DiabetesDiabetes

A group of metabolic diseases A group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar characterized by high blood sugar

resulting in defects insulin secretion, resulting in defects insulin secretion, insulin action or bothinsulin action or both

InsulinInsulin

Insulin is a hormone produced in the beta or Insulin is a hormone produced in the beta or islet cells in the pancreasislet cells in the pancreas

It is necessary to move the sugar or glucose It is necessary to move the sugar or glucose from the blood stream to the cellsfrom the blood stream to the cells

Glucose is necessary to keep the cells in Glucose is necessary to keep the cells in the body healthythe body healthy

Type 1 DiabetesType 1 Diabetes

Results from the autoimmune destruction of Results from the autoimmune destruction of the beta or islet cells of the pancreas which the beta or islet cells of the pancreas which produce the hormone, insulinproduce the hormone, insulin

Insulin is required for glucose metabolism Insulin is required for glucose metabolism (using blood sugar for fuel in the cells)(using blood sugar for fuel in the cells)

A person cannot live without insulinA person cannot live without insulin

Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes

Characterized by insulin resistance that Characterized by insulin resistance that develops into relative insulin deficiencydevelops into relative insulin deficiency

Central abdominal obesity is directly related Central abdominal obesity is directly related to insulin resistanceto insulin resistance

Fast growing epidemic in our young Fast growing epidemic in our young populationpopulation

Related to family history of diabetes, weight Related to family history of diabetes, weight gain, and sedentary lifestylegain, and sedentary lifestyle

HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia

High blood glucose occurs when the body High blood glucose occurs when the body gets too little insulin, too much food, or too gets too little insulin, too much food, or too little exerciselittle exercise

May also occur when a child has an illness May also occur when a child has an illness such as a coldsuch as a cold

May occur when a child is under extreme May occur when a child is under extreme stressstress

Symptoms of high blood sugarSymptoms of high blood sugar

Frequent urinationFrequent urination Extreme hungerExtreme hunger Extreme fatigueExtreme fatigue Unusual thirstUnusual thirst IrritabilityIrritability Blurred visionBlurred vision If a child has an insulin pump this is an If a child has an insulin pump this is an

extreme emergencyextreme emergency

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia

Low blood sugar, sometimes called an Low blood sugar, sometimes called an insulin reactioninsulin reaction

Occurs when blood sugar is below the target Occurs when blood sugar is below the target range (70-80)range (70-80)

Can be caused by too much insulin, Can be caused by too much insulin, increased activity, eating too few increased activity, eating too few carbohydratescarbohydrates

Signs of Low Blood SugarSigns of Low Blood Sugar

HungerHunger ShakinessShakiness DizzinessDizziness SweatinessSweatiness Fast heartbeatFast heartbeat DrowsinessDrowsiness Feeling irritable, sad or angryFeeling irritable, sad or angry NervousnessNervousness PallorPallor

More signs of low blood sugarMore signs of low blood sugar

Feeling sleepyFeeling sleepy Being stubbornBeing stubborn Lack of coordinationLack of coordination Tingling or numbness of the tongueTingling or numbness of the tongue Personality changePersonality change Passing outPassing out SeizureSeizure

Treatment for Low Blood SugarTreatment for Low Blood Sugar

Test with glucometer if possibleTest with glucometer if possible Eat a fast acting carbohydrate:Eat a fast acting carbohydrate: 2-4 glucose tablets2-4 glucose tablets 4 ounces of apple or orange juice4 ounces of apple or orange juice 4-8 lifesavers4-8 lifesavers 3-4 teaspoons of honey or syrup3-4 teaspoons of honey or syrup 1 tube of cake gel1 tube of cake gel

Severe Low Blood SugarSevere Low Blood Sugar

When severe hypoglycemia occurs, this indicates When severe hypoglycemia occurs, this indicates that not enough sugar is getting to the brainthat not enough sugar is getting to the brain

The person may lose consciousness and/or have The person may lose consciousness and/or have convulsionsconvulsions

This is a medical emergency, call your school This is a medical emergency, call your school nurse and 911nurse and 911

There are 2 diabetes managers trained in each There are 2 diabetes managers trained in each school in the event that the school nurse is not school in the event that the school nurse is not availableavailable

Initiate TreatmentInitiate Treatment

Position student on side and squeeze one Position student on side and squeeze one tube of Cake Mate or honey into the inside tube of Cake Mate or honey into the inside pouch of the student’s cheek. Do not pour pouch of the student’s cheek. Do not pour directly into the back of the mouth.directly into the back of the mouth.

Massage the outside of the cheek Massage the outside of the cheek containing the get or honey. Do not put your containing the get or honey. Do not put your fingers into the mouth.fingers into the mouth.

Monitor breathing and keep airway open.Monitor breathing and keep airway open.