e s h o w t h e i r e a r n i n g s w i l lb e u s e d . T a b l e 2 . 1 5 s h o w s t h a t t w o i n f i v e w o m e n r e p o r t t h a t th e y a r e m a i n l y re s p o n s i b l e f o r m a k i n gd e c i s i o n s o n h o w t h e i r e a rn i n g s w i l l b e s p e n t. A m o n g t h e r e m a i n i n g w o m e n , m o s t w o m e n s a y t h at t h e y m a k eth e s e d e c i s i o n s j o in t l y ( p r im a r i l y w i th t h e h u s b a n d ) ; o n ly 2 p e r c e n t s a y t h a t i t i s t h e h u s b a n d w h o d e c id e s .

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T a b l e 2 . 1 5 D e c i s i o n s o n u s e o f e ar n i n g sP e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w o m e n r e c e t w n g c a s h e a r n i n g s b y p e r so n w h o d e c i d e s h o w e a r n i n g s w i l l b e u s e d , a c c o r d i n g t ob a c k g r o u n d c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s , E g y p t 1 9 9 5

P e rson w ho de c~ de s how e a rn i ngs w dl be use dJ o i n t l y J o i n t l y Nu mbe rB a c k g r o u n d S e l f w i t h S o m e o n e w i t h o fc harac te ri st ic on l y Husba n d husba nd e l s e some on e T ot a l wom e n

M a r i t a l s t a t u sC u r r e n t l y m a r r i e d 3 3 . 4 2 . 6 6 3 . 3 0 . 5 0 2 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 0 5 4N o t m a r r i e d 9 4 . 9 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 9 4 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 2 5 7A g e1 5 - 1 9 0 . 0 2 . 4 6 4 . 1 1 3 . 4 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0

2 0 - 2 4 4 1 . 5 3 . 6 5 4 . 5 0 . 3 0 .1 1 0 0 . 0 1 2 42 5 - 2 9 3 2 . 4 2 . 9 6 2 . 7 0 . 5 1 .5 1 0 0 . 0 3 6 63 0 - 3 4 3 4 . 6 3 .1 6 1 . 5 0 . 9 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 5 8 03 5 - 3 9 4 5 . 6 1 .7 5 1 . 6 0 . 2 1 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 5 3 84 0 - 4 4 4 0 . 0 1 .1 5 8 . 3 0 .1 0 5 1 0 0 . 0 4 0 84 5 - 4 9 5 3 . 3 2 2 4 3 . 3 0 . 9 0 . 4 1 0 0 . 0 2 8 5

R e s i d e n c eU r b a n 4 1 . 7 1 .4 5 6 5 0 . 3 0 .1 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 4 4 0R u r a l 3 8 0 3 . 8 5 5 . 7 0 . 9 1 .6 1 0 0 . 0 8 7 1P l a c e o f r e s i d e n c eU r b a n G o v e r n o r a t e s 4 7 . 5 1 9 5 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 4 4L o w e r E g y p t 3 5 . 6 2 . 2 6 0 . 4 0 6 1 I 1 0 0 . 0 1 , 10 5

U r b a n 3 6 . 3 0 . 5 6 2 . 3 0 . 5 0 4 1 0 0 0 4 4 8R u ra l 35 .2 3 .4 59 .1 0 8 1 .6 100 .0 657U p p e r E g y p t 4 2 . 3 2 9 5 3 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 6 1 0 0 . 0 5 3 4U r b a n 3 9 . 2 1 .4 5 9 . 4 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 3 2 3R u ra l 47 .2 5 .1 44 7 1 .4 1 .5 100 .0 211

F r o n U e r G o v e r n o r a t e s 1 7 . 9 3 . 2 7 8 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 2 8E d u c a t i o nN o e d u c a U o n 5 3 . I 4 . 6 3 9 . 0 1 .0 2 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 4 9 4

S o m e p r i m a r y 4 8 . 9 2 . 2 4 4 . 9 1. 6 2 . 4 1 0 0 . 0 1 9 0P r i m a r y t h r o u g h s e c o n d a r y 5 5 . 5 0 . 0 4 2 . 0 2 . 2 0 . 4 1 0 0 . 0 9 6C o m p l e t e d s e c o n d a r y / h i g h e r 3 4 .1 1 .7 6 4 . 0 0 .1 0 . 0 I 0 0 . 0 1 ,5 3 1

T o t a l 4 0 . 3 2 . 3 5 6 . 2 0 . 5 0 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 3 1 2

A l m o s t a l l w o m e n w h o a r e w i d o w e d o r d i v o r c e d s a y th e y a lo n e a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d e c i d i n g h o w t ou s e t h e i r e a r n i n g s . A m o n g c u r r e n t l y m a r r i e d w o m e n , o n l y o n e - t h ir d s a y t h a t t h e y m a k e t h e d e c i s i o n s a b o u th o w t h e i r e a r n i n g s w i l l b e u s e d t h e m s e l v e s , w h i l e 6 3 p e r c e n t r e p o r t t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n s a r e m a d e j o i n t l y w i t ht h e i r h u s b a n d .

