Dictionary of

Printingand Publishing

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Dictionary of

Printingand Publishing

Michael Barnard John Peacock

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Pira International

The facts set out in this publication are from sources which we believeto be reliable. However, we accept no legal liability of any kind for thepublication contents, nor for the information contained therein, nor conclusions drawn by any party from it.

No part of this publication other than that excluded below may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder.

First edition © Chapman and Hall 1990Second edition © Pira International 2000

© Pira International 2000

ISBN 1 85802 381 5

Published byPira InternationalRandalls RoadLeatherheadSurreyKT22 7RU

Tel: +44 (0)1372 802080Fax: +44 (0)1372 802079E-mail: publications@pira.co.ukhttp://www.piranet.com

Typeset in the UK by Heronwood Press

Printed and bound in the UK by TJI Digital

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IntroductionThe first edition of this dictionary was published in Chapman and Hall’sBlueprint list in 1990. Ten years is a long time in the vocabulary of industrieswhich have been subjected to rapid technological progress and we had undoubt-edly reached the sell-by date of The Blueprint Dictionary of Printing and Publishingwhen Pira acquired the Blueprint list towards the end of the millennium.

In this new edition we have tried, as before, to bear in mind two classes ofuser: the newcomer to the trade who needs help with traditional terms and theexperienced printer or publisher who must attempt to keep up with new tech-nical terminology, often originating in the computer industry.

Hence we have included words ranging from archaic mediaevalisms to tech-nocratic jargon although, in an attempt to contain the book to a manageable size,we have in this edition deleted some of the more obscure and obsolete language.

The sources we have consulted are many and various and we have alsoborrowed from some of our own work – in particular The Print and ProductionManual. For the new computer-related and multimedia terms which we must allaccommodate in the 21st century we have relied heavily on David Penfold’sexcellent Multimedia and Communications Glossary, from which Pira has allowedus to extract many entries.

This is intended to be a functional, rather than an academic, work. We havenot struggled to achieve any sort of uniformity in selecting parts of speech forheadwords, offering the form in which we believe a word is most often used inpractice. For this reason, we have not followed the dictionary convention ofidentifying parts of speech as this seemed to us unhelpful. Where there has beendebate about the precise definition of a term, we have opted for common usagerather than precision as the criterion, although we have sometimes offeredalternative uses.

Where we considered additional, tabular material would be helpful (forexample, in explaining paper sizes, metric conversions etc) we have includedthis in an appendix at the back of the book to try to avoid the blocks of textwhich can sometimes inhibit reference by interrupting easy visual access toalphabetical sequence.

Despite much scanning by colleagues and comparison with other works, weare no doubt guilty of some obvious omissions, but short-run printing tech-niques will allow us to remedy our errors quite soon in the next edition . . . soplease let us know.

MB and JP

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1-bit, 8-bit and 24-bit colour The number of bitsof information (colour resolution) that can berepresented in the pixels (dots) on the screen.The higher the number of bits, the more coloursor grey scales you can have. In turn, the higherthe number of bits, the more memory isrequired to handle them, so the number ofcolours is limited by the size of the computermemory, rather than the monitor used. 8-bitand 24-bit are the most commonly used. 1-bitcolour is monochrome line. See bilevel coding.

10Base2 A type of Ethernet, in which computersare connected by thin coaxial cable, commonlyknown as thin Ethernet or thinnet. (See alsocheapernet.)

10Base5 The original thick Ethernet cablingstandard, which uses thick yellow cable.

10Base-T A type of 10 Mbps Ethernet, in whichcomputers are connected by twisted pair cable.

16-bit Describes hardware or software that man-ages data, program code and memory addressinformation in words that are two bytes or 16bits wide.

16-bit computer Developed in the mid-1970s, 16-bit computers are capable of handling data inmultiples of 16 bits. See 8-bit computer, 32-bitcomputer.

100Base-FX Part of the 100Base-T standard,requiring fibre-optic connections.

100Base-T A 100 Mbps Ethernet standard, whichis based on CSMA/CD technology, also calledFast Ethernet. Includes 100Base-TX, whichrequires two twisted pairs and 100Base-T4,which requires four pairs (but of lower-qualitycable).

24-bit colour See under 1-bit colour.2B+D See basic rate ISDN.2B1Q See two-binary, one-quaternary.32-bit Describes hardware or software that man-

ages data, program code and memory addressinformation in words that are 4 bytes or 32 bitswide.

32-bit computer A machine capable of handlingdata in multiples of 32 bits. See 8-bit computer,16-bit computer.

3DO A games system including animation,which will also play audio CDs, allow Photo-CD to be viewed and will eventually playvideo CDs using MPEG.

431A The type of plug that fits a standard type600 BT telephone socket.

8-bit colour See under 1-bit colour.8-bit computer Describes computers that employ

an 8-bit data word. See 16-bit computer, 32-bitcomputer.

AA The A series is an international IS0 range of

paper sizes reducing from 4A at 1682 3 2378mmthrough A0 at 841 3 1189mm to A10 at26 3 37mm, with subsidiary RA and SRA sizes.Each size folds in half to preserve the same pro-portions of 1:=2 at each reduction. (See also B,C.) See Appendix.

AA Author’s Alteration. See authorÕs corrections.AAL See ATM adaptation layer.A&I Abstracting and indexing: the act of mak-

ing summaries and indexes for books or jour-nal articles.

ABA American Booksellers Associationabbreviated addressing A process which enables

a programmer to use an address that has fewercharacters than the full address, providing afaster means of processing data as the shorteraddress requires less decoding time.

ABI See application binary interface.abort Controlled termination of a processing

activity in a computer system.abrasion resistance Measured resistance of a

material surface (e.g. paper) to abrasion.abridgement The concise version of esp. a book.absolute humidity Quantity of water vapour in

a unit volume of atmosphere. Contrast relativehumidity.

absorbency The degree in which paper takes upcontact moisture measured by a standard test.In optics, a transparent material’s degree ofsuppression.

absorption Absorption or penetration is one of thefour principal ways in which inks dry; it isassociated most readily with coldset web-offsetprinting on newsprint. The other three methodsare oxidation, polymerisation, and evaporation.

abstract Short summary of the contents of an aca-demic paper or scientific article.

AC Author’s Correction. See authorÕs corrections.accelerated ageing Testing of paper to determine

strength loss or other physical changes causedthrough ageing.

accelerator Chemical, such as borax, used tospeed up the development of photographicfilm.

accelerator card An add-on device which can beinstalled into a computer to speed up certainprocesses, e.g. graphics performance.

accents Marks added to letters in some lan-guages to indicate a stress, e.g. é (acute e) inFrench.

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acceptable use policy (AUP) The official policyapplied by networks concerning the use towhich the network may be put. NSFNET, forexample, does not allow commercial use.Different networks have different AUPs.

acceptance testing The process by which a manu-facturer tests a new system to demonstrate thatit is in working order. (See also beta testing.)

access The ability to retrieve data from a com-puter storage medium or peripheral device.

access class In SMDS, the type (or bandwidth)of access. Different types of access line offerdifferent access classes, ranging from 1.17Mbps to 34 Mbps.

access control 1. The control system in computernetworking imposed by hardware and soft-ware controls. 2. The controlled use of databaseinformation in such a way that restrictions maybe imposed on the data items available and theoperations that may be performed.

access control list (ACL) A list giving the ser-vices available on a server, showing whichhosts are permitted to use which service.

access fee Fee charged by a museum or galleryfor the facility of photographing items in itscollection. Also called a facility fee.

accession number Serial number used in alibrary indexing system which shows when thenew book was first acquired.

accessions New books added to a library.access provider See Internet service provider.access time The time taken to retrieve data from

a computer storage medium or a peripheral.accordion fold Parallel folds in paper, opening

like an accordion bellows, each in an oppositedirection from the preceding fold.

accordion insert Periodical insert with accordionfold.

accumulator A computer store location for arith-metical calculation.

Accunet A switched 56 kbps service provided byAT&T in the US. A forerunner of ISDN.

acetate Transparent sheet of film fixed over cam-era-ready artwork used for positioning reproor for marking instructions.

acetate proofs Acetate sheets, available in differ-ent colours, which can be developed and usedas prepress proofs. Also called colour overleafproofs. (See also Cromalin, Matchprint, plasticproof.)

acetone Fast-drying solvent used in printing.achromatic colour An intermediate grey level in

the monochromatic grey scale in computergraphics.

achromatic separations Colour separations pro-duced by CCR (complementary colour

removal). The black printer carries more detailthan with conventional separations and the ter-tiary, or complementary, elements of anycolour hue are removed. Also called ICR (inte-grated colour removal) or GCR (grey compo-nent replacement).

acid-free paper Generic term to describe paperwhich is free from acid-producing chemicalswhich reduce longevity. See permanent paperand neutral sized paper.

acid resist Acid-resisting coat on printing plate.ACK See acknowledge.ACK (acknowledgement) The ASCII character

with code 6. An acknowledgement that a pre-vious transmission has been correctly received.Also an acknowledgement number in a TCPheader giving information about the receiverto the sender.

acknowledge In data communications, a charac-ter transmitted by a device as a response to asignal from another device to acknowledgethat a connection has been achieved.

acknowledgements page Page of a book inwhich the author gives his list of sources andreferences.

ACL See access control list.ACN See Advisory Committee on Networking.acoustic coupler A device that permits data

transmission through a telephone handset overthe public switched telephone network bymodulating audible (analogue) tones.

Acrobat A technology developed by AdobeSystems that allows documents created on onecomputer system to be read and printed on othersystems. The technology uses portable docu-ment format (pdf) files, which are producedeither directly as a print option in the sourceapplication or by running PostScript codethrough a program called Acrobat Distiller. Allformatting information is embedded in the com-pressed file and graphics and font informationcan also be included. If the fonts in the documentare not present on the system where the docu-ment is viewed, ‘Multiple Mastering’ technologyis used to simulate those fonts. Acrobat can beused for proofing (particularly in conjunctionwith ISDN) and for electronic publishing,although the facsimile of the printed page is notalways an ideal format for viewing on-screen.The latest version (Acrobat 3.0) was described asAmber during development and allows morecapability in viewing documents over the WorldWide Web.

acronym Abbreviation, usually in the form of apronouncable word, made up of the initial let-ters of other words.

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across the gutter Printed over the gutter marginof a book.

acrylic A polymer based on synthetic resin andused for surface coatings among other applica-tions. Acrylic coatings are tough, flexible andwaterproof.

ACs AuthorÕs corrections.action cycle The complete set of actions, includ-

ing origination, input, processing, output andstorage, performed on data.

activation The process, in computer networks,by which a component is prepared to perfomits design task.

active document The part of an electronic docu-ment that is displayed in the current windowand is therefore receptive to commands fromthe keyboard or mouse.

active file A file that has an expiry date later thanthe job date.

active matrix A design of liquid crystal display.active vocabulary In speech recognition systems,

the default built-in vocabulary to which addi-tional words can be added by the user.

ActiveX A set of utilities developed by Microsoftas an answer to Java, so as to allow interactivecontent to be run over the Internet. ActiveX isan implementation of OLE and thus limited toapplications running under MicrosoftWindows.

activity loading A method of storing records in afile which allows the most used records to belocated more readily.

AD 1. See administrative domain. 2. See air-drypulp.

adapter In computing, an add-on board or otherplug-in device which provides support foradditional facilities: more memory, more com-munications capabilities, more network facili-ties etc.

adaptive answering The ability of a fax modemto decide whether an incoming call is a fax ordata call.

adaptive digital pulse code modulation(ADPCM) A compression technique in whichthe difference between successive samples isencoded, rather than their values. This increas-es the amount of audio that can be stored on aCD about 16-fold. ADPCM is used on CD-ROM XA and CD-I disks.

ADAR Air-dried all rag paper.ADB See Apple Desktop Bus.ADC See analogue-to-digital converter.ADCCP See advanced data communication con-

trol procedure.A/D conversion See analogue to digital conver-

sion.

add/drop multiplexer A device that can extractcertain specified lower-bandwidth signalsfrom a high-bandwidth signal and insert otherlower-bandwidth signals.

addendum Late addition to book after printing,often as a pasted-in slip.

adder In computer architecture, the device thatcompiles an output from the sum of two ormore input numbers.

additive Substance added to ink to control suchperformance characteristics as covering power,drying, permanence etc.

additive colour The production of colour byblending different colours of light. Colour (RGB)computer monitors and television sets use addi-tive colour. Blending equal amounts of red,green and blue light gives white light and othercombinations give other colours. This should becontrasted with the way in which we normallysee, using white light, when the colour perceivedis made up of the wavelengths reflected by anobject, with those absorbed subtracted.Subtractive colour is used in printing (seeCMYK). It should also be noted that devicesusing additive colours have a colour gamutwhich does not include all the colours that canbe viewed in nature. (See also 1-bit, 8-bit and 24-bit colour.)

additive primaries Red, green and blue, whichwhen added together as light appear as white.Known also as the light primaries. Their com-plements or ‘opposites’ are known as the lightsecondaries: each one is made up of twocolours out of the three, taken in turn. They arecyan (i.e. minus red), magenta (i.e. minusgreen), yellow (i.e. minus blue).

add-on board An expansion board (or card) thatis inserted into one of the computer’s expan-sion slots to provide additional features suchas additional memory, communications,graphics etc.

add-on device See peripheral.address The sequence of bits or characters that

identifies the station to which a message orpacket of data must be routed. See electronicmail address, Internet address, MAC mediumaccess control address, memory address, net-work address, SCSI address.

addressability The number of addressablegraphics points within a defined display orimage area.

address checking A security procedure in whichthe router checks the network (IP) address.

address field The particular portion of a com-puter word containing either the address of theoperand (item of information being operated

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upon) or the information required to derive thataddress.

address format The arrangement of the parts ofan address to identify a sector or track on amagnetic disk.

addressing 1. Assignment of addresses to theinstructions in a program. 2. The communica-tions method by which an originating unitselects a device to which to send a message.

address mask Used to identify which bits in an IPaddress correspond to the network address andwhich to the subnet portions of the address. Thismask is also referred to as the subnet maskbecause the network portion of the address canbe determined by the class encoded in an IPaddress.

Addressograph Proprietary name of a machinewhich uses individual plates to print namesand addresses.

address resolution Conversion of an Internetaddress into the corresponding physical(Ethernet) address. See address resolutionprotocol.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) The TCP/IPprotocol used to find an Ethernet address froman Internet address. An ARP packet contain-ing the Internet address of a host is transmittedand the Ethernet address will be returned bythat host or by another host. Each host cachesaddress translations to reduce delay. ARPallows Internet addresses to be independent ofEthernet addresses but only if all hosts supportit. Hosts that do not support ARP use constantmapping.

address screening The procedure in SMDSSwitched Multimegabit Data Service by whicha user can control the destinations and/or thesources of information.

address track A track on a magnetic disk con-taining the addresses of files and recordsstored on other tracks of the same disk.

adhesive binding Binding style for books andmagazines involving the application of a hot-melt adhesive to the roughened or groundback to hold the pages and cover together. Alsocalled cut-back binding, perfect binding,thermoplastic binding, threadless binding.

adjacent channel The communications channelin closest proximity, physically or electrically,to the one in use.

adjust An editing feature in wordprocessing bywhich the processing software automaticallyadjusts the right-hand margin for the insertionor deletion of copy during playback and bywhich word wrap is automatically performed.

ADMD See administration management domain.

Administration management domain (ADMD) Apublic X.400 Message Handling System telecom-munications provider. Examples are MCI Mailand ATT Mail in the US and British TelecomGold400 Mail in the UK. Together, the ADMDsin all countries provide the X.400 backbone.

administrative domain (AD) The hosts, routersand network(s) managed by a single adminis-tration.

Adobe Leading graphic arts software developerwith many industry-standard applications.

Adobe Illustrator A drawing program with vec-tor imaging and editing software.

Adobe PhotoShop See PhotoShop.Adobe Systems, Inc. Software development house

responsible for some of the early software whichled to the creation of desktop publishing. Inparticular, the developers of the PostScript pagedescription language which has become the defacto standard. Other programs include:Illustrator, a popular graphics package; AdobeType Manager, which offers high-resolutionfont images on screen; Photoshop, for retouch-ing; and Acrobat, a technology that allows doc-uments created on one computer system to beread and printed on other systems.

Adobe Type Manager (ATM) A program thatuses Type 1 PostScript fonts to display type onthe screen to provide the best on-screen rendi-tion that the resolution of the display screenallows. ATM will also allow output of Type 1fonts to a non-PostScript printer. See fonts,outline fonts.

Adonis A document delivery service based onthe supply of scanned images of the full textand graphics of a large number of biomedicaljournals. The service was initiated by a consor-tium of European scientific publishers.

adopt Include a textbook on the official list ofbooks to be used in State schools.

adoption Approval for a book to be used in Stateschools.

ADPCM See adaptive digital pulse code modu-lation.

ADSL See asymmetric digital subscriber line.advance A prepublication payment by a publish-

er to an author from which royalties based onsales will subsequently be deducted.

advanced data communication control proce-dure (ADCCP) An ANSI-standardised bit-oriented synchronous data link control proto-col equivalent to HDLC (high-level data linkcontrol).

advanced peer-to-peer networking (APPN) AnIBM procedure that routes data in a networkbetween two or more APPC systems.

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advanced program-to-program communications(APPC) An implementation of the IBMSNA/SDLC protocol which allows communi-cation between interconnected systems so thatthe processing of programs is shared betweenthe systems.

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Anagency of the US DoD responsible for thedevelopment of new technology for use by themilitary (for some time called DARPA). Itfunded development of ARPANET (whichwas the basis of the Internet) and TCP/IP.

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network(ARPANET) The predecessor of the Internet,funded by ARPA. It became operational in 1968and was used for early networking research, aswell as providing a central backbone duringthe development of the Internet. TheARPANET consisted of individual computersinterconnected by leased lines using packetswitching to communicate. Protocols usedincluded ftp and telnet.

advance feed Sprocket holes in paper tape whichalign with code hole positions to indicate startof tape.

advance sheets Folded and collated sheets forthe publisher’s approval before binding.

advertorial Magazine article written by an adver-tiser with the aim of boosting a product or prod-ucts.

Advisory Committee on Networking (ACN) Acommittee of the Information SystemsCommittee of the UK Universities FundingCouncil.

aerograph See airbrush.A format paperback Massmarket paperback of

trimmed size 178 3 111mm.AFS See Andrew file system.against the grain Folding or cutting at right

angles to the grain of the paper. Contrast withthe grain.

agate Obsolete term for 5H pt type. Also calledruby. Standard measurement of advertisingcolumns: 14 agate lines = 1 column inch.

agent A program that acts as an intermediary inclient-server computing, preparing informa-tion and handling information exchange onbehalf of client or server. (See also intelligentagent, which implies that the agent is involvedin some decision-making process.)

AGV Abbreviation for automatic guided vehi-cle, a driverless or robot cart which travelsround a factory floor carrying materials, fin-ished products etc. Used extensively in mod-ern newspaper printing plants and in automat-ed warehouses.

AI See artificial intelligence.AIFF See audio interchange file format.air bar Bar on a web-offset press which conveys

the web of paper. Tiny holes in the bar ‘float’ theweb on a minute cushion of air, preventing set-off. A modern development from the graterroller which transfers the web by physical con-tact (and sometimes leaves smudges and set off).

airbrush Small compressed-air gun for fine manu-al ink spraying on artwork, photographs etc.

air consignment note See air waybill.air-dried paper Paper dried by passing the web

through warm air with only minimum supportrather than on steam-heated cylinders. Usedfor high-quality production.

air-dry pulp Pulp with a standard moisture con-tent of 10%.

air gap The narrow air gap between a magneticread-write head and the disk surface.

air knife coater Device which applies a jet ofcompressed air to the coating on a web of paperto achieve a smooth level film while fluid.

air knife cooling Cooling using jets of com-pressed air.

airmail Lightweight paper, usually below40gsm, used for stationery when postage costis critical. Often coloured pale blue.

air shear burst Break in paper reel caused bytrapped air.

air waybill Air-transport term for the documentmade out on behalf of the sender as evidence ofthe contract of carriage by air freight. Alsocalled an air consignment note.

ALA American Library AssociationAlbert A name given by British Telecom to a

machine intended to combine telephone,wordprocessing, teletext and telex. It has longsince been abandoned.

Albion press An old cast-iron hand press still inuse for producing lithographs and other fineart printing work.

albumen plate Lithographic printing plate coatedwith albumen dichromate.

alcohol damping The use of alcohol as thedamping solution in a litho press.

alcohols Solvents used in some inks.Aldus Software house which led the DTP revo-

lution with the development of PageMaker,the first comprehensive page make-up packagewith PostScript output.

ALGOL Algorithmic Language. A computerhigh-level language used mainly for scientificand mathematical applications.

algorithm An arithmetical computer routine inthe form of programmed instructions whichperforms a recurring task.

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algorithmic language A language designed forexpressing algorithms such as ALGOL.

alias A method of allocating an easily rememberedname to an email address (if perhaps the actualaddress is hard to remember, e.g. CompuServeemail addresses); alternatively, if the mail soft-ware allows, a group of addresses, so that youcan send a message to a group of people whileapparently only using one address.

aliasing A possible undesirable result of display-ing or printing an analogue or continuousimage in a digital format, so that the image issplit into cells. This can create a jagged or pixel-lated image and is particularly noticeable onlow-resolution devices and in fine detail. (Seealso anti-aliasing, moir�.) Aliasing also occursin the conversion of digital sound to analoguesound using a sound card. If the samplingrate, i.e. the frequency of extraction from thedigital sample, is too low, the sound is distort-ed. To avoid aliasing, a sound card with a sam-pling rate of around 40kHz is required.

align To line up type, horizontally or vertically,using a typographical criterion, e.g. base align-ment.

aligning numerals See lining figures.alignment The lining-up of printed characters,

with appropriate spacing.alignment pin Any pin or key that will ensure

correct connection of components.alkali resistance Quality in paper which resists

staining or discolouration by alkaline materials.alley Space between columns of type on a page

(US).allotter Computer device which directs files to

specific peripherals.alloy Composition of several metals.all rag paper Paper made from rag pulp.ALOHA A system of contention resolution

devised at the University of Hawaii (‘aloha’ is aHawaiian greeting). Packets are broadcast andthe sending system listens to see if they collideand, if so, re-transmits after a random time.Slotted ALOHA forces packets to start at thebeginning of a time slot. Basic ALOHA is par-ticularly appropriate for networks with longpropagation times, e.g. those including satel-lites.

alphabet A set of all the characters, digits andsymbols used in a language or work. A set ofthe characters used in a code language such asASPIC.

alphabetic character set One which contains let-ters, but not digits, but may contain controland special characters.

alphabetic shift The key or control for selecting

an alphabetic character set on an alphanumerickeyboard.

alphabetisation The sorting of words or phrasesinto alphabetical order. The alphabetisation ofindividual words is normally straightforwardenough, but alphabetising compound wordsand phrases requires rather more care. Thereare two broad schemes: word-by-word, wherecompound words and phrases are countedonly as far as the first word break (compoundwords are normally treated as two wordsunless the hyphenated prefix cannot stand onits own); or letter-by-letter, where compoundwords and phrases are counted all the waythrough to the first comma if there is one or ifnot to the end, ignoring all hyphens and word-breaks on the way. The first is the more tradi-tional (and in some ways the more intuitive)and is commonly used for general indexes; thesecond is the more explicit and eliminates anysubjective judgements, and is often used forglossaries or technical indexes.

alphabet length Length of a lower-case typefont.

alpha channels A feature used in the storage of24-bit images on the Macintosh, which uses32-bit QuickDraw. The remaining eight bitsare used by the alpha channels to hold infor-mation on other aspects of the image, such asmasks and layering effects, for use by bitmapeditors such as Adobe PhotoShop, in muchthe same way as in drawing programs. Theeffect is that different parts of the image can behandled independently.

alphanumeric Relating to the full alphabetic andnumeric character set of a machine.

alphanumeric data Data displayed using bothaphabetical and Arabic numerical symbols.

alphanumeric sort A computer sort of items intoalphabetical order.

alphasort To sort data into alphabeticalsequence.

alpha testing The testing of a software package ata first preliminary stage prior to a beta testing.

alt A Usenet newsgroup category, which standsfor ‘alternative’ and includes many unconven-tional or controversial, topics.

AltaVista A search engine for the World WideWeb and for Usenet newsgroups. AltaVistawas mounted by DEC to demonstrate thepower of the alpha chip, on which it runs.

alum Aluminium sulphate. One of the maincomponents in papermaking size.

AM See amplitude modulation.Amber The development name for Adobe

Acrobat version 3.0, especially designed for

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transmitting and accessing Acrobat pdf files viathe World Wide Web. With this version it is pos-sible to view a document page by page as it isdownloaded, whereas previously, with earlierversions of Acrobat, it was necessary to down-load the whole document before any of it couldbe viewed.

amberlith Proprietary name for an orange acetatesheet with a peelable coating, used to makelight-proof masks when assembling films.

ambient conditions Those conditions pertainingto the surrounding medium (temperature,noise etc.).

ambient noise level A random and uncontrol-lable noise level in a circuit or at a location. Seenoise.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)Creates standards for a wide variety of indus-tries, including computer programming lan-guages.

American Standard Code for InformationInterchange (ASCII) An agreed method of rep-resenting alphanumeric characters by 7-bit bi-nary numbers. ASCII represents the charactersthat can be keyed on a standard PC keyboard,plus some characters which provide certainfunctions, such as Bell, which produces a bell orbleep. 7-bit ASCII consists of 128 characters, andis sometimes called ‘basic ASCII’, plain ASCIIor flat ASCII. Although there has been no for-mal agreement, 8-bit characters are oftendescribed as ‘extended’ or high-level ASCII andinclude many of the commonly used accentedcharacters and some other characters. ExtendedASCII consists of 256 characters. Note that thevalues for individual high-level characters differfrom the ANSI character set, which is used byMicrosoft Windows. (See also EBCDIC.)

America Online (AOL) A US online serviceprovider based in Vienna, Virginia, US. AOLoffers electronic mail, interactive newspapersand magazines, conferencing, software libraries,computing support, online classes and servicessuch as hotel and plane reservations and shop-ping. (See also Prodigy, CompuServe.)

ampersand Symbol (&) for the word ‘and’.amplitude modulation (AM) A form of trans-

mission in which the amplitude level of a car-rier frequency is changed to determine theencoded information. (See also frequencymodulation.)

amplitude modulation (AM) screening Tra-ditional screening method where the variation insignal (defining different shades of grey) gener-ates dots of different sizes positioned over a reg-ularly spaced cell structure (screen ruling).

Contrast FM screening, also called stochasticscreening, where the dots generated are all thesame or very similar minuscule size (microdots)but are spread over an area to lesser or greaterdegrees to give the shades of grey required.

AM screening See amplitude modulationscreening.

analogue Information that can vary in a continu-ous fashion (e.g. loudness of sound), containingno discontinuous elements. (Contrast digital.)The conventional telephone system uses ana-logue signals and thus modems are required toconvert digital signals for transmission overtelephone lines. Newer methods, such as ISDN,frame relay and asynchronous transfer modeare digital.

analogue computer A computer which repre-sents numerical data by analogous physicalvariables such as speed, length or voltagerather than by digital representation. Contrastdigital computer.

analogue loopback A self-test for modems tocheck the frequencies they are using.

analogue proof Proof produced by mechanicalmeans from physical materials, (e.g. a Cromalinproof produced from film) as distinct from a dig-ital proof produced from a computer file (e.g. anIris proof generated from a colour file).

analogue-to-digital conversion Conversion ofinformation from analogue form (such as theloudness of a sound) to digital (so that it can berepresented in a computer). (See also sam-pling, digital modulation.)

analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) A devicewhich produces digital output from an ana-logue input. Compare digital-to-analogueconversion.

analyse scanner or analyse unit The input half ofa colour scanner which scans the original andtakes the scanning signals into memory. As dis-tinct from the output scanner, which is the halfthat records the scanned signals onto film cre-ating the separations.

analyst A person who defines problems and sug-gests procedures for their solution.

anamorphic scaling Scaling in which one dimen-sion of a subject is reduced/enlarged to a dif-ferent proportion from the other dimension:e.g. a half-tone reduced 30% across the widthand retained at original size in the depth.

ancestral file A file back-up system (son to fatherto grandfather file), where the son is the cur-rent working file.

anchor A marker for the beginning or the end ofa hypertext link. Also used within wordpro-cessing and DTP processes to indicate where

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graphic or other imported information islinked to the main document text flow.

anchor point In DTP systems, a fixed pointwhich remains anchored to its original positionwhile the cursor moves other elements into dif-ferent positions.

AND A logical operation in which e.g. A AND Bhas a true result only if both of the variables Aand B are true.

AND gate Computer function interpreting theconcept AND in program code.

Andrew file system (AFS) The distributed file sys-tem developed in the Andrew Project, a distrib-uted system project at Carnegie MellonUniversity, subsequently adopted by the OSF(Open Software Foundation) as part of the DCE(Distributed Computing Environment) archi-tecture.

angle cutting In web sheeting, when the the webis cut at an angle rather than horizontally to themachine direction.

aniline ink Volatile ink which dries very quickly.Used in flexography, a relief printing processusing flexible, deformable plates.

aniline printing Obsolete name for flexography.anilo roller Roller used in flexography which

applies aniline ink.animal-sized paper Paper treated by passing it

through a bath of animal size (gelatine).animation Displaying a series of images with

slight differences between them, at a speed thatis fast enough to create the illusion of smoothmovement. (See also cel animation, Gouraudshading, morphing, Phong shading, tweening.)

anisochronous data channel A communicationschannel in which data, but not timing informa-tion, is transmitted. Also called an asynchro-nous data channel.

annotation In hypertext, a new node linked to anexisting node. If the software allows it, thisprovides both authors and readers with theopportunity to add additional information,which can be text, graphics, audio or video.

annotation symbol A symbol used by a pro-grammer to append messages or notes to aflowchart.

anodised plate Printing plate used for offsetlitho and specially coated to prevent oxida-tion.

anonymous ftp The facility to transfer documents,files, programs and other archived data over theInternet by ftp to a standard guest account withlogin name anonymous or ftp and the user’selectronic mail address as password. Access isthen provided to a special directory hierarchycontaining the publicly accessible files, typically

in a subdirectory called ‘pub’. It is not possible toaccess other directories on the system.

ANSI See American National StandardsInstitute.

ANSI character set The character set adopted byANSI as the standard for computers; also thecharacter set used by Microsoft Windows.Unlike the ASCII character set, ANSI uses all 8bits, so that the character set comprises 256characters. The printable characters of theASCII character set have the same code in boththe ANSI and ASCII character sets. ANSI char-acters that are not displayed on the keyboardare accessed using the alt key on a PC key-board and the option key on a Macintosh key-board. In Windows, the characters can also beaccessed using the Character Map utility.

ansi.sys A configuration file needed in MS-DOS tobe able to display block graphics and othereffects.

answer Response of publisher’s computer sys-tem to a query about availability of a book.Usually indicated in code form, e.g. NYP (NotYet Published).

answer-only modem A modem (usually a verycheap one) which can receive messages but notsend them.

anthology A published collection of poems orstories by one author or several, usually select-ed by an editor.

anti-aliasing Ways of improving the display ofanalogue or continuous images in digital for-mats by reducing the pixellated appearance orreducing the creation of artefacts when thecolour resolution is low. Can use either dither-ing or grey levels. (See also aliasing, jaggies,hinting.)

anti-halation backing Coating on the back ofphotographic film which prevents halation.

antimony A metallic element forming part of thealloy used in metal type.

anti-oxidant Ingredient in an ink which extendsthe open time of an ink on press.

antique A printing paper with a rough finish butgood printing surface valued in book printingfor its high-volume characteristics. Also calledantique wove.

anti-rust paper Paper with additives which pro-tect metal surfaces against rusting.

anti set-off spray Fine spray sometimes appliedon printing machines at the final stage to pre-vent set-off.

anti-tarnish paper Paper with additives whichprotect bright metals against tarnishing.

AOL See America Online.APDU See application protocol data unit.

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aperture Lens opening on a camera, expressed asan F number.

API See application program interface.APL A powerful algorithmic language employ-

ing an extensive set of data structures andoperators.

apochromatic Lenses which focus blue, greenand red in the same plane.

Apogee Digital workflow and production sys-tem produced by Agfa using the pdf format forstandardising and controlling pages.

apparent density Weight of paper per unit ofvolume.

apparent specific gravity See apparent density.APPC See advanced program-to-program com-

munications.appearing size The physical size of a type, as

opposed to its nominal point size. Two type-faces of the same point size can have very dif-ferent appearing sizes.

appendix Addition to a book or document fol-lowing the main text.

Apple Popular make of computer widely used inthe graphic arts industries.

Apple Computer, Inc. Manufacturer of theMacintosh range of personal computers aswell as the earlier Apple I, Apple II and Lisa.Founded in 1983 by Steve Jobs and SteveWozniak.

Apple Desktop Bus A system for connectinginput devices to the Macintosh.

Apple File Exchange A utility that allows aMacintosh to write disks in IBM-PC format.

AppleLink An electronic mail and informationservice reserved for Apple employees, devel-opers, universities, user groups, dealers etc.,which provides product announcements andupdates (for third-party products as well as forApple products) and technical information.

AppleShare File server software from Apple forhandling networked or connected Macintoshcomputers.

applet See Java applet.AppleTalk A proprietary local area network

protocol developed by Apple Computer, Inc.for communication between Apple products,principally the Macintosh, and other com-puters. AppleTalk is built into the Macintoshand is independent of the network layer onwhich it is run. EtherTalk is an implementationof AppleTalk on an Ethernet LAN. (See alsoLocalTalk.)

application Software such as a wordprocessor orspreadsheet that is used to perform a specifictype of work.

application binary interface (ABI) The interface

via which an application program accesses theoperating system. Binary-compatible appli-cations should run on any system with theappropriate ABI. (See also API.)

application icon In Windows, a graphic that rep-resents a running application: it appears afterthe application has been started but then mini-mised.

application layer The top layer of the ISO seven-layer model, which handles aspects such as net-work transparency and resource allocation. Theapplication layer is concerned with the user’sview of the network, areas such as electronic mail,directory services and file transfer. The presenta-tion layer (the next layer) provides the applica-tion layer with a local representation of data thatis independent of the format used on the network.

application-level gateway A filter or series of fil-ters specially written to permit or prevent thetransmission of specific applications through asecurity gateway or firewall. Provides a highlevel of security as it also allows all traffic to bemonitored.

application program interface (API) The interfacethat an application program uses to requestoperating system and other services. An API canalso provide an interface between a high-levellanguage and lower-level utilities and services.For Windows, the API also helps applicationsmanage windows, menus, icons and other GUIelements. For a local area network and on theInternet, an API provides applications withroutines for requesting services from lower lev-els of the network or from communication pro-tocol stacks. (See also ABI.)

application protocol data unit (APDU) A packetof data exchanged between two applicationprograms across a network. This is at theapplication layer of the OSI seven-layermodel and may actually be transmitted as sev-eral packets at a lower layer including extrainformation for routing etc.

application service element (ASE) Software inthe presentation layer of the OSI seven-layermodel, which provides an interface to handleAPDUs. Because applications and networksvary, ASEs are split into common services andspecific services.

applications package A suite of computer pro-grams used to solve problems specific to a par-ticular application, e.g. business, financial,scientific.

applications program A program written toaccomplish a specific task (such as wordprocess-ing), as opposed to administrative or utility pro-grams.

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applications software Programs which areapplied to solve specific problems, such asbusiness systems.

APPN See advanced peer-to-peer networking.APR Asahi Photosensitive Resin. Proprietary

Japanese product for the manufacture ofphotopolymer plates.

aquatint Type of print using ‘mottled’ areasdesigned to resemble water-colour painting.

aquatone Form of collotype printing using afine-screen gelatine-coated plate and offsetprinting.

AR Aspect ratio.arabic figures The numerals 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. as dis-

tinct from the Roman I, II, III, IV. Evolved fromArabic symbols. Arabic figures can be typesetas lining or non-lining figures.

Arachnophilia A Windows freeware HTML edi-tor, available from ZDNet, that can also beused to create Web pages from RTF docu-ments.

archetype Document or book written about thetypical themes and motifs of a particular timeand subject.

Archie A system to automatically gather, indexand serve information on the Internet. Theinitial implementation provided an indexeddirectory of filenames from all anonymous ftparchives. Later versions provide other collec-tions of information. (See also archive site,Gopher, Prospero, wide area informationservers.)

architecture The design or arrangement of com-ponents in a microprocessor.

archival paper A paper with long-lasting quali-ties, usually with good colour retention. (Seealso permanent paper.)

archive To store data economically offline forfuture use in a computer system.

archive site An Internet host where files arestored for public access via anonymous ftp,Gopher, World Wide Web or other file-han-dling tools. There may be several archive sitesfor, say, a Usenet newsgroup, where one maybe recognised as the main one and the othersact as mirrors. Archive sites are also known asftp sites and ftp archives. (See also Archie.)

arc lamp Lamp that produces light by a currentwhich arcs across two electrodes, usually ofcarbon (thus, carbon arcs). Used as a lightsource in photography or plate-making.

ARCnet See Attached Resource ComputerNetwork.

area composition See page make-up.area make-up Bringing together text and graph-

ics into a page or area layout.

area storage A buffer of storage reserved for livedata en route between a peripheral and itsstorage destination in a computer.

arithmetic unit Computer unit which performscalculations.

ARP See Address Resolution Protocol.ARPA See Advanced Research Projects Agency.ARPANET See Advanced Research Projects

Agency Network.ARQ See automatic repeat request.array A series of items arranged in a meaningful

pattern. In many programming applications,the term is taken to refer simply to an area setaside to store program data.

arrow Printing sign ➔ used to indicate direction.arrowhead Printed sign © which usually refers

to a cross-reference.art See artwork.artboard Woodfree board coated to a high finish

for fine printing of half-tones.art canvas Loose wove, strong cotton with a tis-

sue lining. Used in bookbinding.artificial intelligence (AI) The development of

processors that can perform functions normal-ly identified with human intelligence such asreasoning, learning and self-improvement insuch a way that a device can improve its ownoperation.

artificial parchment A paper which simulatesparchment.

art paper Paper coated with china clay and pol-ished to a high finish.

art platen Platen printing machine used forproofing or printing half-tones.

artwork 1. Original illustrative copy or typesettingready for reproduction at pre-film stage. 2. Illus-trations, designs or photographs used in print-ing.

Artype Proprietary name for a make of transfertype.

AS See autonomous system.ascender The part of a letter extending above the

x-height, as e.g. in b, d, h, k and l. (See alsodescender.)

ASCII See American Standard Code forInformation Interchange.

ASCII coding See American Standard Code forInformation Interchange.

ASDL See asynchronous digital subscriber loop.ASE See application service element.A series See A.ash or ash content Residue of paper after incin-

eration, gauged by standard test. Representsthe amount of loadings and fillers (mineralcontent) that there are in the paper.

ASN See autonomous system number.

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ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One. The OSIlanguage for describing abstract syntax, usedin the presentation layer of the OSI seven-layer model to describe the sort of informationbeing exchanged.

aspect ratio The ratio of width to height.Common uses are to describe a pixel, a displayscreen or a graphic. Although square pixels(1:1) are considered preferable, most displaysuse aspect ratios of about 5:4. The aspect ratioof graphics will not always appear to be thesame on paper as it does on screen (partlybecause the pixel aspect ratio is not 1:1). Whengraphics are transferred from one softwarepackage to another, care needs to be taken topreserve aspect ratios.

ASPIC Acronym for Authors’ Symbolic PrepressInterfacing Codes: an early generic coding sys-tem.

