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DI PAOLA VANESSAMOULLET STEPHANIE
MÉHAUT PHILIPPESKOPE - FESTIVAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES - LONDON
School to work transition “in the French style”
From School to School
In the French meaning, what encompass all what is inside the school system from 3 to the end of tertiary education
No or few break between lower and upper secondary or higher education. French model as a continuity within school
That’s does not mean that there is no drop outs. However discontinuity as an exception
Average age at the labour market entry 21
From School to Work
Work is after the school (at each level), after a qualification (“passe ton bac d’abord”). (see Van de Velde)
Mixing school and work (apprenticeship, internship) was unusual in the late 70’. However a growing importance.
Unlike the UK, the post lower secondary is not a boundary
Unlike the Uk, it is usual to go to the upper level… Free fees, few incentives to go to the labour market, race for qualifications.
To be replace within
A strong effect of the school system both- Within the social hierarchy (the high school)
(Dubet, Duru-Bellat 2013)- Within the labour market : queue and waiting
list. For the new entrants, competing with owners of upper qualifications and, for all competing with those with experience on the labour market (including internal labour markets). However, not an insider/outsider story (Askenazy et al, 2011)
Consequences for the school to work transition
A delayed effect to get a permanent job (depending also of the conjuncture)
Some over-education effect (Di Paola, Moullet)
A difficult position of those who are in the bottom of the job queue
And family and pupils competing for places in the educational system (except in some specific period)
School to work transition
School to work transition (in the French meaning) takes time, 3 years in average for a whole cohort
School to work transition will oppose the best performers in the school system to the lowest performers.
Often starting with atypical contracts (fixed term, temp agency, subsidized jobs…) (Di Paola, Moullet, 2013)
Quick transition (58%)Quick transition (58%) Unemployment then employment (7%)Unemployment then employment (7%)
Four among 8 patterns (Cereq, survey of all school leavers 2007-2010)
Unemployment (9%)Unemployment (9%) Neets (2%)Neets (2%)
Four among 8 patterns (Cereq, survey of all school leavers 2007-2010)
After 7 years of experience (Cereq, 7 years surveys, Di Paola Moullet, 2013)
2005 2011G1998 G2004
Typical job 69,04 64,73Aypical job 11,56 12,52including:
Alternance 0,33 0,51Market sector assisted contract 0,21 0,02
Non market sector assisted contract 0,88 0,43Fixed-term employment contract 10,14 11,56
Other 5,12 7,52Unemployment 9,38 10,03Out of labor market 4,91 5,2Weighted Number 741184 737000
After 7 years experience: effects on the quality of employment
2005 2011
741 184 737 000 average medianFull time typical job 61.74 58.77 -3,1% -2,0%Part time typical job 7.30 5.96 -4,1% 0,4%Full time atypical job 14.40 17.36 7,7% 13,6%Part time atypical job 2.28 2.68 -4,7% -0,5%Without job 14.29 15.23
Change in income between 2005 and 2011 after 7
years on the labor market
Policies (1) : educational policies
Decreasing the number of drop out without any qualification. Early drop out (end of lower secondary, beginning of upper secondary vocational tracks), about 12%, decreasing, however, according to the EU definition, France is a bad performer 18% without upper secondary qualification, stable.
Done partly by developing vocational tracks, apprenticeship, individual guidance, special local devices
Arising problems within tertiary education
Policies (2) ALM
A lot of special devices, more or less focusing on young people, low skilled or broader (classical dilemna between targeting or not)
A cyclical and political effect (more or less work fare policy)
And balancing between labour costs policies and training policies
Policies (3) ALM, various kinds of subsidized jobs
Device Labour cost component (tax exemption, premium…)
Training component
Duration
S.job, private sector
high low Some months
S.Job public, non for profit sector
high low Some months to 2 years
S.job, private, alternance
medium Sometime high (qualification)
1 to 2 years
S.Job, public, n.f.p. in specific “new jobs”
High to medium Sometime high (qualification)
1 to 4 or 5 years
Apprenticeship High to medium High (qualification)
2 or 3 years
Ageing policy (part time retirement and young hiring)
medium medium ?
Subsidized contracts from 1974
Source : Dares
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010*
%
Apprenticeship
conctrats in the market sector
Contracts in the non market sector
Alternance w ithout apprenticeship
"The effect" of subsidized contracts .... At short-term (transition matrix, compared to fixed term contract)
1st job
job 6 month after 1st job's end Typical job 40,44 28,86 47,68 49,89 17,86 26,09 43,04 44,76
Alternance 0,8 9,56 2,73 1,98 2,53 7,96 5,65 2,81
Market sector AC 0,38 0,14 0,06 0,13 1,6 0,14 0,23
Non market sector AC
1,67 5,15 1,14 2,88 0,52 0,35 0,71 1,02
Fixed-term employment contract
19,99 24,23 22,54 16,01 24,68 26,82 20,73 17,74
Other 2,08 1,67 1,37 1,67 2,63 2,69 4,75 3,64
Unemployment 23,61 22,49 17,13 13,61 34,06 25,88 18,45 17,86
Out of labor market 11,04 8,04 7,25 13,9 17,6 8,61 6,53 11,95
Weighted Number 64093 4016 62186 505023 30335 7666 91207 497738
Generation 1998 Generation 2004Non
market S.JMarket
S.J. Sandwich
coursesFixed term
contract
Non market AC
Market AC
Alternance Fixed term
contract
"The effect" of assisted contracts .... At more long-term
(transition matrix)
1st jobjob after 7 years on the LMTypical job 52.66 65.69 68.62 46.46 65.33 63.02
Alternance 0.33 0.96 0.38 0.00 0.88 0.57
Market sector AC 0.67 0.26 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.04
Non market sector AC 5.37 0.87 0.86 2.92 0.00 0.56
Fixed-term employment contract 13.27 11.57 12.21 9.00 8.38 15.07
Other 2.68 3.88 3.65 5.19 6.37 5.95
Unemployment 18.08 11.97 9.28 21.44 13.23 9.80
Out of labor market 6.95 4.79 4.81 14.98 5.81 4.98
Non market AC
Alternance Fixed term contract
G1998 G2004Non market
ACAlternance Fixed term
contract
To conclude
A kind of “age dualism” on the French labour market, with firms’ hiring practices based on qualification+ experience
Heterogeneous groups within the school leavers :Gender effect (women +,perform better at school),
Local area (“bad neighbors” - ), racial origin - ?, Level of qualification, up to day tertiary education,
upper secondary with good vocational profile +Apprenticeship + (at least at short term)
To conclude
High level of mobility during the first 3 years : 54% with 2 or more employers, 38% with only one, 58% with at least one unemployment spell
Then entering into more stable areas : ILM still alive, other kinds of jobs positions (in SME’s)
Weakness of the LLL policies : few chances to get a new qualification (less than in the UK ?). Too much pressure on the initial education
ALM : work fare policy in casual jobs with few efficiency, “long” job position with training contents perform better