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Diabetes Mellitus: General information
• CDC 14.7 million Americans diagnosed (2004)• Est. 5 million not diagnoses
Boston Globe – 10/27/2005
21 million Americans have diabetes, CDC says
WASHINGTON -- Almost 21 million Americans have diabetes, most of them the type-2 variety associated with poor diet, too little exercise, and being overweight, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said yesterday.
Boston Globe – 10/27/2005
This represents about 7 percent of the population -- and more than 6 million of these people do not know they have the condition, the CDC said in a statement.
Boston Globe – 10/27/2005
''Another 41 million people are estimated to have pre-diabetes, a condition that increases the risk of developing type-2 diabetes -- the most common form of the disease -- as well as heart disease and stroke," the CDC said
Diabetes Mellitus:
• 6th leading cause of death in US• 3rd leading cause of death by disease• Assoc. with many complication• Heart disease is the leading cause for a
diabetic• 65% of diabetics have hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus:
• Risk of heart attack or stroke 3 times great if you have DM
• DM leading cause of blindness in adults• DM leading cause of new cases of renal failure• 50% of all people with non-traumatic leg
amputation have DM
Diabetes Mellitus:
• DM shortens peoples life span• DM creates disabilities• DM is an economic burden• 12% of all health care expenditures are for
diabetic care/treatment• Seen in all age groups and races• 1/3 of diabetics are over the age of 60
What is diabetes mellitus?
• Group of disordered characterized by chronic hyperglycemia
• Due to faulty insulin production• (Not Diabetes Insipidus)
Classification of Diabetes
• Type 2– Adult onset– Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
• Type 4– Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 – Diabetes Mellitus
• Old names – Juvenile diabetes– Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
• Destruction of the Beta cells• Result
– NO insulin production– Insulin dependent
Etiology Type 1 DM
• #1: Auto-immune disease
• #2: Idiopathic• Genetic susceptibility
Function of Insulin
• Need insulin for glucose to cross cell membrane
• No insulin no glucose in the cell
• Glucose stays in the blood
S&S of Type 1 DM
• Hyperglycemia– ↑ blood glucose levels – No insulin – Glucose stays in the blood stream
• What effect does insulin have on glycogen?– Inhibits the conversion of glycogen to glucose
S&S of Type 1 DM
• Glycosuria– Glucose in the urine
S&S of type 1 DM
• Polyuria– Osmotic diuresis
• Nocturia– Urinating during the night
• Nursing diagnosis– Fluid Volume Deficit
S&S of Type 1 DM
• Polydipsia– Excessive thirst
S&S of Type 1 DM
• Polyphagia– Excessive hunger
S&S of Type 1 DM
• Dehydration
S&S of Type 1 DM
• Ketonuria– No insulin– Burn fats– Byproduct ketones– ↑ ketone in the blood – Metabolic Acidosis
– Liver can not excrete all of the ketones
– spill into the urine – Ketonuria
Small Group Questions
1. Why would a person with high glucose levels have polyphagia?
2. Explain why polyuria is a common symptom of diabetes Mellitus Type 1.
3. What is hyperglycemia?4. Why does hyperglycemia happen in Type 1 diabetes
mellitus?5. Explain why Ketonuria occurs in uncontrolled
diabetics.
Small Group Questions
6. What is a normal level for a FBS, 2h-PPG and GTT?
7. Define the following terms: Glucose, glycogen, glucagon, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycosuria.
8. What does an Hgb A1c measure? What are normal values for a diabetic and non-diabetic?