ASR Answer Send and Receive. Machine whichcan send to and receive from a computer bypaper tape.

assembler A computer program which convertsa low-level language into machine code.Compare compiler, which converts a high-level language into machine code.

assembler box Part of a Linotype composingmachine in which the line is assembled.

assembly Bringing together pieces of film tomake up rows of pages and produce finalimposed foils for platemaking. Also calledplanning.

assembly language A low-level computer lan-guage which needs an assembler to translate itinto machine code.

assigned numbers The RFC in which the cur-rently assigned values used in network proto-col implementations are documented. ThisRFC is updated periodically and current infor-mation can be obtained from the IANA(Interernet Assigned Numbers Authority).The IANA assigns numbers to new protocols,ports, links etc.

asterisk Star-shaped symbol (*) often used as afootnote reference mark.

asymmetrical modulation A scheme in whichthe use of a communications line is maximisedby giving a larger share of the bandwidth tothe modem which is transmitting the mostinformation.

asymmetric digital subscriber line (or loop)(ADSL) A digital telecommunications protocolthat allows transmission of VHS quality videoover standard telephone lines. This means thatVCR-quality video could be delivered to homeswithout the need for rewiring. (See video on

demand.) Uses the principles of asymmetricalmodulation with upstream bit rates measuredin kbps and downstream bit rates of up to 9Mbps. Will also effectively provide a greaterbandwidth for access to the Internet to thoseusing dial-up connections over modems. Notethat this provides an alternative to ISDN. In theUS, provides part of the National InformationInfrastructure (NII).

asynchronous Not synchronous (or synchro-nised). Most often refers to data communi-cations in which the sending and receivingdevices do not have to be synchronised andthus the data is sent in groups or blocks, ratherthan as a steady stream, between two devices.The data must include start and stop bits toindicate the beginning and end of each groupor block. Asynchronous can also refer to eventsthat occur at different times rather than concur-rently, e.g. email communication is asynchro-nous. Similarly, a telephone conversation isasynchronous, in that signals are recognised,equivalent to start and stop bits, which indicatewhen to transfer control of the conversation.

asynchronous assignment In asynchronoustransfer mode, the manner in which individualcells are allocated to different users in responseto the varying demands of the traffic.

asynchronous computer A digital computer inwhich automatic progress from one operation tothe next is controlled by signals indicating thatthe previous operation has been completed.

asynchronous data channel See anisochronousdata channel.

asynchronous multiplexer A device which pro-vides an interface for up to 16 communicationsdevices (terminals, printers, keyboards).Programmable functions include parity check-ing.

asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) A high-bandwidth method of transporting informa-tion in short, fixed-length cells, designed tointegrate the transport of all services on a sin-gle network. Defined by the ITU-T for publicbroadband-ISDN. Also known as ‘fast packet’and generally associated with a fast packetswitching technology called cell relaying, inwhich information is handled in fixed celllengths of 53 octets.

AT&T American Telephone and Telegraph, Inc.One of the largest US telecommunicationsproviders. The Unix operating system and theC and C++ programming languages weredeveloped at AT&T Bell Laboratories. Until1983, AT&T had a monopoly on the supply oftelephone services in the US.

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AT command set A set of commands developedby Hayes Microcomputer Products for softwarecontrol of modems. This set was emulated inHayes-compatible modems and is now regard-ed as standard for modems used with PCs.

ATM See asynchronous transfer mode, auto-matic teller machine, Adobe Type Manager.

ATM adaptation layer (AAL) The interfacebetween services and the ATM (asynchronoustransfer mode) switching protocol. AAL 1 pro-vides a constant bit rate at source and destina-tion, thus emulating a private circuit or leasedline. AAL 2 emulates a variable bit rate service(e.g. voice). AAL 3 emulates a connection-oriented service. AAL 4 emulates a connec-tionless service (e.g. SMDS). AAL 5 is a nulladaptation layer.

ATS (Animal Tub Sized) Paper sized after man-ufacture with animal gelatine.

Attached Resource Computer Network(ARCnet) Originally a proprietary networkdeveloped by DataPoint; now no longer propri-etary. Uses a star topology and a token-passingprotocol. Slower than Ethernet at 2.5 Mbps butallows different kinds of transmission media(twisted pair, coaxial cable and fibre-optic cable)to be mixed in the same network. A revisedspecification called ARCnet Plus supports bitrates of up to 20 Mbps (see bits per second).

attachment A file sent with an email message.May be compressed or encoded using BinHexor uuencoding. In most cases uses MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) toenable the attachment.

attribute Property or characteristic. Within a DTD(document type definition), attributes may bedefined for SGML (Standard GeneralisedMarkup Language) (and HTML (HypertextMarkup Language)) tags or elements, as well aspossible values for an attribute. Within a docu-ment instance, a tag may include a particularvalue for an attribute. Within typography,attribute is used to mean type style, such as ital-ic or bold, while in paint and draw programs,attribute refers to line weights, colours andstyles, as well as to the colours and styles of fills.(See also element, entity.)

audio Sound on computers (and on audio com-pact discs and digital audio tape). This is han-dled by storing a sequence of discrete samples.The continuous (analogue) sound waveform ofthe original is sampled tens of thousands oftimes a second. Each sample represents theintensity of the sound pressure wave for eachfrequency at that instant. The quality of the dig-ital encoding is also affected by the number of

bits used. The encoding may be linear, logarith-mic or mu-law. Audio is replayed through asound card which converts the digital file backinto an analogue waveform. Sound is one com-ponent of multimedia. (See also audio IFF,audio interchange file formats and aliasing.)

audio bridge A way of connecting a small num-ber of telephone lines in order to provide anaudio conference. Audio bridges over ISDNare more effective than those over the PSTNbecause there are fewer problems with varyingaudio levels and background noise conditions.

audioconferencing A multi-party telephone con-versation. (See also computer conferencingand videoconferencing.)

audiographic teleconferencing Use of an elec-tronic whiteboard or shared screens as part ofteleconferencing.

audio IFF See audio interchange file format.audio interchange file format (AIFF, audio

IFF) A sound format developed by AppleComputer for storing high-quality sampledaudio and musical instrument information. Itis now also used by Silicon Graphics and someprofessional audio packages.

audiotex A system in which it is possible toaccess a database of audio messages using atouch-tone telephone. Is widely used as part ofvoice mail systems.

audio-visual (AV) Information provided onmedia that use both sight and sound, such assound tapes and slides.

audio-visual interleaved (avi) A video formatused within Windows. Files using this formatcan be replayed using the Windows MediaPlayer.

audit trail In workflow management, the facilityto keep track of all successive versions of doc-uments with information on when changeswere made and by whom.

AUP See acceptable use policy.authentication Verification of the identity of a

person or process. In a communication system,authentication verifies that messages reallycome from their stated source. (See also digitalsignature, encryption.)

authorÕs corrections Corrections made by theauthor on proofs and changing the originalcopy, as distinct from printerÕs error or literalsmade by the typesetter. Author’s correctionsare by convention marked in blue; printer’serrors or literals are marked in red.

author-date A bibliographical reference systemcomprising the author’s name and date of pub-lication, e.g. Brown, 1984.

author-date system See Harvard system.

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authoring Creating a hypertext or hypermediadocument. There are a number of authoringlanguages, such as Apple’s HyperCard, as wellas an ever-increasing number of Web author-ing tools for creating HTML documents for theWorld Wide Web.

Authorware Interactive Studio Software fromMacromedia for developing interactive multi-media applications. Takes a more structuredapproach than the same company’sMacromedia Director. (See also Shockwave.)

auto-answer A feature supported on manymodems and all fax machines which allowsincoming calls to be answered automatically,even if the user is not present.

auto-dial A feature of advanced modems, usual-ly used for call-back, so that the modem cancall automatically without human interven-tion.

autoflow In DTP systems, a facility which allowstext to flow automatically into a preset layoutor template.

autograph Written words in the author’s hand-writing.

autographic transfer Method of reproducinghand-written material from a special hard-sized transfer paper by lithography.

autokerning See automatic kerning.autoleading In DTP, automatic leading set at

120% of the body type size.auto-lithography Drawing of original artwork

on a lithographic printing plate.automatic bootstrap loader Allows system start-

up from a variety of peripheral devices withoutthe need to enter commands from a keyboard.

automatic dialling unit A device (typically amodem) that is capable of automatically gener-ating signals which correspond to the dialleddigits of a call.

automatic error correction Referring to thedetection and correction (usually involvingretransmission) of transmission errors. Thedegree of correction will be dependent on theerror checking codes employed and equipmentconfiguration.

automatic feeder Device on a printing or foldingmachine which draws paper into the machine.

automatic guided vehicle See AGV.automatic heading The positioning of a heading

on consecutive pages by means of a genericinstruction at the start of a project, common onmodern page make-up systems.

automatic imposition equipment See projectionplatemaking equipment.

automatic kerning or autokerning The ability ofsome typesetting systems automatically to

adjust the letter fit of certain character combi-nations in text so that spacing is kept visuallyeven.

automatic pile delivery System on modernprinting machines which jogs printed sheetsinto an orderly pile and gradually lowers theaccumulating stack.

automatic programming Any technique em-ployed to simplify program writing such as theuse of an assembler to translate a programmer’ssymbolic code into machine language.

automatic repeat request (ARQ) An error controlprotocol used in modems, in which the receiverasks the transmitter to resend corrupted data.

automatic teller machine (ATM) Cash dispenserwhich uses credit or debit cards, authenticatedby the use of a PIN number.

automatic transfer press A web-fed press whichallows make-ready to proceed on one set ofplates while a job is still running on a second set.There is then no press stop when the new jobstarts.

autonomous system (AS) A collection of routersunder a single administration using a commonInterior Gateway Protocol for routing packets.

autonomous system number (ASN) Used forrouting on Internet. See autonomous system.

autopaster See flying paster.autoplate Machine for producing curved print-

ing plates.autopositive film Photographic material which

produces a positive image from a positive orig-inal without an intermediate.

auto-redial A feature supported on manymodems which allows redialling until a connec-tion is made. The redial time can usually be setto a value to suit the user. This is a particularlyuseful feature for dial-up connection to bulletinboards and Internet points of presence.

autoreversal film Type of film used for makingcontact film duplication without requiring anintermediate stage of negative or positive, i.e. will give a negative from a negative or posi-tive from a positive. Also known as direct-duplicating film.

autosplice See flying paster.autotracing The conversion of a bitmap to a vector

or outline image. Most autotracing programsare able to trace images in TIFF or pcx formatand output as Encapsulated PostScript.Autotracing is useful for converting imageswhich have been scanned to images which canbe manipulated using a draw program.

auxiliary storage See backing store.AV Audio-visual.avatar A computer-generated figure, intended to

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represent a human on a computer screen. In theearly days of videoconferencing, it was suggestedthat such an approach might be used to reducebandwidth requirements.

avi See audio-visual interleaved.a/w See artwork.azerty Keyboard arrangement used in France as

alternative to the standard qwerty keyboardarrangement of characters. Accommodatesaccents.

azure laid Blue-tinted laid paper, usually usedfor stationery.

azure wove As azure laid but without character-istic laid lines.

BB The B series is an international ISO range of

sizes designed for large items (wallcharts,posters) and falling between the A series sizes.(See also A, C.) See Appendix.

BA Booksellers Association.BABT approval Approval by the British

Approval Board for Telecommunications, indi-cated by a green circle. Any equipment, mostcommonly modems, requires this approvalbefore it can be legally connected to the UKtelephone system. A red triangle means thatapproval has not (yet) been obtained.

back 1. The binding edge of a book. The backmargin is the space between the type and boundedge. 2. In binding, to form a shoulder on eachside of the spine. See backing, rounding andbacking.

backbone The primary connectivity mechanismof a hierarchical distributed system. All stuband transit networks which have connectivityto an intermediate system on the backbone areassured of connectivity to each other.

backbone site A key Internet site, whichprocesses a large amount of third-party traffic,especially if it is the home site of any of theregional co-ordinators for the Usenet maps.(See also rib site, leaf site.)

back-edge curl Distortion of the back edge of asheet of paper usually caused by heavy solidstoo close to the back edge. Also, tail-end hook.

backer card Display card fixed to back of dumpbin or stand.

background Computer processing mode whichcan occur concurrently with the main use of the

machine, e.g. hyphenation and justification ofa text file while other material is being input.

background processing Low-priority tasks, in amultitasking environment, that are performedwhen higher-priority programs are inactive. Inwordprocessing, performance of a task such asprinting while the operator completes othertasks.

background program One which does notdepend on interaction with the user.

backing In binding, the operations which form ashoulder on each side of the spine. Also knownas jointing. In paper the carrier sheet for apeel-off stock.

backing store Mass storage medium on a com-puter, e.g. floppy disk, magnetic tape etc.

backing-up See back-up.back lining Strip of paper or fabric glued to the

spine of a book to give reinforcement strength.(See also first and second linings.)

back link A link back to the point from whichthe last link was made.

backlist Publisher’s list of those books publishedbefore the current date and still in print.

back margin The margin of a book nearest thespine.

back number Copy of a previous issue of a peri-odical.

back-of-book Pages in a periodical following theeditorial; often classified advertising.

backoff Where a host that has experienced acollision on a network waits for a (random)amount of time before attempting to retrans-mit.

backplane The wiring and connecting units that allow a computer to be connected to itsperipherals.

backplaning (or back planing) Method of reduc-ing the thickness of newly cast stereos (seestereotype) by trimming the reverse side on aplaning machine.

backs Combined back margins of a book.backslant Backward sloping typeface, i.e. oppo-

site to italic.backslash The slash character (\). It is used to

separate subdirectories in DOS commands.Note, however, that Unix uses the forwardslash command for this purpose and, as mostInternet hosts run on Unix machines, it is nec-essary for DOS users to remember this whenusing such programs as ftp.

backspace The movement of the cursor of aVDU or a printing head in a backwards direc-tion along a line.

back-step collation See black-step collation.backstrip A strip of paper or linen which is glued

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down the spine of a book after the pages havebeen sewn and rounded, prior to the case beingadded.

back swell A build-up of thread or glue at thespines of books during binding causing thespines to swell undesirably.

backup MS DOS command for saving selectedgroups of files held on from disk, usually thehard disk, to a back-up disk. (See also Restore.)

back-up The act of duplicating data for securitypurposes.

back-up ad Advertisement published in conjunc-tion with an insert or editorial announcement.

Backus-Naur form (BNF) A grammar of gram-mars (or metasyntax) for specifying the syntax ofprogramming languages, command sets etc.SGML and HTML Document Type Definitionscan be regarded as BNF grammars.

backward read A technique which allows a mag-netic tape to be read while the tape is runningbackwards.

backwater Liquid containing dissolved ingredi-ents in papermaking process, which is passedthrough the wire when stock is deposited. Alsoknown as whitewater.

BackWeb A push technology that enables Website owners to create their own controlledInternet channels to deliver targeted and per-sonalised content directly to end users. This israther like PointCast, except that PointCastsends only public information. BackWeb’spatented Polite Agent unobtrusively monitorsan Internet user’s online activity and, whenbandwidth is available, BackWeb incremental-ly downloads user-requested informationusing UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Becausethe downloads take place when data-transferlevels are otherwise low, they do not affect auser’s other activities and real-time delaysappear shorter. Users are able to schedule dead-lines by which time files should be available.(See also Castanet and Netscape Netcaster.)

bad break Undesirable end-of-line hyphenationof a word.

bagasse Fibre sometimes used in papermakingobtained from sugar cane.

baggy paper Loosely wound web.BAK A filename extension used by several oper-

ating systems to identify backup copies of files.band A group of tracks on a magnetic disk. A

communications frequency range between twodefined limits.

Banda A type of duplicator, which draws theimage onto a sheet of special paper which isthen attached to a drum. The drum rotates andprints onto paper passing under it.

banding An effect seen on low-resolution print-ers when graduated fills are printed, in thatthe transition is shown in distinct, contrastingbands rather than in one continuous flow. Thehigher the resolution of the printer, the lessbanding will be visible. It is also possible toobserve banding on-screen, depending on thescreen resolution, but this does not mean thatthe bands will necessarily print.

band strapping Enclosing a stack of printedmaterial with a strong, thin plastic band tosecure it. The machine is a Ôband strapper’.

bandwidth Technically, the difference, in hertz(Hz), between the highest and lowest frequen-cies of a transmission channel or the range offrequencies required to transmit a signal.However, as typically used, the rate at whichdata can be sent through a given communica-tions circuit: e.g. voice over the telephone net-work requires a bandwidth of 3kHz whileuncompressed video requires a bandwidth of6MHz. See broadband, voice band, wideband.

bandwidth top-up The opening up of an ISDNchannel when a private circuit becomes con-gested. The channel is closed again when thetraffic subsides.

bang path A way of describing a UUCP elec-tronic mail address naming a sequence ofhosts through which a message must pass toget to the addressee. So called because eachhop is signified by a bang sign (or exclamationmark ‘!’). Now that Internet addressing isavailable, this notation is rarely used, althoughthe terminology is used to described thesequence of hosts through which a messagemay pass before it is delivered to the intendedrecipient.

bank Grade of lightweight writing and printingpaper used for correspondence, multi-part setsetc. Weights over 60gsm are known as bonds.

banner 1. Large headline on advertisement ornewspaper story. 2. Poster or cloth strip con-taining an advertising message.

barcode A horizontal strip of vertical bars of vary-ing widths, groups of which represent charac-ters. There are various different standards buteach symbol typically contains a leading quietzone, start character, data character(s) includingan optional check character, stop character and atrailing equate zone. In addition to convention-al barcodes, there are also radial and two-dimensional coding systems, which are used forspecialised applications such as automaticwarehousing. Barcode readers usually use visi-ble red light with a wavelength between 632.8and 680 nanometers.

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barcode reader See optical wand.baryta Heavy grade of coated paper sometimes

used for reproduction proofs.BAS A filename extension common to several

operating systems denoting BASIC sourceprogram files.

base alignment Aligning characters of differentsizes on the same line. See baseline, align.

baseband A transmission method through whichdigital signals are sent without modulation. Ingeneral, only one communication channel isavailable at any given time. Most local areanetworks are baseband networks, e.g. Ethernet.

baseboard artwork or baseline artwork Artworkpresented on a stiff base with a tissue overlayindicating colour splits.

base-level synthesizer The minimum capabilityrequired by the Microsoft MPC specificationfor a music synthesizer within MicrosoftWindows. It must be capable of playing at leastsix simultaneous notes on three melodic instru-ments, together with three simultaneous noteson percussion instruments. (See also MIDI.)

baseline The line on which characters are based,i.e. the line along the bottom of characters, suchas a, b and c, which do not have descenders (asin j, p, q and y). Line spacing is measuredbetween baselines. Leading is extra spacingadded, based on the strips of lead (the metal)which compositors used to add between blocksof type.

base paper Paper to which a coating is to beadded. Also called body paper or body stock.

BASIC Beginners All-purpose SymbolicInstruction Code. A widely used high-levelcomputer programming language.

basic bandwidth unit (BBU) The smallest unit ofbandwidth which can be allocated.

basic rate interface (BRI) See basic rate ISDN.basic rate ISDN (BRI) This is a UK version of

ISDN which consists of two 64 kbps channels(B – bearer – channels) for speech or data, plusa 16 kbps channel (D – delta – channel) usedfor signalling and control purposes. The aggre-gate data rate is thus 2 3 64 + 16 = 144 kbps.Basic rate ISDN is often referred to as 2B + D.BRI is the kind of ISDN interface most likely tobe found in a residential service.

basic size American paper term for the specifiedsheet size used to define basis weight.Different papers have different basic sizes: thebasic size applied to book papers is 25 3 380.

basil Grade of leather produced from sheepskinand used in the production of account bookbindings.

basis weight or substance 1. The weight of a

material, usually paper, defined in grams persquare metre. 2. (US) Weight in pounds perream of paper cut to basic size. Typical USweights for book papers are 50lb (equivalent to74gsm), 55lb (equivalent to 81gsm), 60lb(equivalent to 89gsm). See Appendix.

Baskerville Typeface designed by John Baskervillein the 18th century and still widely used.

bastard progressives Set of progressive proofsshowing every possible colour combination ofthe four process colours.

bastard size Non-standard size of any materialor format.

bastard title See half title.BAT An operating system filename extension

that denotes a batch file.batch Method of computer processing where

input data is collected into batches before pro-cessing, as distinct from real time or interactiveoperation. A batch pagination program is onewhere the machine operator sets up the specifi-cation parameters by using a menu, and thenallows the program to make up the text intopages with no further intervention. Contrast aninteractive page make-up program, whichrequires continuous dialogue with the operator.

Bath Information and Data Services (BIDS) Adata provision service at the University ofBath, providing bibliographic and electronicdocument delivery services to the UK highereducation sector.

batter Broken or damaged type, blocks or plates.battered Damaged printing surface.battery-backed RAM A form of non-volatile

storage in which power is permanently sup-plied to memory modules even when power tothe computer is removed.

baud The information-carrying capacity of a com-munication channel in terms of the number ofchanges of state or level per second, i.e. the fre-quency of electrical oscillation. This is the sameas the bit rate only for two-level modulationwith no frame or stop bits. Many people con-fuse bit rate and baud, probably because mostlower-speed modems have the bit rate and baudrate (also called ‘symbol rate’) identical. It istherefore less ambiguous to use the term bitsper second (bps) when describing modem ratesof transmission. The term baud was originally aunit of telegraph signalling speed, set at oneMorse code dot per second and named afterEmil Baudot (1845-1903), the French engineerwho constructed the first successful teleprinter.

baud barf The apparently random characterswhich appear on a monitor when a modem con-nection is used with some protocol setting (espe-

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cially line speed) incorrect, when voice commu-nication occurs on the same line, or when thereis really bad line noise. Baud barf is not com-pletely random, and experienced hackers (inboth the good and bad senses) can extract infor-mation from it about the sending modem.

Baudot code Five-bit code developed by theFrench engineer Emil Baudot in the 1870s (seebaud); still used for telex.

baud rate See baud.baudy language A graphical language for con-

veying feelings, also described as emoticonsand smileys. Obviously a pun on baud (and ofcourse ‘body language’) e.g. : ) = smile, ; ) =wink, : ( frown. The possibilities are limited onlyby imagination and the ASCII character set.

bboard See bulletin board system.BBS See bulletin board system.BBU See basic bandwidth unit.BCC See block check character.B-channel The main type of component channel

of ISDN services, used for carrying data orvoice. B stands for ‘bearer’. See basic rate ISDN.

BDG Binding.BDG/ND Binding/no date.beard Distance from the bottom of the x-height of

a piece of type to the bottom edge of the body.bearers 1. Type-high metal strips, surrounding

the type for protection when moulding stereo-types. 2. Flat surfaces at the end of printingpress cylinders.

beater (beating engine) Large vat used midwaythrough the papermaking process to refine liq-uid pulp. Replaced in modern papermaking bythe cone refiner.

beater-sized pulp Papermaking furnish to whichthe size is added during beating rather than ata later stage in the process. See internal-sizing,engine-sizing, sizing.

beating Part of the papermaking process wherefibres are mechanically treated in a cone-refin-er (beater) to modify their characteristics tothose required by the desired paper quality inmanufacture. Also, refining.

Because ItÕs Time NETwork (BITNET) A wide-area academic computer network in the USbased originally on IBM mainframe systemsconnected via leased 9600 bps lines. Operatesas a single network with EARN in Europe andother networks in different parts of the world.

bed The flat metal part of a printing machinewhich holds the type form during printing.

beeper See pager.Bekk smoothness Measurement of smoothness

of paper surface using the Bekk instrument.bell A control character originally employed to

ring a bell on teletype equipment. Now morecommonly used to permit more codes than ispossible from the TTS six-level coding structure.

Bell 103 The variant of V.21 created by AT&Twhen it had a telephone system monopoly inthe US.

bell code Code permitting more commands thanis possible on the TTS six-level coding structure.

belt press Printing press using two continuousbelts for printing books in-line from a paperweb to a delivered book, ready for binding atthe end of the press. See Cameron belt press.

benchmark test A routine designed to evaluatethe performance of a device under typical con-ditions.

Ben Day Mechanical process of tint layingsuperseded by photographic screen tints.Named after its developer, Ben Day.

BER See bit error rate.Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) An

implementation of a Domain Name Serverdeveloped and distributed by the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley. Many Internet hostsnow run BIND.

Berkeley Network (B-NET) Unix Ethernet soft-ware developed at the University of Californiaat Berkeley, which is regarded as the de factostandard and distributed by Unisoft.

Berne Convention International copyrightagreement signed in Berne in 1886.

Berners-Lee, Tim The leading developer of theWorld Wide Web at CERN in the early 1990s.

bespoke software Software written for a specificapplication for a single customer. Also, customsoftware.

best effort A classification for low-priority net-work traffic, used with reference to theInternet. Different kinds of traffic have differ-ent bandwidth requirements and therefore dif-ferent priorities: e.g. certain types of real-timecommunication, such as videoconferencing,need a certain minimum guaranteed band-width and latency and thus need a high prior-ity. Electronic mail, on the other hand, has noreal-time need and is classified as a best-effortservice.

beta ray gauge Device which uses radio isotopesto measure the weight of paper.

beta testing The stage at which software is testedunder real conditions, prior to general release.See acceptance testing and alpha testing.

bevel 1. Sloping surface of a piece of typebetween the face and the shoulder. 2. Outeredges of letterpress printing plate which arebelow type height and by which the plate issecured. Also known as a flange .

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Beyond Press Software package which allowsQuarkXPress files to be repurposed in HTMLfor the Web.

B�zier curve Geometric curve whose shape canbe defined through a series of intermediatepoints called control handles.

bf Bold face. See bold.B format paperback Massmarket paperback of

trimmed size 198 3 126.bible paper Very thin, strong, opaque printing

paper used where low bulk, or weight, is need-ed. Originally made for bibles and prayerbooks, also used for dictionaries and air mailedpublications.

Bibliographic Retrieval Service (BRS) Anonline information service providing indexedaccess to scholarly, scientific and technicalpublications. Two leading suppliers are BRSInformation Technologies and DIALOGInformation Services.

bibliography List of books and articles relatingto a written work, usually given at the end ofthe work. Each item in the list may includedetails of author, title, publisher etc.

biblio page Reverse of title page; the page whichgives bibliogrphical details about the book. Seecopyright page.

bibliophile A collector or lover of books.bi-directional printing Movement both from left

to right and right to left in a line printingmachine (e.g. daisywheel printer) thus increas-ing output.

BIDS See Bath Information and Data Services.biff To notify someone that they have incoming

mail. Named after a Unix utility, which was inturn named after a golden Labrador at theUniversity of California at Berkeley whichbarked when the post arrived.

bilevel bitmap, bilevel coding A black-and-white bitmap, in which each pixel is either onor off. Thus the two levels of a bilevel bitmapare black or white. Bilevel coding is used in faxwhere each pixel in a scan is represented aseither black or white with no representation ofa degree of greyness. Grey levels can be simu-lated on output by a mixture of black andwhite pixels in appropriate proportions.

bill Poster.bill of exchange A common payment instrument

for exporters, defined as ‘an unconditionalorder in writing, addressed by one person toanother, signed by the person giving it, requir-ing the person to whom it is addressed to payon demand or at a fixed and determinablefuture time, a sum certain in money to theorder of a specified person, or to bearer’.

bill of lading A statement of goods being carriedby sea, used as a document of title by the con-signor, and as a receipt by the shipping line.

bimetal plate Lithographic plate where theprinting image area base is usually brass orcopper, and the non-printing area is usuallyaluminium, stainless steel or chromium. Usedfor long runs.

binary See binary system.binary-coded decimal A numeric representation

system in which each decimal digit is repre-sented by four binary digits.

binary counter A computer component compris-ing a series of bistable devices, or flip flops,each storing one bit of a byte.

binary file Any file that is not ordinary text, i.e.one which contains more than just standard (7-bit) ASCII characters. This includes spread-sheet files, databases, executable programs andmost wordprocessing files.

binary synchronous communications (BSC,bisync(h) or bisynchronous communications)A protocol developed by IBM for half-duplexlinks and widely used in networks on main-frames. Bisynch communications need theclocks on the computers sending and receivingthe information to be synchronised before trans-mission begins. (See also asynchronous trans-mission.)

binary system (base two) A method of workingwith numbers based on only two digits, 1 and0. Used in all digital computing systemsbecause 1 and 0 can represent on and off, orconnected and disconnected. All data inputinto computer systems and transferred overcommunications links is therefore convertedfrom the everyday decimal system to binary.Octal and hexadecimal systems (based on 8and 16) are also widely used in computing.

binary transfer A File Transfer Protocol whichallows binary files to be transferred betweencomputers.

BIND See Berkeley Internet Name Domain.binder 1. Device for holding loose-leaf sheets.

2. Person who does bindery work.bindery Place where binding is carried out.binding 1. The process of fastening printed

sheets together and securing them in a cover. 2. The bound part of a publication, i.e. cover,stitching etc.

binding board or binderÕs board Board used inthe covers of a case-bound book. Usually goodquality and single-ply. See case board, greyboard, millboard, unlined chipboard.

BinHex A Macintosh format for representing abinary file using only printable (i.e. ASCII)

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characters. Because BinHex files are simplytext, they can be sent through most electronicmail systems and stored on most computers,although it is necessary to obtain appropriatesoftware for non-Macintosh computers inorder to read and use these files. The suffix hqxusually indicates a BinHex format file. (Seealso BinHex 4.0, uuencode.)

BinHex 4.0 A 7-bit-wide representation of aMacintosh file with CRC error checking.BinHex 4.0 files are designed for communica-tion of Mac files over long paths. SomeMacintosh mailing systems will put attach-ments into BinHex 4.0 automatically, whichcan cause problems if the receiving machine isnot also a Macintosh.

BIOS Basic Input Output System: that part of anoperating system that controls the interfacewith computer hardware.

bipolar signal An electrical line signallingmethod used in digital communication, wherethe signal alternates between positive and neg-ative polarities.

B-ISDN See broadband ISDN.bisync, bisynch See binary synchronous com-

munications.bisynchronous communications See binary

synchronous communications.big-endian The ordering of the components of a

hierarchical name in which the domain nameis specified first.

bit An acronym for binary digit, the smallestitem of information which a computer canhold, being either 1 or 0, essentially represent-ing a switch being open or closed. More mean-ingful information is handled by using combi-nations of bits, called bytes. In serial commu-nications, bits are transferred one at a time.

bit bang Serial data transmission by rapidlychanging, in software, a single output bit atappropriate times. Bit bang was used on cer-tain early computers. The technique is nowbeing used again on some RISC architecturesbecause it takes very little processor time.

bite Stage in the process of etching a metal blockor plate with acid. Each application of the acidincreases the depth of the etch and is called abite.

bit error rate (BER) The number of bits receivedwith errors relative to the total number of bitsreceived, given either as 1 in 106 or as 10-6, indi-cating that 1 in 1 000 000 (a typical error rate)have errors.

bitmap A two-dimensional array, in which pixelsare either on or off, i.e. black or white, or 1 or 0.Can easily be stored in a computer. Often used

to describe the image itself. Unlike vectorgraphics, bitmaps cannot be resized withoutloss of quality. If a bitmap represents a colouredimage, there will be more than one bit for eachpixel, i.e. each colour will have its own bits.(See also raster, 1-bit, 8-bit and 24-bit colour.)

bitmap display A screen on which each pixeldisplayed corresponds directly to one or morebits in the computer’s video memory. Such adisplay has fast updating compared with a ter-minal connected via a serial line where thespeed of the line limits the speed at which thedisplay can be updated. Almost all modernpersonal computers and workstations havebitmap displays, which means that graphicaluser interfaces can be used, together withinteractive graphics and choice of on-screenfonts.

bitmap editors See paint program.bitmap font (raster font) A font in which each

character is stored as an array of pixels (or abitmap). Such fonts are not easily scalable, incontrast to vector or outline fonts (like thoseused in PostScript and TrueType). In practice,bitmap fonts need to be stored in all the sizesrequired, which not only limits their function-ality but also takes up space on the storagemedium, particularly at large sizes. Of course,all fonts are bitmapped when displayedonscreen or printed. The difference betweenoutline and bitmap fonts is that the bitmaps foroutline fonts are created on the fly.

bitmap graphic A graphic image made up ofarrays of dots. Sometimes called a paint-typegraphic. Bitmap graphics are typically lineimages, consisting either of solids or flat tintedareas. Line and tint drawings and type can bedisplayed as bitmap graphics. Compare withvector graphics.

bitmap image See bitmap and bilevel bitmap.BITNET See Because ItÕs Time NETwork.bit-oriented protocols Protocols that deal with

information transfer at the bit level.bit pipe A path using circuit switching which

provides unrestricted transfer of information.The user is responsible for protocols above thephysical layer.

bit rate The rate at which digital information can be sent over a communications system,measured in bps or kbps or Mbps.

bits per inch The number of bits recorded perinch of magnetic tape or disk track. See bpi.

bits per second (bps) A measure of bandwidthor data transmission speed. Often quoted inkbps (1000 bps) or Mbps (1million bps). TheITU-T has set a number of standards for data

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transmission over analogue networks (Vseries).

bit stream A sequence of bits, usually regardedas potentially endless and occurring at regularintervals. Note also that BitStream is a compa-ny supplying fonts and related software.

bit stuffing A method of ensuring data trans-parency in bit-oriented protocols.

BIX A US online service owned by Delphi butoperated independently. Offers email and con-ferencing, as well as its own Windows accessto the Internet.

black and white Single colour black-only origi-nals or reproductions as distinguished frommulti-colour. Sometimes called mono ormonochrome.

black box Colloquial term for an electronicdevice which converts one type of input intoanother form of output.

blackening Paper defect associated with calen-dered paper where areas darken. Can be causedby paper being too damp when calendering.

black letter Also called gothic. A type stylebased upon a style of handwriting popular inthe 15th century.

black printer The black plate in four-colourreproduction used to give correct neutral tonesand detail.

black-step collation Also called back-stepcollation. Method of ensuring sections of apublication are gathered in the correctsequence. The outer fold of each section isprinted with a rectangle or short thick rule. Theposition of the rule on each section is such thatwhen the spine of the complete publication isviewed, the rules form a stepped pattern. (Seealso collate.)

blad Sample pages of a book produced in theform of a booklet and used for promotionalpurposes.

blade-coated cartridge See coated cartridge,blade coating.

blade coater Machine for blade coating.blade coating Paper coating method where a

surplus of coating is applied to the web andthen levelled and controlled by a flexible steelblade.

blade cut Paper defect where a blade scratchcuts deeply into the web.

blade scratch Paper defect where there is a hair-like indentation in a coated surface running inthe grain direction. Caused by a particlelodged behind the blade during coating.

blade streak Paper defect which is similar to ablade scratch but larger and caused by a largerparticle.

blanket A rubber-surfaced sheet clamped aroundthe cylinder of an offset litho printing presswhich transfers the printing image from plateto paper.

blanket contamination Occurs where undesirablematerial becomes attached to the litho blanketand interferes with print quality.

blanket cylinder The cylinder around which theblanket is clamped.

blanket-to-blanket Printing configuration wheretwo blanket cylinders act as opposing impres-sion cylinders printing both sides of the sheetor web simultaneously.

bleaching Part of papermaking process wherechemical treatment is used to purify, whiten,brighten and improve permanence of the pulp.Treatments include exposure to chlorine,chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide and alka-lis.

bleach-out Underdeveloped bromide print usedas a basis for a line drawing. The bromide printis bleached away after the drawing is finished.

bleed Printed matter running off the cut edge of apage. The bleed allowance beyond the trimmedsize (see trim) is usually 3mm to ensure a cleancut-off.

blind 1. Blocking or stamping of covers or jacketswithout metallic foil or ink resulting only in anindentation for embossing. 2. Used to describea litho plate where the image has lost its inkreceptivity.

blind blocking Blocking or stamping of coversor jackets without metallic foil in order tosmooth down, indent, or emboss the surface.Also called blind stamping.

blind keyboard Typesetting keyboard with novisual display (e.g. screen or marching display).

blind stamping See blind blocking.blind stitch The stitch which joins the books

together in the sewing process. It is this stitchwhich is cut to separate one book from thenext. (See also kettle-stitch.)

blister Paper defect usually occurring duringheatset drying of coated papers where clearlydefined bubbles form on both sides of the web.

blister cut Paper defect resulting in a web cutoften diagonally to machine direction.

blister pack Packaging method using a sheet ofplastic holding bubbles of air which form acushion of protection.

block Etched copper or zinc plate used in bind-ing for impressing or stamping a design on acover. In letterpress printing, a plate typicallycontaining a line or half-tone illustrationwhich is mounted and printed with the type.

block check character (BCC) A character which

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is added to blocks in character-oriented proto-cols to indicate that they contain codes.

block graphics Use of the graphics charactersdefined in the IBM extended ASCII characterset to create graphics on a PC screen runningunder MS-DOS (rather than Windows). Eachgraphics character takes up the space usuallyused by an alphanumeric character and there-fore detailed effects are not possible. In order touse block graphics, the file ansi.sys must beincluded in the config.sys file.

blocking 1. Binding operation to impress adesign or lettering into a book cover, often fill-ing the impression with metal or pigment foil.2. Fault where stack of printed sheets sticktogether as the ink dries.

blocking fee See holding fee.block-pull Proof of a printing block.blottings Grade of highly absorbent papers.blow-up To enlarge photographically; or a print

so made.Blue Book One of the four standard references on

PostScript (PostScript Language Tutorial andCookbook, Adobe Systems, Addison-Wesley,1985). The other three official guides are knownas the Green Book, the Red Book and the WhiteBook.

blue key In film assembly, a form of key in whichthe image is produced photographically indrop-out blue, and is non-printing.

bluelines See blueprints.blue pencil 1. Pencil used for marking corrections.

2. To censor by deleting offensive material.blueprints Contact dyeline proofs made on

paper from film. Used for general checkingpurposes especially positioning. Also calledblues, bluelines, diazo prints, dyelines andozalid prints.

blue ribbon campaign A campaign run againstcensorship on the Internet, prompted princi-pally by the US Communications Decency Actof 1996. Support is shown on Web pages by alooped blue ribbon (similar in style to the redribbon worn by those supporting AIDSresearch).

blues See blueprints.blue wool scale Scale of light fastness for inks. 8

is the highest for printing inks. 6 is the mini-mum level required for exposure to daylight.Yellow and magenta inks tend to be less lightfast than black and cyan.

blurb Brief description of a book, usually for thejacket.

bmp Microsoft Windows bitmap graphics for-mat. BMP files may use run-length encoding.

B/ND Binding/no date.

B-NET See Berkeley Network.BNF See Backus-Naur form.board General term for paper above 220gsm

(although sometimes applied to substancesdown to 200gsm). The term includes numerousgrades ranging from those of one finishthroughout, to those made from combiningseveral plys of the same or different furnishes.Boards may be uncoated or coated one or bothsides. (See also case board, paperboard.)

board hollow In case-making, a spine hollowmade of the same board as the front and backboards. Used particularly in children’s books.

Bodoni Typeface designed by GiambasttistaBodoni, characterised by thick stems and con-trasting thin serifs.

body 1. Metal composing term for the solid metalof a piece of type carrying the printing surface.2. Phototypesetting term for the size of thebody of type e.g. 12pt = a 12pt body. 3.Inkmaking term describing the viscosity of theink.

body copy or body matter Text pages as distinctfrom prelims, endmatter, index etc.

body paper See base paper.body size Same as typesetting term body.body stock See base paper.body text The main text of a book.body type The type used for text, rather than for

headings, usually between 8 and 12 point.boilerplating Sections of wordprocessed text or

of computer graphics held in memory for fre-quent retrieval and use.

bold Heavier version of a typeface, as distinctfrom light or medium. Sometimes abbreviatedto bf (bold face).

bolle-a Letter ‘a’ with a small circle over it (e.g. å)used in a number of Scandinavian languages.

bolt Folded edge of a printed section (other thanthe binding fold) which is removed in finaltrimming.

bond Range of heavier substance printing andwriting papers often used for letterheads,invoices etc. Similar papers of lighter substance(under about 60gsm) are known as banks.

bonded ink One suited to hard-sized papers,drying by oxidation rather than penetration.

bonding strength Measurement of a paper’sresistance to picking and delamination whenprinting.

Bongo A visual interface builder for Java, devel-oped by Marimba Inc., a company formed byfour of the original developers of Java.Marimba has also developed Castanet, andBongo is principally a tool for creatingCastanet channels.