T h e r e a r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n u r b a n a n d r u r a l w o m e n i n w h o m a k e s t h e d e c i s i o n a b o u th o w a w o m a n ' s e a r n i n g s w i l l b e s p en t . B y p l a c e o f r e si d e n c e , t h e p r o p o r t io n r e p o r t i n g t h a t d e c i s i o n s a r em a d e j o i n t l y v a r i e s f r o m a h i g h o f 7 8 p e r c e n t a m o n g w o r k i n g w o m e n i n t h e F r o n t i e r G o v e r n o r a t e s t o 4 5p e r c e n t i n r u r a l U p p e r E g y p t . W i t h r e s p e c t to e d u c a t i o n a l d i f fe r e n t ia l s , w o r k i n g w o m e n a r e m o r e l i k e ly t od e c i d e jo i n t l y w i t h t h e h u s b a n d h o w t o s p e n d t h e m o n e y t h e y e a r n i f t h e y h a v e c o m p l e t e d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o lo r h i g h e r t h a n i f th e y h a v e l e s s e d u c a t i o n .

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C h i l d C a r eThe we l fare of ch i ldren under s ix years whose mothers are work ing i s the focus of Tab le 2 .16 .

Overal l , s l igh t ly m ore than hal f o f a l l w om en wh o are emp loyed have ch i ldren under s ix . Les s than one - f i f th(17 percent ) o f wor k ing mothers wi th young ch i ldren take care of the ir ch i ldren wh i l e wo rk ing . Th i sproport ion var ies accord ing to res idence , educat ion and the type of employm ent . W ork in g wo me n in ruralareas, e spec ia l ly those l i v ing in Upper Egypt , and those who h ave not comp le ted secondary school are morel ike ly to say they care for the ir ch i ldren whi l e at work than other work ing mothers . Th i s i s du e , a t l eas t in

Tabl e 2.16 Child care while workingPercent distribution of currently employed women by whether they have a child under six years of age, and the percentdistribution of employ ed mothers who hav e a child under six by person who cares for child while mother is at work, acc ording tobackground characteristics, Egypt 1995

Employedwot3~en Chdd's carelaker, among employed mothers who have chlldrett

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p a r t , t o th e f a c t t h a t ru r a l w o m e n a n d l e s s e d u c a t e d w o m e n a r e l i k e ly to b e f o u n d i n t h e t y p e s o f j o b s w h e r eth e r e a r e g r e a t e r o p p o r tu n i t i e s f o r c a r i n g f o r c h i l d re n . F o r e x a m p le , a s n o t e d e a r l ie r , w o r k in g w o m e n in r u r a la r e as a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o b e s e l f - e m p l o y e d o r w o r k i n g f o r a r e la t i v e t h a n o t h e r w o r k i n g w o m e n . A s T a b l e 2 . 16s h o w s , s i g n i f i c a n t ly h i g h e r p r o p o r ti o n s o f w o m e n i n t h e se t y p e s o f e m p l o y m e n t r e p o rt c a r i n g f o r c h i l d re na t w o r k t h a n o t h e r w o r k i n g m o t h e r s .

T h e c h i l d c a re a r r a n g e m e n t s a m o n g w o r k i n g m o t h e r s v a ry . A r o u n d h a l f o f a l l w o r k i n g m o t h e r s re l yo n e i t h e r imm e d ia t e f a m i ly me m b e r s ( i. e., t h e i r h u s b a n d ( 3 p e r c e n t) o r o th e r c h i l d r e n ( 1 0 p e r c e n t )) o r o th e rr e l a t i v e s ( 3 7 p e r c e n t ) t o c a r e fo r t h e i r y o u n g c h i l d r e n . O n ly a b o u t o n e - q u a r t e r o f a l l w o r k in g mo th e r s w i thy o u n g c h i l d r e n u s e n u r s e r y s c h o o l s o r o th e r i n s t i t u t i o n a l c h i l d c a r e p r o v id e r s . U s e o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l c h i l d c a r ep r o v i d e r s i s h i g h e s t a m o n g w o r k i n g m o t h e rs w h o a r e h i g h l y e d u ca t e d , e m p l o y e d f u l l - ti m e a n d w o r k i n g i nn o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l o c c u p a t i o n s .