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book-block Book at the binding stage after sewingor perfect binding but before forwarding oper-ations have been carried out.

book club Club whose members are offeredbooks at discounted prices.

book jacket Protective wrap-around to a book,usually made of paper.

bookmark A mark to indicate a position in a docu-ment (used e.g. in Acrobat files). Also used todescribe a WWW reference to a document,which may be on the same server or a differentone. It is possible with most WWW browsers tosave a file of bookmarks and thus allow quicklocation of frequently referenced documents.

book paper Paper with characteristics good forbook printing but also used more generally.

bookplate Printed (and often specially designed)label glued onto the flyleaf of a book to showwho owns it. See ex libris.

book proof Page proofs paperback-bound in theform of the finished book.

bookwork Production of books.Boolean search A search formalism using opera-

tors such as AND and OR. Used in mostsearching programs on the Internet.

boot or boot-up To load the operating system orprograms automatically into a computer.

bootstrap An initial set of instructions executedby a computer usually to load the operatingsystem.

borax Chemical substance used to accelerate thedevelopment of photographic film.

borders Decorative designs usually edging thepage or type.

BOT Beginning of tape. Mark showing startpoint of computer tape.

bounce The return to the sender of an electronicmail message that is undeliverable, togetherwith an error notification (a bounce message)usually explaining why the message has notbeen delivered.

bounce mail See bounce message.bounce message (bounce mail) A message

returned to the sender of email explaining whyit has not been possible to deliver the messageto the intended recipient or to the next link in abang path. Reasons may include a non-existentor misspelled user name or a relay site that isdown, i.e. not accessible.

bound books Term sometimes used for bookswhere the coverboards are attached to the bookbefore applying cover material or affixing end-papers. Much stronger than cased books andexpensive to produce.

bounding box In DTP, a rectangular space onthe page which is defined by dragging the

mouse diagonally. Type can be placed or typedinto it.

bourgeois Obsolete term for 9pt type.bowl Typographical descriptive term for enclosed

part of a letter as in a p or o. Also known as acounter.

boxboard Card used in carton-making.boxed heading A ranged-left heading, as distinct

from a cross head which is centred.boxhead ruling Space at head of a ruled column

where headings are to be inserted.bpi Bits per inch. The density at which data is

encoded on a magnetic medium is expressed inbits per inch. 1600 bpi is typical for standardmagnetic tape.

BPIF British Printing Industries Federation.BPOP Bulk packed on pallets. Refers to consign-

ments of sheets.bps See bits per second.brace Form of bracket { }, mainly used in tables.bracketed serif An additional curved line or

flourish joined to the main part of a letter, con-trast wedge serif.

brackets Pairs of marks ( ), [ ], used in text. Alsocalled parentheses.

BRAD Acronym for British Rate and Data.Publication listing all UK publications and theiradvertising specifications and requirements.

Braille System of printing for blind people usingcharacters made up of configurations of raiseddots which are read by finger touch.

branching coupler In optical fibres, a device forsplitting the signal from one fibre into two ormore fibres.

brass A die made from metal and used for block-ing, e.g. spine brass which is used for blockingthe spine of a case prior to casing in. A truebrass is made by engraving the metal, brass,mechanically. The normally used brass is pro-duced photomechanically on copper or zinc.See chemac.

Bravo Imaging model developed by Adobe.brayer Small hand roller for applying ink when

proofing.breadboard A circuit board on which experimen-

tal circuits are assembled and tested.break To send an RS-232 break (two character

widths of line high) over a serial line. (In gen-eral computing the term is also used in otherways.)

breaker (breaking machine) Vat used in the firststages of papermaking to break down thecrude pulp and dissolve it in water. Replacedin modern papermaking by the hydrapulper.

break for colour American term meaning tocolour separate into printing colours.

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breaking length Measurement of the limitinglength of a uniformly wide strip of paperwhere the strip held by one end breaks due toits own weight.

breaking strength Paper measurement to deter-mine comparative strengths.

break-line Term for the short last line of a para-graph. (See also club-line, widow.)

break-out box A test device, which is insertedinto a serial communications connection totest the signals on each wire.

break-up Pull apart a letterpress forme and dis-tribute the type.

breath-of-life packet An Ethernet packet thatcontains bootstrap code (i.e. code which willallow a computer to reboot or restart), sent outperiodically from a computer on the networkto infuse the breath of life into any computeron the network that has crashed. Computerswhich rely on such packets must have suffi-cient hardware or firmware code to wait for (orto request) such a packet during the rebootprocess.

breve Symbol placed above a vowel to show it ispronounced short.

brevier Obsolete type size, approximately 8pt.BRI See basic rate ISDN.bridge A device which transfers traffic either

between homogeneous or between network seg-ments using datalink layer information. Thesesegments would have a common network layeraddress.

brightness Measure of how much light is per-ceived by the eye. The more correct term isluminance, but brightness is important insome methods of representing colour in com-puter graphics.

Brightype Obsolete machine which convertedletterpress type and engravings to photograph-ic images for use in offset lithography orgravure printing.

brilliant Obsolete term for 4pt type.bristol Good quality paperboard with smooth

finish.British Printing Industries Federation

(BPIF) Organisation representing the interestsof British printing companies.

British Standards Institution (BSI) Britishnational co-ordinating body for technical stan-dards in industry.

British Telecom The largest telecommunicationsprovider in the UK, formerly part of RoyalMail. Now known as BT.

broadband This can be defined in a number ofways. It is generally used to describe networksfaster than those in common use, so exactly

what it means depends on the date. In 1995, theboundary between broadband and narrow-band was often considered to be at 2 Mbps.However, higher speeds are becoming com-mon, even for wide area networks.

broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) A broadband net-work in which ATM (asynchronous transfermode) and SONET (Synchronous OpticalNETwork) transport are used to provide fourservice classes delineated according to connec-tion orientation, the need for an end-to-endtiming relation, and whether the service bitrate is constant or varying. This proposed suc-cessor to ISDN will operate at broadbandspeeds, even to the home (but not over theexisting phone cabling). Should be distin-guished from primary rate ISDN which worksat 2 Mbps, but is actually made of 64 kbpsISDN circuits and is not a fully integrated ser-vice. The two main proposed broadband ISDNrates are 150 Mbps and 600 Mbps.

broadband network A network that can supporta wide range of frequencies, typically fromaudio up to video, and employing frequencydivision multiplexing on a coaxial cable.

broadband transmission In data transmission,the ability to transmit along a communicationschannel (e.g. a cable) which can be split intoseveral narrower bands simultaneously so thatseveral different kinds of transmission – voice,video, data – can be transmitted at the sametime.

broadcast A transmission either addressed totwo or more stations at the same time or atransmission to multiple, unspecified recipi-ents. (The terms narrowcast and personalcasthave been coined to describe more focusedtransmission.) On Ethernet, a broadcast packetis a special type of multicast packet which allnodes on the network are always willing toreceive.

broadcast quality video Flicker-free video (morethan about 30 frames per second) at a resolu-tion of about 800 3 640 pixels.

broadcast storm A broadcast on a network thatcauses multiple hosts to respond by broadcast-ing themselves, causing the storm to growexponentially.

broad fold Method of folding sheets of printedpaper to form a book which has the papergrain running from top to bottom of a page.

broadsheet Newspaper size approximating toA2 when folded.

broadside Traditional ‘standard’ sheet size fromwhich the subdivisions of quarto, sexto, octavoetc. derive.

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brochure Promotional booklet about a companyor product, often produced to a high quality tocreate an image of success.

broke Defective paper discarded during manu-facture and usually re-pulped. Usually markedxxx. (See also retree.)

broken ream Part of a ream of paper left after use.bromide Photographic light-sensitive paper

used in photographic reproduction or photo-typesetting, producing a positive image.

bronzing Process for obtaining a metallic printedeffect. Metallic or bronze powder is applied toprinted sizing ink while the ink is still wet giv-ing a metallic lustre.

brouter A device which bridges some packets(i.e. forwards them based on datalink layerinformation) and routes other packets (i.e. for-wards them based on network layer informa-tion). The bridge/route decision is based onconfiguration information.

brownline See brownprint.brown mechanical pulp Mechanical paper pulp

produced from boiled or steamed wood.brownprint Also known as a Van Dyke or

brownline. Term (mainly used in America) fora photographic print from a negative used tocheck positioning before making printingplates. Similar to blueprint.

browse To look through data in a database oronline system.

browser A program that requests, interprets anddisplays hypertext, or HTML, documentsavailable over the World Wide Web (althoughit is often also able to use other Internet tools).Also provides tools for navigating and for fol-lowing links. Another name for a World WideWeb client program. Commonly usedbrowsers include Netscape Navigator andInternet Explorer.

BRS See Bibliographic Retrieval Service.brush coating Method of coating a web of paper

where the coating mix is distributed by a set ofstationary and oscillating brushes.

BS Number given to a British Standard publishedby the BSI (British Standards Institution).

BS5750 The British Standard setting out therequirements for certification for quality assur-ance and quality control within a company.The standard does not prescribe how toachieve fitness for purpose but rather identifiesthe disciplines and specifies the proceduresand criteria needed to ensure a product or ser-vice meets customer requirements. Complieswith International Standard ISO 9000.

BSC See binary synchronous communications.B Series See B.

BT The current name for British Telecom.bubble card See blister pack.bubble cassette Removable and portable bubble

memory available in cassettes of 64kb and256kb capacity.

bubblejet printer Printer using a technologydeveloped by Canon in which small bubbles ofink are heated and propelled from the print-head onto the paper.

bubble memory Form of backing storage whichuses magnetically charged crystal chips to holddata. Not widely used.

bubble sort In which successive data items areexchanged if necessary, starting with the firstpair on a list.

BUBL See Bulletin Board for Libraries.buckle folder Machine for sheet folding where

the sheet is bent or buckled by a metal plate.Also called a plate folder. The main alternativefolding method is knife folding on a knifefolder.

buckram A heavy and strong binder’s clothmade from woven textile stiffened with size.

buffer A temporary storage area for data.bug Computer term for a defect interfering with

a computer operation.built-up letter Graphic term for a letter which is

first drawn and filled in after.bulk Paper term used to describe the degree of

thickness of paper. Measured by caliper, volumeor ppi (pages per inch) (US).

bulk basis Obsolete paper term describing thethickness (32nds of an inch) of 320 pages in60lb quad crown (68gsm).

bulk between boards The total thickness of abook-block without counting the thickness ofthe front and back boards.

bulking dummy A blank book to show the typeof paper being proposed and the bulk that thispaper will achieve.

bulking index American paper measurement ofbulk in inches of thickness per pound of basisweight.

bulking number American paper measurementof the number of sheets that bulk to 1 inch inthickness under standard pressure. Multiplybulking number by 2 to give pages per inch(ppi).

bulk wrapping/bulk packing Wrapping severalcopies of a periodical, as distinct from individ-ual wrapping.

bulky mechanical Grades of paper made pre-dominantly from mechanical pulp to a specif-ic and high bulk, e.g. as often used for cheappaperback books.

bulldog First edition of a daily paper.

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bullet Phototypesetting term for a large dot usedfor ornamentation.

bulletin News sheet.bulletin board See bulletin board system.Bulletin Board for Libraries (BUBL) A Gopher-

based information service of interest to thelibrary and information community (and others)running at the University of Bath. It was origi-nally a bulletin board service, hence the title.

bulletin board system (BBS, bboard) An electron-ic message centre, typically on the Internet,accessed by electronic mail and by dial-up overa modem. Bulletin boards (named after realnotice boards) are usually devoted to specifictopics. They are in many ways similar to news-groups on Usenet (which is essentially a distri-buted BBS). There are publicly available areasand areas accessible only by password, or otherform of checking system, so that private bulletinboards can be set up for group discussions.

bulls eye See hickey.bump exposure Photographic term describing

method of increasing highlight contrast whenproducing a half-tone by removing the screenbriefly to remove any dots in the highlightarea.

bumping blocks Use of delicate hammeringfrom the back of a letterpress block to raise theheight of various parts.

bundling Compressing the folded sections at thebeginning of the binding process in a specialbundling press which squashes the sectionsflat and expels the air from them prior to fur-ther processing.

burin A pointed engraver’s steel tool used forcutting.

burn Platemaking term for an exposure.burn-out mask An opaque mask used in

platemaking to protect the image areas of aprinting plate while the non-image areas areexposed for long enough to burn out all remain-ing unwanted traces of sellotape, edge marksetc. Used on positive-working plates.

burr A rough edge of metal left after burnishingor cutting.

burst Rupture of a paper web due to one of avariety of causes, e.g. the reel being too tightlywound or air trapped into the reel when wind-ing.

burst binding A form of unsewn adhesive bind-ing where the sections are ‘burst’ or punchedalong the spines, typically on a web printingpress, thus giving extra adhesion betweensheets as well as sections when the sections arebound. Also known as punch binding. (Seealso notch binding.)

burster Machine that separates continuous sta-tionery into single sheets.

burst factor A measure of the bursting strengthof a paper.

burst index A measurement of paper burstingstrength relative to grammage under standardtest conditions.

burstiness The ratio of peak to average band-width required by a telecommunications ser-vice.

bursting strength The strength of a paper toresist a uniformly distributed pressure undertest conditions.

bursty traffic Where a local area network devicetakes over the whole bandwidth for a veryshort period, which means a sudden burst ofactivity.

bus A communication path (usually a series ofwires) along which information is passed fromone part of a computer to another. The devicesare connected in parallel. A PC may have anumber of buses so that internal communica-tion takes place at a speed similar to that of theprocessors themselves. Recent developmentshave been local bus, PCI and VESA local bus,all intended to prevent communications bottle-necks within systems.

Bush, Vannevar Author of the original paper(1945) which suggested a hypertext-type sys-tem, called memex.

business press Periodicals directed to the busi-ness and professional sectors.

butted lines Linecast slugs placed side by sideproducing a single line of type.

butterfly wings See wing effect.button An image or glyph on a screen, designed

to be clicked on, as a method of user input.This may be to start a program, change the dis-play or, in hypertext viewers, to indicate ahyperlink, from which a link or jump can bemade to a different part of the same documentor to another document. Hyperlinks are alsooften indicated by using a different colour, fontor screen attribute, such as underlining.

B/W Black and white.byline Writer’s or journalist’s name on an article

or newspaper story.byte A combination of eight bits, generally used to

represent a character. There are 256 permuta-tions of the eight 1s and 0s and therefore 256characters can be represented in principle.However, in the official ASCII character set,only the first seven bits are used, so that 128characters are defined and of these some areused for control purposes. Bytes, kilobytes (1kb= 1024 bytes) and megabytes (1Mb = 1024kbs =

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1 048 576 bytes) are also used to describe the sizeof both computer random access memory anddisk storage memory. Transmission speeds,however, are given in bits per second. In net-working, the term octet is usually used in pref-erence to byte, because some systems use theterm byte for units that are not eight bits long.

CC 1. A high-level programming language devel-

oped for the Unix operating system on DigitalEquipment Corporation PDP 11/70 minicom-puters. 2. The C series is an international ISOrange of sizes for envelopes, designed toaccommodate stationery in the A series sizes.(See also A, B.) See Appendix.

C1S Paper coated on one side.C2S Paper coated on both sides.cable Although in the past cable has meant any

kind of electrical wiring, the term is nowalmost always used, at least in the communica-tions industry, to mean fibre-optic cable.

cableless LAN A local area network using radio,microwave or infra-red links in place of cables.

cable television (CATV) Supply of televisionsignals via cable (originally copper coaxialcable, but now fibre-optic cable), rather thanby broadcast signal.

cache To store documents or images, usuallylocally, after they have been accessed over theInternet in order that future access can beachieved more quickly. If a document or imageis not available in the cache, the browser has toreturn to the Internet to retrieve it. Cache isalso used as a noun describing the place wherethe files have been cached. In computing gen-erally, cache has the meaning of storing tem-porarily, usually to allow other information orprograms to be loaded into memory.

CAD Computer-Aided Design. The use of a com-puter graphics in design.

CAD/CAE Computer-Aided Design/Engineering.CAD/CAM Computer-Aided Design/Computer-

Aided Manufacture.caesura A pause, esp. in a line of poetry.CAJUN CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using

Networks.CAL See computer-assisted learning.calcium carbonate Chalk pigment used as a filler

in some papers and as a white coating mix.

calcium hypochlorite Used for bleaching paper.calender A set of rollers on a paper machine

which give a smooth finish to the web as itpasses through by applying pressure.Calendered paper has a smooth, medium glossfinish. See also supercalender.

calf Leather of high quality used in bookbinding.calf cloth An imitation leather binding material.california case A kind of type case which accom-

modates both upper- and lower-case letters.caliper The thickness of a sheet of paper or

board, measured with a micrometer and usual-ly expressed in thousandths-of-a-millimetre(microns).

caliper shear burst Web break during windingcaused by variations in roller nip.

call-back A user authentication scheme used bysome computers running dial-up services. Theuser dials in to the computer and gives his loginID and password. The computer then breaks theconnection and uses an auto-dial modem to callback to the user’s registered telephone number.If an unauthorised person discovers a user’spassword, the call-back will go, not to him orher, but to the owner of that login, who will thenknow that his account is under attack.

caller ID (CID) A feature of some modems.calligrapher Specialist in the art of handwriting.calligraphy Art of handwriting or script draw-

ing.calling line identifier The telephone number of

the device originating a call.callout Text used to point out and identify parts

of an illustration.CALS See Continuous Acquisition and

Lifecycle Support.camber Convex surface of a roll of paper.Cambridge Ring A LAN, local area network,

which, unlike the Ethernet configuration, iscircular. A series of repeaters strengthens thesignals as they are sent round the ring, andsimultaneously check for and report on errors.

cameo Relief die stamping process.camera-ready artwork or camera-ready copy

(CRC) or camera-ready paste-up (CRPU) Pagesproduced by typesetting or by paste-up, whichare subsequently photographed to produceprinting plates. This method is gradually beingreplaced by sending a PostScript file which isoutput directly on a high-resolution imagesetteror even on a digital printing press.

Cameron belt press A web book press which,linked to a binding line, can print, gather andbind a substantial book in one pass. Used pri-marily for paperbacks.

Campus-wide information system (CWIS)

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Information and services made available at uni-versity sites via kiosks running interactive com-puting systems, possibly via campus networks.Services routinely include directory information,calendars, bulletin boards and databases.

cancel 1. To remove a leaf in a book and replace itwith another. 2. Reprinted sheets for replacingcancelled leaves.

c&lc Capitals and lower case.c&sc Capitals and small capitals, i.e. words which

begin with capitals and have the other charactersin small caps the height of the lower-case bodysize.

canon Obsolete term for 48pt type.canonical name (CNAME) A hostÕs official name

as opposed to an alias. This is the first hostnamelisted for its Internet address in the hostnamedatabase or the NIS map. A host with multiplenetwork interfaces can have more than oneInternet address and each address will have itsown canonical name (plus any aliases).

canvas Bookbinding cloth of good strength. Alsoknown as art canvas.

canvas note A type of embossed stationerywhich simulates canvas.

CAP See Columbia AppleTalk Package.capacitor A device that introduces a capacitance

to an electric circuit.cap height The height of the capital letters in a

particular typeface or font. (See also x-height.)capillary rise The distance liquid travels vertically

up a strip of paper, measured by standard test.caps/capitals Capitals. Upper-case letters, e.g. A,

B, C etc. See also lower case.caption Text accompanying and describing an

illustration.capture To transfer the text accessed from a remote

host and appearing on screen or in a windowinto a disk file. Unlike downloading a specific,complete file that already exists, the capture fea-ture will save everything that appears on thescreen, wherever it comes from, including anytext typed at the keyboard. Screen capture refersto taking a quick picture of the computer screen.Acrobat Capture is a program produced byAdobe Systems which allows text to be scannedand then transferred via OCR directly to form apdf file readable with an Acrobat viewer.

carbon black Intensely black pigment used inink manufacture.

carbonless paper Paper that creates copies with-out a layer of carbon tissue. See NCR.

carbon paper Lightweight paper coated on oneside with transferable colouring agent for pro-ducing copies by impression onto an underlyingsheet.

carbon process Gravure colour correctionprocesses which uses three-colour carbon tis-sues.

carbon tissue 1. Thin paper coated with carbonpowder. 2. Sheet of light-sensitive materialused in photogravure.

carbro Continuous tone colour print.carbro process Photographic technique for correct-

ing colour before the positive stage.card See board.cardboard Any stiff sheet of card, usually com-

prising several layers of paper pasted together.card chase Small chase used for small stationery

composition.carding Thin spacing of lines of type.card punch Keyboard machine which perforates

cards for data storage or input. A card readerreads the data.

card reader A device that produces signals fromholes sensed in a punched card.

caret Proofreader’s mark indicating an insertion.CARL A document delivery service set up by the

Colorado Alliance of Research Laboratories.carnet International customs document that

allows goods to cross several European fron-tiers by road but only incur duty payments attheir final destination.

carriage paid Refers to a deal where goods aredelivered with the freight element paid by thesender. (See also cif.)

carriage return Keyboard command key whichterminates a line of setting and may enter textfrom a computer screen into memory.

carrier frequency Frequency speed of a carriersignal.

carrier sense multiple access/collision detect(CSMA/CD) A method of access control usedto resolve contention between stations wishingto transmit on Ethernet. If two nodes transmitat once, the data is corrupted. The nodes detectthis and continue to transmit for a certainlength of time to ensure that all nodes detectthe collision. The transmitting nodes then waitfor random times before attempting to transmitagain. This reduces the amount of bandwidthwasted on collisions compared with simpleALOHA broadcasting. (See also collision.)

carrier sheet Sheet of paper inside film wrappingwhich carries the address label.

carrier signal (carrier tone, carrier wave) A con-tinuous signal of a single frequency which canbe modulated (varied) by a second, data-carry-ing signal. In radio communication, there aretwo common kinds of modulation: amplitudemodulation and frequency modulation. Inmodem communications, phase modulation is

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also used, often in combination with amplitudeand frequency modulation.

carrier tone Another term for carrier signal.carrier wave Another term for carrier signal.car stock Stock of books held by a rep so book-

shops can be supplied quickly.carton Cardboard box for packing.cartouche Decorative box framing a piece of text.cartridge Printing or drawing paper with good

dimensional stability, high opacity and goodbulk. Often used in bookwork.

cartridge disk Computer storage disk enclosedin a plastic case.

cascade The arrangement of windows in agraphical user interface so that they overlap ina regular fashion, usually with the underneathwindow in the top left-hand corner of thescreen and each overlapping window offsetdown and to the right.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) A method bywhich layout and typographic information canbe encoded into HTML documents, so that thedocument provider, rather than the user, hascontrol over the design. Requires a browserthat is CSS-compatible, but CSS is supportedby the latest versions of both Internet Explorerand Netscape Navigator.

case Refers to whether letters are capitalised(upper-case letters) or not (lower-case letters).The term comes from the days when typeset-ters used metal type and stored the letters inwooden typecases: the capitals were usuallykept in the top, or upper, case; the small letterswere kept in the bottom, or lower, case.

case board Board used for case-making, typicallyDutch grey board or unlined chipboard.Typical caliper/gsm ranges are from 1725microns/1120gsm at the lower end up to 3000microns/1750gsm.

case-bound Referring to a book with a hard case.Also described as ‘cased’. (See also limp-bound.)

CASE Data Interchange Format (CDIF) Anemerging standard for interchange of databetween CASE (computer-aided software engi-neering) tools.

casein glue Near-acid-free glue used in book-binding and in making coated papers.

case-making machine Machine that cuts card-board for making the cover of a book.

case material The material, or imitation cloth,which covers the case boards to form the caseof a hardback book.

Caslon Typeface designed by the first majorEnglish typefounder, William Caslon.

cassette 1. Light-proof container for photographic

film or roll paper. 2. Small reel-to-reel tape hold-er for audio or data recording. In storage terms,a C10 (ten-minute) tape will hold around 60K(20 A4s of text); or in other words, 6K perminute of running time (around 2 A4s of text).

cassie Damaged paper at the top and bottom of aream.

Castanet A client-server framework developedby Marimba for the broadcast distribution ofsoftware.

cast coated Paper given a high gloss by pressurefrom a polished, heated cylinder before thecoating dries.

casting 1. The process of forcing molten metalinto a mould to create a character or slug oftype. 2. Producing stereotypes in newspaperprinting. A casting box is used for this purpose.

casting box Box used for casting metal printingplates (stereos).

casting off Calculating the number of pages agiven amount of copy will make when set in agiven typeface and size to a given area.

cast up Calculate the amount of setting neededfor a book, including spacing and headings, foran estimate of typesetting costs.

catalogue Book or booklet which presents detailsof goods or services, often including prices andordering routines.

Cataloguing in Publication data A system oper-ated by the British Library offering classifiedentries which publishers can print on theimprint pages of their books to facilitate librarycataloguing, bibliographical compilation etc.The equivalent in the US is the Library ofCongress (Lib Con) number.

catch line A temporary heading on a manuscriptor proof for identification.

catch-stitch See kettle-stitch.catch-up Scumming on a litho printing plate.catchword(s) Word or words highlighted in

some manner, such as first and last words ondictionary pages repeated in the headline.

cathode The negative terminal of an electroniccomponent. The ‘anode’ is the positive terminal.

cathode ray tube Video screen activated by elec-tron gun.

CATNIP See common architecture technologyfor next-generation Internet protocol.

CATV See cable television.CBDS See connectionless broadband data ser-

vice.cc Copies.CCD See charge-coupled device.CCI See computer-controlled inking.CCIR See Consultative Committee on

International Radio.

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CCIRN See Co-ordinating Committee forIntercontinental Research Networks.

CCITT Comité Consultatif InternationalTéléphonique et Télégraphique. Internationalcommittee that drafts and approves communi-cations protocols and standards.

cc:mail Commercial electronic mail software forMicrosoft Windows from Lotus Corporation.

CCR Complementary colour removal. Seeachromatic separations.

CCS See Common Communication Services.CCTA The UK Government Centre for Infor-

mation Systems. Originally Central Computerand Telecommunications Agency (the letterswere retained as customers were familiar withthem), CCTA is part of the Office of PublicService and Science, which works to improvegovernment services to the public. It is respon-sible for stimulating and promoting the effec-tive use of information systems in support ofthe efficient delivery of business objectives andimproved quality of services by the publicsector.

CCTV Closed circuit television.CD See compact disc, compact disc interactive

(CD-I), compact disc-recordable (CD-R), com-pact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) andcompact disc eXtended Architecture (CD-ROM XA).

CDA See Compound Document Architecture.Also, Communications Decency Act.

CDDI See copper distributed data interface.CD-I (compact disc interactive) A consumer

product CD disk which will store sound, textand graphics, and full-motion video.

CD-I, CD-i See compact disc interactive.CDIF See CASE Data Interchange Format.CDM See Content Data Model.CDMA See code division multiple access.CDPD See Cellular Digital Packet Data.CD-R See compact disc-recordable.CD-ROM See compact disc read-only memory.CD-ROM XA See compact disc eXtended

Architecture.CDTV Acronym for Commodore Direct Total

Vision: a CD multimedia product launched byCommodore.

CEEFAX Trade name for the videotex or teletextsystem used by the British BroadcastingCorporation (BBC).

cel (or cell) A single background image within ananimation. See cel (or cell) animation.

cel (or cell) animation An animation techniquein which the background is kept constant andtransparent sheets containing images, whichare perceived to move, placed in front. This is

easier than drawing a new background forevery frame and has been incorporated intosome computer animation programs.

cell A fixed length of data for transmission, asused in asynchronous transfer mode. Alsoused in other ways, e.g. to describe parts oftables or spreadsheets.

Cellnet One of the principle providers of mobilecommunications networks in the UK.

cellophane Thin transparent film.cell relaying See fast packet switching.Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) A wireless

standard providing two-way, 19.2 kbps packetdata transmission over existing cellular tele-phone channels.

cellular radio A low-power radio transmissionsystem with a cellular network of base stationswhich may be used by stationary or mobileusers for voice or data communication linkinginto the public switched telephone network.

cellular telephone A telephone which uses cellu-lar radio.

celluloid proof Proof on transparent sheet, oneper colour printed, used for checking register.(See also plastic proof.)

cellulose Complex fibrous substance forming thewalls of plant cells, and the prime raw materialin pulp. Cellulose acetate is used in makingfilm.

CELTIC French digital compression equipmentfor telephony, which uses voice activation toassign an active channel only when one of theparties is speaking. (See also digital speechinterpolation.)

central processing unit See CPU.centre To position type centrally in a given mea-

sure.centre-feed Paper tape sprocket holes that line

up with the middle of code holes. (See alsoadvance feed.)

centre notes Notes placed between columns of apage.

centre spread The two facing pages at the centreof a signature.

centrifugal cleaner Device which removesunwanted material from paper fibres by cen-trifugal force.

Centronics interface An alternative name for aparallel interface. (Centronics was an impor-tant printer manufacturer in the early days ofmicrocomputing.)

Century American typeface designed byTheodore Lowe de Vinne in 1895. A form called‘Century Schoolbook’ is more commonly usednow.

CEPS See colour electronic prepress system.

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CEPT European Conference of Posts andTelecommunications, the European groupingof PTTs which undertakes in Europe functionssimilar to that of ITU-T.

cerfs (kerfs) Grooves cut into the backs of sec-tions into which the thread cuts.

CERN (Centre for European NuclearResearch) Now The European Laboratory forParticle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland, wherethe World Wide Web was first developed inorder to allow physicists to take advantage ofhypertext technologies to share information.

certificate authority A body that attests to orconfirms the identity of a person or an organi-sation and issues digital certificates. Used insecure communications.

certificate of origin A certificate stating details ofwhere a commodity has been manufactured.

C format paperback Paperback of trimmed size234 3 156mm.

CGA Colour graphics adapter: early IBM PCstandard to drive a colour monitor. (See alsoEGA, VGA, SVGA.)

CGI See Common Gateway Interface.CGI-script Language in which scripts can be

written using the Common Gateway Interfaceto allow users to interact with external dataand applications, thus creating dynamicHTML documents.

CGM See Computer Graphics Metafile.chad The waste punched out of paper tape or

cards.chain lines The wider watermark lines which

run at right angles to the narrow laid lines onlaid papers.

chalking Powdering of ink which has notadhered properly to paper.

chalk overlay Letterpress overlay for indicatingadjustment to printing pressure.

challenge-handshake authentication protocol(CHAP) An authentication scheme used byPPP servers to check the identity of the origina-tor of a connection. Once a link is established, a‘challenge’ message is sent from the server tothe originator, which responds with a value cal-culated using a one-way hash function. Theserver also calculates the value and if the valuesmatch, the authentication is acknowledged; ifnot, then the connection is usually terminated.CHAP is one of the more secure authenticationprocedures.

chancery Style of italic such as Bembo.channel A path for the transmission of informa-

tion, which may be physical or logical. Theconcept is particularly important in some pushtechnologies, such as Castanet. Also the basic

unit of discussion on IRC. Once one joins achannel, everything typed is read by others onthat channel. Channels in IRC can be eithernamed with numbers or with strings that beginwith a # sign and can have topic descriptions.

channel op Also chanop or chop. Someone whohas privileges on a particular IRC channel.

channel service unit (CSU) A type of interfaceused to connect a terminal or computer to adigital medium in the same way that a modemis used to connect to an analogue medium. If aCSU is used, the user must supply all of thetransmit logic, receive logic and timing recov-ery in order to use the CSU, whereas a digital(or data) service unit (DSU) performs thesefunctions.

channel service unit/data service unit(CSU/DSU) A device that performs both theCSU and DSU functions.

channel status table A table indicating the cur-rent status of all physical and logical channelsat the user interface to a network.

chanop See channel op.CHAP See challenge-handshake authentication

protocol.chapbook Small pamphlet containing, e.g., tracts

or ballads hawked by street traders (chapmen)in the 17th to 19th centuries.

chapel Smallest unit of a print union’s depart-mental or company grouping. Father of chapel(FOC) or Mother of chapel is the elected chair-person.

chapter drop White space between the head ofthe chapter title and the head of the type areaof a book.

chapter head Chapter title and/or number.character A representation of a single unit of

meaningful data, e.g. a letter or a number, usu-ally using ASCII or ANSI coding.

character-based interface The traditional userinterface, where all screen images are made upof text characters. Commands are input as stan-dard text strings, followed by a carriage return.Alternatively, menus can be used. Compare withGUI. Also described as command interface andcommand line interface, although these implythat menus cannot be used.

character code Numeric representation of a char-acter. See, e.g., ASCII.

character compensation Global reduction orexpansion in character fit by adjustment to thenormal set width values resident in a typesettingsystem’s computer. Also called track kerning ortracking.

character count Total number of characters andspaces in a piece of copy.

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character entity A way of describing a characterusing only ASCII characters which is used inSGML and HTML (see entity). The characteris usually delimited by & and ; so that, e.g., theGreek letter alpha (a) might be represented as‘& alpha;’. The delimiters can however bechanged in the SGML declaration.

character fit Space between letters which can bereduced or expanded.

character formatting The application of a formator style (including such factors as typeface,typestyle, indents, space before and after) to asingle character, or group of characters in adesktop publishing system or wordprocessor.Compare with paragraph formatting.

character generation Projection of type imageson a cathode ray tube.

character graphics See block graphics.character printer A printer which prints individ-

ual characters as distinct from complete lines.Often capable of reproducing specific type-faces.

character recognition Reading characters bymachine, often for digital storage. Also, opticalcharacter recognition, OCR.

character set The full range of characters on akeyboard in memory or available for outputfrom a machine.

characters per second (cps) A measure of datatransmission rate. (See also baud.)

character subset Any group of characters takenfrom a character set which have a common fea-ture. See character set.

charge-coupled device (CCD) An array of light-sensitive transistors, arranged across a scannerhead, one for each pixel or unit of resolution.They convert the reflected light signal intobitmap information. Sensors may be onlybilevel (1-bit) or they may measure grey levels(8-bit).

charting Transforming numbers into graphicalrepresentations (pie charts, bar charts etc.).

chase Rectangular steel frame in which type andblocks are locked up for letterpress printing.

chassis The metal base or structure onto whichthe electronic components of a computer areassembled.

Chat A Windows for Workgroups (Windows 3.11)interactive talk program operating over a localarea network. Also generally used (without theinitial capital) to describe real-time interactionof the Internet. See Internet Relay Chat.

CHC paper Paper impregnated with cyclohexy-lamine carbonate, used to de-acidify old books.

cheapernet Also known as thinnet, thinEthernet. Colloquial term for thin-wire

Ethernet that uses coaxial cable instead of thefull-specification yellow cable.

check bit or check digit A binary digit (or digits)employed as a check for the presence of errorsin a related set of digits.

check disk A command common to several oper-ating systems and used to check the index andfile space allocation of a disk and return a sta-tus report.

checksum A computed value which depends onthe contents of a block of data or packet. Thisvalue is transmitted or stored along with thedata. The receiving system recomputes thechecksum based upon the data received andcompares the computed value with the onesent with the data. If the two values are thesame, the receiver can have some confidencethat the data was received correctly. If the twosums do not match, there was probably anerror in the transmission.

chemac A copper die used for blocking. Madeby photochemical methods, unlike a true brasswhich is engraved on brass by hand.

chemical ghosting Ghost images on sheetscaused by the chemical reaction of inks.

chemically pure paper Acid-free paper used inpreserving old books or maps.

chemical pulp Pulp obtained from wood orother plant sources by chemical removal ofimpurities rather than mechanical processing.

chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) Thermo-mechanical pulp which undergoes furtherchemical bleaching, resulting in a pulp not farbelow the quality of woodfree pulp. The verybest quality of mechanical pulp made.

cheque paper Special paper used for chequesand having a surface which betrays attempts atalteration.

Cheshire Proprietary name of machine whichsticks labels to envelopes or wrappers.

Chicago The development name for Windows95.

CHILL CCITT High-Level Language. A real-time language widely used in Europeantelecommunications. (See also CCITT.)

chill roll Cooled roller, used for setting ink afterdrying in a web-offset machine.

Chimera A modular, X windows system-basedWorld Wide Web browser for Unix.

china clay White clay used for loading and coat-ing paper.

chinagraph pencil A waxy, coloured pencil usedfor writing on or marking film or negative oza-lids.

Chinese white Paint used in re-touching artwork.chipboard See unlined chipboard.

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chip or microchip 1. A small electronic compo-nent containing extensive logic circuits. Two ofthe leading chip manufacturers whose prod-ucts are used extensively in microcomputersare Motorola and Intel. 2. Woodchip used inpulpmaking. 3. Trim (US).

chipper A machine which chips logs afterdebarking.

chlorine bleaching The bleaching of woodpulpusing chlorine dioxide.

chlorine dioxide A gas used in the bleachingprocesses of chemical pulp. Environmentallydubious, and being steadily superseded byhydrogen peroxide bleaching processes.

chlorine-free paper Paper bleached without theuse of environmentally harmful chlorine com-pounds.

chlorine number The amount of chlorine that isabsorbed by a sample of pulp, used to calculatethe amount needed for the production of whitepaper.

chop See channel op.chroma Purity of colour.chromatic aberration The inability of a lens to

bring light of all colours to a common point offocus. (See also apochromatic.)

chromolithograph or chromo Colour print madeby a form of lithographic printing used in thelate 19th century and conspicuous by its vividand lasting colours.

chromo paper Heavily coated one-sided paperused for block proofing or printing.

cicero The basic typographical unit of the Didotpoint system. See font size.

CID See caller ID.CIE The Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage

(International Commission on Lighting). Thebody responsible for standards on colorimetryand photometry. In particular, there are twomethods of graphically representing colourspaces, called CIELAB and CIELUV.

CIELAB A method of graphically representingcolour spaces by plotting luminance againstvalues representing the colour axes yellow-cyan and yellow-blue. (See also CIE andCIELUV.)

CIELUV A method of graphically representingcolour spaces by plotting luminance againstvalues representing the colour axes yellow-cyanand yellow-blue. (See also CIE and CIELAB.)CIELUV gives a more uniform distribution thanCIELAB, following a transformation of thecolour co-ordinates, but provides the sameinformation. In addition, its origin is transferredto the reference white.

cif Carriage, insurance and freight. A price quot-

ed cif includes all charges up to delivery at thequayside at the port of destination. ContrastFOB.

CIM See CompuServe Information Manager.CIP data See Cataloguing in Publication data.ciphertext Encrypted information, which will

require a password or key to decrypt. The con-verse of ciphertext is plaintext. (See alsoencryption, public key, private key, Clipper,DES, RSA encryption.)

CIR See committed information rate.circuit A transmission medium linking two or

more electronic devices.circuit board See printed circuit board.circuit-level gateways A gateway in a firewall

system which controls transmission of traffic atthe TCP port level to prevent unauthorisedaccess to a host.

circuit switching A paradigm in which a dedi-cated communication path is establishedbetween the sender and receiver along whichall packets travel. The public telephone system(PSTN and ISDN) is an example of a circuit-switched network. Circuit switching is alsoreferred to as connection-oriented. (Contrastconnectionless and packet switched.)

circular Printed leaflet distributed to prospectivepurchasers.

circular screen Half-tone screen which can berotated to obtain proper screen angles forcolour half-tones.

circulating matrix The Linotype matrix fromwhich type is cast.

circulation Total copies of a publication distrib-uted.

circumflex Accent printed over a vowel whichmay change the pronunciation or distinguishthe letter from others, shaped like an upside-down ‘v’ (e.g. â).

CIS See CompuServe.CIT See computer integrated telephony.citation A mention or reference in an academic

paper or journal to a published work. The sta-tus of academic journals is assessed on thenumber of citations their papers receive inother journals.

CITED See Copyright in Transmitted ElectronicDocuments.

CityScape A UK re-seller of Internet connectionsto the Pipex backbone. Now part of DemonInternet Ltd.

CIX (Commercial Internet eXchange) An inter-national co-operative grouping of the majorcommercial IP network providers which haveagreed to interwork their networks. The mem-ber organisations provide TCP/IP or OSI data

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internetwork services to the general public,providing unrestricted access to other world-wide networks. The CIX also takes an interestin the development and future direction of theInternet and provides a neutral forum toexchange ideas, information and experimentalprojects among suppliers of internetworkingservices, often leading to consensus positionson legislative and policy issues of mutual inter-est. It also provides technical and other sup-port to its members.

clamshell A type of small platen printingmachine.

clasp envelope Envelope held closed by a metalclasp.

class The type of a network, depending on its sizeand structure. There are four types of networkon the Internet and these are distinguished inthe IP addresses. Class A networks are usuallylarge government or educational organisations(over 16 million hosts); Class B is for smallerorganisations, but still leaves room for growth(over 65 000 hosts); Class C is for small organisa-tions and individuals; while Class D is currentlyreserved for multicast experiments. The term isalso used in many other contexts, e.g. in object-oriented programming.

classified Advertisements for job vacancies, arti-cles for sale etc., set in columns and sorted byclassification.

clay See china clay.clean Correct a proof, or a list of names and

addresses etc.clean line An electrical power line dedicated to

one machine and therefore not subject to spik-ing.

clean proof A printer’s proof in which there areno errors.

clean tape Computer tape with no data on it orwith all unnecessary codes removed.

clear to send (CTS) Response in a communica-tions system to message RTS (request to send).

cleat binding A method of binding single leavesusing a form of side-sewing.

click Pressing a button on a mouse or otherpointing device. This generates an event andspecifies the screen position, which isprocessed by the window manager or applica-tion program. (See also double-click.)

clickable image An image displayed on a screen,which when pointed at with a mouse (or otherpointing device) and the mouse then clicked,initiates some action on the computer. (See alsobutton.)

click-and-drag Pressing a button on a mouse (orother pointing device), holding it down and

dragging the mouse to the required positionbefore releasing the button. (See also drag anddrop.)

clicker Archaic term for a foreman compositor.client A computer system or process that

requests, usually over a network, a service ofanother computer system or process, called aserver: e.g. a workstation requesting the con-tents of a file from a file server is a client of thefile server. (See also client-server.)

client application In Windows, an applicationwhose documents can accept linked or embed-ded objects.

client-server A mode of network computing inwhich a distributed computing system is splitbetween one or more server tasks which acceptrequests, according to some protocol, from (dis-tributed) client tasks, asking for information oraction. There may be either one centralised serv-er or several distributed ones. This model allowsclients and servers to be placed independentlyon nodes in a network. Client-server computingallows more effective use of computing re-sources, higher performance, greater flexibility,simpler upgrades and (for some applications)greater reliability and data integrity.

client to client protocol (CTCP) A type of proto-col created to allow structured data such asfont information to be exchanged betweenusers on Internet Relay Chat. It is also used tosend a query to a user.

clip art Computerised art, often copyright-free,but created by professional artists and design-ers, which can be used in both conventionaland electronic publications. A successor to thebook of clip art, from which illustrations reallywere clipped.

clipboard A temporary storage area to whichtext and/or graphics can be copied or cut andfrom which the stored material can be pasted.In most systems only one item can be stored ata time, but there is software which allows moreitems to be stored on a longer-term basis.

Clipper An integrated circuit, or chip, on whichthe SkipJack encryption algorithm is imple-mented. The Clipper chip, which is manufac-tured to encrypt telephone data, can also bedecrypted by the US government (althoughusing a trusted escrow scheme), which hastried to make use of the chip compulsory in theUS. This has led to a great deal of controversy,with criticism from the civil liberties lobby.

clipping path Outline or silhouette around anillustration or shape which determines the cut-out area or printing boundary for that illustra-tion.

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clock A regularly occurring signal that providesa timing reference for a transmission and isused to synchronise reception of a data stream.

closed loop A sequence of computer instructionsrepeated indefinitely. While closed looping canbe introduced deliberately, the phenomenoncan also result from a programming fault.

closed user group A subgroup of users on a net-work, who can communicate only with othermembers of the subgroup.

close up Reduce spacing between characters oftype or other elements on a proof.

closing date See copy date.cloth binding The use of cloth to cover the

boards of a case-bound book.cloth-centred paper Paper with a linen centre,

often used for maps when much re-folding isanticipated.

clothings Pieces of leather or cloth fixed at thebacks of stationery books for strengthening.

cloth joint A strip of cloth which strengthens thejoints of a bound book (usually attached to theendpapers).

cloth-lined paper Paper backed with linen ormuslin for additional strength.

club line Strictly, the short last line of a para-graph at the bottom of a page. But also usedfrequently as a synonym for orphan too, andtherefore by extension to mean any short line atthe foot of a page.

clumps Metal strips or leads used to create blankspaces in type matter.

cluster controller A device which provides aremote communications capability to severalterminals located in a cluster.

CLUT See colour look-up table.CLV See constant linear velocity.CMC See computer-mediated communications.CMIP See Common Management Information

Protocol.CMIS See Common Management Information

Services.CMYK Abbreviation for colour processing based

on the four process printing colours: cyan,magenta, yellow and black (the K distinguish-es black from blue).

CNAME See canonical name.CNI See Coalition for Networked Information.Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) A

consortium formed to promote the creation of,and access to, information resources in net-worked environments in order to enrich schol-arship and enhance intellectual productivity.

coated cartridge Dull-finish coated paper, nor-mally blade-coated, very commonly used forprinting colour books.

coated paper Paper coated with china clay orsimilar to give a smooth surface suitable forhalf-tone reproduction. Coating slip is thecoating mixture. Coating binder is the part ofthe coating mixture which ensures adhesion tothe body stock. (See also coat weight.)

coating 1. Light-sensitive surface applied tolitho plate. 2. Clear protective varnish appliedto printed surface for protection. 3. China claymixture used on paper. See coated paper.

coating binder That part of a coating formula-tion whose purpose is to bind the pigment sys-tem to the body stock and to obtain many ofthe desired properties of the final coated paper,such as pick and water resistance, ink recep-tivity, flexibility, gloss and blister resistance.Binders are obtained from natural sources likestarch, casein and soya protein or can be pro-duced synthetically.

coating mix or coat mix or coating slip Whitesuspension of china clay or calcium carbonateand other pigments, which is applied to basepaper by blade or roller and which when dryforms the matt or gloss coat.

coat weight The amount of coating on a basepaper expressed as dry weight on a given area,i.e. gsm.

coax See coaxial cable.coaxial cable (coax) A cable with a solid or

stranded central conductor surrounded byinsulator, in turn surrounded by a cylindricalshield, which is solid or woven from fine wires.It is used to carry high-frequency signals suchas television, video, radio and other tele-communications transmissions. The shield isusually connected to electrical ground toreduce electrical interference. It is increasinglybeing replaced by optical fibre or unshieldedtwisted pair.

Cobb size test A measurement of the sizing ofpaper by water absorbed under specified con-ditions.

COBOL Common Business-Oriented Language.High-level computer programming languageused in commercial data processing.

cocked-up initial Initial letter in a new linewhich is larger than the characters in the rest ofthe line, but which sits on the same baseline.Compare drop initial.

cockle Puckered finish to a sheet of paper creat-ed during the drying process to add crispness.

cockling Wavy edges on paper caused by unsta-ble atmospheric conditions.

COD Cash On Delivery. Method of despatchwhich requires the recipient to pay on receiptof goods.

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code A character string or line of symbolicinstructions to a computer.

CODEC COmpressor/DECompressor. Covers avariety of software products that determinehow a video file, such as QuickTime, shouldbe condensed, or compressed, to save space onthe hard disk and to make the video run faster.A different CODEC would be used for videoimages than for still photography images. Thechoice is intended to create a balance betweenpicture quality and the size of the file.

code conversion The process of altering thenumeric representation of one group of charac-ters to that required by a different system, lan-guage or process.

code division multiple access (CDMA) Alsoknown as spread spectrum and code divisionmultiplexing. A form of multiplexing wherethe transmitter encodes the signal using a pseu-do-random sequence also known to the receiv-er so that it can decode the received signal. Adifferent random sequence corresponds to adifferent communication channel. Motorolauses CDMA for digital cellular telephones.

code division multiplexing See code divisionmultiple access.

code set Coding system, or systematic set ofcodes. ASCII or EBCDIC, e.g., are typical codesets.

co-edition Joint publication of a book by twocompanies. The originator of the work sellssheets to another or gives them the licence toreprint the book locally.

co-editor Person who has joined with anotherperson to edit a book.

coffee-table book Large, lavishly illustratedbook usually left on display for the casualbrowser.

COLD See computer output on laser disk.cold colour Colour containing blue tones.cold composition Any typesetting method

which does not use hot metal for casting.cold melt An adhesive such as PVA which is

applied for binding purposes at room temper-ature.

coldset Web printing in which the ink is allowedto dry by penetration on an absorbent paperwithout heat. (See also heatset.)

cold start The act of starting a computer after thepower supply has been switched off before. Atthis stage the device has no operating pro-grams in memory and these have to be loadedfrom backing store or ROM.

Collabra See Netscape Collabra.collage Image comprised of a number of items

collected together as a visual whole.

collate Loosely used to mean ‘gather’; but, strict-ly, to check the gathered sections to establishthat they are in the correct sequence. Collatingmarks on the back folds assist in this.

collating marks Black marks on the back folds ofsections in sequential positions used for check-ing that the sections are in the correct order aftergathering. Also black-step collation marks.

college electro A plastic-backed electrotypeinvented at the London College of Printing.

collision The outcome when two hosts transmitsimultaneously on a network, so that theirpackets collide and are corrupted. TheCSMA/CD protocol used on Ethernet specifiesthat each host should wait for a random timebefore retransmitting. (See also carrier sensemultiple access/collision detect.)

collotype A short-run, screenless printingprocess using gelatine-coated plates to producecontinuous tone reproduction.

colophon A printer’s or publisher’s identifyingsymbol, printed on spines and title pages.

colour Colours are usually represented on screenusing the additive RGB system, in which eithera colour image may be stored either as threeseparate images (one for each of red, green andblue) or each pixel may encode the colour usingseparate bit fields for each colour component.Subtractive CMYK and/or Pantone representa-tions of spot colours are used for printing.

colour bars Coloured strips on four-colourprocess proofs showing densities across a sheetand revealing other printing characteristics.

colour blanks Printed sheets with illustrationsonly but no text. Produced in this way typical-ly in expectation of language changes for co-editions etc.

colour breaks The separate colour overlays foreach overlay in a four-colour set (US).

colour cast An excess of one shade or hue in asubject for reproduction or in a printed subject.

colour comp print Paper print made from atransparency.

Coloured Books A set of protocol definitions forthe different aspects of networking developedand used on the UK Joint Academic Network,JANET, for open systems communicationbefore the definition of international standards.Each protocol is usually referred to by thecolour of the cover of the publication defining it.

coloured edges Dyed edges on a book-block.coloured tops Dyed tops on a book-block.colour electronic prepress system (CEPS) An

image-processing system used in the publish-ing and prepress industry for designing, layingout and editing colour pages for printing.

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colour etching The process of altering dot sizeson a four-colour separation film by localretouching in order to strengthen or weaken aparticular colour in a particular area and soaffect the printed result.

colour fall In multi-unit web-offset printing, thesequences of pages on which colour will beavailable as dictated by the press configurationused.

colour filters Sheets which are placed in front ofa camera lens to filter out all colours exceptthat selected, thereby producing separatedfilms for four-colour process work.

colour gamut The range of colours which can beproduced in subtractive colour printing bycombining inks of the four process colours(CMYK) or can be displayed on a screen usingadditive RGB. Note, however, that there aresome colours which cannot be made up of amixture of red, green and blue phosphor emis-sions and thus cannot be displayed on a screen.

colour guide Instructions on artwork indicatingcolour requirements.

colour look-up table (CLUT) A software paletteor set of 256 colours, which is used on a com-puter with 8-bit colour (which can only display28 = 256 colours) to determine which 256colours, out of the 16.7 million (= 224) coloursavailable from a scanned 24-bit colour file, itcan use at one time. Many applications allow achoice of the 256 colours to be used and apalette can be set up for each particular file tosuit the subject matter of the image being han-dled, so that, e.g., flesh tones would be appro-priate for an image of a face, while a different,probably green-based, palette would be moreappropriate for a landscape.

colour-matching system Method of colour speci-fication by matching the colour required to onein a swatch of colours provided as a set. Eachcolour in the swatch has its ink-mix formuladescribed. An example is the PantoneMatching System (PMS).

colour overleaf proofs See acetate proofs.colour resolution The number of bits per pixel

in a colour image. (See 1-bit, 8-bit and 24-bitcolour.)

colour separation Separating full colour into thefour process colours by means of scanning orof filters, resulting in four films used to makeprinting plates.

colour separation negative One negative out of aset of four separated process colour negatives.

colour sequence The order in which the fourprocess colours are printed.

colour space A graphical or pictorial method of

representing colour distributions in terms ofcombinations of single colours. Used inanalysing colour gamuts. See CIE, CIELAB,CIELUV.

colour splits Instructions for the allocation ofcorrect printing colours to individual compo-nents of a piece of integral artwork.

colour swatch A sample of a specified colour.colour transparency A full colour photographic

positive on film.Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) An imple-

mentation of Apple Computer’s AppleTalkprotocols for the Berkeley version 4.2BSD ofUnix.

column 1. Vertical area of print comprising linesof the same measure. 2. Regular newspaperarticle.

column balancing In desktop publishing, theautomatic adjustment of columns to create avisual evenness.

column centimetre See column inch.column guides In DTP, the dotted, vertical, non-

printing lines which mark the left- and right-hand edges of the columns of text to be creat-ed. (See also margin guides, ruler guides.)

column inch A newspaper measure of text space:one column wide and one inch deep.

COM See computer output on microfilm.comb binding Type of mechanical binding

where separate pages are held together by therounded teeth of a plastic comb, which alsoform the spine.

combination folder A machine combining abuckle folder and knife folder.

combination line and tone A single print orpiece of film combining half-tone and linework.

Comdex The communications and data process-ing exposition held in Las Vegas, which isprobably the biggest trade show in the worldon any subject. Many manufacturers use theshow as a platform for product announce-ments.

comic strip Cartoon drawings in sequence,appearing regularly in a periodical.

coming and going An imposition in which twocopies of a book result from one set of plates.

Comit� Consultatif International T�l�phoniqueet T�l�graphique CCITT: International com-mittee that drafts and approves communica-tions protocols and standards.

command A computer instruction specifying anoperation.

command interface A user interface thatrequires the user to enter commands at thecommand prompt. Also called command line

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interface, command line interpreter or charac-ter-based interface, although the latter caninclude menus.

command line interface See command interface.command line interpreter See command inter-

face.commercial invoice An invoice against which

payment is to be made. Compare pro-formainvoice.

commercial register Colour printing to a registertolerance of plus or minus one row of dots.

committed information rate (CIR) The guaran-teed bandwidth over a virtual circuit,although, if the network has spare bandwidth,devices can go higher for short bursts.

commodity papers White general-purposepapers produced in enormous quantities bythe larger paper-mills.

common Cash column on ruled stationery.common architecture technology for next-

generation Internet protocol (CATNIP) AnInternet-Draft designed to provide a com-pressed form of the existing network layerprotocols and to integrate the protocols cur-rently in use.

common carrier A private company that offerstelecommunications services to the public. Canalso be described as a telephone company.

common channel signalling A networking pro-cedure in which a special channel, separatefrom the user channels, is devoted to signallinginformation.

Common Communication Services (CCS) Thestandard program interface to networks inIBM’s Systems Application Architecture(SAA).

Common Gateway Interface (CGI) The stan-dard interface between HTTP servers andexternal programs. External programs areknown as gateways because they provide aninterface between an external source of infor-mation and the server.

Common Ground A document exchange system,which has similarities to Acrobat, althoughfewer features.

Common Management Information Protocol(CMIP) The part of the OSI body of standardsthat specifies the protocol elements that may beused to provide the operation and notificationservices described in the related standard,Common Management Information Services(CMIS).

Common Management Information Services(CMIS) The part of the OSI body of networkstandards describing the services used by peerprocesses to exchange information and com-

mands for the purpose of network manage-ment. It is similar to the Simple NetworkManagement Protocol (SNMP), but broaderand more complex.

Common Object Request Broker Architecture(CORBA) A standard way of describing theinterface between objects in object-orientedapplications.

Common User Access (CUA) The user interfacestandard of IBM’s Systems ApplicationArchitecture (SAA).

communication The electronic transfer of databetween different hardware. Also known as‘comms’.

communications protocol A set of signals thatcomputers can use when they want toexchange data. These signals make it possiblefor computers to send and receive informationand to check that the information has beentransmitted and received correctly. There ismore than one set of protocols and a computer,or group of computers, may use different pro-tocols in different situations. See full duplex,half duplex, handshaking, parity.

communications speed This is normally speci-fied in bits per second (bps) or multiples suchas kbps or Mbps. Often described as the bitrate.

communication system A system or facility pro-viding information transfer between personsand/or equipment. The system can consist of acombination of individual communication net-works, transmission systems, relay stationsand tributary stations, together with terminalequipment capable of interconnection andinteroperation, which forms an integratedwhole. The individual components must servea common purpose, be technically compatibleand employ common procedures and proto-cols; they must respond to some form of con-trol and generally operate together.

COMNET A commercial simulation tool foranalysing wide-area voice or data networks.

comp 1. To compose. 2. A compositor. 3. A com-prehensive (US): a layout showing everythingin position.

compact disc See CD-ROM.compact disc eXtended Architecture (CD-ROM

XA) A compact disc format jointly developedby Philips, Sony and Microsoft, to allow thestorage of, and simultaneous access to, audioand video data.

compact disc interactive (CD-i or CD-I) Formatof compact disc developed by Philips for stor-ing a combination of video, audio, text andpictures, allowing the user limited interaction

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with films, games and educational applica-tions via a special controller. It was aimed atthe consumer market, to be used in systemsusing a combination of computer and televi-sion. An alternative format is digital videointeractive (DVI).

compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) Adata medium using the same physical formatas audio compact discs. Up to 600 Mbytes ofdata can be stored on one CD-ROM. There areseveral formats used for CD-ROM data; ISO9660 defines a standard file system. (See alsoWORM.)

compact disc-recordable (CD-R) Type of com-pact disc on which data can be overwritten(compare CD-ROM). The disc combines mag-netic and optical technology so that during thewriting process a laser melts the surface of thedisc, thereby allowing the magnetic elementsof the surface layer to be realigned.

c o m p a n d i n g C o m p re s s i n g / e xp a n d i n g .Amplitude modulation process for manipulat-ing a telephone signal to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Allows voice signals to be trans-mitted at a lower bit rate.

compatibility The ability of two pieces of elec-tronic hardware to emulate each other and tocommunicate with each other.

compensating roller A roller in a web-fed pressthat compensates for any uneven tension in areel of paper.

compiler A computer program which checks andconverts programs from a high-level languageinto machine code. The resulting machine-code program then becomes the programaccessed by the computer, resulting in fasterprocessing speeds. Compare interpreter,which is a program sometimes in ROM thattakes a high-level language program one lineat a time and changes it into machine-codeinstructions every time the program is run.(See also assembler.)

complementary colour removal See achromaticseparations.

comp list List of periodical subscribers receivingcomplimentary copies.

component stress Pertaining to factors of usagesuch as shock, temperature, voltage level etc.which may affect the efficiency of a component.

compose To make up type into lines and/orpages. The operator is called a compositor.

composing stick A hand-held, adjustable tray inwhich a compositor sets type by hand.

composite artwork Artwork made up of severalelements, such as text, half-tones, sketch mapsetc.

composite block A plate comprising more thanone original.

composite video A way of broadcasting video ortelevision signals with the colours and the hor-izontal and vertical registration informationintegrated. Gives poorer quality than RGB.Used in the US for television.

composition site Printing type size (contrast.display size) that can be set by machine (up to14pt).

composition sizes Types under 14pt in size. Asdistinct from display sizes.

compositor A typesetter who makes up pages.compound document A document file that con-

tains embedded and linked data that was cre-ated in other kinds of applications. Particularlyused with reference to Microsoft Windows. SeeObject Linking and Embedding.

Compound Document Architecture (CDA)DEC’s standard for the creation, storage,retrieval, interchange and manipulation ofcompound documents.

comprehensive layout Advertisement designtaken through to finished effect.

compressed video The result of video compres-sion.

compression Reduction of file size by softwaretechniques. Files reduced in this way need tobe decompressed to be opened.

compression algorithm Algorithm used toachieve file compression.

comptometer Automatic counting device.CompuServe (Formal name CompuServe

Information Services – CIS.) A commercialonline service that can be accessed via modem.Widely used for electronic mail and bulletinboards, it also provides online conferencing,business news, sports and weather, financialtransactions, travel and entertainment data, aswell as online editions of computer publi-cations.

CompuServe Information Manager (CIM) Theofficial offline reader and navigation tool forCompuServe.

computed tomography (CT) A medical-imagingtechnique in which a sequence of X-ray imagesis used to build up a three-dimensional repre-sentation.

computer aided design See CAD.computer-assisted learning (CAL) In education

and training a computer displays instructionalmaterial to a student and asks questions aboutthe information given; the student’s answersdetermine the sequence of subsequent lessons.

computer conferencing Collaboration and dis-cussion between people who do not physically

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meet. All discussion is carried on using bul-letin boards or email.

computer-controlled inking The use of equip-ment which sets and monitors correct ink-flowson the press and makes automatic adjustmentsfor make-ready and during running.

Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)Organisation formed after a particularly intru-sive worm virus worried the Internet commu-nity. Its function is to co-ordinate response toand awareness of security issues.

computer game Computer-controlled game, inwhich the computer (usually) opposes thehuman player. Computer games typicallyemploy fast, animated graphics and synthe-sized sound.

computer graphics The use of computers to dis-play and manipulate images and drawings.Images can be stored as either raster (bitmap)or vector graphics. Computer graphics areused in a wide range of applications, as well asin publishing.

Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) An inter-national standard file format for graphicimages. Most CGM files are vector graphics,although it is possible to store raster graphicsin the CGM format. The standard was createdto enable users of different systems and differ-ent programs to exchange graphic files.

computer-integrated telephony (CIT) A specifi-cation for the integration of computers andPBXs, so that applications such as screen-basedtelephone systems, call centres and voice mailcan be used. (See also computer telephoneintegration.)

computer-mediated communications (CMC)Computer conferencing, electronic mail, accessto remote databases and related applications.

computer output on laser disk (COLD) A docu-ment storage technique in which scannedimages of documents are stored on opticaldisk, rather than on microfilm, as distinct fromCOM (computer output on microfilm).

computer output on microfilm (COM) (Or com-puter output micrographics.) Direct outputfrom computer onto microfilm or microfiche.

Computer + Science NETwork (CSNET) Thenetworking organisation which combined withBITNET to form CREN.

computer-supported collaborative learning(CSCL) The use of computer systems (such ascomputer conferencing) to facilitate collabora-tive learning. Similar to computer-supportedcooperative work.

computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW)The use of computer systems to facilitate coop-

erative working including workflow auto-mation and documentation management. Sys-tems to support this include electronic mail,computer conferencing, group scheduling sys-tems, databases and shared desktop systems.Also described as groupware. (See also LotusNotes, teleconferencing, videoconferencing.)

computer telephone integration (CTI) The useof computer systems to handle and controltelephone functions such as making andreceiving calls, directory services and calleridentification. (See also computer integratedtelephony, TAPI.)

computer-to-plate System which exposes platesby laser or thermal imaging techniques direct-ly from data supplied from a computer file(usually PostScript) rather than from film.Abbreviated to CTP.

computer typesetting The use of a computer tostore and display typesetting and to performmany other functions such as hyphenationand justification.

computer vision See vision system.computer word Any group of characters that are

capable of being treated as a single unit for thepurposes of processing or storage.

concentrator A kind of multiplexer where manyinputs may be active simultaneously so theoutput bandwidth must be at least as great asthe total bandwidth of all simultaneouslyactive inputs. May be used to connect a groupof terminals to a mainframe or other multi-usersystem.

concertina fold or accordion fold Pages foldedso that each parallel fold in a sheet goes in theopposite direction to the previous one.

concordance Index listing the main words usedin a large work in alphabetical order, givingreference points and explanations.

concurrency control The controls built into aprogram running over a network to handle thesituation where more than one person tries toaccess a program or data at the same time.

concurrent processing The execution of two pro-grams simultaneously.

condensed type A typeface with narrow charac-teristics.

conditioning 1. The provision of filters on leasedanalogue telephone lines to permit higher-speed data transmission. 2. See mature.

cone refiner In papermaking, the cone-shapedpiece of machinery into which the stock ispumped from the hydrapulper in order toundergo further beating or refining. After thisstage, the stock is cleaned in a series ofcentrifugal cleaners and finally pumped to the

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headbox for the beginning of the Fourdrinierprocess.

conferencing A generic term used to cover varioustypes of system which link people together. Themain types are videoconferencing, audiocon-ferencing and computer conferencing. Allexcept the last link people together ‘synchro-nously’, i.e. the people are present simultaneous-ly, even if not physically together.

Configurable Unified Search Interface (CUSI) Acollection of indices to various World WideWeb and other Internet documents. Alsodescribes a tool for searching the Web.

configuration The arrangement of peripheralsinto a computer system.

ConflictNet A network connecting those con-cerned about global conflict. See Institute forGlobal Communications.

conformability The degree in which a paper sur-face will change shape to contact ink on thepress.

connected dot Half-tone dots joined together.connectionless A mode of data communication

in which packets are sent from the user to thenetwork without the need for a connection tohave been established previously to the desti-nation of those packets. Each packet containsits own destination address and is routed indi-vidually. Connectionless operation is alsoknown as datagram operation and packetswitching. Examples include LANs, InternetIP, UDP. Contrast with circuit switching andconnection-oriented.

connectionless broadband data service(CBDS) The term used in Europe for SMDS(Switched Multimegabit Data Service).

connection-oriented A type of transport layerdata communication service in which an end-to-end logical channel is established prior tothe start of communication, allowing a host tosend data in a continuous stream to anotherhost. The transport service will guarantee thatall data will be delivered to the other end in thesame order as sent and without duplicates.Communication proceeds through three well-defined phases: connection establishment, datatransfer and connection release. The most com-mon example is Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP). This is the opposite of connec-tionless. (See also circuit switching.)

connector Connectors are the parts on the endsof cables that actually make the connection toanother piece of hardware. Both the part on theend of the cable and that on the hardware thatit plugs into are called connectors, and they aredescribed as either male or female.

console The keyboard which controls the opera-tions of a mainframe computer.

constant linear velocity (CLV) A technique usedin CD drives to ensure that the linear velocityof the disk is always the same at the pointbeing read. This should be compared with con-stant angular velocity, which is used on mag-netic disk drives.

constant mapping A method of describing anInternet address used by some TCP systems,in which the Internet address is not indepen-dent of the Ethernet address. (Contrast withARP.)

constat Short for continuous stationery.Consultative Committee on International Radio

(CCIR) Of the ITU. Recommends standardsand procedures for radio and television broad-casting.

consumable textbook A book which can be writ-ten in by the student and therefore can be usedonly once.

consumer press Periodicals circulating widelyamong the general public (as distinct fromtrade and technical press).

contact print A photographic print of a negativeor positive made in contact with, and thereforethe same size as, the original.

contact screen Half-tone screen used in directcontact with the photographic film for creatinghalf-tones.

container An HTML element that contains text.The term can also be used in SGML, with thesame meaning.

container boards Boards used in manufacturingbox containers.

Content Data Model (CDM) An SGML-basedUS Department of Defense specification forinteractive manuals.

contention A condition in which multiple userscompete for access to a shared channel or com-puter port.

contention period See contention slot.contention scheme A method of multiple access

to a shared medium, such as a LAN, in whichaccess units compete with each other for band-width.

contention slot Also described as contentionperiod. The minimum time for which a hostmust transmit before it can be sure that noother host’s packet has collided with its trans-mission.

content management system Software systemfor the ordered structuring, indexing, archiv-ing and retrieval of text and illustration files.

contents page Page of a book or magazineexplaining the contents and where they appear.

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contextual searching Searching facility thatapplies fuzzy logic, semantic analysis andoften the use of an online thesaurus in order toenhance a search and extend hits into paralleldefinitions and contexts.

Continuous Acquisition and Lifecycle Support(CALS) Note that what the acronym standsfor has changed several times. Originally a USDepartment of Defense standard for electronicexchange of data with commercial suppliers.Now, more generally, a global strategy intend-ed to bring about more enterprise integrationthrough the streamlining of business processesand the application of standards and technolo-gies for the development, management,exchange and use of business and technicalinformation. Includes SGML for the documen-tation aspects; a CALS Document TypeDefinition has been defined. This gives partic-ular attention to coding tables and is widelyused outside CALS applications themselves.

continuous pulping Pulp produced in a con-stantly running digester.

continuous stationery Reel stationery used oncomputer printers and other automaticmachines.

continuous tone An uncountable range of colourvariation or shades of grey such as occurs in aphotograph or painting, which cannot bedirectly printed. All such images must gothrough a half-tone process in order to bereproduced. In the half-tone process the imageis broken up into a series of discrete dotswhich, when printed, give the illusion of con-tinuous tone.

continuous wave (CW) A term dating from theuse of circuits containing thermionic valves.The term is still used to mean transmission bymeans of a signal at a single frequency, whichis either on or off (e.g. Morse code), as opposedto a carrier which is modulated in amplitude,frequency or phase.

contone See continuous tone.contract proof Colour proof or set of colour

proofs which define the expected standard forthe printed job and which are used by theprinter as the accepted match for quality. Thereis a lively debate between publishers and print-ers on whether digital proofs can be viewed ascontract proofs, since the technologies of digitalproofing and wet printing are so far apart.

contraries Unwanted material in paper or stock.contrast Wide range of tonal gradations.contrast ratio opacity Paper opacity measured

by the TAPPI method of gauging reflectancefrom a backed sheet.

control bus That part of a computer’s internalcircuitry which transports signals designed tocontrol system operations.

control code A character which provides a con-trol or function, rather than being part of thetext or data; these include tab, carriage returnetc. Different operating systems and programshave different conventions for what controlcodes are intended to do. Control codes arealso used to control transmission betweenhosts. In some cases, their function is specifiedas part of the ASCII character set.

controlled circulation Magazine or newspaperdistributed free to selected names or groups ofreaders.

control tape Computer tape containing controlinformation rather than data.

control unit Part of a computer CPU whichsequences operations.

conventional memory In the MS-DOS environ-ment, the first 640K of memory.

conversion systems Systems which convert typeor plates into film for subsequent printing by adifferent method.

converter A computer peripheral which transfersdata from one medium to another.

convertible press A press that will print eitherone-colour on each side of the sheet in onepass, or two-colour on one side of the sheet inone pass.

converting Sheeting, re-reeling or changing theformat of sheets or reels of paper. The personwho carries this out is known as a ‘converter’.

cookie A World Wide Web mechanism throughwhich servers can obtain information stored onthe client side, usually as part of a browserimplementation. Storage of such information isan automatic process that occurs as the Web isaccessed. A common use of cookies is to identifyregistered users of a Web site without requiringthem to sign in each time they access it.

cooking Treating pulp with heat, water andchemicals.

Co-ordinating Committee for IntercontinentalResearch Networks (CCIRN) A committee thatincludes the United States Federal NetworkingCouncil (FNC) and its counterparts in NorthAmerica and Europe. Co-chaired by the execu-tive directors of the FNC and the EuropeanAssociation of Research Networks (RARE), theCCIRN provides a forum for cooperative plan-ning among the principal North American andEuropean research networking bodies.

CopiCat A project, which has developed fromCITED and other projects, to investigate theuse of encryption in the control of, and com-

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pensation for, intellectual property rights inelectronic material.

copier paper Paper used in photocopyingmachines.

copper cable Traditional telephone wire found inmuch of the local connection services of thepublic telephone network. Copper cable carriesordinary telephony and can carry basic rateISDN but not the more advanced primary rateISDN.

copper distributed data interface (CDDI) AnFDDI network running over conventionalcopper cables. All FDDI connections, single-attached or dual-attached, can be either fibreor copper.

copperplate A polished copper plate for makingengravings.

copperprint The developed image on a platebefore etching.

co-publication To publish a book in partnershipwith another publisher. See co-publisher.

co-publisher One of a partnership of publishers.copy To transfer a copy of text and/or graphics

to the clipboard, while leaving the original inplace. (See also cut.)

copy block Block of typesetting treated as a unit.copyboard Holding frame for material being

photographed for reproduction.copy date Scheduled date for delivering copy to

a publisher or printer.copy-dot scanner Scanner designed to capture

pre-screened page films digitally so they can beincluded in the data going in to a CTP or simi-lar all-digital system.

copy editing Preparing manuscripts for typeset-ting and publication by, e.g., checking forerrors, style (both typesetting and house style),inconsistencies, libel etc.

copy editor One involved in copy editing.copyfitting Determining the typographical spec-

ification to which a manuscript needs to be setin order to fill a given amount of space.

copyholder Person who helps a proofreadercheck proofs for corrections by reading out theoriginal copy.

copyleft (A play on copyright.) The copyrightnotice applying to the works of the FreeSoftware Foundation, granting reuse and repro-duction rights to everyone. Those who pass on aprogram must also include the rights to use,modify and redistribute the code; the code andthe freedoms become legally inseparable.

copy prep Copy preparation. Putting instruc-tions on a manuscript to ensure understandingof the requirement by the compositor. (See alsoelectronic markup.)

copyright The exclusive legal right of the authorof a work (or whoever he or she transfers thatright to) to make and distribute copies, preparederivative works, and perform and display thework in public.

Copyright in Transmitted Electronic Documents(CITED) An EC project aimed at addressingthe issues of control of and compensation forintellectual property in electronic information.

copyright page Title page verso of a book con-taining bibliographic information. Also knownas biblio page.

copy typing Typing documents from handwrit-ten originals.

copywriter Person who creates the text foradvertisements.

copywriting Scriptwriting for advertisements.CORA V Linotype’s typesetter-command lan-

guage for the Linotron 202 and other machines.CORBA See Common Object Request Broker

Architecture.cording Putting cord into stationery as a form of

loose binding.core memory Main storage capacity in the cen-

tral processing unit of a computer. Defined inthousands or millions of bytes, indicated bythe term kb or Mb.

corona Discharge of electricity used to charge thetoner in a laser printer.

corona wire Thin wire in a laser printer thatgives a charge to the powdered toner particlesas they pass across it.

corrigenda List of errors to be corrected in aprinted book.

corrugated Packaging grade of cardboard madeby sandwiching fluted kraft paper betweensheets of cardboard to absorb any impact.

corruption An unsatisfactory alteration of dataduring transmission or while held on a backingmedium.

cotton content paper See rag paper.cotton linters Cotton seed-hair fibres used in fine

paper.couch End of the wet end of a paper machine

where the web is passed to the press section.coucher Person responsible for placing wet

paper onto the felt mat.counter Centre part of a letter enclosed by

strokes, such as the bowl of an ‘o’. Also, bowl.counting keyboard Keyboard which has logic

for justification purposes.country code A two-letter abbreviation used for a

particular country. The codes are based on ISO3166 and used as the top-level domain forInternet hostnames in most countries, althoughthe code for the US, us, is hardly ever used.

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courtesy discount Special discount that is givenby supplier to purchaser but not for resale pur-poses.

cover Outer section of a periodical, bearing its title.cover board See case board.covering 1. See case material. Non-woven materi-

als, woven materials and leathers comprise themost commonly used coverings. 2. The fixing ofa book cover to the spine and endpapers.

covering power The opacity achieved by a print-ing ink.

cpi Characters per inch. Unit of measurement oftype in a line.

cpl or CPL Characters per line.CP/M Control Program for Microcomputers. A

single-user operating system developed byDigital Research.

cpo In direct mail, cost per order.cpp Characters per pica. Copyfitting method

using average number of characters per pica.C print See C type.cps Characters per second. Used to measure the

speed of a printer or communications device.CPU Central processing unit. The computing

unit in an electronic system.CR Carriage return.cracked edge Broken edge on a web of paper.crash 1. Serious hardware or software failure in a

computer system. 2. Muslin cloth or mull usedas a first lining on the spines of the sections ina case-bound book.

crash finish Linen-look finish on imitation cloth.crawler See spider.crawling Contraction of ink on paper when it has

not penetrated the surface.CRC See 1. Cyclic redundancy check. 2.

Camera-ready copy.crease 1. Impress an indented line across a sheet

of paper or board to assist folding. 2. A foldingfault which leaves a crease in the sheet, hence‘creasing’.

creep 1. Blanket movement during printing. 2.The effect of the back margins of the outerpages in a printed section becoming narrowerthan the back margins of the inner pages, dueto the thickness of paper across the fold. Needsto be compensated for in imposition by shin-gling (see shingle).

creping Crinkling paper to create a soft, elasticsheet.

critical path The sequence of events which takesthe shortest time. Analysis of the critical pathensures that events on the path are neverdelayed, while events on less critical paths maybe if necessary.

crocking Dry ink rubbed off after printing.

Cromalin A proprietary plastic-proofing systemfor proofing four-colour subjects withoutmaking machine plates. See plastic proof.

crop Cut back part of an illustration to give bettereffect or achieve better fit.

crop marks Marks printed on a printed sheet,which indicate the edge of the intended physi-cal page. They can also act as registrationmarks if more than one colour is to be printed.

crossbars Metal cross-pieces which divide achase (a metal frame holding composed type)into sections.

cross direction Across the web of paper.cross fold A fold at right angles to the direction

of the web.cross grain Used to denote that the grain of the

paper in a book runs at right angles to thespine, not parallel to it (which is preferable).Also used to refer to endpapers as book-cover-ing materials in which the grain is at rightangles to the spine.

cross hatching Series of close parallel lines goingin two directions to form shading to a linedrawing.

cross head A sub-heading ranged centrally overtext. As distinct from a boxed head which isranged left.

cross index To give a cross-reference.cross line screen The normal 45° half-tone

screen used for most half-tone origination.cross-machine tension burst A paper break at

the winding stage.crossmarks See register marks.cross-posting Sending a news article to several

different Usenet newsgroups simultaneously.cross-reference Where one part of a book makes

a noted reference to another.cross sealer Blade in film wrapping machine

which cuts and seals ends of wrapping.crosstalk Unwanted coupling of electrical sig-

nals between two adjacent transmission media.crown Standard size of paper measuring

384 3 504mm (metric system).CRPU See camera-ready paste-up.CRT See cathode ray tube. Images of type are

exposed on a CRT in a third generation photo-typesetter.

crusher panel The area on a book cover blockedin preparation for the title lettering to beblocked over it.

crushing Paper defect affecting a small area andshowing as a visible surface fault.

cryogenic Materials whose temperatures havebeen reduced as close as possible to absolutezero, usually as a means of reducing electricalresistance.

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cryptography The study of encryption anddecryption. Usually involves taking plaintextand applying various encryption algorithms toproduce encrypted ciphertext. The security of acryptosystem usually depends on the secrecy of(some of) the keys rather than on the algorithmitself. See Clipper, RSA encryption, DES.

crystallisation Condition of an ink layer whichwill not accept a second ink overprinting.

CSCL See computer-supported collaborativelearning.

CSCW See computer-supported cooperativework.

C series See C.CSLIP Compressed SLIP, producing faster

transfer rates than with uncompressed SerialLine Internet Protocol (SLIP).

CSMA/CD See carrier sense multipleaccess/collision detect.

CSNET See Computer + Science NETwork.CSS See Cascading Style Sheets.CSU See channel service unit.CSWO Coldset web offset.C/T Colour transparency.CTCP See client to client protocol.CTI See computer telephone integration.CTMP See chemi-thermomechanical pulp.CTP See computer-to-plate.CTS See clear to send.C type Proprietary photographic process for pro-

ducing continuous tone colour prints. Also,C print.

CUA See Common User Access.cumulative index An index which combines sev-

eral other indices.curl Sheet distortion leading to a tendency to roll

up.cursives Typefaces which simulate handwriting

without joined characters.cursor The screen symbol that indicates where the

action initiated by the next keystrokes or mouseclick will take effect. Cursors in character-basedinterfaces are either a block or an underline(sometimes flashing), while in a GUI the cursorcan consist of any icon chosen by the softwaredeveloper or the user.

curtain coating A paper coating system in whichthe coating is injected horizontally across theweb.

curved electros Electros shaped for use on rotarymachines. Sometimes called curved plates.

cushion Soft pad on which a leather-bound bookis put for tooling.

CUSI See Configurable Unified Search Interface.custom Non-standard, or specially commissioned.custom software See bespoke software.

cut To copy text or graphics to the clipboard but,unlike copy, also to delete the original from thecurrent file.

cut and paste In wordprocessing and desktoppublishing, the on-screen version of the manu-al task whereby areas of text or graphics aredefined and stored for subsequent insertioninto another area, page or file. Otherwise, tra-ditional paste-up methods.

cut-back binding See adhesive binding.cut flush Binding style with the cover cut flush

with the pages.cut-in index Divisions cut into edge of book to

indicate alphabetical steps.cut-in notes Notes in an outside margin of a page

but which the text runs round in some degree.cut-line Mark left on negative or printed copy by

failure to spot out a shadow left by an edge ofpatched-in artwork on CRC.

cut marks See crop marks.cut-off The web press measure of length of sheet

cut, determined by the plate cylinder circum-ference. Measured in inches or millimetres.

cut-out Illustration with background painted outor removed by process work.

cutscore Blade in die-cutting which scores forfolding.

cut-size paper Small-sized paper sheets forstationery.

cut-through index See step index.cutting Sheeting web paper.cutting ahead Cutting watermarked paper

regardless of watermark positions. Comparecut-to-register.

cutting marks Marks on copy which indicatecutting lines.

cut-to-register Paper with a watermark in thesame position on each cut sheet. Compare cut-ting ahead.

CW See continuous wave.CWIS See campus wide information system.cwt Hundredweight. The short cwt (US) equals

100lbs, the long cwt (UK) equals 112lbs.cyan The blue colour used in process printing.Cybercaf� A café where not only coffee but also

Internet access is provided.CyberCash An electronic payment method using

RSA encryption. (See also DigiCash, Ecash,Mondex.)

CyberGlove A data glove sold by VirtualTechnologies. The glove houses 18 sensors totrack accurately just about every move thehand is capable of making. The accompanyingsoftware includes a three-dimensional modelof the hand that can be added to any virtualreality application.

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cyberspace Term to mean all the informationavailable on computers worldwide that isavailable through networks and the Internet.

cycle time The duration of a computer processrelating to one storage location. Used to mea-sure speed of performance.

cyclic redundancy check (CRC) A method usedto detect errors in transmitted data whereby apolynomial algorithm is used to generate aCRC code, which is transmitted with the datablock; this code is compared with a code that iscalculated at the receiver. If there is a discrep-ancy, then it will be clear that an error hasoccurred. A parity bit can be considered a one-bit CRC for a string of bits. A single corruptedbit in the data will result in a one-bit change inthe calculated CRC but multiple corrupted bitsmay cancel each other out. Ethernet packetshave a 32-bit CRC. Many disk formats includea CRC at some level. (See also checksum.)

cyclohexylamine carbonate (CHC) Chemicalwhich removes acid from paper.

cylinder 1. In computing, a set of tracks in a diskpack which are positioned vertically under-neath each other. 2. In printing, the structurewhich carries the printing plate or blanket onthe printing press.

cylinder dressing Sheets of paper around theimpression cylinder of a letterpress printingmachine which improve the definition of theprint by providing a cushioned impression.

cylinder machine 1. A paper machine that makespaper on a mould revolving in pulp. 2. A let-terpress printing machine which uses a revolv-ing cylinder to make the impression.

cylinder mould machine A paper machine thatmakes high-quality mould-made paper byforming the paper on a cylindrical mouldwhich revolves in the stock.

cylinder press Any letterpress printing machinewhich uses a cylinder to press the paper on thetype. Compare platen press.

cyrillic alphabet The Russian alphabet.

DD See Didot.D2-MAC A standard for satellite TV signals. It will

probably be superseded by digital technology.DAB See digital audio broadcast.

DAC Digital-to-analogue converter. See digital-to-analogue conversion.

D/A conversion See digital-to-analogue conver-sion.

dagger Dagger-shaped symbol (†) used as a foot-note reference mark. Usually follows the asteriskin order of use.

dailies National daily newspapers.daisy-chain bus Pertaining to polling circuits

where a device will block the signal, indicatingthat it requires connection and may, once con-nected, modify the signal before passing it onto the next device.

daisywheel Flat disc with characters on stalksused as the removable printing element of a let-ter-quality printer. Hence ‘daisywheel printer’.

damper Roller on a litho press which transfersmoisture to the plate prior to inking.

dancer roller Roller on a web-offset press whichcontrols the tension of the web.

dandy roll Cylinder on papermaking machinewhich impresses patterns and watermarks onthe surface.

DANTE A European network company set up bythe national research networks.

DARPA See Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency.

dash A character, similar to but longer than ahyphen. An en dash is the width of ‘N’ in thefont being used and an em dash the width of‘M’. While the hyphen has clearly establisheduses, how em and en dashes are used dependson the style of a publication and on the countryin which they are being used.

DAT See digital audio tape. The abbreviation isalso used within computing generally to meandynamic address translation.

data Information, usually recorded in a quantifi-able, i.e. digital, manner.

data bank A collection of data pertaining to agiven subject or application.

database A structured container of data of anytype. There are several different types of data-base, which are more or less appropriate for dif-ferent applications. Relational databases arenot always appropriate for text-based appli-cations, while object-oriented databases arebeing developed which will handle multimediaapplications. SGML and HTML can also beregarded as linear databases. The hierarchyimplicit in SGML is more descriptive than a textdatabase, although it requires tools to manipu-late it. Databases which will encompass SGMLare at a late stage of development.

database query language A language in whichusers of a database can (interactively) formulate

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requests and generate reports. The best knownis SQL. Such requests will often be made over anetwork using a clientÐserver approach.

database server A computer in a network thatholds and manages a database (the back end),while the user only manipulates data andapplications (the front end). True databaseservers should be distinguished from simplefile servers in that with file servers it is neces-sary to download large parts of the database tothe user or client because the database softwarehas not been designed for a network. It was thedevelopment of later, network-aware softwarewhich allowed the use of the database server.

data bus The internal connections in a computerthat carry data, essentially between the proces-sor, memory and peripherals. Data buses areable to transfer 8, 16, 32 or even more bits at atime and the width of the data bus is an impor-tant factor in determining the processing speedof a system.

data circuit-terminating equipment See datacommunication equipment.

data communication equipment (DCE) (Or datacircuit-terminating equipment.) The devicesthat provide the interface between the datasource and the transmitting/receiving equip-ment (the data terminal equipment or DTE),so that in an RS-232 or serial interface themodem or line interface device is usuallyregarded as the DCE. In an X.25 system a net-work access and packet switching node isregarded as the DCE. DCE and DTE need to bedistinguished in order to ensure that they arewired correctly.

data communications Sending and receivingdata via any communications medium, tele-phone line, satellite or wide area network. Lessusually, the term refers to local area networks,when the term networking is more commonlyapplied. Data communications are increasinglydigital, although transfer over the PSTN is stillanalogue and modems are required to convertthe signals from and to digital signals at theend of the line. (See also analogue-to-digitaland digital-to-analogue conversion.)

data compression Techniques used to reduce filesize in order to cut down either the amount ofstorage needed for a given amount of data orthe time taken to transmit it over a communica-tions link. Often (but not always) this data istext. On a dial-up line, the ITU-T standard datacompression technique for low-speed datatransmission is V.42 bis, which is graduallyreplacing older and more proprietary tech-niques. V.42 bis will yield up to 4:1 compression.

Data Discman A Sony trademark for a portablecompact disc player with a liquid crystal dis-play for data disks.

Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) An ANSIstandard identical to the Data EncryptionStandard (DES).

data encryption key (DEK) Used for the encryp-tion of text and to calculate integrity checks (ordigital signatures). See cryptography.

D See Didot.D2-MAC A standard for satellite TV signals. It will

probably be superseded by digital technology.DAB See digital audio broadcast.DAC Digital-to-analogue converter. See digital-

to-analogue conversion.D/A conversion See digital-to-analogue conver-

sion.dagger Dagger-shaped symbol (†) used as a foot-

note reference mark. Usually follows the aster-isk in order of use.

dailies National daily newspapers.daisy-chain bus Pertaining to polling circuits

where a device will block the signal, indicatingthat it requires connection and may, once con-nected, modify the signal before passing it onto the next device.

daisywheel Flat disc with characters on stalksused as the removable printing element of a let-ter-quality printer. Hence ‘daisywheel printer’.

damper Roller on a litho press which transfersmoisture to the plate prior to inking.

dancer roller Roller on a web-offset press whichcontrols the tension of the web.

dandy roll Cylinder on papermaking machinewhich impresses patterns and watermarks onthe surface.

DANTE A European network company set up bythe national research networks.

DARPA See Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency.

dash A character, similar to but longer than ahyphen. An en dash is the width of ‘N’ in thefont being used and an em dash the width of‘M’. While the hyphen has clearly establisheduses, how em and en dashes are used dependson the style of a publication and on the countryin which they are being used.

DAT See digital audio tape. The abbreviation isalso used within computing generally to meandynamic address translation.

data Information, usually recorded in a quanti-fiable, i.e. digital, manner.

data bank A collection of data pertaining to agiven subject or application.

database A structured container of data of anytype. There are several different types of data-

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base, which are more or less appropriate fordifferent applications. Relational databases arenot always appropriate for text-based applica-tions, while object-oriented databases arebeing developed which will handle multime-dia applications. SGML and HTML can also beregarded as linear databases. The hierarchyimplicit in SGML is more descriptive than atext database, although it requires tools tomanipulate it. Databases which will encompassSGML are at a late stage of development.

database query language A language in whichusers of a database can (interactively) formu-late requests and generate reports. The bestknown is SQL. Such requests will often bemade over a network using a client-serverapproach.

database server A computer in a network thatholds and manages a database (the back end),while the user only manipulates data andapplications (the front end). True databaseservers should be distinguished from simplefile servers in that with file servers it is neces-sary to download large parts of the database tothe user or client because the database soft-ware has not been designed for a network. Itwas the development of later, network-awaresoftware which allowed the use of the databaseserver.

data bus The internal connections in a computerthat carry data, essentially between the proces-sor, memory and peripherals. Data buses areable to transfer 8, 16, 32 or even more bits at atime and the width of the data bus is an impor-tant factor in determining the processing speedof a system.

data circuit-terminating equipment See datacommunication equipment.

data communication equipment (DCE) (Or datacircuit-terminating equipment.) The devicesthat provide the interface between the datasource and the transmitting/receiving equip-ment (the data terminal equipment or DTE),so that in an RS-232 or serial interface themodem or line interface device is usuallyregarded as the DCE. In an X.25 system a net-work access and packet switching node isregarded as the DCE. DCE and DTE need to bedistinguished in order to ensure that they arewired correctly.

data communications Sending and receivingdata via any communications medium, tele-phone line, satellite or wide area network. Lessusually, the term refers to local area networks,when the term networking is more commonlyapplied. Data communications are increasingly

digital, although transfer over the PSTN is stillanalogue and modems are required to convertthe signals from and to digital signals at theend of the line. (See also analogue-to-digitaland digital-to-analogue conversion.)

data compression Techniques used to reduce filesize in order to cut down either the amount ofstorage needed for a given amount of data or thetime taken to transmit it over a communicationslink. Often (but not always) this data is text. Ona dial-up line, the ITU-T standard data com-pression technique for low-speed data transmis-sion is V.42 bis, which is gradually replacingolder and more proprietary techniques. V.42 biswill yield up to 4:1 compression.

Data Discman A Sony trademark for a portablecompact disc player with a liquid crystal dis-play for data disks.

Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) An ANSIstandard identical to the Data EncryptionStandard (DES).

data encryption key (DEK) Used for the encryp-tion of text and to calculate integrity checks (ordigital signatures). See cryptography.

Data Encryption Standard (DES) The encryp-tion algorithm developed at the US NationalBureau of Standards. It operates on 64-bitblocks of data and is based on a 56-bit key. DESis identical to the Data Encryption Algorithm(DEA). DES has been implemented in bothhardware and software. DES is not supposed tobe used outside the US and US companies arenot allowed to export equipment in which DESis implemented. However, companies outsidethe US have implemented DES and there hasbeen a suggestion that this puts US industry ata disadvantage.

data glove A device used to interact with virtualreality. The data glove contains sensors, whichmeasure the movements of the wearer’s fingersand transmit them to the virtual reality system.Some data gloves also measure movement ofthe wrist and elbow and contain control but-tons. They can also output signals, such asvibration. The related software is set up so thatthe user knows what he or she can do and isdoing with the glove. (See also CyberGlove.)

datagram An independent data entity that carriesall the routing information it needs to reach thedestination computer without relying on othercommunications between the source and desti-nation computers and the transporting net-work. The basic unit of information transferredover the Internet using the IP protocol. Seeconnectionless and User Datagram Protocol(UDP).

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data integrity The degree to which data can betrusted or assumed correct.

Data Interchange Format (DIF) A standard fileformat for spreadsheet and database applica-tions, in which the information is structured incolumns and rows. It was originally developedby Software Arts, the company that producedthe first spreadsheet, VisiCalc, created for theApple computer.

data link The medium employed to connect toremote devices such as a telephone line.

data link connection identifier (DLCI) In framerelay, the part of the frame header that distin-guishes a particular frame of a particular virtualcircuit in a link. As a frame passes from link tolink, the DLCI may change. Similar to virtualchannel identifier (VCI) in Distributed QueueDual Bus and asynchronous transfer mode.

datalink layer (DLL) The second-lowest layer inthe OSI seven-layer model, which is respon-sible for establishing, maintaining and releasingdata link connections between adjacent networkstations.

data pabx A private (telephone) exchangeswitch which allows data users to establishconnections to host computers or other datausers.

Dataphone Digital Service (DDS) The first pri-vate-line digital service that was offered byAT&T, with data rates up to 56 kbps. Othersuppliers now offer similar services.

data privacy In a local area network, the restric-tion of access to a file so that only authorisedusers are able to view and/or edit it. In moregeneral terms, applied to personal data, it isconcerned with the right of individuals to haveboth access to and control of data concerningthemselves. Subject to legislation in manycountries. (See data protection legislation.)Privacy can also be ensured by encryption. Seepassword, Pretty Good Privacy.

data processing Receiving and classifyinginformation from data supplied on computer.

data protection legislation Legislation thatseeks to protect persons from three potentialdangers: the use of personal information that isinaccurate, incomplete or irrelevant; the possi-bility of personal information being accessedby unauthorised persons; and the use of per-sonal information in a context or for a purposeother than that for which the information wascollected. The legislation usually covers onlypersonal data in digital form and is concernedwith three general categories: factual dataabout an individual; subjective judgementsand expressions about an individual (judge-

mental data); and statements of intent, ratherthan statements of opinion (intention data).

data rate See baud and data transfer rate.data service level (DS level) A measure of data

service rates used to classify the user access ratesfor various point-to-point wide area networktechnologies or standards, such as X.25, SMDS,ISDN, ATM and PDH. In North America, theDS levels are classified as DS-0 (64 kbps); DS-1(1.544 – used, e.g., on T-1 synchronous ISDNlines); DS-1C (3.15 Mbps, using 48 pulse codemodulation channels); DS-2 (6.31 Mbps, using96 pulse code modulation channels); DS-3(44.736 Mbps – used, e.g., on T-3 synchronousISDN lines).

data service unit Another term for digital ser-vice unit.

data terminal equipment (DTE) A device, actingas the source and/or destination of data, whichcontrols a communication channel. This includesterminals, computers, protocol converters, andmultiplexers. Generally, DTE is connected via anRS-232 serial line to data communicationequipment (DCE), most probably a modem.DCE and DTE need to be distinguished in orderto ensure that they are wired correctly.

data terminal ready (DTR) An RS-232-C signalraised by the data terminal equipment to indi-cate that it is ready to receive data.

data transfer rate or data rate The speed at whichdata travels from one device to another. This canvary greatly, in that data transfers within com-puters using internal buses are very fast, whiletransfers via modems, over analogue lines, canbe many orders of magnitude slower. Any trans-fer which involves a mechanical device, such asa disk drive, is always very slow compared withinternal transfer rates. (See also bit rate.)

data transparency Transmission such that a sig-nal is not modified by the communications sys-tem in any way.

data validation The process of checking thatdata corresponds to agreed criteria.

day glow Proprietary name for fluorescent inks.dB See decibel.dB(A) Decibel (adjusted): a measure to approxi-

mate the effect of noise on the human ear. 90dB(A) is the maximum permissible continuouslevel in a working environment; preventiveaction should be taken at 85 dB(A).

DBM See dynamic bandwidth allocation,dynamic bandwidth management.

DBS See direct broadcast satellite.DCA Defense Communications Agency. See

also Defense Information Systems Agencyand Document Content Architecture.

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DCC See Direct Client to Client Protocol.DCE See data communication equipment,

Distributed Computing Environment.D-channel The control/signalling channel in

ISDN. (D stands for ‘delta’.) See basic rateISDN, primary rate ISDN.

DCM See dynamic channel management.DCS An extension to the standard EPS format

developed by Quark Inc. used in process colourwork and allowing CMYK separations to besaved in a format readable by other applications.

DD Double density.DDCMP See Digital Data Communications

Message Protocol.DDE See Dynamic Data Exchange.DDES See Digital Data Exchange Standard.DDIF See Digital Document Interchange Format.DDN See Defense Data Network.DDP See distributed data processing, distributed

computing.DDS See Dataphone Digital Service, digital

data service.DEA See Data Encryption Algorithm, but see

Data Encryption Standard for information.deacidify To remove the acid from paper.dead matter Type which is finished with or

which will not be used, and may be ‘killed’.dead metal Non-printing areas on a letterpress

metal printing plate.dead white A white with no modelling tint.de-archive The retrieval of files held on backing

store and placing of them on a system disk.debarking Stripping bark from logs prior to

them being pulped.debris Used to describe paper dust or edge dust

which finds its way onto the offset printingblanket.

debugging The detection and correction of errorsin a computer program before it goes into use.

DEC Digital Equipment Corporation: a majorcomputing company

decentralised computer network One in whichcertain control functions are distributed amongseveral network nodes.

decibel (dB) A logarithmic unit of measurementused to express the ratio of two amounts ofpower = 10log10 P1/P2, where P1 and P2 aremeasures of the powers being compared. Usedin communications to measure response, it isoften expressed as 20log10 V1/V2, where V1 andV1 are the voltage levels measured.

deciduous trees Hardwood trees which shedtheir leaves annually.

deck Term used in multi-unit web offset imposi-tion, where a section is being formed from run-ning one web under another into the folder. After

cut-off, the two sheets are folded together toform a section (typically two 16pp sheets foldedone inside the other to yield one 32pp section).‘A’ deck is the top side of the top web, and ‘B’deck is the lower side of the top web; ‘C’ deck isthe top side of the lower web, and ‘D’ deck is thelower side of the lower web. Colour locationsmay appear in different positions according tothe configuration used. See colour fall.

deckle The width of a papermaking machine’sweb. Deckle boards retain the stock on thewire. Deckle edge is the untrimmed featheringedge of paper. Deckle frame is the rectangularframe which contains the stock on the wire inhandmade paper.

DECnet Networking protocols proprietary toDEC, which are used instead of TCP/IP and arenot compatible with the Internet. Used on DECmachines such as the VAX.

decoder A logic component, the purpose ofwhich is to convert data from one numeric sys-tem to another, e.g. binary to hexadecimal.

decoding The computer process of interpretinginstruction codes.

decollate To cut continuous stationery into singlesheets.

decompression The reverse of compression.decrypt Decodify encrypted material.decryption To restore information that has been

encrypted, i.e. to restore plaintext from cipher-text. See cryptography, encryption.

dedicated An item of equipment or electronicsused for only one type of application andmaybe only running one program.

dedicated circuit or line A line reserved for onlyone user. Also called private line and leasedline.

dedication Inscription by the author dedicating abook to an individual. Carried among the pre-lims.

dedupe or deduplicate In data-processing, run-ning a program which identifies and eliminatesduplicate entries in a database (typically in amailing list).

deep-etch half-tone A half-tone in which all thesmaller highlight dots have been removed toleave plain white. Also drop-out half-tone.

deep-etch plate Litho printing plate made frompositive film in which the printing areas arerecessed below the surface. Used for long runs.

default In computing, the parameters defined bythe designer or programmer that will be usedin the absence of alternative input by a user.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) Former name of Advanced ResearchProjects Agency (ARPA).

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Defense Data Network (DDN) A global commu-nications network used to connect US militaryinstallations. It is made up of Milnet, some otherportions of the Internet and other classified net-works. The DDN is managed by the DefenseInformation Systems Agency.

Defense Data Network Network InformationCenter (DDN NIC) (Also known as ‘TheNIC’.) The organisation which provides ser-vices to the DDN, although it used to beresponsible for coordinating the Internet as awhole. This has now been taken over byInterNIC. DDN NIC has now been renamedDISA NIC. See Defense Information SystemsAgency.

Defense Information Systems Agency(DISA) Formerly called the DefenseCommunications Agency (DCA), the US gov-ernment agency responsible for managing theDefense Data Network (DDN) portion of theInternet. Currently, DISA administers theDDN, and supports the user-assistance ser-vices of the DDN NIC (renamed DISA NIC).

definition The degree of detail and sharpness ina reproduction.

deforestation The depletion of natural forestresources by indiscriminate felling.

degradation The deterioration of communica-tions signal characteristics.

dehumidification Removal of humidity from theair.

deinking Removing ink and other unwantedchemicals from printed wastepaper to recoverand re-use fibre content.

DEK See data encryption key.del Delete. Proofreader’s instruction to erase text

or other matter.delamination Separation of surface from paper

by ink tack or separation of film laminate fromits substrate, often caused by impuritiestrapped between the film and the substrate.

delimiter The character used at the beginningand end of SGML/HTML tags. In the refer-ence concrete syntax (the usual way of encod-ing using SGML, also used by HTML), theopening delimiters are ‘‘ for a start-tag and ‘/’for an end-tag, while the closing delimiter is ‘>‘for both start and end tags.

Delphi A US and UK Internet service provider.Also used to describe a form of iterative dis-cussion and decision-making, often carried onusing computer conferencing. Finally, it is anobject-oriented rapid application developmentpackage for Microsoft Windows, written byBorland in the Pascal language, using visual,component-based design.

demodulation The extraction of informationfrom a modulated carrier signal.

demodulator Device which extracts informationfrom a modulated carrier signal.

demographic edition Edition of a publicationdesigned for a specifically targeted sector of thereadership with advertising limited to that edi-tion.

Demon Internet Ltd The first company to providepublic low-cost full Internet access in the UK.

demultiplexer A device which separates multi-plexed signals.

demy Standard size of paper 4443564mm (met-ric system).

densitometer Device for measuring light absorp-tion or the size of dots in half-tones.

density Measurement of the tonal value of a print-ed or photographic area. Density is the light-stopping, or light-absorbing, ability of an object.In mathematical terms it is the reciprocal (oppo-site) of ‘transmission’ or ‘reflection’, and it ismeasured by the formula incident light dividedby transmitted (or reflected) light expressed as alogarithmic value (power of 10). Logarithmicvalues are chosen to reflect the fact that per-ceived density proceeds in steps of ‘twice asmuch as last time’, not linearly. In practice, thismeans a measuring scale of 0.0 at the lightest endof a subject measured by a densitometer (100%transmission/reflection of light) up to 3.0 at thefarthest end (0.1% transmission/reflection oflight).

density range The range of contrast between thelightest area and the darkest area of a piece ofartwork or photograph (see density). A goodtransmission density range in a transparency forreproduction should be between 1.8 to 2.4, withno less than 0.3 in the highlights and no morethan 2.7 in the shadows as the outer parameters.

densometer Instrument that measures the airresistance of an area of paper.

dentelle The gold decoration on book covers.depth gauge 1. Micrometer for measuring etch-

ing depth on plates. 2. Typographical ruler formeasuring leading.

depth of field Area which remains in focusbetween close and distant objects in a photo-graph.

depth of focus Position of film behind a cameralens that will produce sharp images regardlessof the distance beyond.

depth scale Ruler for measuring the spacebetween lines of type.

dermatitis Skin disease with symptoms of itchyrash caused by some of the chemicals used inprinting.

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DES See Data Encryption Standard.descender The part of a letter extending below

the character baseline, as, e.g., in j, p, q and y.(See also ascender.)

descriptive markup Markup that describes thestructure of a document in a non-system-specificmanner, independently of any processing thatmay be performed upon it. SGML descriptivemarkup, e.g., uses tags to express the elementstructure.

desensitise Treat an offset plate with chemicalsto ensure that the non-image areas do notretain ink.

desiderata List of secondhand books required bya dealer.

designation marks Identifying letters at the footof each signature of a book which confirm thesequence. (See also signature.)

designer Person who designs graphic work.desktop In a graphical user interface the repre-

sentation of the working area, showing icons,folders and dialogue boxes, which can beaccessed using the mouse.

desktop conferencing A conferencing utility, inwhich users on a network are able to share awhiteboard and transfer files between them.

desktop publishing (DTP) The production offully made-up pages using a computer with agraphics-oriented WYSIWYG page make-uppackage for assembling the components of thepage, and a laser printer for generating the out-put repro.

desktop video The use of a personal computer to view and control still or moving videoimages. Mainly used in the context of video-conferencing.

destination address The part of a packet headerthat specifies the destination to which the packetis to be sent, using an address that is uniquethroughout the whole network, whereas the datalink connection identifier and virtual channelidentifier apply only to a given link in a network.

destock To reduce stock levels in a shop or ware-house.

Deutsche Industrienorm (DIN) The Germanindustrial standards organisation.

develop Use chemical or other process to pro-duce an image on photographic paper or aprinting plate.

developer Material used to remove unexposedcoating on a litho plate.

device control A transmission code that may beused to control a hardware device.

device driver The program which providesaccess to a particular device, e.g. a printer or asound card.

device independent A program that is designedto be able to run with any peripheral hardware.

Dewey decimal classification Cataloguing sys-tem for library books which uses a series ofsubject categories numbered 000 to 999.

DFS See distributed file system.DHCP See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.diacriticals Marks above and below letters, such

as accents or the cedilla.diagnostics Programs designed to trace faults in

a system or program.dial-in IP Running IP direct from a computer

linked to an access provider using dial-up. Thecomputer remains a host for the time it is con-nected.

DIALOG An online information service whichcan be dialled-up directly to gain access, via amodem, to online databases.

dialogue box In DTP programs, a box that is dis-played showing the range of choices availableto the user.

dial-up A temporary, as opposed to dedicated,connection between machines which is estab-lished over a public switched telephone net-work.

diamond Obsolete term for 4½pt type.DIANE See Direct Information Access Network

for Europe.diapositive A positive photographic slide or

transparency.diaresis Two dots over a vowel to indicate stress,

i.e. ë.diazo A chemical coating in photography or

platemaking and the term given to a copyingprocess which uses light-sensitive compounds(diazonium). (See also blueprints, ozalid.)

dictionary A file used by a wordprocessor orfront-end system to check spelling or hyphen-ation. A dictionary can be a true dictionary,which contains all words which can be hyphen-ated with their hyphenation points or anexception dictionary which lists only excep-tions to logical rules, and is used in conjunctionwith a hyphenation logic program.

Didone Group of typefaces previously known asModern, e.g. Bodoni.

DIDOS A RACE project to describe, realise, testand evaluate a services environment for dis-tributed technical documentation, using aframework of standards, services, products,agreements, business models, networks andapplications.

Didot The European measure of type. Based on apoint of 0.376mm (0.01480). Abbreviated to D.

Didot point system A method of measuringtypesize used in Europe. See font size, cicero.

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diecase Monotype matrix case.die-cutting The cutting of paper or card with

steel rules on a press to give cut-outs or folds inprinted material.

die stamping An intaglio printing process froma steel die giving a relief surface on the paper.

DIF See Data Interchange Format.differential line A two-wire electrical connec-

tion. One wire carries the normal signal and theother an inverted version of the signal. A dif-ferential receiver subtracts one from the otherwith the aim of cancelling out any noiseinduced in the wires, assuming that the samelevel of noise will have been induced in bothwires, often configured as a twisted pair. Thetwo wires may be connected at the receiver toseparate analogue-to-digital converters andthe subtraction performed digitally. The RS-422 serial line standard specifies differentialdrivers and receivers, whereas the RS-232 stan-dard does not.

differential phase shift keying (DPSK) A ver-sion of phase shift keying (PSK) in which thedifference between the signal and the preced-ing signal is transmitted, needing fewer bits intotal.

differential spacing Spacing which allows eachcharacter to takes the space equivalent to itswidth.

diffuse reflection Scattering of light away from asurface.

diffusion transfer See photomechanical transfer.digest A selection of messages that have been

posted to a newsgroup or mailing list, pre-pared by a moderator who standardises theformat and produces a contents list. The digestis then posted to an alternative mailing list oralternative newsgroup.

digester The container in a chemical pulping sys-tem in which wood is processed with chemicalsto extract the fibres.

DigiCash A company developing products tosupport electronic payment methods. Ecash isits trial form of software-only electronic money.See Mondex, Cybercash.

digipad Input device on which drawn images aredigitised and displayed on a VDU and/orstored in memory.

digit A character that represents a whole number.digital Meaning ‘coded as numbers’, digital sig-

nifies the use of two states – on and off, lowand high, black and white – to encode, receiveand transmit information. Should be contrast-ed with analogue, which implies continuousvariation.

digital audio broadcast (DAB) The broadcast of

audio information, particularly stereo hi-fi,using digital transmission at 128-384 kbps toprovide audio quality equivalent to that pro-duced from an audio CD.

digital audio tape (DAT) A format for storingmusic, in digital form, on magnetic tape, devel-oped in the mid-1980s by Sony and Philips. Inorder to cope with the bandwidth require-ments, DAT uses a rotary-head (or helicalscan) format, where the read/write head spinsdiagonally across the tape in the same way asin a video cassette recorder. Tape speeds aremuch higher than for conventional audio tapesand the tapes are single-sided, with a capacityof 120 minutes. DAT technology is also used forstoring digital computer data, although theinterface is usually different from that used foraudio. (See also Exabyte.)

digital camera A camera which records images indigital form rather than on photographic film.There are both video digital cameras and still-image digital cameras. Images are often storedon standard 3-inch diskettes using a standardbitmap format, such as TIFF. Digital cameraswork in a similar way to scanners usingcharge-coupled devices.

digital carrier A multiplexer and CODEC com-bining several pulse code modulation (PCM)encoded channels on one transmission path. Ifthe path is copper telephone wire, the digitalsignal is amplified and called T-1, T-3 etc.

digital computer Computer which uses numbersto represent and manipulate data.

Digital Data Communications Message Protocol(DDCMP) A DEC datalink layer protocolusing character count.

Digital Data Exchange Standard (DDES) A stan-dard for exchanging high-resolution imagefiles between colour electronic prepress sys-tems produced by different manufacturers.

digital data service (DDS) The class of serviceoffered by telecommunications companies fortransmitting digital data as opposed to voice.

digital display A display that shows discrete val-ues as numbers (as opposed to an analogue sig-nal, such as the continuous sweep of a hand ona clock).

Digital Document Interchange Format(DDIF) A Compound Document Architecture(CDA) specification for representing com-pound documents in revisable format; a DECstandard for document encoding.

Digital Equipment Corporation Network SeeDECnet.

digital font Electronically stored font in whichthe characters are stored as computer instruc-

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tions for the typesetting machine rather than inany physical, visible form. The instructions canbe in bitmap form or vector form.

Digital Lempel-Ziv 1 (DLZ1) The compressionalgorithm used on digital linear tape, whichmaps variable length input strings to variablelength output symbols. During compression, adictionary of strings is built up, which is thenaccessed by means of a hash table. Wheneveran input data string matches a string in thetable, it is replaced with the output symbol.

digital linear tape (DLT) A magnetic tape driveformat developed by DEC, based on theDigital Lempel-Ziv 1 (DLZ1) compressionalgorithm.

digital modulation Encoding analogue signalsas a series of discrete or pulsed signals.

Digital Network Architecture (DNA) The DECcommunications network architecture.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI) An identifierand a routing system for electronic documents,being developed for the Association ofAmerican Publishers by R R Bowker and theCorporation for National Research Initiatives(CNRI). The system is designed to provide apersistent way of identifying and linking toelectronic documents and their constituentparts. The first part of the number will identifythe publisher or similar body, while use of thesecond part may vary depending on the pub-lisher and the type of document.

digital papers Papers specially formulated to beused with digital presses (Xeikon, Indigo etc.)or laser printers.

digital press A printing press in which the imageis transferred to the drum by electronic meth-ods, directly from a PostScript file. This meansthat, in principle, every page printed can be dif-ferent, as on a laser printer, and also meansthat short-run printing becomes economic. SeeIndigo, Xeikon, DocuTech.

digital printing Printing directly from computerfiles rather than through the physical media offilms or plates using machines such as theXeikon, Indigo, or DocuTech.

digital proof Any proof produced directly froma computer file rather than via a physical medi-um such as film or bromide. Examples of digi-tal proofs include Iris proofs. (See also ana-logue proof.)

digital service unit (DSU) (Or data service unit.)A device used in digital communications toconnect a channel service unit to data terminalequipment. Performs a similar function to amodem in analogue communications, so thaton transmission the DSU translates the outgo-

ing signal into bipolar pulses, while on receiv-ing the DSU both extracts timing informationand regenerates the digital information fromthe incoming bipolar signal.

digital signal processing (DSP) Manipulation ofanalogue signals (often in sound or imagefiles) that have been converted to digital form(by sampling or digital modulation).

digital signature Data at the end of a message thatboth identifies and authenticates the sender of amessage. Uses public-key encryption. With aone-way hash function the sender generates ahash code from the message and then encryptsthis with his or her private key. The receiverdecrypts the received hash with the sender’spublic key and compares it with a hash codegenerated from the data. If the two hash codesare the same, this confirms that the sender is whohe or she claims to be and that the message hasnot been corrupted. (See also digital signaturestandard, EDIFACT.)

digital signature standard (DSS) The NIST stan-dard for digital signatures (authenticatingboth the message and the signer). It is based onan algorithm using discrete logarithms. Itssecurity is comparable to that of RSA and isbased on 1024-bit keys.

digital speech interpolation (DSI) A samplingtechnique that improves the efficiency of digi-tal voice transmission by using the transmis-sion channel only when someone is talking.

digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC, D/A con-version) Conversion of information from adigital form (as information is held in a com-puter) to analogue form (such as sound), e.g. ina modem for transmission over analogue tele-phone lines.

digital-to-analogue converter A device that con-verts a digital value to a corresponding ana-logue form. Compare analogue-to-digital con-verter (ADC).

digital versatile disk (DVD) The change to thename digital versatile disk from the originaldigital video disk has been made because theDVD disks will carry more than just video.Thus there will be DVD-Video, DVD-Audio,DVD-ROM and DVD-R. Unlike the CD, whichis single-sided and contains only one layer, theDVD can be dual-layer and double-sided. Itsmaximum storage capacity is 17Gb, over 25times the capacity of a standard 640Mb CD,and equivalent to four full-length feature films.

digital video disk (DVD) See digital versatiledisk.

digital video interactive (DVI) A technologyused for storing video images. Uses special

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processors for compression and decompres-sion. (See also compact disc interactive, JPEG.)

digital workflow system Prepress system formanaging the flow of made-up pages from cre-ation through proofing to imposition on plate.

digitise To convert an analogue signal, such asvideo, graphics or sound, into a digital formatso that it can be input, stored, displayed andmanipulated by a computer or transmittedover a digital communications system.

digitiser Any graphic input device such as amonochrome flatbed scanner which scans animage and stores it in memory for re-use.

dilitho (or di litho) See direct litho.dimension To define the parameters of an array

in programming.dimensional stability Ability of paper to retain

its shape despite variations in moisture contentor mechanical stress.

dimension marks Marks on camera copy indi-cating the area of a reduction or enlargement.

DIN Deutsche Industrie Norme. The Germanstandards institute. DIN paper sizes, nowrenamed ISO, have been adopted as theEuropean standard. (See also A series.)

dingbat A term for typographical characters,such as arrows, stars, hearts and snowflakesetc., and also called ornaments. Zapf Dingbatsis a font which is provided as standard withmost PostScript printers.

DIP See document image processing. Also usedin computing to mean dual inline package (seedipswitch), describing computer chips that arefastened to a printed circuit board.

dip coating Coating method in which the web ispassed around a roller immersed in coatingsolution.

diphthong Letters placed together as in æ, œ etc.Contrast ligature.

dipswitch Stands for Dual Inline Package switch.A series of dipswitches controls the default set-tings of many printers, altering character sets,page lengths etc.

direct access Use of storage medium which canaccess information without the need forsequential searching, e.g. a disk as comparedwith a cassette.

direct approach platen Press on which the plat-en approaches the forme on a parallel planewith it.

direct broadcast satellite (DBS) A satellite whichtransmits video signals directly to the standardsatellite dish, usually sited on the sides ofbuildings.

Direct Client to Client Protocol (DCC) AnInternet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol which

allows private interchanges (including filetransfer) between users rather than going viaIRC servers. This means that conversationscannot be logged and it means a much moreefficient use of bandwidth as the data does notneed to be broadcast.

direct colour separation See direct screening.direct-duplicating film See autopositive film.direct entry phototypesetter Self-contained

phototypesetter with its own keyboard, CPUand output device.

direct impression Typewriter-type setting inwhich the image is created by direct impressionfrom a type character, e.g. an IBM Composer.Also called strike-on composition.

Direct Information Access Network for Europe(DIANE) Information search and retrieval ser-vices offered over the EuroNet system.

direct input Software that allows text to be inputdirectly into the computer typesetter using adirect-input keyboard.

direction of travel Direction in which web movesthrough a paper machine or press.

direct litho Litho press system which transfersthe image direct from the printing plate with-out offsetting it to a blanket first.

direct memory access (DMA) Transfer of databetween computer memory and externaldevices without going through the central pro-cessing unit. This speeds up transfer rates.DMA is used for devices such as scanners.

directory An index file containing details of allother files held on disk.

Directory Access Protocol An X.500 protocolused for communication between a DirectoryUser Agent (DUA) and a Directory SystemAgent (DSA).

Directory System Agent (DSA) The softwareproviding the X.500 directory service, usuallyfor a single organisation or some smaller unit.

Directory User Agent (DUA) The software thataccesses the X.500 directory service for the user,which may be a person or more software.

direct positive Film produced by direct screening.direct screening Reproduction process in which

copy is separated and screened in one step. Asdistinct from indirect screening where a scan-ner output unit produces continuous-tonefilms which are then contacted through a half-tone screen to produce final hard-dot positives.

dirty 1. Typesetting with many errors introducedat the keyboard. 2. Copy with many handwrit-ten amendments.

DISA See Defense Information Systems Agency.disc The traditional British spelling of disk. It has

been formalised for use in the term compact

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disc, this spelling being part of the CD stan-dard, although magnetic disks are almostalways spelt with a ‘k’ (see disk).

disc refiner Machine which refines pulp by rub-bing fibres between vertical rotating discs.

discrete speech In voice recognition technology,speech that contains short pauses betweenwords to improve the recognition process.

discretionary hyphens Hyphenation points forwords, either held in the hypenation exceptiondictionary of a front-end system or introducedwhile keyboarding new text. They indicatewhere a word may be broken if it needs to behyphenated at the end of a line. Discretionaryhyphens will overrule any logical hyphenationprogram in use.

disc ruling A method of ruling stationery withmetal discs.

disk The US spelling, which has become stan-dard for (magnetic) computer disks. (See alsodisc.)

disk cartridge A portable hard disk containedwithin a protective casing that may be loadedonto a disk drive.

disk crash A hardware or software malfunctionresulting in an inability to access the contentsof a disk.

disk drive A device which writes information toor reads information from a magnetic disk. Seedisk.

diskette See floppy disk.disk operating system (DOS) In computing, the

operating system which controls how input/output routines are handled by the computer.

disk pack A set of disks mounted on a commonspindle. Each disk is a thin metal rigid plattercoated on both sides with a magnetic material(typically ferrous oxide). The surface is dividedinto tracks (concentric rings) and each track isdivided into sectors (subdivisions of thetracks). Data is recorded as magnetised spotsalong each track, and is accessed by read-writeheads.

dispersion The spreading (over time) of a wavepacket as it propagates through a medium,such as optical fibre, which is not free space, aseach wavelength has a very slightly differentspeed of propagation.

display adapter Also called graphics adapter andvideo controller, that part of a computer circuit-ry which interprets data so that it can appear onthe screen as text or graphics. Different adaptersproduce varying resolutions. MDA, or mono-chrome display adapter, is a very low-level formwhich supports only monochrome text. CGA, orcolour graphics adapter, is a basic adapter which

supports text and graphics at a resolution of6403400 pixels in mono or 3203200 pixels incolour. EGA (enhanced graphics adapter) pro-duces medium-resolution colour at a maximum6403350 pixels. VGA (video graphics array)produces 6403480 pixels and 256 colours oncolour monitors or 64 shades of grey on monomonitors. SVGA (super video graphics array)produces 8003600 pixels with 16.8 millioncolours, and is suitable for running Windows.EVGA (enhanced video graphics array, alsocalled XGA or extended graphics array) pro-duces 10243768 pixels with 16.8 millioncolours.

display ads Advertisements ‘displayed’ to occupypart or all of a page rather than set in columns.

display character generator A component of aVDU that converts input signals into those thatdefine the character shape on the screen.

display face A typeface designed for displaysizes rather than for composition sizes.

display matter Typography set and displayed soas to be distinguished from the text, e.g. head-ings. Hence display sizes are sizes of type from14pt upwards.

display papers and boards Papers and boardsused for point-of-sale or exhibition purposes.

Display PostScript A form of PostScript whichmakes it possible to display a true PostScriptimage onscreen (strictly WYSIWYG). However,it is much slower than QuickDraw for theMacintosh and various screen drivers for the PC.It is implemented on the NeXT computer.

display sizes Sizes of type larger than 14pt, i.e.used for display rather than text.

display tube See cathode ray tube.display type Type used for headlines, titles etc.,

rather than for text (see body type). Displaytypefaces are usually 14pt type or larger. Sometypefaces are designed specifically for this use,while other expert sets have special versions ofparticular typefaces intended for use as dis-play faces.

diss Distribute. Return letterpress type to thecase after printing.

dissolving pulp Highly processed and purechemical pulp.

Distiller See under Acrobat.distortion A corruption of a signal as a result of

changes to the waveform.distributed computing (distributed data pro-

cessing, DDP) The dispersal of computingpower, storage and applications throughout anumber of computers connected through a net-work, rather than concentrating computing ona mainframe. (See also client-server.)

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Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) Acomputer architecture based on open systemsand promoted and controlled by the OpenSoftware Foundation.

distributed database A logical database thatlooks like a single database to the user, butwhich is divided among several physical loca-tions. An example is the Internet DomainName System (DNS). (See also distributedcomputing.)

distributed data processing (DDP) See distrib-uted computing.

distributed file system (DFS) A file systemwhich, while accessible to any user and appear-ing to be local, is actually distributed over anumber of computers. (See also distributedcomputing, distributed database.)

Distributed Operating Multi Access InteractiveNetwork (DOMAIN) A proprietary networkprotocol used by Apollo (now HewlettPackard) workstations.

Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) An IEEEstandard for the control of access to networks,so that access units queue until bandwidthbecomes available. DQDB also allows band-width to be reserved in advance for voice orvideo traffic. DQDB is used in metropolitanarea networks.

distributing rollers Rollers on a press which dis-tribute ink from the duct to the inking rollers.

distribution See diss.dithering A technique used in computer graph-

ics to create the appearance of additionalcolours and shades of grey. As a bit can only beon or off, depending on the colour resolution(bits per pixel) or number of grey levels, therewill be a limit to the number of colours (or greylevels) that can be displayed. However, as thedots which make up a conventional half-toneillustration are much larger than a pixel, pixelsare grouped in ways which fool the eye intothinking that it is seeing more shades of grey(by using pixel groups making up differentshapes) or additional colours (by combiningpixel combinations of different colours whichthe eye integrates). Dithering is also used inanti-aliasing.

ditto Typographic symbol for ‘repeat the abovematter’. Set as 9.

DLCI See data link connection identifier.DLL See datalink layer, Dynamic Link Library.DLT See digital linear tape.DLZ1 See Digital Lempel-Ziv 1.DMA See direct memory access.DNA See Digital Network Architecture.DNS See Domain Name System.

doctor blade Soft metal blade that removesexcess ink from the surface of a gravure print-ing surface when it is scraped over the top.

document A term which is not generally defined.In some circumstances it is equivalent to a com-puter file, while in others it may be what can beviewed or even what is printed. Also used for ahypertext node or a collection of nodes onrelated topics. Multimedia documents, by def-inition, contain more than just text and graph-ics. (See also document instance, structureddocuments, SGML.)

document architecture Rules for the formulationof text processing applications. These are notpart of SGML, but may be used in conjunctionwith SGML to control the structure and seman-tics of a document. (See also DSSSL, ODA.)

Document Content Architecture/RevisableForm Text (DCA/RFT) A document formatused by IBM’s DisplayWrite program. It shouldnot be confused with Microsoft Rich TextFormat (RTF).

document delivery The supply of individualdocuments, usually copies of already pub-lished articles, following a request which hasbeen delivered over a network. The supply ofthe document may be in electronic form, effec-tively a download.

document image processing (DIP) The scanningof (usually large volumes of) documents andsubsequent storage on CD-ROM or WORMdisks, which are indexed. Many companies areusing this approach both to reduce storagespace requirements and to provide better cus-tomer service in that the documents are muchmore easily accessible. The software used gen-erally also includes facilities for optical charac-ter recognition (OCR), so that the text of thedocuments can be extracted for use in otherapplications.

document instance The actual content, i.e. textand markup, of an SGML document corre-sponding to a particular Document TypeDefinition.

Document Interchange Format (DIF) A standardfile format used by the US Navy to interchangedocuments between different computer pro-grams.

document reader An input device that readsmarks or characters, usually on specially pre-pared forms and documents, such as cheques.These devices use optical mark recognition(OMR), optical character recognition (OCR)and mark sensing.

Document Style Semantics and SpecificationLanguage (DSSSL) An ISO standard (ISO

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10179) which defines how to transfer informa-tion about the presentation of an SGML docu-ment to formatting software, associating stylesheet information with a document instance.SGML, by definition, says nothing about how adocument is to appear, either on paper or onscreen. DSSSL is intended to formalise theprocess of associating appearance informationwith the SGML structure.

Document Type Definition (DTD) The defini-tion of a document type in SGML. This is a for-mulation of the hierarchy of the document andthe definitions and relationships of the ele-ments that make up that hierarchy, togetherwith their markup tags and their attributes,the rules for applying the tags and definitionsof entities. The generalised DTD actually formspart of an SGML document, but in many SGMLapplications is not seen by the user, e.g. inHTML, which is defined by a DTD. Other wellknown and widely used DTDs are the CALSDTD and the American Association ofPublishers (AAP) DTD, which has been revisedand published as ISO 12083.

DocuTech A high-speed laser printer fromXerox, which produces print-quality output.This makes short-run printing economic. (Seealso Indigo, Xeikon.)

Docuverse A concept of the whole world beingone document, put forward by Ted Nelson inconnection with Xanadu and one which isembodied in the way the World Wide Web hasdeveloped.

DoD The US Department of Defense, whoseAdvanced Research Projects Agency set upARPANET, the forerunner of the Internet. (Seealso CALS.)

dodge To block light from selected areas whilemaking a photographic print in order to bringout detail.

dog-eared Description of a book that has beendamaged through use, resulting in ragged andworn page and cover corners.

dog-eared pages Corners of pages that are inad-vertently folded over during processing. Whenthe book is trimmed and the corners correctedthe untrimmed portions protrude.

DOI See Digital Object Identifier.DOMAIN See Distributed Operating Multi

Access Interactive Network.domain A group of computers on the Internet

whose hostnames share a common suffix, thedomain name. Domains often indicate a coun-try, e.g. .uk, or a type of organisation: .com(commercial), .edu (educational), .net (networkoperations), .gov (US government), and .mil

(US military). Although the .us domainincludes subdomains for the 50 states, they arerarely used. Within the .uk domain, there is the.ac.uk subdomain for academic sites and the.co.uk domain for commercial ones. Other top-level domains may be divided up in similarways.

domain address The name of a host on theInternet which is part of the hierarchy ofInternet domains.

domain name See domain.Domain Name Server (DNS) An alternative

name for Domain Name System.Domain Name System (DNS) (Also Domain

Name Server.) A hierarchical method of nam-ing Internet addresses, based on the domainand subdomains. DNS is also used to describethe distributed data query service which isused for translating hostnames into IPaddresses. (See also Berkeley Internet NameDomain, network information center.)

dongle A hardware component sold with a soft-ware package and without which the packageis rendered unusable. The dongle is insertedinto the computer’s serial port, external expan-sion port or internal expansion slot.

DOOM A popular three-dimensional monster-hunting action game published by id Software.

DOS See MS-DOS.dot 1. The individual element from which a half-

tone reproduction is made up. 2. Synonym forpixel. Dots per inch (dpi) is the standard mea-sure of resolution, expressed as dots or pixels,for image output systems.

dot address An Internet address in dot notation.dot etching Colour correcting on screened colour

separations by changing the size of the dots byhand etching to change tonal balance.

dot for dot Reproduction of an already screenedhalf-tone by photographing it as if it were fineline.

dot gain The increase in size of dots in a half-tone illustration when they are printed onpaper (using a printing press, rather than acomputer printer). The magnitude of the dotgain will depend on the characteristics of thepress, the paper and the ink. If there is cooper-ation between the originator of the artwork andthe printer, it may possible to use software toadjust the colour curves and even dot size toobtain the image which is desired.

dotless i An ‘i’ available in some photocomposi-tion fonts for the purpose of accommodatingligatures.

dot matrix Patterns of dots used to create imageson screen or printer.

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dot matrix printer A computer printer whichforms its printed characters from a pattern ofdots. Most dot-matrix printers are either 9-pin,18-pin, or 24-pin models, which describe thenumber of pins held on the vertical matrixwhich forms the letters. The more dots thesharper the letters.

dot notation The usual notation for IP addresses,consisting of one to four numbers most oftengiven as a decimal (also known as dotted deci-mal notation), e.g. 158.152.28.130 (but can begiven in hexadecimal or octal). Many com-mands will accept an address in dot notation inplace of a hostname.

dot pitch A measure of the spacing (and by impli-cation the size) of the individual dots of phos-phorescent material that provide the image on ascreen when irradiated by the electron beam. Ona colour monitor, each spot of light is made up ofa group of three separate dots which glow red,green and blue (see RGB). In general, the small-er the dot pitch, the sharper the image below acertain dot pitch threshold, although there areother factors involved. The screen resolution, inpixels, is determined by the electronics of thedisplay and a single pixel may be made up of4–16 separate phosphor groups.

dot slurring Elongation of dots at their trailingedges.

dots per inch (dpi) The resolution of a printer orscanner is measured in dots per inch. For aprinter it is the number of dots of toner placedon the paper (in both directions), while for ascanner it is the number of charge-coupleddevices per inch.

dot spread Unacceptably enlarged dot size for-mation during printing.

dotted decimal notation See dot notation.double black In printing four-colour process

illustrations and heavy black solids together,refers to printing the black twice: once for thehalf-tone, and once for the solid. Permits bettercontrol of ink weight and tracking.

double-black duotone A duotone created fromtwo black plates. Used in very high-qualitywork to extend the ranges available.

double burn An exposure of two or more imagesonto a single film or plate to create one com-posite image. Often applies to half-tone filmswhich are held on a separate foil from linefilms: the two sets of foils are printed downonto plate as separate operations.

double case A type case combining upper andlower case.

double-click To click twice on the button of amouse. While single-clicking usually means

selecting an icon, double-clicking almostalways means that the command associatedwith the icon or with a file name should be exe-cuted. If a file name is double-clicked, then thisis equivalent to (single-) clicking on the nameto select it and then (single-) clicking on the‘OK’ button.

double-coated Coated paper which is given twocoats either side instead of the normal one.Gives increased smoothness and consistency tothe sheet.

double density disk A floppy disk which canstore twice as much information as its ‘singledensity’ counterpart.

double dot half-tone Two half-tone negativesexposed into a combination image on a plate togive greater clarity to the highlights and shad-ows (on one neg) and the middle-tones (on theother).

double-duty envelope Envelope which can bere-used by the recipient.

double elephant Drawing paper measuring27340 inches.

double-page spread Facing pages in a book orperiodical.

double printing Two exposures in register fromseparate half-tones.

double roll A second press roll over the printingsurface when extra inking is required.

double-sided 1. Floppy disk with readable con-tent on each side. 2. Paper with coating on twosides.

double-sided disks Disks which can store infor-mation on both sides.

double spread Print going across two facingpages.

double-tone half-tone A colour plate printedslightly out of register to create a duotoneeffect.

double-tone ink A printing ink which creates anextra tone on drying, due to spreading.

doubling A second out-of-register image pro-duced during a single impression. Caused bythe ink on the blanket remaining wet afterimpression and transferring back from theblanket cylinder to the following sheet. If thefollowing sheet is out of register it appears as adouble image.

doublures An ornamental lining to a book coverthat covers up the edges of the leather whichhas been turned in.

doughnut hickey A hickey with a white ‘halo’around it.

DOVID Diffractive optically variable imagedevice: a hologram is the most common ex-ample.

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dow etching A powderless etching technique forletterpress plates invented by Dow ChemicalCorporation.

down Not functioning or not accessible. Theterm is applied to hosts on the Internet, as wellas to computers in general.

downlink A satellite earth station that receivessignals (such as television) from a satellite. (Seealso uplink, TVRO.)

download To transfer data from a distant com-puter to a local one, often over the Internet,using anonymous ftp or other technique. Theopposite of upload, although the distinctionbetween downloading and uploading is notalways clear, except that downloading oftenrefers to transfer from a larger host system(especially a mainframe) to a smaller client sys-tem. (See also downloadable font.)

downloadable font (Also called soft font.) Afont (or typeface) that is not resident (perma-nently stored) in a printer, but has to be sent, ordownloaded, from disk to printer before it canbe used. It may be necessary to download fontsbefore sending a file to be printed, but increas-ingly applications will download the requiredfonts as part of the printing operation. Exactlyhow this is carried out depends on the types offonts used (e.g. PostScript or TrueType),whether Adobe Type Manager is used, and theprinting interface.

down-time Non-productive time when a printingmachine is being maintained or made ready.

dpi See dots per inch.dp or DP See data processing.DPS See double-page spread.DPSK See differential phase shift keying.DQDB See Distributed Queue Dual Bus.draft quality output Low-quality, high-speed

printer output from dot-matrix printer. (Seealso letter quality.)

drag To move the mouse cursor while holdingdown the mouse button and then, at a newposition, to release the button. Used on scrollbars, to move icons, to resize drawings, toselect text and for many other tasks.

drag and drop Technique of using a mouse to‘pick up’ items on screen and move them else-where.

dragon’s blood A red powder used for protectingside walls from underbiting during the etchingof letterpress plates.

drainability The rate at which paper stock partswith water when drained.

draw down A thin film of ink spread on paperwith a spatula to evaluate its shade.

draw-in Binding method in which the section

threads are pulled through cover boards andglued.

Drawing eXchange Format (DXF) A graphic fileformat, similar to IGES. Commonly used byCAD systems.

drawing program Software that enables the userto draw and design on screen.

drawing tools Functions in a paint/drawingprogram, normally displayed as icons in a tool-bar, which allow the user to draw with presetshapes or freehand.

drawn-on cover A binding style in which thecover is glued directly onto the spine. Alsoknown as ‘wrappered’.

draw program A program used to create and editobjects (lines, circles, squares etc.) using a vectorapproach, such as Bézier curves. Should be con-trasted with a paint program, which is used toedit and manipulate bitmaps. It is usually pos-sible to import bitmap graphics into draw pro-grams, but not to edit them. If a bitmap is auto-traced, then a vector graphic is produced, whichcan be edited in the draw program.

draw-type graphic A graphic created from aseries of geometric elements stored in memory.Also known as an object-oriented graphic orvector graphic. Contrast bitmap graphic.

dressing 1. The range of typefaces held on aphotosetter. 2. Putting the typefaces in a photo-setter.

drier A mechanical device, such as a gas oven,used to dry ink on heatset web machines.

driers Additives in printing ink such as cobalt,manganese and resinates, which acceleratedrying.

drilling Perforating a pile of sheets with holes forspecial binding methods, such as looseleaf.

driography Litho platemaking process in whichthe non-image areas are silicone rubber.

driver Computer routine which handles commu-nication between CPU and peripherals. In type-setting, a program which controls a printer or atypesetter (printer driver, typesetter driver).

drop cable The wiring between a computer andits Ethernet transceiver.

drop cap(s) Drop capital. A letter or letters at thebeginning of a paragraph which extend beyondthe depth of the rest of the text line. Also calleddrop initial(s). Compare cocked-up initial.

drop folio Page number at the foot of a page.drop guides Guides on a printing machine which

position the sheet ready for the grippers.drop heads See dropped heads.drop in To insert text or artwork into space left in

a typeset page.drop initial See drop cap(s).

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dropout Characters lost in data transmission forwhatever reason.

drop-out blue Light blue, invisible to mono-chrome litho film. Useful for grids, marks onartwork etc. Also known as non-reproducingblue.

drop-out half-tone Half-tone in which the high-light areas have no screen dots and simplyshow the white of the paper. Also known as adeep-etch half-tone.

dropped heads Chapter headings positioned afew lines below the top of full text pages.

drop shipment Direct delivery to customer, shopor warehouse of large numbers of books bypublisher or printer, i.e. circumventing agent orwholesaler.

dross The surface skin on molten type metal.drum An obsolescent computer storage medium

using a rotating magnetic drum.drum printer A line printing device containing a

drum on which each printable character formsa complete row across the drum surface.

drum scanner Scanner with cylindrical platen formounting transparencies to be scanned, as dis-tinct from a flatbed scanner.

dry back The loss of gloss of an ink as it dries.dry creping See creping.dry end The last function of a Fourdrinier paper-

making machine whereby the wet web ofpaper is dried by passing between hot rollers.

dry indicator size test Method of measuringpaper’s water resistance. (See also Cobb sizetest.)

drying cylinder Heated revolving cylinderwhich dries newly made sheets of paper asthey pass over it.

drying section The last part of the papermakingmachine, after the press section, which com-pletes the drying of the web.

drying time Time taken for the ink on a printedsheet to dry enough for further work to be doneon the sheet, e.g. binding or extra printing.

dry litho Offset plate which does not need to bedampened for the ink to be distributed.

dry-mounting A method of photographic mount-ing which uses pressure-sensitive backing.

dry offset See letterset.dry picking resistance The picking resistance of

paper in dry conditions.dry point Method of engraving with a needle

directly onto bare copper plate without usingacid.

dry proof Plastic proof as opposed to a machineproof from the metal.

dry pulp Pulp in dry sheets.dry transfer lettering Sheets of typographic char-

acters which can be transferred onto paper byrubbing.

dry-up See scumming.DSA See Directory System Agent.DSI See digital speech interpolation.DS level See data service level.DSP See digital signal processing.DSS See digital signature standard.DSSSL See Document Style Semantics and

Specification Language.DSU See digital service unit.DTD See Document Type Definition.DTE See data terminal equipment.DTMF See dual tone multi frequency.DTP See desktop publishing.DTR See data terminal ready.DUA See Directory User Agent.dual-attached An FDDI interface where a device

is connected to both FDDI token-passing rings,so that uninterrupted operation continues inthe event of a failure of either of the rings.While all connections to the main FDDI ringsand some critical devices such as routers andconcentrators are dual-attached, host comput-ers are normally single-attached or dual-homed to a router or concentrator.

dual-homed A connection to an FDDI networkin which a host computer is simultaneouslyconnected to two separate devices in the sameFDDI ring. Normally, one of the connectionsbecomes active while the other is blocked.However, if the first connection fails, the back-up link takes over. The difference between adual-homed device and a dual-attached deviceis that while the former can tolerate a fault inone of its ‘homes’, the latter can tolerate a faultin one of the FDDI rings.

dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) Otherwiseknown as touch-tone. The method employedin telephony throughout the US to define thekeys pressed when dialling. Pressing a keygenerates two simultaneous tones, one for therow and one for the column.

Dublin core A core of metadata elements pro-posed (at a 1995 conference in Dublin, Ohio) asa basis for searching for information availableover the Internet.

duck-foot quotes Arrow-shaped quotationmarks (« and »). See guillemets.

duct Ink trough on a printing press. The ductroller regulates the amount of ink released.

duct roller Roller that takes inks and passes themto the distributing rollers that ink the forme.

dull-coated paper Paper coated with a matt finish.dull finish enamel An enamel paper with a low

gloss.

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dummy Mock-up of a book or other piece ofprinting to indicate specifications.

dump Transfer a computer file into or out of stor-age.

dump bin Point-of-sale container for easy stack-ing of goods.

Duodecimo (12mo) Book in which each leaf isone twelfth the size of the printing sheet, giv-ing 24 pages.

duoformer The duoformer paper machine has anadditional wire running on top of the normalmachine wire, which draws water from thetopside of the web, producing an evenlyformed sheet. As distinct from the twin-wireprocess, which has two separate webs of paperwhich are brought together before pressing.

duotone A black-and-white photograph (or otherartwork) that is reproduced using two colours,both near to black. Two half-tone images aregenerated, one of which is slightly underex-posed and the other slightly overexposed, andthey are printed one on top of the other. Theeffect is to give a more striking image, togetherwith more control to the designer, who canvary the proportions of the two images.Tritones and quadtones are also possible.

dupe See duplicate block.duplex See full duplex, half duplex, simplex.duplex cutter A sheeting device which cuts two

different sheet lengths from the web simultane-ously.

duplex half-tone See duotone.duplex paper Paper with a different colour on

each side.duplex printing Double-sided printing.duplicate block, film, transparency plate

etc. More than one identical item producedfrom the same original. Used for printing sev-eral copies ‘up’ on a machine, printing in twolocations, or for other purposes.

duplicator Small office machine for short-runreproduction from a stencil.

duplicator paper Special absorbent paper forduplicating from a stencil master.

dusting Accumulation of powdered paper on thenon-printing areas of a blanket.

dust jacket Paper wrapper of a book carrying thetitle and author’s name.

Dutch grey board See grey board.DVD See digital versatile disk.DVI See digital video interactive.Dvorak Keyboard layout in which the keys are

positioned so as to be most readily accessible tothe fingers which most often use them. Contrastazerty, qwerty.

DXF See Drawing eXchange Format.

dye A soluble colouring matter (pigments areinsoluble).

dyed through In bookbinding, a dyed-throughcloth is dyed on both sides, not just on the sur-face. Contrast whiteback.

dyeline paper Specially treated paper used in thedyeline copying process. See diazo.

dyeline prints or dyelines See blueprints.dyeline process Copying and proofing method

which uses special coated paper contacted tofilm.

dye mask Special sort of colour film used whencolour separating transparencies by camera toassist with colour correction. (See also mask-ing, trimask.)

dye transfer Photographic process producingcolour prints with dyes which are selectivelyabsorbed.

Dylux Proprietary name for double-sided, light-sensitive proofing paper.

dynamic allocation Assignment of operatingsystem resources to a program at the time ofexecution rather than at the point that the pro-gram is loaded.

dynamic bandwidth allocation, dynamic band-width management (DBM) The allocation ofbandwidth as and when it is required by users,depending on the burstiness of their traffic. Allpacket-switched networks provide dynamicbandwidth allocation.

dynamic channel management (DCM) Alloca-tion of the channels available as and whenrequired by users.

Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) A MicrosoftWindows hotlink protocol that allows applica-tion programs to communicate using a client-server model. DDE is mainly used to include livedata from one application in another, e.g. spread-sheet data in a wordprocessed report by refer-ence, so that whenever the latter is processed thelatest version of the spreadsheet data is included.In version 3.1 of Windows, DDE was enhancedby Object Linking and Embedding (OLE).

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)A protocol in a Windows NT server that pro-vides dynamic allocation of IP addresses toPCs running on a Microsoft Windows localarea network. (See also Reverse AddressResolution Protocol.)

dynamic IP address A temporary IP address,which is allocated when a user connects to theInternet, usually over a dial-up connection.(Compare with static IP address.) Dynamic IPaddresses allow a more efficient use of IPaddresses, the number of which is finite. SeeTUBA.

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Dynamic Link Library (DLL) An executable pro-gram component for Microsoft Windows thatcan be loaded and linked as required at runtime, and then unloaded when no longer need-ed. Windows itself uses DLL files to handlesuch aspects as international keyboards, whileWindows wordprocessing programs use DLLfiles for functions such as spelling and hyphen-ation checks. Other operating systems – such asSunOS (the Sun Microsystems version of Unix)and the RISC OS on the Acorn Archimedes –also use dynamically linked libraries.

dynamic memory Computer memory that willdegrade in time if a power source is not per-manently or frequently applied.

Dynatext A viewer for SGML-based documents,together with the related graphics etc., pro-duced by Electronic Book Technologies.

EE-1 A European leased line service, used by

primary rate ISDN with a bit rate of 2 Mbps.The equivalent of the US T-1 service. (See alsoE-3, E-4).

E-3, E-4 European PDH services running at34.368 Mbps (E-3) and 139.264 Mbps (E-4). Forthe US, see data service levels.

E13B Magnetic ink font used on cheques.E164 The worldwide number plan of the ITU-T

for identifying network connections via ISDNand SMDS.

EAN European Article Number. See barcode.e&oe Errors and omissions excepted. Words on

an invoice or estimate by which a companycovers itself against mistakes in the invoice.

ear Space by the side of the masthead on a news-paper, usually reserved for advertisements.

early selling Bookshop sales of a book made priorto the publication date set by the publisher.

earmark Particular characteristic or feature of atypeface which distinguishes it from all othersand assists recognition.

EARN See European Academic and ResearchNetwork.

earpieces Small advertisements on either side ofa newspaper’s masthead.

easer Printing ink additive used to reduce tack.EBCDIC See Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Information Code.Ebone A European-wide backbone.

Ecash A trial form of electronic funds transferover the Internet (and soon by electronicmail). Each user withdraws money from his orher bank account and, using Ecash software,stores it on his or her own computer. Themoney can then be spent over the Internet atany shop accepting Ecash. Security is providedby a public-key digital signature. (See alsoCyberCash, DigiCash, Mondex.)

ECF Elemental chlorine free, relating to pulp andpaper manufacture. ECF pulp is one stage lesspure than TCF, totally chlorine free, pulp.

echo In telecommunications, the reflection ofpart of the signal energy from the remote endback to the transmitter. Also a kind of news-group on FidoNET.

echo cancellation A process that isolates and fil-ters out unwanted signals, resulting fromechoes of the main signal, on a telephone line.Also a technique which permits full duplextransmission over two wires.

echoplex A communications procedure in whicha receiving station acknowledges receipt of amessage by echoing it back to the transmittingstation.

ECMS See Electronic Copyright ManagementSystem.

Econet A network connecting those concernedabout environmental preservation and sustain-ability. (See Institute for Global Communi-cations.) Also a network produced by AcornComputers for the BBC Microcomputer and itssuccessors.

edgeboard connector The most common methodof connecting add-on printed circuit boards tocomputer hardware.

edge cutters Waterjets on a paper machine which‘clean off’ the edges of the web on the wire.

edge decoration Coloured dyes, marbling trans-fers or gilding on trimmed book edges.

edge gilding Gold-leaf edging on a book.edge tear Broken edge of web.edge tearing resistance Resistance of paper to

the further development of a small edge tear.EDI See electronic data interchange.EDIF See Electronic Design Interchange Format.EDIFACT See ISO 9735.edit Check, arrange and correct data or copy

before final presentation.editing terminal Visual display unit capable of

retrieving a file and editing the contents priorto processing.

edition All the copies of a printed work from thesame set of type or plates.

edition binding Conventional, production-line,case-bound binding.

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editor A software utility employed to aid the pro-duction and modification of source programs.

editorial 1. Publication’s formal views on a sub-ject expressed in a special column. 2. The edito-rial matter (as distinct from advertisements) ina publication.

edutainment The integration of interactive edu-cation and entertainment services or software.In Europe usually on CD-ROM, while in NorthAmerica often supplied via a cable network.(See also infotainment.)

EEMA European Electronic Messaging Associ-ation.

EFL English as a foreign language.EFTPOS See electronic funds transfer at point

of sale.EGA Enhanced graphics adapter. Category of

driver for graphics monitor. (See also CGA,VGA, SVGA.)

eggshell antique Bulky paper with a slightlymottled surface, like that of an egg.

EGP See Exterior Gateway Protocol.Egyptian Type style with a squared serif.eight-bit clean Describes systems that take advan-

tage of all eight bits of a byte, using extendedcharacter sets (unlike ASCII). In programs andcommunications only using the first seven bits(i.e. a character set from 0 to 127), the eighth bit isoften used as a parity bit or to contain a flag. Ifbinary files, including most wordprocessor filesusing ANSI coding, are sent over a communica-tions link that is not eight-bit clean (and this ismany communications links), the files will becorrupted. Coding approaches such as MIME,uuencode and BinHex can be used to convertsuch files to ASCII for sending over the Internet.

EIS See executive information systems.E-journal See electronic journal.Ektachrome Alternative name for transparency.electro Electrotype. Duplicate of block or forme

made by coating a mould with copper andnickel.

electron gun See gun.electronic colour retouching The ability to alter

local areas of a scanned colour subject by defin-ing and then amending them electronically.Available on most EPC systems.

electronic composition Computer-assisted type-setting and page make-up.

Electronic Copyright Management System(ECMS) A system that will allow the electron-ic submission of copyright registration to theUS Copyright Office and electronic notificationof registration. Many of the transfers per-formed in the ECMS will use PrivacyEnhanced Mail (PEM).

electronic data interchange (EDI) (Or electronicdissemination of information.) The exchange ofcertain business documents – such as orders,invoices, bills of lading – in standard formatsbetween organisations, using electronic mail.Can include electronic funds transfer.

Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF) Aformat to transfer data between CAD/CAEsystems.

electronic dissemination of information(EDI) See electronic data interchange.

electronic document Any document that is heldin electronic, as opposed to print-on-paper,form.

electronic dot generation The ability of an out-put scanner to generate half-tone dots directlyon the output medium in a variety of screenrulings and forms.

electronic engraving Letterpress block engrav-ing with a stylus controlled by a light-sensitivecell scanning the original.

electronic funds transfer The use of telecommu-nications or a network to send payments fromone organisation to another, usually via theirbank accounts.

electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFT-POS) Transfer of funds between bank accountsby electronic means, usually implemented at apoint-of-sale computer terminal (or check-out)in a supermarket on the basis of informationsupplied on a debit card; telephone lines areused to make an automatic debit from the cus-tomer’s bank account to pay a bill. (See alsoelectronic data interchange (EDI), Mondex.)

electronic journal (E-journal) The electronicequivalent of a paper-based journal (or maga-zine), available either over the Internet or bydirect dial-up (see OCLC e.g.). The journal maybe an electronic version of a print-on-paper jour-nal, but an increasing number of E-journals existonly in electronic form and are regarded by someareas of the academic community as the mostefficient way of communicating the results ofresearch. Over the Internet there are many differ-ent delivery methods, e.g. via email, by using anftp archive (with the contents page distributedby email or mailing list), or over the WorldWide Web. Most E-journals are free but somerequire a subscription to be paid for access.Those available by dial-up may have a propri-etary browser program, such as Guidon, whichwas used by OCLC, and these are available onlyby subscription. There is much discussion overwhether electronic journals will eventuallyreplace printed journals and over the relatedquestion of the importance, or otherwise, of peer

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review (the refereeing of academic papers beforethey are published), which is a significant ele-ment of conventional printed journals but mayor not be part of the operation of an E-journal.The role of the commercial publisher in E-jour-nals is also much discussed. See E-journal.

Electronic Libraries Projects (e-Lib) A series ofprojects in the UK concerned with electronicaccess to information in UK higher education.

electronic mail Transfer of documents of messagesbetween computers or wordprocessors usingdirect links, telecommunications or satellites.

electronic mail address The address that is usedto send electronic mail to a specified destina-tion. On the Internet the RFC 822 standard isprobably the most widely used, although X.400addressing is also in used. (See also bang path,fully qualified domain name.)

electronic markup Generic codes inserted into atext sent on disk or down the wire, which identi-fy headings, different levels of text etc. The codescan be converted into typesetting commands bymeans of a look-up table at the time of output.See also generic markup and ASPIC.

electronic money A method of payment withoutusing cash. A card, e.g. Mondex, is inserted intoa machine (a form of automatic teller machine)at a bank and an amount of money is transferredonto the card. This is equivalent to a cash with-drawal in that the money is taken from the user’saccount. Money is then spent by passing the cardthrough a trader’s card-reading machine, so thatthe requisite amount is transferred from the cardand credited to the trader. Ecash provides a sim-ilar facility, but over the Internet.

electronic page composition system (EPC sys-tem) An EPC electronic page composition sys-tem is one which comprises a series of inter-linked computers based on colour scanners.The complete range of processes encompassedby a large electronic page composition systemcomprises the colour scanning of originals,retouching and colour correction, soft proofing,the scanning-in or direct entry of text, maskingand page assembly, tint laying, and final outputof one-piece imposed page films in fourcolours, or press-ready printing plates.

electronic pen See light pen.electronic point of sale (EPOS) System where

sales are charged automatically to a customer’scredit card and the shop’s computer records theresulting changes in stock as they occur.

electronic publishing Any form of publishing inan electronic medium, eg online, CD-ROM.

electronic rights Rights to publish and sell ma-terial on electronic devices.

electronic scanner 1. Machine which scans full-colour copy wrapped around a drum and, byreading colour densities, produces separations.2. Device on a printing press or paper machinewhich sends control readings back to a consoleor to the machine itself.

electronic slanting Creation of a slanted romantypeface by a photosetter or laser printer toimitate italics.

electronic spreadsheet See spreadsheet.electronic transfer of funds See electronic funds

transfer.electronic whiteboard (EWB) (Also described as

audiographic teleconferencing.) A method inwhich users can share a writing area over a com-munications link. Originally this was a devicebased on a whiteboard, so that the pen move-ments at one end of the link could be transmittedto a pen at the other end, but the term is nowoften applied to screen-sharing systems withsimilar functionality.

electrophotographic printing See under electro-photography.

electrophotography The use of electrostaticforces to copy images, as in photocopiers.

electrostatic printing A copying process involv-ing the reflection of light from an original ontoan electrically charged drum. Areas affected by the light lose their charge. Toner, retainedby the charged areas, is fused to the paper,thereby creating an image. Also, electrophoto-graphic printing, xerography, xerographicprinting. Laser printers use this principle foroutput.

electrotype Duplicate of block or forme made bycoating a mould with metal.

element A structural part of an HTML or SGMLdocument (e.g. paragraph). The name and usageof an element, together with its attributes, aredefined in a Document Type Definition.Elements are coded within a document instanceby using tags. (See also attribute, entity.)

elhi or El-Hi US. Publishing for elementary andhigh schools.

e-Lib See Electronic Libraries Projects.elision Omission of a character from a series of

characters which will not affect the overallmeaning, e.g. with dates: 1990–99 vs 1990–1999.

elite Small size of typewriter type: 12 charactersper inch. Microelite has 15 characters per inch;pica has 10 characters per inch.

ellipsis Three dots (...) indicating an omission.elliptical dot Elongated dot giving a smoother

gradation of tone in middle-tones.Elm A full-screen-based Unix mail (or electronic

mail) program.

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elrod Letterpress casting machine for rules andleads.

ELT English language teaching.em 1. Width of the body of the lower case ‘m’ in

any typeface. 2. Standard unit of measurement(also called ‘pica’). One em equals 0.166044inches.

email (or e-mail) See electronic mail.email (or e-mail) address See electronic mail

address.embossed finish Surface pattern pressed in paper.embossing See blocking.em dash An elongated hyphen (the width of cap-

ital ‘M’ in the font in use), which is used with-in printed (and electronic) documents as a formof punctuation. Different publishers and differ-ent nationalities have different conventionsabout how the em dash and en dash should beused. See dash.

emerald Obsolete type size of about 6½pt.emote icon See emoticon.emoticon (Or emote icon.) An ASCII glyph or

group of characters used to indicate an emotion-al state in electronic mail or news, also describedas a smiley. (See also baudy language.)

emulation Setting up a computer, a terminal, anetwork or communication equipment in sucha way as to make it appear to another compu-ter etc. as a different device. For example, it ispossible to make a PC appear as a terminal toa mainframe.

emulator A program that permits a computer toimitate a different system.

emulsification Dispersing of water into anotherliquid, e.g. when water bleeds into the ink on alitho plate and degrades the image.

emulsion Photosensitive coating on film or plate.Hence, ‘emulsion side’.

en Half the width of an em. The width of the aver-age type character, used as the basic unit ofmeasurement for casting off copy. Also characteror keystroke, in the sense of ens per hour (= char-acters set in one hour) or ens of setting (= char-acter count in a manuscript).

enamel paper Paper coated on one side with avery high finish.

Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) A PostScript fileformat that has special structure, which willallow application programs to view it andmanipulate it in certain ways (crop, scale orrotate), but not to change it otherwise. The EPSfile format consists of two parts: the first is thePostScript code which will generate the image onan output device, while the second is a low-reso-lution bitmap image for viewing and editing inthe other applications. There are different ver-

sions of the EPS format for the Macintosh (whichuses a PICT format for the bitmap image) andfor the PC (which uses a TIFF format).

Encarta The Microsoft multimedia encyclopaedia.enclosure Contents of mail shot.encode To code groups of characters.encrypt Codify material so that it requires decod-

ing in order to be read.encryption Conversion of a plaintext file to

ciphertext, so that it can be used or understoodonly by those who have the information todecode or decrypt it.

encyclopedia Reference book, often in severalvolumes, giving information on many subjectsor on a single subject, usually arranged inalphabetical order and indexed.

en dash An elongated hyphen (the width of capi-tal ‘N’ in the font in use), which is used withinprinted (and electronic) documents as a form ofpunctuation. Different publishers and differentnationalities have different conventions abouthow the en dash and em dash should be used.(See dash.) There are two almost universal usesof an en dash. The first is to indicate a range, asa substitute for the word ‘to’ (or ‘through’ in theUS), e.g. ‘pp 20–30’ (pages 20 to 30), while thesecond is to denote a relationship, e.g. ‘speed isa time–distance relationship’.

endmatter The final parts of a book after themain text: appendices, notes, index etc.

endnotes Explanatory text positioned at the endof a book in the form of extra notes.

end of file (EOF) The physical termination pointof an amount of data or the mark used to indi-cate this point.

end-of-line decisions Decisions on hyphenationor justification made either by the operator orautomatically by the typesetting system.

end or end leaf See endpaper.endpaper Strong paper used for securing the

body of a book to its case. Endpapers may beplain, coloured, marbled etc. and should bespecified with the grain direction parallel tothe spine.

endsheets See endpapers (US).end-tag The tag which indicates the end of an

element in SGML or HTML. The logical struc-ture of a document may mean that end-tags arenot always necessary, because they are impliedby the next start-tag or another end-tag.Whether or not end-tags should be included forparticular elements is defined in the DocumentType Definition (DTD).

end-to-end performance A measure of networkperformance, which will be related to band-width and other factors.

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engine-sized pulp See beater-sized pulp.engine sizing Sizing paper in the beating

machine or refiner rather than at a later stage inmanufacture. See size.

English Obsolete type size, approximately 14pt.English finish Smoothly calendered book paper.engraving 1. Printing plate etched for use in let-

terpress. 2. Print made from such a plate.ennage Total area of type, measured in ens.entity A code used in SGML and HTML. There

are two types: the first is the character entity,used to code non-ASCII characters usingASCII coding, while the second use is as a kindof macro and inclusion facility. (See alsoattribute, element.) The second use is not cur-rently implemented in HTML.

envelope paper Paper made for high-speedenvelope die-cutting machines.

envelope-stuffer Mail shot promoting or adver-tising products or services, sent out in an en-velope.

environment In personal computing, the screenpresentation (user interface) of information.User-friendly environments concentrate onthe pictorial representation of instructions (seeWIMP). More traditional environments requireknowledge of the operating system’s particularconventions (e.g. MS-DOS).

Envoy A document exchange format, originallypart of the PerfectOffice package, which alsoincluded the WordPerfect wordprocessor. Nowdistributed by Corel. Has some similarities toAcrobat, but is less widely used. Also a per-sonal digital assistant produced by Motorola,which incorporates two-way wireless commu-nication.

EOL End of line.EOT End of tape.EP See electronic publishing.EPC system See electronic page composition

system.ephemera Small printed item, such as a theatre

or match ticket, intended to last just for the spe-cific event but which some people collect.

epigraph Quotation in book prelims.epilogue Closing section at the end of a novel or

play.EPOS See electronic point of sale.EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory. May be overwritten with specialequipment. See ROM, PROM, firmware.

EPS/EPSF See Encapsulated PostScript/Encap-sulated PostScript File.

equalisation Compensation, in high-speedmodems, for the differences in attenuation atdifferent frequencies on a telephone line.

equilibrium moisture content Moisture contentof paper at the same relative humidity as itsenvironment.

erasable optical disc See compact disc-record-able, floptical disc.

erasable storage Storage medium that can beerased and reused as required, i.e. a floppy disk.

ergonomics The study of equipment design inthe context of man/machine interface, with theexpress purpose of reducing operator fatigueand discomfort, and to ensure maximum oper-ating conditions.

erlang The standard unit for measuring telecom-munications traffic. One erlang of traffic indi-cates continuous 100% loading of one circuit or50% loading of two circuits.

erratum slip Slip of paper pasted into a book andcontaining list of author’s post-press corrections.

error correction See error detection and correc-tion.

error detection and correction Detection oferrors in transmitted or stored data and the cor-rection of them. The simplest form of detectionis to use a single added parity bit, a cyclicredundancy check (CRC) or a checksum,which will indicate that an error has occurred.Use of multiple parity bits will also indicatewhich bits have been inverted and shouldtherefore be corrected to restore the originaldata. The more extra bits that are added, thegreater the chance that multiple errors will bedetected, and therefore be correctable. (See alsohamming code, forward error detection.)

escalator clause Clause in a contract that allowsroyalties to increase in line with certain levelsof sales.

escape sequence Refers to Epson Standard Codefor Printers, a standard set of printer-controlcodes widely used in the industry.

escrow Deposit of information with a third partyfor safe-keeping. The practice is used for thedeposit of software source material to ensurethat it will be available should the suppliercease to trade. It is now being used for depositof encryption keys by the US government. SeeClipper.

esparto Long-fibred grass used in pulp for paper-making.

esquisse Rough layout or design.etch To produce a printing plate by chemical

removal of non-printing areas. Etching ink pro-tects the plate from the etching solution.

etching 1. See colour etching. 2. Form of printcreated by cutting the image into a speciallycoated plate using acid.

Ethernet A local area network, developed by

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Xerox, Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation,for connecting computers together with coaxialcables or twisted pairs so that the computerscan share information. (For cabling options see10Base2, 10Base5, 10Base-T.) Within each mainbranch of the network, Ethernet can connect upto 1024 personal computers and workstations,uses CSMA/CD access control and runs at 10Mbps. It is specified by the IEEE 802.3 standard.Ethernet is not very suitable for the transmissionof real-time signals such as speech or com-pressed video. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps.(See also cheapernet, EtherTalk.)

Ethernet address A six-part hexadecimal num-ber identifying a controller board. This number,in which the parts are separated by colons (:)indicates that an Ethernet communicationsboard is installed in a PC and is used to identi-fy the PC as a member of the network.

EtherTalk An implementation of AppleTalk onan Ethernet LAN, allowing a Macintosh to con-nect into Ethernet networks; the Macintoshmust have an Ethernet interface card installed.

ETSI See European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute.

ETX/ACK handshaking A handshaking tech-nique in which the end-of-text character ETX(ASCII value 3), also called Ctrl+C, is used topause transmission.

Eudora Electronic mail software for mail opera-tions using TCP/IP, available for a number ofoperating systems.

EUnet The European part of the internationalnetwork that links Unix systems runningUUCP. It is the largest European component ofthe Internet; also provides for X.400 access.

Euro-ISDN A standard for ISDN introduced in1994. Euro-ISDN allows full transparent inter-working between many European countries.

EuroNet Company offering Internet connectionfrom Amsterdam.

Europallet Standardised pallet (1203100cm)used in Europe.

EuropaNET A combination of pan-European net-work backbone services run by DANTE.

European Academic and Research Network(EARN) A network for universities andresearch in Europe, originally set up by IBM. Ituses BITNET protocols and connects to BIT-NET in the US.

European article number (EAN) Form of bar-code used in Europe.

European Conference of Posts and Telecom-munications See CEPT.

European Laboratory for Particle Physics SeeCERN.

European Telecommunications StandardsInstitute (ETSI) An organisation set up in 1988by the European PTTs with the support of theEuropean Commission. ETSI is taking overmuch of the standardisation work previouslycarried out by CEPT and other bodies, includ-ing the harmonisation of ISDN standardsacross Europe. It can be regarded as a Europeanversion of the ITU-T (formerly CCITT).

EUTELSAT EUropean TELecommunicationsSATellite organisation. Owned by theEuropean PTT, it runs the main European com-munications satellites.

evaporation One of the ways in which inks dry(see also absorption, oxidation, penetration).Heatset inks dry mainly by evaporation.

even pages Left-hand, or verso, pages, with evennumbers.

even small caps Small capitals without full capi-tals.

even working A total of pages in a publicationwhich can be produced entirely by printingsections of the same numbers of pages (16s, 32setc.). (See also oddment.)

everdamp paper Transfer paper for laying downimages on lithographic plates.

EVGA Enhanced video graphics array. See underdisplay adapter.

EWB See electronic whiteboard.eWorld An online system from Apple.Exabyte A tape format (based on the company

name) for computer data back-up and transfer,using data-quality 8mm video cassette recordertape. Exabyte tapes can store between 5–14gigabytes of data and are most often attachedto Unix workstations. (See also digital audiotape (DAT).)

exception dictionary Computer store of wordswhich do not hyphenate in accordance with themachine’s rules of logic. See also hyphenationexception dictionary and discretionaryhypens.

exclusive type area Type area exclusive of head-line and folio. The type area inclusive of head-line and folio is known as the inclusive typearea.

execute The function that initiates performanceof user-specified operations.

executive information systems (EIS) Softwarewhich extracts data from an organisation’scomputer applications and files and presentsthe information in a form required by manage-ment. How the information is presenteddepends both on management requirementsand on the software used; graphical informa-tion tends to be preferred.

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ex libris Bookplate or label pasted inside a bookshowing the owner’s name.

exotic typefaces Typefaces, such as Russian orChinese, which do not use Latin characters.

expanded memory In MS-DOS applications, mem-ory beyond the conventional 640K. Expandedmemory (or ‘EMS memory’) is an older standardand has been mainly replaced by the use ofextended memory (‘XMS memory’).

expanded type Typeface with characters widerthan the normal font.

expansion board A component added to a com-puter system in order to enhance its capabili-ties. Also known as add-on boards, they mayprovide the user with additional memory,graphics, colour, communications features etc.

expert set (or expert collection.) A font with anextended character set, including such charac-ters as true small capitals, non-aligning (or old-style) numerals and additional accented charac-ters.

export To copy out from one program into anoth-er, typically from a page-make-up program to awordprocessing program.

export filter A program which converts text fromone format and code structure into another.

exposure The process in which light-sensitivematerials (e.g. plates or film) are exposed to alight source.

exposure unit See output scanner.expurgated edition Edition which has had objec-

tionable material removed.extended ASCII An alternative term for high-

level ASCII.Extended Binary Coded Decimal Information

Code (EBCDIC) An 8-bit character code setdeveloped by IBM, mainly used on mainframes.Within IBM a number of variants of EBCDIC areused but more generally ASCII is the standard.

extended graphics array See XGA.extended-level synthesizer An extension to the

minimum capability required by the MicrosoftMultimedia Personal Computer (MPC) speci-fication for a music synthesizer withinMicrosoft Windows (see base-level synthesiz-er) so that it is capable of playing at least 16simultaneous notes on 9 melodic instruments,together with 16 simultaneous notes on 8 per-cussion instruments. (See also MusicalInstrument Digital Interface (MIDI).)

extended type See expanded type.extender Substance added to paint, glue and ink

to make it less opaque or increase its bulk.extenders Ink additives used to increase coverage.

Typical extenders include whiting, borytes, blancfixe.

eXtensible Markup Language (XML) A simplifiedversion of SGML, developed under the auspicesof the W3 Consortium, with the aim of enablingSGML to be ‘served, received and processed onthe Web in the way that is now possible withHTML’. XML has been designed for ease ofimplementation and to be interoperable withboth SGML and HTML. One area in which XMLhas an advantage over SGML is that it isdesigned to handle international character setscorresponding to ISO 10646 (which includesUnicode).

extensible paper Paper which has tear resistancedue to stretching properties.

extension Name used in some applications soft-ware for additional programs whch add func-tionality.

extent Length of a book in pages.Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) A protocol

which distributes routing information to therouters which connect autonomous systems.(See also gateway.)

external modem A modem which has its ownhousing, cables and power supply, which is usu-ally connected to a computer via a serial line, asopposed to an internal modem. While using anexternal modem means having an additionalpiece of equipment, there are advantages in thatit is possible to obtain an indication of the oper-ational state from the configuration of the indi-cator lights and, on some modems, it is possibleto control functions by using push buttons.

extract Quoted matter within a text, often setindented and in a smaller type size.

extranet The extension of an intranet to allowaccess to other, authorised, users.

Fface 1. The printing surface of a piece of type.

2. A style of type, i.e. typeface.face-down feed When the side of the sheet to be

printed faces downward on the feed board.facility fee See access fee.facing Lining of fibreboard.facing editorial Appearing opposite editorial

pages. A special position used when orderingadvertisement space.

facing pages Pages which face each other in anopen book or magazine. Also double-pagespread.

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facsimile 1. Exact reproduction of a document orpart of it. 2. Machine which copies and trans-mits documents by telecommunications. Hencefacsimile transmission.

facsimile transmission or fax Method for the elec-tronic transmission of printed material bymeans of special transmitting and receivingequipment. The document to be transmitted isscanned at a resolution of around 200 lines perinch; the signals are sent along conventionaldial-up telephone lines; at the receiving end, athermal imaging head or laser writes a facsimileof the transmitted message. ITU-T standardsdefine several facsimile reresentations: Group 3defines digital transmission taking less than 1minute per page; Group 4 defines digital trans-mission over ISDN. While Group 3 is for blackand white only, Group 4 will also handle colour.

factoring The business of buying invoices at adiscount and taking responsibility for collect-ing the money.

fade-out See ghosting.fair copy A correction-free copy of a document.fair dealing A provision in copyright law which

permits the copying of an otherwise protectedwork for the purposes of criticism, review, orprivate study.

fake Imitate or copy material for fraudulent pur-poses.

fake duotone Imitation duotone obtained byprinting the half-tone in one colour (normallyblack) over a flat screen tint of another colour(lighter). Contrast duotone.

fake process Colour separation achieved bymeans of the artist producing separate overlays.

fall back When two modems which experiencedata corruption, e.g. as a result of line noise,can renegotiate to use a lower speed connec-tion. (See also fall forward.)

fall forward When two modems which fall backto a lower speed because of data corruptionlater return to the higher speed if the connec-tion improves.

family A series of fonts related to the basic textroman face.

f&c Folded and collated.f&g sheets Folded and gathered sheets of a book.fanfold A web of paper folded into connected

sheets by alternate folds across the web.fanning-in The condensing of the image on the

trailing edge of a sheet caused by the sheetstretching temporarily on the press.

fan-out Moisture-distorted edges of paper on thepress, creating waviness in the sheet.

FAQ Frequently asked question(s); selected, some-times summarised and specially listed to help

newcomers to a particular topic. Probably origi-nated with new users of email and Usenetnewsgroups, but now appears in many contexts.

FAQ list See FAQ.fascicle or fascicule Unbound instalments of a

book which will be collected by purchasers oneach publication and bound up into a volume.

fastback binding See tightback binding.Fast Ethernet A networking protocol which pro-

vides bandwidth of 100 Mbps, as opposed to the10 Mbps of ordinary Ethernet. See 100Base-T.

fastness Resistance of colour to fading. (See alsolightfast ink, blue wool scale.)

fast packet switching (Also called cell relaying.)A wide area network technology based on thehigh-speed transmission of fixed-length shortpackets (or cells). Operates at the datalinklayer of the OSI seven-layer model, and iscapable of handling data, voice and video.

Fast SCSI A variant on the SCSI-2 bus, whichuses the same 8-bit bus as the original SCSI butruns at up to 10 Mbps, which is twice the speedof SCSI-1.

father of chapel See FOC.fax See facsimile transmission.fax modem A modem that is designed for send-

ing and (usually) receiving faxes via the com-puter, in addition to its usual communicationsfacilities. This means that, using special faxsoftware, documents produced by any applica-tion can be sent as faxes without the need toprint them out. Documents can also bereceived, but this means either leaving thecomputer switched on continuously or usingsome special hardware to provide a storagebuffer until the computer is used again.

FBS See flexible bandwidth service.FCC See Federal Communications Commission.FCS See frame check sequence.FDA regulations Food and Drug Administration’s

rules governing the use of packaging materialsfor food and drugs.

FDDI See Fibre Distributed Data Interface.FDMA Frequency division multiple access. See

frequency division multiplexing.FDX See full duplex.feathering 1. In printing, ink-spread on inade-

quately sized paper. 2. In typesetting, the addi-tion of fractions of a point of leading between alllines in a page to ‘stretch’ the text to a predefineddepth – a form of vertical justification.

featherweight antique paper Light, very thickpaper, originally used for children’s books.

feature 1. Newspaper or magazine article. 2. Specially promoted item of merchandise orcharacteristic of that item.

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FEC See forward error correction.FECN See forward explicit congestion notifica-

tion.Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

The US government body responsible for regu-lating communications.

Federal Information Exchange (FIX) One of theinterconnection points between the US govern-ment networks and the Internet.

Federal Networking Council (FNC) The co-ordi-nating group of representatives of US federalagencies concerned with federal networking,especially those networks using TCP/IP andthe Internet.

feed The active electronic part of an antennawhere the signal is either originated or is con-centrated for reception. (See also newsfeed.)

feed board The surface over which paper ispassed to the printing mechanism of a press.

feed edge Edge of a sheet presented to the lays ofa press. Also called gripper edge, leading edgeor pitch edge.

feeder The mechanism on a press which sepa-rates and lifts sheets into the printing position.

feed holes Holes in paper tape used by thesprocket on the mechanical reader to feed thetape in.

feet The base of a piece of metal type.feint ruling Horizontal pale blue lines running

across stationery.felt finish A finish to paper created by felts with

special weaves.felt-side Top side of paper formed on a paper

machine wire. As distinct from the undersideor wire side.

fenchel tester Device for comparing the stabilityof two papers when wet.

festoon In web-offset printing, an arrangementof long loops at the paper feed which allowspaper to be tensioned during autopasting onthe fly using a flying paster.

festoon dryer Method of drying paper by hang-ing it over heated pipes in loops.

Fetch A program for the Macintosh, whichenables the transfer of files using ftp.

fibre The cellulose constituents in wood pulp.fibre cut Damage to the web on a papermaking

machine caused by a bundle of fibres.fibre distributed data interface (FDDI) A local

area network standard based on a token ringmade up of fibre-optic cable at 100 Mbps(although copper cabling can be used, in whichcase it is termed CDDI). It is suited to data traf-fic and is replacing Ethernet at many sites.FDDI 2 operates at 200 Mbps and incorporatesvoice and video as well as data.

fibrefelt Another name for imitation cloth.fibre-optic cable A protective glass or plastic cable

containing a pure fibre of the same material,used to transmit light from LEDs or lasers in thecommunication of signals.

fibre-optics The technique of communicatingdata by the transmission of light through plasticor glass fibres.

fibre-optic transmission A transmission methodthat uses modulated infra-red or visible coher-ent light, which is transmitted down dozens (orhundreds) of strands of glass fibre (or othertransparent material – optical fibres). Opticalfibre is less vulnerable to external noise thanother transmission media and is cheaper thancopper wire, although it is much more difficultto connect. In addition, it is more difficult totamper with the signal (to monitor it or injectdata in the middle of a connection), whichmakes fibre-optics appropriate for secure com-munications. The light beams do not escapefrom the medium because they are totally inter-nally reflected. Each fibre can carry many sig-nals (a single fibre can transmit 200 milliontelephone conversations simultaneously) and,as the frequency is high (1014–1015Hz), the infor-mation transfer rate is also high. Fibre-optics isa vital element of the information superhigh-way, because fibre-optics is one of the fewmethods that can provide the bandwidth nec-essary for such services as video on demand(VoD) and full real-time videoconferencing.

fibre puffing Coated paper surface rougheningcaused by heatset drying on a web press.

fibrilla Part of cellulose fibre separated duringthe refining process.

fibrillation In papermaking, the process ofroughening the outside of the fibre to increasebonding capabilities.

FidoNET A worldwide hobbyist network of per-sonal computers accessible from a range oflow-end machines.

field A predefined area of a computer record.FIFO See first in first out.figure 1. A line illustration referred to in the text

of a book. 2. A numeral, either in arabic orroman form.

file Text, or any collection of related records heldon a computer in structured form.

file compression The compression of data in afile, usually to reduce storage requirements ortransmission time.

file conversion The process of changing either afile medium or its structure.

file management An established procedure forthe creation and maintenance of files.

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file server A computer in a network that holdsfiles, which can be accessed by users on the net-work. File servers often also act as print servers,while database servers provide database intelli-gence such as transaction processing, indexing,logging, security and so on. Storing files on a fileserver means that it is unnecessary to have mul-tiple copies stored on individual computers,which both saves disk space and makes control-ling and updating files easier, particularly forsoftware upgrades.

file transfer Copying a file from one computer toanother computer over a network or a directconnection.

File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM)An application layer protocol for file access,transfer and remote manipulation (ISO 8571).

File Transfer Protocol (ftp) A client-server pro-tocol that enables a user on one computer totransfer files to and from another computerover a TCP/IP network (often over theInternet); ftp is also used to describe the clientprogram that the user executes to transfer files.

fill The pattern and the colour inside an objectproduced in a draw program. The parameterscontrolling the fill are almost always handledseparately from those controlling the outline ofthe object. Fill is also used in some text process-ing programs to indicate whether lines shouldbe run on to make a single paragraph or set linefor line as keyed in. This is to allow for editingprograms which do not allow soft carriagereturns on-screen.

fill character A character, typically a space, thatis added to a set of characters to make the setup to a given size.

filler advertisement Advertisement used tooccupy redundant space rather than bookedfor insertion.

fillers Pigments added to the furnish of paper toimprove the printing or opacity characteristics.

fillet A decorative line on the binding or page ofa book.

fill-out forms Often abbreviated to forms. Theprincipal way in which World Wide Web sitesrequest information from Web users. Usersenter appropriate data within a form (as withconventional printed forms) or they selectoptions from amongst a number given and thisinformation is transferred back to the host.

fill pattern A choice of patterns and shades usedto fill objects created under most WYSIWYGgraphics packages. Originally a MacDraw/MacPaint feature, now emulated by other soft-ware packages.

film advance The distance by which film in a

photosetter advances between lines of type tocreate leading. Also called film feed or linefeed.

film feed See film advance.filmless proofing Also called filmless hardcopy

proofing or digital proofing. Proofs generatedoff an electronic page composition systemthrough the medium of, e.g., a laser or thermalcolour printer. As distinct from plastic proofswhich are made by contacting films, ormachine proofs which are made from plates.

film make-up Positioning pieces of film readyfor platemaking. Page make-up is used as theterm for pages or assembly for full imposition.

film master See image master.film mechanical Camera-ready material com-

posed in film rather than paper.film plotter See output scanner.film processor Machine which automatically

develops, fixes, washes and dries exposed film.film recorder An output device that captures

data and records it onto film, usually at highresolution. See imagesetter.

filmsetting Creating type on film by means of aphotosetting system.

film wrapping See plastic wrapping.filter 1. An electronic or optical device which

removes unwanted frequencies from a signal.2. A program which converts one file codingstructure into another, e.g. in converting fromone wordprocessor format to another or from awordprocessor format to a desktop publishingformat. 3. A control within a firewall machinethat blocks transmission of certain kinds oftraffic.

filter factor The extra exposure necessary tocounteract the light-reducing effect of a filter.

Finder The file and memory management systemgenerally used in the Apple Macintosh. Finderallows only one program to be run at a time.MultiFinder allows multi-tasking and is builtinto the System 7 operating system.

fine etching Dot etching on metal plates toimprove tone values.

fine grain Photographic paper with emulsioncharacteristics which are not obtrusive throughthe picture.

fine papers High-quality printing and writingpapers.

fines Small fragments of fibre remaining afterrefining.

fine screen A screen with ruling over 120 lines tothe inch.

finger A program which can be used over theInternet to obtain information about a particularuser, or about all users logged on to a system,

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local or remote. Typically shows full name, lastlog-in time, idle time, terminal line and terminallocation (where applicable). May also displayother information; e.g. if mail facilities areaccessed from a mail server over a dial-up link,then it is possible to see what mail messages arewaiting to be downloaded to the local computer.

fingerprint A method of software protection inwhich a unique signature is written to a floppydisk. When the program is run, a test sequencechecks for the presence of the signature anddisables the program if it is found to be absent.

finial Decorative curved part of a letter that endsin a hook.

finish The type of surface on a particular gradeof paper, e.g. machine finished or supercalen-dered. Also, varnish or lamination on a coveror jacket.

finishing Bindery processes taking place after ajob is printed and bringing it to its final formready for despatch, i.e. folding, stitching, cut-ting, inserting etc.

FIPP International Federation of the PeriodicalPress.

firewall Any kind of security barrier to preventexternal changes to a system by hackers etc.(See firewall code, firewall machine.) Often asystem that prevents external access from theInternet to an organisation’s computers.Internet access may, however, be providedusing a proxy system. The firewall is intendedto protect other machines at the site frompotential tampering via the Internet.

firewall code Code put into a system both toensure that users cannot cause any damage andto keep the user interface friendly. Also used tolimit the damage which a known programmingbug could cause if not correctly fixed.

firewall machine or firewall system A systemthat isolates an organisation’s computers fromexternal access, e.g. through the Internet. Anorganisation sometimes provides someInternet access through use of a proxy system.The firewall is intended to protect othermachines at the site from potential tamperingby external users.

firmware Software which is necessary for thegeneral routines of a computer and which can-not be changed by the user. Usually held inROM.

first and second linings The two linings appliedto the back of the book in case binding. The firstlining is normally mull, a form of muslin cloth,the second lining normally kraft, a strong formof brown paper.

first and third Printed sheet which contains

pages one and three after folding. See outerforme.

first colour down The first colour printed on asheet when more than one colour is being used.

first copy time In page printing, the time taken toproduce the first copy in a set of identical copies,as distinct from the time taken to produce eachsubsequent identical copy. When each page of amultipage document is different, each page willbe produced at this (much slower) speed.

first edition The first print run of a book thatoften gains value as a collector’s item.

first-generation computers Early computers thatused vacuum tubes.

first-generation photosetters Early photosettersmodelled after hot metal machines and largelymechanical in operation.

first in first out (FIFO) Data storage method inwhich the first item recorded is the first to beretrieved.

first-level heading First (and most important)level in a series of headings in a book.

first proof The earliest proof used for checkingby proofreaders.

first revise The corrected proof made after errorsnoted on the first proof have been re-set.

First Virtual A US bank that provides a method ofsecure payment over the Internet by issuing anidentification number that references back to acredit card number, avoiding the necessity forthe credit card number itself to be transmitted.

fist A printing symbol shaped like a black hand,used to indicate a cross-reference.

fit Space between letters which can be reduced orexpanded. See character compensation, char-acter fit, kerning.

FITS See Flexible Image Transport System.FIX See Federal Information Exchange.fixative Protective spray used on surface of art-

work.fixed back Book back glued directly to the back

of the pages. Also fastback, tightback binding.fixed length record A record that is of the same

length as others with which it is associated.fixed position Set location for an advertisement

within a periodical, often specified by referenceto other material, e.g. facing leader page.

fixed space The amount of space between lettersand words which cannot be varied for justifi-cation needs. Contrast variable space.

flag In general, a variable or quantity that can takeon one of two values (often ‘on’ or ‘off’). May bea bit (within operating systems) or a byte insome programs. In communications bit-orientedprotocols, it is a unique bit pattern used to iden-tify the beginning and end of a frame.

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flame An electronic mail or Usenet news mes-sage that is the equivalent of an angry retort ora strong opinion, intended to rebuke or even toinsult or provoke. Also used as a verb todescribe the sending of such a message.

flame bait A message which is intended to pro-voke a flame or even a flame war.

flame war An acrimonious dispute consisting ofa series of flames.

flange See bevel.flap Protective cover for piece of artwork.flash exposure Additional exposure given to a

half-tone to enhance shadow areas.flat 1. Lacking contrast when printed. 2. Assem-

bled film on a carrier sheet ready for printing.Also foil.

flat artwork Artwork which is drawn on a solidbase and which cannot always be directlyscanned.

flat ASCII A text file that contains only ASCII (7-bit) characters and uses only ASCII-standardcontrol characters. Thus it includes no 8-bitembedded codes specific to a particular pro-gram or output device. Also called plainASCII. SGML files are flat-ASCII in that allnon-ASCII characters are represented by char-acter entities.

flat back Bound with a flat back (as distinct fromrounded). Also, square back.

flatbed A press with the printing surface flatrather than curved as on a rotary press.

flatbed press Mechanical printing machinewhere the printing plate on the bed of themachine is laid flat so the inking rollers andthen the impression cylinder with the papercan roll over it.

flatbed proofing press A litho flatbed pressdesigned for producing machine proofs fromcolour separation plates in limited numbers.

flatbed scanner A scanner with a flat platen,rather like a photocopier, as opposed to onewith a scanning drum.

flat etching Etching of a plate in a tray of solu-tion.

flat file A representation of a database or treestructure as a series of single files from whichthe structure can be rebuilt.

flat plan Diagrammatic scheme of the paginationof a magazine or book. Indicates availablecolour positions, so that colour illustrations canbe positioned for printing in the most econom-ical way.

flat-stitching Method of sewing sections of abook by passing the thread through the side ofthe section near the fold (contrast saddle-stitching).

flat tint plate Letterpress block used for printinga tint.

flat wrapping Wrapping a magazine with film orpaper without folding it.

flax tow Linen fibres used in papermaking.fleuron Typographical flower ornament used for

decorative purposes. Known as a dingbat inDTP.

flexiback binding Binding with reinforced spineusing paper or fabric lining.

flexible bandwidth service (FBS) An alternativeto leased lines and multiplexers, allowingchanges to the bandwidth available to any site.

Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) Thestandard data interchange and archive formatof the astronomy community.

flexichrome Hand-coloured photograph.flexography Relief printing process using flexi-

ble, deformable plates.flexstabil binding Binding method used for

heavy books and catalogues. A centre portionof the back of the book is scooped out, floodedwith glue, and resealed, prior to the coverbeing drawn on. Extremely durable adhesivebinding method.

flier Promotional leaflet or handbill.flight simulator A computer-controlled device

for training pilots. It consists of an artificialcockpit mounted on hydraulic legs, so that thepilot feels that he or she is flying a real aircraft.Also, a popular computer program giving asimilar on-screen display.

flippy disk Double-sided floppy disk.float Centre a piece of artwork in an area which

is too large for it.floating accents Accents which are not tied to a

given character in type font and can thereforebe positioned over any letter.

flocculation Ink-mixing fault caused when pig-ment floats as particles in the ink vehicle ratherthan dispersing smoothly. Solid areas have aspotty, pimply, appearance.

flong The special paper used for making mouldsin stereotyping.

flooding Excess of ink on a printing plate.flop Reverse film so that a mirror-image is pro-

duced.floppy disk Small flexible plastic disk widely

used for magnetic storage of information onsmall computers. The standard size is 3.5 inch-es.

floppy disk drive A device into which a floppydisk may be loaded and from which data maybe read or written.

floptical disc A removable optical disc which isthe same size as a 3.5 inch floppy disk, but has

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a capacity of up to 25Mbs. Floptical disk drivescan often also be used for conventional 3.5 inchdisks. (See also SyQuest disk.)

floriation Tooled decoration on leather bindingin the form of little flowers.

flotation de-inking Removing ink from recycledpaper by creating a ‘froth’ which can beskimmed off.

flourish Freehand, often curling, finish at the endof a normal character.

flow The spread of ink over press rollers.flowchart Diagram showing the sequence of

steps in a computer program.flow control The techniques used in serial com-

munications to indicate when the senderbegins and ends sending data and when thereceiver is able to accept it. May be either soft-ware flow control or hardware flow control.Typically, received data will be written to afixed-size buffer. When the amount of buffereddata reaches a certain level, a signal will be sentto the transmitter to stop transmission untilsufficient data has been read from the buffer sothat another signal can be sent to start trans-mission again. (See also x-on/x-off.)

flowers Flower and leaf decoration tooled ontoleather binding and used by designers.

flowing In desktop publishing, the entering oftext into a pre-formatted page such that it con-tinues to fill out columns and/or pages until arule or image is encountered, or until the text isexhausted.

fluff Loose surface fibres on paper. Also, lint.fluffing Build-up of loose fibres of fluff especial-

ly found on the surface of soft paper.fluorescent Radiating a white glow, as in a sub-

stance added to paper stock to make very whitepaper.

fluorescent ink Ink with extreme brightnessqualities which react to ultraviolet light.Fluorescent papers have fluorescent pigmentsadded. Fluorescent whitening is included inpulp to add brightness to paper.

flush Cut to match the edge with that of thecover.

flush centre, left or right In wordprocessing orDTP, alignment of text to the centre, left orright of the column or page. (See also justifica-tion.)

flush cover A cover trimmed flush with thepages of the text of the book.

flush left/right Type aligned with either the left-or right-hand margins.

flush mount A letterpress plate mounted on itsbase with adhesive.

flyer See flier.

flying paster Pasting mechanism which joins anew reel of paper to that currently running outon a web press without stopping the press.

flying spot Light source used to scan documentsin OCR machines.

flyleaf Plain sheet in a book next to the covers.Usually pages 3–4 of the front endpaper.

FM See frequency modulation.FM screening See frequency modulation screen-

ing.FMV See full-motion video.FNC See Federal Networking Council.F number Defines the aperture of a lens at differ-

ent settings, and is obtained by dividing thefocal length of the lens by the diameter of theaperture. Also referred to as f-stop.

FOB Free on board. Carriage paid only up to thepoint of placing goods on board a vessel at thedeparture port. Contrast cif, which includescarriage payment right up to the point of plac-ing goods on the quayside at the arrival port.

FOC Father of Chapel. Print union equivalent ofshop steward.

focal length Distance between an optical lens’centre and the focusing plane, with the lensfocused at infinity.

focal plane The plane where light entering a lensforms a sharp image.

focus Sharpness of definition in photography orin projection of a product or service.

fog Unintended light penetration of photograph-ic materials.

foil 1. Carrier for planning films. 2. In bookbind-ing, short for stamping foil: a plastic film coat-ed with clear or coloured lacquer and a thinlayer of condensed aluminium, which is usedto block covers. The aluminium layer andcoloured lacquer on top of it detach from theplastic carrier under heat and pressure from ablocking brass during the blocking process,leaving the design or lettering engraved on theblock transferred into the surface of the casematerial with the thin, coloured metallic layeron top of it. Popular colours are ‘imitation gold’and ‘imitation silver’.

foil papers Papers with metallic surface.folding boxboard High-quality carton maker’s

board which has good scoring and foldingcharacteristics.

folding chases Chases which join to form a com-plete signature.

folding endurance Measure of deterioration ofpaper along a constantly repeated fold.

fold-out Folded sheet in text which opens outbeyond the page size. Also, gatefold, throw-out.

foliation The numbering of manuscript pages.

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folio 1. Page number at the head or foot of a pageof text. 2. Sheet of copy.

FolioViews A content management system,mainly for textual information, although linkscan be made to graphics etc. Requires struc-tured documents, but not necessarily SGML.Can provide its own database structure.

follow-on posting A contribution to a news-group or forum that is a public response to aprevious posting.

follow style Instruction to compositor to set tothe publisher’s specified style.

font A complete set of characters all of the sametypeface and point size.

font metrics The detailed design specifications of afont, which include the widths of individualcharacters, the x-heights, how tall the capital let-ters are, the kerning pairs and many other items.Different font systems store this information indifferent ways: for QuickDraw on a Macintosh,the metrics form part of the screen fonts; the fontmetrics for a TrueType font are stored in theTrueType font file itself; for Type 1 PostScriptfonts the metrics are stored in PFM (PostScriptfont metrics) files. Type 1 fonts usually also havecorresponding AFM (Adobe font metrics) files,but these are not used by most applications.

font size In the UK and US, font size is usuallygiven in points (1 point = 0.351mm) and 12points make up a pica, the basic unit of typo-graphic measurement. Elsewhere in Europe,point sizes and measurements are given usingthe Didot system, based on a 12-point cicero,which measures the same as 12.8 British points,so that 1 Didot point = 0.376mm.

font substitution Printing an outline font toreplace a bitmapped screen font. When output issent from a Macintosh to an Apple LaserWriterprinter, e.g., the driver will substitute Times,Helvetica and Roman for the New York, Genevaand Monaco screen fonts. In a slightly differentcontext, Adobe Acrobat will use MultipleMastering technology to generate a font if thefont called for in a pdf file is not present on thesystem where the Acrobat file is being viewed.

foolscap Paper size measuring 13.5317 inches.foot Bottom of a book or page.footer In books, the running footline that some-

times appears at the bottom of each page. (Seealso header.)

footnotes Notes explanatory to the main text, setin smaller type at the bottom of the page.

footprint 1. The surface area of a desk or benchthat is required by an item of computer hard-ware. 2. Area over which the signal from atransmitter can be received.

force card Male die used in die-stamping.fore and aft Method of printing two copies of a

book simultaneously with the pages joinedhead to head (two-up).

fore-edge Outer edge of a book, opposite thebinding edge.

foreword Introduction to a book, not written bythe author. As distinct from a preface.

format 1. Trimmed page size, or physical specifi-cation for a page or a book. 2. Frequently occur-ring set of typographical commands stored as acode on a phototypesetter. 3. Structure imposedon a floppy disk by an operating system utilitybefore it can be used to accept data.

formation The fibre distribution of a sheet ofpaper. The two extremes are described as ‘wild’or ‘even’.

Format Output Specification Instance(FOSI) An SGML-marked-up document thatuses the CALS output specification as itsDocument Type Definition (DTD). A FOSIcontains formatting information structuredaccording to SGML. FOSI styles define all fea-tures of composition: font, leading, quadding,spacing etc. (about 125 characteristics in all).FOSIs map SGML documents to appearance-based markup ready for composition by aFOSI-capable system. FOSIs were originallyintended for print but can equally be applied tocomposition on-screen. FOSIs use the sameconstructs as documents but apply them to for-mat instead of to structure and content.

forme The printing surface as imposed andmounted ready for printing. By extension, a flatof pages imposed for printing one side of asheet.

former folder Type of web press folder whichdraws paper over a kite to make first fold. Asdistinct from a ribbon folder.

forme rollers Rollers in contact with the plate ona press.

forms See fill-out forms.formula publishing Publishing a series of books

according to a classification or format estab-lished by the publisher.

forum A discussion group accessible through abulletin board system, a mailing list, or aUsenet newsgroup. Users submit postings forall to read and discussion follows. A forum isboth asynchronous and available to all (or allthose authorised) and can be contrasted withboth real-time Internet Relay Chat (IRC) andpoint-to-point personal email.

forward error correction (FEC) An error-correc-tion technique which adds extra bits to a trans-mission over a communications link. This

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allows errors to be detected and corrected with-out any retransmission of data.

forward explicit congestion notification(FECN) A notification, in frame relay, that anetwork node is congested. FECN allows thereceiver to reduce the traffic in certain circum-stances, e.g. by delaying acknowledgementmessages.

forwarding Binding stages from after sewinguntil casing-in.

FOSI See Format Output Specification Instance.foul proof Proof with corrections added.foundry chase Chase used in stereo making.foundry lockup A forme locked up for making

moulds of electrotypes, stereotypes etc.foundry type Hard-wearing metal type charac-

ters used in hand composition.fountain Damping solution reservoir on a press.

Fountain rollers measure out the dampingsolution to the damping rollers.

fountain solution Solution of water and chemi-cals used in litho to prevent the non-printingareas from accepting ink. Also, damping solu-tion.

four-colour process See CMYK, colour separ-ation.

four-colour separation See colour separation.Fourdrinier Papermaking machine named after

the brothers who invented it. Uses a wire beltto convey the wet paper.

Fournier A stylish, italic typeface designed byPierre Simon Fournier.

fourth cover Outside back cover of a periodical.fourth estate Newspapers and magazines

regarded as the fourth power in the land.fourth-generation computers Computers using

large scale integration (LSI) technology.fourth-generation photosetters Photosetters

using lasers to expose the characters.fourth wave Used to describe typesetting and

origination systems based on standard hard-ware and software, and with a high degree ofcompatibility with other systems and compo-nents.

four-way entry Reference to a pallet that may bepicked up by a fork-lift truck in any of the fourdirections.

foxing or fox marks Discolouration on paper bybrownish marks ofen caused by damp affectingchemical impurities in the paper. It can alsooccur if ink leaks from another page, especiallyfrom an illustration.

fps Frames per second. See frame rate.FQDN See fully qualified domain name.fractal An irregular, fragmented, geometric shape.

The term was invented by Benoit Mandelbrot in

1975. Fractal objects contain structures that arenested within each other, so that each smallerstructure is a reduced version of the larger form,although not identical. Many mathematicalstructures are fractals, but fractals also describenatural objects, such as clouds, mountains andcoastlines, which do not have simple geometricshapes and generally cannot be described usingconventional Euclidean geometry. Fractals arealso not definable in terms of specific numbersof dimensions. Fractals can be generated using a number of easily obtainable programs. Seefractal compression.

fractal compression A method of compressingimages by expressing the image as an iteratedfunction system (IFS), which can then beexpanded to generate the required number oflevels of (synthetic) fractal detail. Generatingthe IFS from the image is the most difficult stepand involves running a (patented) compressionalgorithm on the bit pattern of the image.

fraktur German gothic characters.frame 1. A sequence of contiguous bits, enclosed

by opening and closing flags, transmitted overa serial link. A frame generally contains itsown addressing and error-checking informa-tion and is sent between datalink layer entities.The size of the frame will depend upon the pro-tocol used. 2. A single image that forms part ofa series that make up either a video or an ani-mation. See video capture card.

frame-check sequence (FCS) A field containingerror-checking information which is added to aframe in bit-oriented protocols, such as framerelay.

frame grabber A device which allows a singleframe of a video to be captured and subse-quently used as a still image.

frame rate The number of frames of an anima-tion, video or television picture displayedevery second. The higher the frame rate, thesmoother the movement will be, although, foran animation, more processing power and sys-tem bandwidth will be required. A rate ofabout 30 fps is necessary to give the impressionof smooth movement. A European standard(PAL) television signal displays 25 fps and a USstandard (NTSC) signal displays 30 fps.Various kinds of compressed or simplifiedvideo (such as QuickTime) often use fewerframes per second but the results may notappear natural.

frame relay A connection-oriented wide areanetwork interface standard which caters par-ticularly for bursty data communications. Itincludes error detection but not error correc-

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tion, and is suited to the interconnection ofLANs, and to the connection of dedicated linesand X.25 to ATM, SMDS and B-ISDN.

frames A facility available in HTML-3 onwards,implemented by current World Wide Webbrowsers, which allows the browser screen tobe broken into several different areas, some ofwhich may remain static, acting as menus,while new information is downloaded into themain screen area.

frame switching An extension of frame relay, inwhich the full data link protocol is implement-ed, including frame acknowledgement, flowcontrol and error correction.

franco Free.freeness Measure of purity in woodfree pulp (i.e.

the degree to which the pulp is free of lignintraces).

Freenet A US community-based bulletin boardsystem. Freenets are funded and operated byvolunteers; they are part of the National PublicTelecomputing Network (NPTN), an organi-sation based in Cleveland, Ohio, devoted tomaking computer communication and network-ing services as freely available as public libraries.

free sheet 1. Periodical or newspaper distributedfree to its readers. 2. Woodfree paper (US).

Free Software Foundation An organisationdevoted to the creation and dissemination ofsoftware that is free from licensing fees orrestrictions on use. Its main work is supportingthe GNU project, which has produced replace-ments for many Unix utilities and other tools.Software is distributed under the terms of theGNU General Public License, which also pro-vides a good summary of the Foundation’sgoals and principles. (See also copyleft.)

free-text search Searching text files for any com-bination of characters, often words. Searchengines which are able to carry out free-textsearch often include Boolean facilities andproximity searching so that, e.g., one cansearch for the occurrence of a group or string ofcharacters within, say, 20 words of anothergroup or groups. Some search engines offerswitchable contextual searching as a furtherfeature. Such engines are usually based onindexing and the approach should be contrast-ed with keyword search.

freeware Software made available by the authorat no cost, often over the Internet. The authorstill retains copyright and thus it is not quitethe same as public domain software (PDS).(See also shareware.)

freight forwarder Person or company thatarranges the shipping and customs documents

for shipments from several companies, whichare then sent out as one large shipment.

freight forwarding The organisation of freighthandling for customers. A freight forwardercan offer a variety of services, ranging from acomprehensive service including packing, fulldocumentation, customs clearance, pick upand delivery of all his customer’s freight, to aspecialised service offering any part of thefreight operation, e.g. customs clearance of apackage at an airport.

French fold The fold used on greetings cards,which folds a sheet into four pages, exposingonly one side of the sheet and leaving the joinat the edges.

French groove In binding, the groove or channelleft by bringing the case board slightly awayfrom the shoulder of the book. Also, joint.

French sewing Plain, conventional sewing. Alsocalled section sewing.

frequency The number of repetitions per unittime of a periodic waveform. The number ofcycles per second for an electromagnetic wave-form is expressed in hertz (Hz, kHz, MHz orGHz). High frequency (hf) comes between3–30MHz, and is used mainly for long-distancecommunication. Very high frequency (VHF)comes between 30–300MHz, and is used fortelevision, FM radio broadcasting and voicecommunication. Ultra high frequency (UHF)comes between 300MHz–3GHz and is used fortelevision and voice communication.

frequency division multiplexing (FDM) Thesimultaneous transmission of many signalsthrough one medium (such as a wire) by mod-ulation at the transmitter into separable fre-quency bands.

frequency modulation (FM) A method for en-coding a carrier signal by changing the fre-quency according to the data being transmitted.

frequency modulation (FM) screening Type ofelectronically-generated screening where thedots produced are all the same or very similarminuscule size (microdots) and are spread overan area to lesser or greater degrees to give theshades of grey required. Contrast AM screening.

frequency shift keying (FSK) A modulationtechnique in which two different tones are usedto represent the 0 and 1 states of binary data.

frequently asked questions See FAQ.fret Interlaced pattern used in border and cover

design.friar Pale printed area where not enough ink has

been applied, contrast monk.friction feed Printer mechanism where the paper

is secured and fed by two rollers.

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friction glazing Form of glossy finish impartedto paper by a special calender.

frisket Device on a hand-press for holding downpaper during printing.

front end General term for all the parts of a pho-tosetting system before the output unit/image-setter, e.g. input keyboards, screens, editing ter-minals etc.

frontispiece Illustration on the page facing thetitle page of a book.

frontlist Publisher’s list of books currently beingpublished or about to be published, contrastbacklist.

frontmatter Prelims of a book.front of book Part of a periodical before the bulk

of the editorial pages, often dedicated to adver-tisements.

FSK See frequency shift keying.FSP A connectionless protocol for moving files

around networks, rather like ftp, with protec-tion against server and network overloading. Itis probable that FSP is an acronym for file serv-er protocol.

f-stop See F number.FTAM See File Transfer, Access and Management.ftp See File Transfer Protocol.ftp archive See archive site.ftp by mail A service offered by DEC so that peo-

ple without Internet access can obtain copies offiles which are available by anonymous ftp.

fudge To touch up a photograph by, e.g., air-brushing.

fugitive inks Inks which fade or change colour inunstable atmospheric conditions or in brightlight.

fulfilment Supplying a complete order.full-bound Binding style in which the case-cov-

ering material is one piece of cloth or leather.As distinct from quarter-bound, half-bound orthree-quarter bound.

full capitals or full caps Full-sized, regular capi-tals as distinct from small capitals.

full colour Four-colour process.full duplex Data transmission in both directions

simultaneously. Contrast simplex, half duplex.full duplex (FDX) Communication in which it is

possible to transmit and receive at the sametime. The usual data communications channel(the V.24 interface) between a computer and amodem is full duplex. (See also half duplex,simplex.)

full measure Complete width of a column of text.full-motion video (FMV) System used to deliver

moving images and sound on a computer.full-out Set flush with no indentations.full point See full stop.

full run All the editions of a newspaper.full stop A punctuation mark in the form of a dot

on the baseline that shows that a sentence hascome to an end. Sometimes used after initialsand abbreviations.

fully qualified domain name (FQDN) The fullname of a system, including its local hostnameand its domain name, so that ‘eps-edge’ is ahostname and ‘eps-edge.demon.co.uk’ is anFQDN. See network, network address.

function codes Codes which control the functionof a phototypesetter or output device ratherthan generating characters.

furnish The components in a paper.furniture Letterpress spacing material.fuzz Loosely bonded fibres projecting from the

surface of paper.fuzzy logic In the context of word searching, fuzzy

logic programs encompass words which look orsound very similar to the word required, e.g. asearch for the name Smith might also pull inSmithe, Smythe, Smyth, Smitt etc.

FWA Fluorescent Whitening Agent. A loadingsimilar to an OBA added to paper to increasewhiteness and brightness.

FYI For your information. A subseries of RFCswhich convey general information about topicsrelated to TCP/IP or the Internet.

Ggallery The camera department in a process

engraving house.galley An oblong metal tray for holding metal

type.galley proof Proof of typematter not made up

into page. Also known as slip proof.galvanised Inconsistent in colour or density of

printed ink.Gameboy Proprietary hand-held hardware for

running computer games.gamma A measure of contrast in photographic

processing.gamma version Preview version of an electronic

publication at the stage where everythingshould be ready for commercial release.

gang printing Running more than one job on thesame sheet.

gap 1. The space between records on disk or tape.2. The space between a read/write head andthe recording medium.

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gapless Refers to the elimination of any gap onthe printing cylinder, so allowing smaller wastetrim in the printed product and higher runningspeeds.

Garalde Generic term for the group of typefacesalso known as Old Face.

garbage Redundant programs or data.gas plasma display An alternative to the cathode

ray tube in a VDU, a gas plasma display consistsof a sealed unit made from two sheets of flatglass filled with a neon/argon gas. Conductorsare etched onto the glass plates (vertical on thefront plate, horizontal on the rear plate) andimages are formed when currents coincide atconductor junctions.

gate Part of a computer circuit which tests a pre-condition in a program, e.g. the statements‘and’ and ‘or’.

gatefold A page in a magazine or book whichfolds out to double its size.

gatekeeper See gateway supplier.Gates, Bill William Henry Gates III, Chief

Executive Officer of Microsoft, which he co-founded in 1975 with Paul Allen.

gateway A communications device or programthat passes data between networks which havesimilar functions but dissimilar implementa-tions. Should not be confused with a protocolconverter. Thus, a router is a layer 3 (networklayer) gateway, and a mail gateway is a layer 7(application layer) gateway. The term ‘router’is now used in place of the original definition of‘gateway’. Also an interface between an exter-nal source of information and a World WideWeb server. Common Gateway Interface(CGI) is a standard for such interfaces.

gateway supplier In newspaper production, anapproved prepress supplier who checks andstandardises files coming into the newspaperfrom external sources. Also gatekeeper.

GATF Graphic Arts Technical Foundation,Pittsburg, US.

gathering Collecting sheets or signatures of aprinted job into the correct sequence for bind-ing. (See also collate.)

gauge Device for measuring length, thickness orother dimensions.

gauze Thin woven fabric used to strengthenhinges in binding.

Gb Abbreviation for gigabyte.GCR See grey component replacement.gear streaks Marks on a printed sheet caused by

the gears on a press cylinder.Geek of the Week A program, broadcast over

Internet Talk Radio, in which Internet expertsare interviewed.

gelatine Water-soluble protein obtained fromanimal bones and used to make glue and sizefor coating paper.

GenCode A generic coding project set up by theUS Graphics Communications Association. Animportant precursor of SGML.

Generalised Markup Language (GML) Thegeneric markup language developed at IBM in1969; the principal precursor of SGML. Theacronym originally comprised the initials of thethree inventors, Charles Goldfarb, EdwardMosher and Raymond Lorie.

generation 1. Stage of reproduction from an orig-inal. 2. Stage of development of a technology,e.g. fourth-generation phototypesetters.

generic coding Coding the structure of a docu-ment rather than its typographical con-stituents.

generic font A font used in screen display or aproof printer to represent an entire category ofhigher-quality output fonts. To ensure that lineendings in the generic font match the eventualoutput, inter-character spacing is adjusted tocompensate for the variations in set widthbetween the generic font and the ultimate out-put font.

generic markup A method of adding informationto text, indicating the logical components of adocument, such as paragraphs, headers or foot-notes. SGML is an example of such a system.Specific instructions for layout of the text onthe page do not appear in the markup.Essentially the same as generic coding.

genre publishing Publishing a series of novelsclassified in a particular way, such as sciencefiction, mystery, romance etc.

geographical information system (GIS) Softwarethat makes possible the visualisation andmanipulation of spatial data, and links suchdata with other information such as customeror maintenance records.

geosynchronous orbit The position where com-munications satellites remain stationary in orbitabove the same point on the equator – about23300 miles above the earth’s surface. Such satel-lites may be described as ‘geostationary’.

geosynchronous satellite A satellite in geosyn-chronous orbit.

ghosting An unintended faint printed imagecaused by problematic ink conditions, normal-ly ink starvation.

Ghostscript The GNU PostScript interpreterwith previewers for a number of systems.

Ghostview An interface to the GhostscriptPostScript interpreter, which allows PostScriptfiles to be viewed in X windows.

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GIF See Graphics Interchange Format; ‘.gif’ isalso the filename extension for files in GraphicsInterchange Format.

gigabyte (Gb) One thousand million bytes. Onegigabyte of computer storage is roughly equiv-alent to 150 million words of text, or the textcontent of 2000 average-sized novels.

gigo Garbage in, garbage out. Programmer’s slangto describe bad output caused by faulty data.

gilding Decorating a binding, top edge or fore-edge of a book with gold leaf.

gilt in the round Fore-edge of a book gilded afterthe book has been rounded. Achieves bettercover than gilt in the square: gilded beforerounding.

gilt in the square Gilded before rounding.GIP Glazed imitation parchment.GIS See geographical information system.give-away Free promotional leaflet or gift.GKS See Graphical Kernel System.GKS-3D The three-dimensional version of the

Graphical Kernel System (GKS).glair Substance which bonds gold leaf to leather.glassine Tough but partially transparent paper

used for protective purposes and for overlayson artwork.

glazed Paper with a glossy or shiny finish.glazed vellum Vellum paper with a glazed sur-

face, used for decorative documents.glitch Unexpected irregularity or malfunction of

a computer.Global Network Navigator (GNN) A collection of

free services provided by publisher O’Reilly &Associates. ‘The Whole Internet Catalog’ (basedon the book by Ed Krol) discusses the most use-ful Internet resources and services and provideslive links to those resources. The ‘GNN BusinessPages’ list companies on the Internet. TheInternet ‘Help Desk’ provides help in startingInternet exploration and NetNews is a weeklypublication that gives news about the Internet.

Global Network Service (GNS) The servicewhich connects national PSS services.Formerly known as International PacketSwitchStream (IPSS).

global search and replace The facility of a com-puter program to find all examples of a word orgroup of words in a file and replace them withan alternative.

Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM) The standard for digital cellular com-munications, which is in the process of beingadopted by over 60 countries. The GSM stan-dard is currently used in the 900 MHz and 1800MHz bands.

gloss Smooth, shiny finish.

gloss art Shiny artpaper as opposed to matt art orcoated cartridge which have a dull finish.

glossary Alphabetically arranged list of termsand their meanings.

glossy Photographic print with a glossy surface.glueability Measure of speed of paper adhesive

bonding and its strength.glyph A sculpted character or symbol with refer-

ence to the character’s shape rather than its iden-tity within a character set. Whether two repre-sentations of the same character in two differentGlyphic fonts constitute one or two glyphs isnot agreed, so, for example, the sans-serif ‘g’s inthe typefaces Arial and Helvetica might beregarded as two glyphs or two representations ofthe same glyph.

Glyphic BS 2961 classification for typefaces basedon a chiselled rather than a calligraphic form,usually used in display sizes. Examples areAlbertus, Chisel, Festival, Latin.

glytch Program error.GML See Generalised Markup Language.GNN See Global Network Navigator.GNS See Global Network Service.GNU Acronym standing for ‘GNU’s Not Unix!’,

the Free Software Foundation’s project to pro-vide a freely distributable replacement forUnix, including GNU Emacs, the GNU C com-piler, gzip and much more. GNU software isavailable from many GNU archive sites.

go back N A datalink layer communications pro-tocol which allows retransmission of faultyblocks.

goldenrod paper Opaque orange paper on whichfilm is assembled for platemaking.

golden section or golden rectangle Perfect pageproportions, based on the ratio of 34:21.

gold foil Paper with a foil coating. ‘Gold leaf’comprises thin sheets of real gold.

golfball typewriter Typewriter using a replace-able spherical head, or ‘golfball’. Each golfballrepresents one typeface.

Gopher A menu-driven hierarchical documentretrieval system, which began as a campuswide information system (CWIS) at theUniversity of Minnesota and is now availableover the Internet. Gopher allows a singleGopher client to access information from anyaccessible Gopher server, providing the userwith a single ‘Gopher space’ of information.Gopher has been largely superseded by theWorld Wide Web, which includes access toGopher documents as one of its protocols.

Gopher client A program which runs on the localmachine and provides a user interface to theGopher protocol.

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GOSIP See Government Open Systems Inter-connection Profile.

gothic See black letter.Goudy Old face type designed by American

typographer Frederic Goudy.gouge Tool used to make a groove or indentation

for decorative lines on a book cover.Gouraud shading A method of surface shading

or rendering used in animation to make thesurface of rounded objects look smoother andmore natural. (See also Phong shading.)

Government Open Systems InterconnectionProfile (GOSIP) Used by both US and UKgovernments. A procurement specification forOSI protocols, although the protocols used bythe two governments are not identical.

gradient fill Another term for a graduated fill.graduated fill A gradual shift from one colour to

another, from a dark tone to a light one in anobject fill. An ideal graduated fill avoids band-ing. (See also Gouraud shading, Phong shad-ing.)

grain direction Direction of fibres in a sheet ofpaper. Long grain describes fibres running par-allel with the longest side of a sheet; shortgrain along the shortest side. (See also machinedirection.)

graining 1. Mechanical roughening of a lithoplate to retain water. 2. Treatment of paper,board, or laminated board to give a texturedeffect.

grainy Photographic film or print with coarsegrain visible usually due to high speed of film.

grainy edge Surface roughness on edges of webcaused in the drying process.

gram Metric unit of weight.grammage Weight of paper expressed as grams

per square metre.Graphical Kernel System (GKS) A standard for

outline graphical input/output. (See alsoPHIGS.)

graphical user interface (GUI) (Pronounced‘goo-ey’.) An interface that allows users tochoose commands and other options by point-ing to a graphical icon or by pulling down amenu and then activating the choice, either byusing the keyboard or by clicking with amouse. Provides what is often thought of as amore user-friendly approach than a commandline interface. A GUI runs under a windowingsystem, such as X windows, MicrosoftWindows or Macintosh. Although the AppleMacintosh operating system was the first com-mercially available GUI, the concept originatedin the early 1970s at Xerox PARC with theXerox Star. (See also WIMP, WYSIWYG.)

graphic boundary In DTP, the dotted line setaround a graphic which defines the boundaryup to which text can flow. (See also standoff.)

graphic file format The format in which graphicsare stored and transmitted. There are two maintypes: raster or bitmap graphics (in which theimage is stored as a bitmap) and vector or out-line graphics (in which the image is storedusing geometric formulae). There are many dif-ferent file formats, some of which are used byspecific computers, operating systems or appli-cations. Some formats use file compression,particularly those which handle colour.

graphic papers Papers for printing or writing.graphics The creation, modification and manipula-

tion of (usually static) graphic images. The twobasic forms are bitmap or raster graphics, andvector graphics. In general, bitmapped graphicsare handled using paint programs, able to accessindividual pixels or groups of pixels, while vec-tor graphics are handled using draw programs,which allow the manipulation of graphics asmathematical objects. A third way of represent-ing images uses fractals. Graphics are stored in awide variety of graphic file formats.

graphics adapter See display adapter.graphics-based software Software which requires

a graphical user interface (GUI) for it to be ableto operate, unlike ‘character-based’ or ‘text-based’ software, which can be operated using acommand line interface. The Macintosh isgraphics-based, while PCs and Unix requireWindows or X windows software to allow themto be run in graphics mode. Graphics-based soft-ware allows operation in WYSIWYG mode, sotheoretically anything can be shown on thescreen, subject to resolution and colour limi-tations.

graphics display terminal A VDU capable of dis-playing pictures in line or tone in addition totext.

graphics insertion Text and pictures photoset inone operation.

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) (Pro-nounced with a hard ‘G’, as in ‘gift’.) A graph-ic file format in which images are compressedwith the Lempel-Ziv Welch algorithm. It wasoriginally developed by CompuServe and iswidely used for images in online services andparticularly the World Wide Web.

graphics primitive In a vector (object-oriented)graphics program, one of the basic graphicunits, e.g. circle, rectangle, line.

graphics scanner An input device, which allowsimages on paper to be input into computer sys-tems as bitmap graphics files.

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graphics tablet An input device in which a stylusor cursor is moved by hand over a flat surface.The computer keeps track of the position of thestylus, making it possible to input drawings ordiagrams. Graphics tablets are generally usedwith graphics programs, though they can beused instead of a mouse with most programs.Some graphics tablets are sensitive to pressure,so that with appropriate graphics software theline thickness can be recorded. Recent develop-ments in handwriting recognition may lead towider use of graphics tablets.

grater roller Roller on a web-offset press whichcarries the web. (See also air bar.)

grave accent Small sign placed over a vowel toalter the pronounciation to a specific phoneticsound.

graver Engraving tool.gravure Process in which recesses on a cylinder

are filled with ink and the surplus removedwith a blade. The paper contacts the cylinderand ‘lifts’ the ink from the recesses. Used forlong-run magazines and catalogues.

gray scale See grey scale. ‘Gray’ is the USspelling and is widely used.

greaseproof Translucent paper with high resis-tance to grease penetration.

great primer Obsolete term for 18pt type.Great Worm See Internet worm.greeked text Simulated text used to display small

type on a screen. Line breaks in greeked textcorrespond to the correct breaks in the text sim-ulated.

Green Book See rainbow series.grey balance The ability to print a neutral grey

from four-colour printing plates with nocoloured tinges showing through. Monitoredby a grey balance patch on colour bars.

grey board or Dutch grey board Homogenouscase board made from newsprint furnish. Greyboard or unlined chipboard are the normalboards used for case-making. Millboard isused for specific heavy-duty bindings, e.g. sta-tionery or archive bindings.

Grey Book The document defining the electron-ic mail protocol used in the JANET ColouredBooks software suite.

grey component replacement (GCR) Colour sepa-rations where the black printer carries moredetail than with conventional separations andthe tertiary, or complementary, elements of anycolour hue are removed. Also called ICR (inte-grated colour removal) or achromatic separa-tion.

grey levels Separate tones of grey reflecting backfrom a continuous-tone original. Grey levels

are frequently defined computer terms in 256steps from pure white to pure black, each stepidentified by a different 8-bit number. Thegrey-level value of each pixel of an original issampled by an analyse scanner in scanning anoriginal and allocated its grey level value asone of these 256 steps. See grey scale.

grey scale The use of (discrete) shades of grey, fromblack to white, to represent an image. If the pix-els of a grey-scale image have N bits, then 2N - 1

levels can be represented. If N = 1 the image ismonochrome, i.e. black and white. Grey-scalemonitors represent pixels by using differentintensities, often with up to 256 different levels.Grey scaling is used to represent continuoustone images. (Note the difference from dither-ing.) The US spelling of grey is ‘gray’.

grid 1. Sheet with ruled lines used to ensuresquare makeup of photocomposed material. 2.Systematic division of a page into type areasand positions for other regularly occurring fea-tures (headline, folios etc.). Sometimes printedin drop-out blue and used for camera-paste-uppurposes.

grinder Machine that crushes wood in the firststep of the papermaking process.

grip Margins needed at the feed edge of a sheetof paper for the grippers on the press. Alsogripper edge and gripper margin.

gripper edge See pitch edge.grippers Metal fingers that position the paper

and pull it through the printing press.groove Space at the book’s hinge, between the

cover board and the spine, which shouldenable the book to lie flat when open.

gross profit Monies remaining after direct costshave been subtracted from revenue.

grotesque Form of sans serif typeface.ground An electrical connection or common con-

ductor connected to the earth. Also known asthe ‘earth wire’.

grounded Connected to the earth.groundstation (Also known as ‘earth station’.) A

communications and control installation onearth for a satellite relay.

groundwood American term for mechanical pulp.groundwood sheet Mechanical paper (US).Group 3 fax The standard which is currently

widely used for facsimile over PSTN. It oper-ates at 9600 bps and approximately 200 dpi res-olution. The average transmission time of anA4 page is about 30 seconds.

Group 4 fax The standard for facsimile over pri-mary rate ISDN. Compared with Group 3, itoffers better resolution, more grey levels andimproved error-correction and data-compression

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facilities. It also provides for colour. (See alsoJoint Bi-level Image Experts Group (JBIG).)

group addressing Addressing a message to agroup of addresses. Makes multicasting pos-sible.

groupware General applications software intend-ed to help groups of people working togetherover a network to co-ordinate and organise theiractivities (workgroup computing). Such soft-ware usually includes electronic mail facilitiesand scheduling programs and may also allowcomputer conferencing and audioconferencing,audiographic teleconferencing and videocon-ferencing. (See also CSCW, Lotus Notes.)

GSM See Global System for Mobile Communi-cations.

gsm or g/m2 Grams per square metre: themeasure of substance of paper or board.

guard Linen or paper put on the back of a booksection to provide additional strength. Theprocess of doing this is known as ‘guarding asection’. The first and last sections of a heavyreference work may be ‘guarded’ in this way.

GUI See graphical user interface.guide Non-printing line in DTP used to align

content.guideline Line on artwork indicating the print-

ing area. Also, keyline.Guidon Viewer software for SGML documents,

developed for OCLC and used for the world’sfirst purely electronic refereed journal, ‘ClinicalTrials’. Now no longer used by OCLC, which ismoving journals to the World Wide Web.

guillemets Arrow-shaped quotation marks notused in English. See duck-foot quotes.

guillotine Machine which cuts paper into sheets.Programmatic guillotines can perform a wholeseries of measured cuts without re-setting foreach measurement.

gum arabic Gum exuded by some acacia treesused for the adhesive layer on a stamp, label etc.

gummed paper Paper coated on one side withadhesive.

gumming Applying adhesive to paper.gum up To apply gum arabic to a litho plate.

Gum arabic protects the image area and pre-vents oxidation.

gun The component of a cathode ray tube thatprovides a continuous stream of electrons. Amonochrome display will require a single gunwhile colour displays must be provided withthree, one each for red, green and blue.

gunzip Decompression utility for files com-pressed with gzip.

gusseting Waving occurring at the heads of un-trimmed signatures.

Gutenberg Project See Project Gutenberg.gutter Binding margin of a book.GWHIS A commercial version of NCSA Mosaic

for Microsoft Windows 3.x and Windows forWorkgroups, released by Quadralay Corp-oration.

gypsum Mineral from which plaster of Paris ismade, used in papermaking as a loading.

gzip The GNU compression utility, developed bythe Free Software Foundation. Uses Lempel-Ziv LZ77 compression. Compressed files canbe restored to their original form using gzipdor gunzip. All GNU compressed files availableby anonymous ftp are in gzip format and theirnames end in ‘.gz’.

gzipd Decompressor for gzip.

HH.120 A standard for video compression at

transfer rates of 2 Mbps, now superseded by(and not compatible with) the newer H.261 setof standards.

H.261 A video compression standard developedby ITU-T to work with ISDN principally to sup-port videophone and videoconferencing appli-cations. Data can be compressed on the fly at therate of 64p kbps, where ‘p’ is the number ofISDN channels used (from 1 to 30). The standardincludes a system of frame difference, so thateach frame in a video sequence is encoded onlyas the differences between it and the precedingframe, thus saving space. Now part of H.320.

H.320 A recent ITU-T standard embracing theH.261 video compression standard. Used inmost videoconferencing systems.

hache Symbol either meaning a number or indi-cating a space is required.

hack In journalism, someone who writes toorder, contrast investigative journalist.

hacker One who gains unauthorised access tomachines or networks, often with maliciousintent. Originally, a computer enthusiast.

hair cut Curved cut in a web on a papermakingmachine.

hairline Very fine line or stroke in a letter.Hairline register is colour register within ± halfa row of dots.

hair spaces Very thin letterpress spaces usedbetween letters in a word.

halation Blurred halo effect in the highlight areas

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of a photo, caused by reflection back from theemulsion substrate.

half-binding Type of bookbinding in which thespine and corners are bound with a differenttype of material to the cloth or paper coveringthe rest.

half-bound Book case binding style: covered inone material on the spine and corners and anoth-er material (paper or cloth) on the remainder.

half duplex Asynchronous communication inwhich data can be relayed in only one directionat a time. Two-way transmission is possible butthe transmissions must be alternate.

half leather bound Book bound with leatherbinding on the spine, part of the front andback, and the corners.

half page Advertisement occupying half a peri-odical page, horizontally or vertically.

half plate Photo measuring 634 inches.half sheet work See work and turn.half-size press Printing press designed for a

maximum sheet approximately 71031010mm(280 3400), i.e. half the size of a quad sheet.(See also mini-web.)

half stuff Paper pulp that is ready for the beater.half title Title of book, sometimes shortened,

printed on the first right-hand page in the book– the half-title page. Sometimes called bastardtitle.

half-tone Illustration created by dots of varyingsize, resulting in the appearance of continuoustone. Therefore, ‘half-tone negative’ and ‘half-tone positive’.

half-tone screen 1. Cross-ruled film or glass plateused to create half-tone dots. Dot formationscan be round, elliptical, rectangular, or pin-cushion. 2. The same effect ahieved throughsoftware.

half-up Instruction to prepare artwork at 150%of final size.

HALGOL A simple language developed byHewlett-Packard for communicating withdevices such as modems and X.25 PADs.

halide Silver compound used to put a light-sen-sitive coating on photographic film and paper.

halo effect Build-up of ink at edges of printedletters and half-tone dots, creating a darkerperimeter to the dot.

hamming code Extra bits added to transmitteddata in order to improve error detection andcorrection. Hamming codes are used with datasent from space probes, since requestingretransmission is not very practical because ofthe long delays involved.

handbill Publicity sheet, normally printed onone side only, for delivery by hand.

H&J Abbreviation used for hyphenation andjustification.

handle A nickname used online. The term istaken from CB (community broadcast) radio.

handles In DTP, those areas of a selected item oftext or of a graphic which can be clicked andheld so that the selected subject can be actedupon. Examples are the eight small solid rec-tangles which surround a selected shape: thetwo small rectangles at the ends of a selectedline; the horizontal lines with loops at the topand bottom of a selected text block (called win-dowshade handles) etc.

Handle System A distributed and scalable sys-tem developed by the US Corporation forNational Research Initiatives (CNRI) for stor-ing the names of digital objects and the infor-mation needed to locate those objects via theInternet. (See also Digital Object Identifier(DOI).)

handling stiffness Rigidity of paper when held,e.g. stiffness of a newspaper held by the reader.

handmade paper Paper made by hand in amould. Decorative content can be introducedinto the pulp. The edges are deckled.

handout Publicity leaflet for handing out on thestreet, at exhibitions etc.

hand setting Making up lines of metal type byhand, usually in a composing stick.

handshake A data communications techniqueconsisting of prearranged signals which moni-tor the transmission of data by halting andrestarting the flow as necessary and ensuringthe integrity of the whole.

handshaking An electronic exchange betweentwo devices which confirms that they are com-municating with each other and establishes thecommunications channels and protocols neces-sary for the devices to send and receive data.Hardware handshaking uses voltage levels orpulses on wires to carry the handshaking sig-nals, whereas software handshaking uses dataunits, i.e. ASCII characters, carried by someunderlying communication medium. Hand-shaking is also used to control the flow of data:two devices use a handshaking signal to stay insync with one another.

hanging indent Typesetting style in which thefirst line of a paragraph is set full out and theremainder are indented.

hanging punctuation Punctuation marks at theend of justified lines which are allowed to jutout very slightly in order to give a visuallystraight right-hand edge to a column or page.Effect achievable only on sophisticatedhyphenation and justification programs.

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hardback Book bound in a stiff cover, or casedbinding.

hard-bound See case-bound.hard carriage return A carriage return that is

inserted by the user, i.e. at the end of a para-graph, rather than the soft carriage returninserted by software.

hard copy Copy written, typed or printed as dis-tinct from stored in electronic form.

hardcover See case-bound.hard disk A rigid magnetic storage disk capable

of higher data density and speed than floppydisks. See floppy disk, Winchester disk.

hard-dot positives Film produced either by con-tact or by direct laser scanning where the dotedges are hard and can be retouched by handto a limited extent.

hard-hyphen Hyphen essential to the spelling ofa word. Contrast soft hyphen or discretionaryhyphen.

hardness Resistance of paper to indentation byprinting plate, type or pen.

hard-sectored Pertaining to floppy disks physi-cally divided into sectors by means of indexholes in the disk surface. Compare soft-sec-tored.

hard-sized Paper with a high degree of sizing.hardware Computer term for equipment as dis-

tinct from programs.hardware flow control An alternative term for

hardware handshaking.hardware handshaking A technique for regulat-

ing the flow of data across an interface bymeans of signals carried on separate wires. Acommon example is the use of RTS (request tosend) and CTS (clear to send) signals on anRS-232 serial line. (See also handshaking,software handshaking.)

hard-wired Circuit or program as constructed bythe manufacturer of a piece of hardware andwhich cannot be changed.

hardwood Wood from some deciduous trees (notconifers).

hardwood pulp Pulp made from hardwood(deciduous) trees, e.g. oak, beech, birch, euca-lyptus. As distinct from softwood pulp.

harlequin Ornamented typographical character.Hart’s Rules A reference book of rules for

spelling, hyphenation and punctuation, widelyused by most printers and publishers in theUK. It was originally written for staff at OxfordUniversity Press.

Harvard system System of displaying biblio-graphical references which originated inHarvard University. References in the text arecited as author and year of publication (rather

than a simple number in the Vancouver sys-tem), and the full references are at the end ofthe section displayed in alphabetical order.Also called author-date system.

hash or hash code An index number, otherwisemeaningless, that is generated from a list orseries of pointers.

hash table An array of pointers used to providerapid access to data items which are distin-guished by some key. Used, e.g., in compres-sion algorithms.

hatch Draw closely spaced lines in a drawing togive the effect of tone.

Hayes AT command set The de facto standardaccording to which almost all modems aredesigned today. Each command is preceded bythe attention code (AT). A listing of the fullcommand set will be found in the manual ofany modem which is Hayes compatible.

Hayes compatible The term used to indicate thata modem is able to understand the Hayes ATcommand set, which has become the de factostandard according to which almost allmodems are now designed.

HCI See human-computer interaction, human-computer interface.

HCOM An Apple Macintosh audio formatHDLC See high-level data link control.HD-MAC See high-definition multiplexed ana-

logue coder.HDTV See high-definition television.head 1. Top or top margin of a page. 2. Heading.headband Cotton or silk cord attached to the top

of the back of a book. (See also tailband.)headbox The part of a papermaking machine

which dispenses the stock on the moving wire.headcap The ends of leather binding on the spine

that are folded in and tucked into the spine.head end A broadband network component that

converts the transmit frequency band to thereceive frequency band, making it possible forstations to transmit and receive over a single-cable network.

header The portion of a packet, preceding theactual data, containing source and destinationaddresses, error checking and other fields. Alsoused to describe the part of an electronic mailmessage or news article that precedes the bodyof a message and includes the sender’s nameand email address and the date and time themessage was sent. In conventional books it issometimes used to describe the running head-line appearing at the top of each page. (See alsofooter.)

heading 1. Title of a section or chapter in a work,set in displayed type. 2. See headline.

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headline A displayed line or lines at the top of apage or a piece of text. (See also running head.)

HeadLiner A World Wide Web push technology,similar to BackWeb and Castanet, providingpersonalised delivery of public information,such as news. Similar, but not identical, toPointCast.

headliner Typesetting machine used for produc-ing display setting.

head margin The white space above the first lineon a page.

head-mounted display (HMD) A stereoscopicset of goggles, with a separate display for eacheye, used in virtual reality systems to give theuser the impression that he or she is actually inthe virtual world created by the virtual realityapplication.

headpiece Ornamental design at the head of achapter.

head-to-head, head-to-tail Alternative imposi-tion schemes for a pair of books or printed cov-ers/jackets, which are printed as one, and cutapart at the final stage.

headword Word that forms the heading for anentry in a dictionary or encyclopedia.

heat-resistant splice Join in paper which willresist the heat of a heatset press.

heat sealing Closing plastic bags by semi-melt-ing techniques.

heat seal paper Paper coated on one side withadhesive activated by heat.

heat sensitive Paper which responds to heat insuch a way that it can attract an image or oth-erwise be used for reproductive purposes.

heatset Drying of ink on paper using heat, on aweb-offset machine. Hence heatset inks.

heat sink Material employed to conduct heataway from a component.

heat transfer Transfer of ink from paper to anoth-er material (e.g. fabric) by heat and pressure.Special paper and ink are necessary.

hectograph Machine that makes copies by usinggelatine plates to take impressions of the mas-ter copy.

height to paper Standard height of letterpresstype and blocks. Varies from country to country.

helical scan A way of writing data to a video tapeor digital audio tape (DAT).

help A method of providing information to theuser. Often hypertext-linked to the applicationitself and to an index. Usually also includes asearch facility.

Hempel quoins Expandable wedges used to lockup letterpress formes.

hemp fibre Papermaking fibre made from ropeor from the hemp plant.

HEPnet An association concerned with network-ing requirements for high-energy physicists.

Hercules graphics adaptor (HGA) Standarddeveloped by the Hercules Corporation forhigh-resolution mono graphics adaptor thatdisplays text or graphics at a resolution of7203348 pixels.

Hermes UK teletext and electronic mail system.hertz (Hz) A measure of frequency. One hertz is

one cycle per second; 1kHz = 1000Hz; 1MHz =1 000 000Hz. (See also bandwidth.)

heterogeneous network A network runningmore than one network layer protocol.

Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (HPGL) Avector graphics language originally used byHewlett-Packard plotters. Now HPGL has beenincorporated into PCL Level 5, used to controlHP LaserJet printers.

hexadecimal or hex A numeric notation schemewith a base of 16. In hex, decimals 0–15 become00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B, 0C,0D, 0E, 0F. Decimal 16 is then 10; decimal 17 is11; decimal 27 is 1B; and so on.

hf See high frequency.HGA See Hercules graphics adaptor.hickey Spot on a printed sheet caused by dust,

lint or ink imperfections. Particularly notice-able in solids, large type half-tones, tints etc.

hierarchical addressing and routing When a net-work is divided into a hierarchy of smaller net-works, each level can be made responsible forits own routing. Internet addresses, or fullyqualified domain names, have a hierarchicalform, which reflects this hierarchical routing.Names on the Internet are little-endian, whilenames on JANET are big-endian (although, inorder to avoid confusion, JANET addresses areoften given as little-endian). (See also ExteriorGateway Protocol, protocol, Interior GatewayProtocol.)

hierarchy An inverted tree structure. Examplesin computing include: a directory hierarchywhere each directory may contain files or otherdirectories; a hierarchical network; a class hier-archy in object-oriented programming (OOP);and the structure of a Document TypeDefinition (DTD) in SGML.

high-definition multiplexed analogue coder (HD-MAC) A high-definition television (HDTV)standard used in Europe. (See also MUSE.)

high-definition television (HDTV) Has twicethe resolution of normal television, giving avery clear picture at about 1200 lines per screenwith a height-to-width ratio of 3:4. HD-MAC isthe standard in Europe, while commercialMUSE services are run in Japan.

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high-density plastic Thin, strong plastic filmused for wrapping magazines where weight iscritical.

high frequency (hf) (Also known as the short-wave band.) The part of the electromagneticspectrum between about 3–30 MHz, which isused mainly for long-distance communication.

high key Tonal values lighter than mid-grey.high-level ASCII or extended ASCII The term

often used to describe characters with codenumbers from 128 to 255, as the true (‘basic’,plain, flat) ASCII character set only includesthe characters from 0 to 127. Because there is nostandard for extra characters, DOS, Windowsand the Macintosh each assign different char-acters to the high-level ASCII code numbers,although generally they are used for accentedcharacters and other commonly used symbols.See ANSI character set.

high-level data link control (HDLC) A bit-ori-ented data link control protocol specified byISO for transmitting variable-length packetsover a datalink. Functionally equivalent toADCCP.

high-level language A computer programminglanguage which uses English-language instruc-tions. Use of a high-level language thenrequires a translator program within the com-puter to convert these instructions from high-level language into machine-code. See alsolow-level language.

highlights Lightest tonal values in a half-tone.high resolution High density of detail. Is often

used to describe the numbers of pixels or dotsper unit area in an image. The higher the reso-lution, the more information there is in a givenamount of visual space.

high-resolution or high-res Capability to displayor detect a vast number of pixels in a unit area.

High Sierra standard A standard defining the filesystem for CD-ROMs. It is equivalent to ISO9660. The name derives from the name of thehotel where a significant meeting to agree onthe standard took place.

high spaces Letterpress spaces cast to shoulderheight of type and used in formes for stereo-typing.

high speed Data communications speeds above9600 bits per second, being in excess of speedsnormally attainable via voice-grade circuitry.

highspeed skip Rapid movement in a printerwhich enables it to skip over the perforations incontinuous stationery.

high-yield pulp Synonym for CTMP, or chemi-thermomechanical pulp.

hinge Line which allows a bookcover to bend

where the front or back is joined to the spine,strengthened in cased books by a strip ofgauze.

hinged style Type of paperback binding cutflush, where the cover is creased to facilitateopening.

hinting A method developed by Adobe Systems,Inc. to reduce the effects of aliasing when out-line fonts are printed. It uses a series of priori-ties, either encoded as extra information in thefont or applied using set mathematical formu-lae, to correct noticeable distortions, such asuneven stem weight. PostScript Type 1 andTrueType fonts are hinted. Hinting is onlyrequired for small characters or for printerswith a low resolution when the presence orabsence of a single dot makes a visible differ-ence to a character.

histogram Graph with values depicted as verti-cal rectangles drawn from the baseline.

HLS See hue, lightness and saturation. Amethod of representing colour in computergraphics. (See also RGB, HSV.)

HMD See head-mounted display.hold Retain matter for subsequent use.holding fee Also called a blocking fee. The fee

charged by a picture library when a picture isretained by a client beyond the agreed period.

holding lines Design lines which indicate thearea of a piece of artwork on a page (US).

holdout Resistance to ink absorption of a paper.Holland cloth Smooth, hardwearing linen used

to strengthen hinges.hollow 1. Space between the case and the back of

the sewn sections in a hardbound book. 2. Byextension, the material used for reinforcing theinside spine of a case. Examples include aboard hollow, presspahn hollow, Oxford hol-low.

hologram or holograph A three-dimensionalimage created by lasers.

holography A method of recording and thenreconstructing three-dimensional images(holograms) using coherent light beams fromlasers. The laser beam is split into two and onepart used to illuminate the object. The lightwaves scattered by the object are then recom-bined with the other, reference, part of the orig-inal beam and the interference pattern thus cre-ated is stored as a hologram on a photographicplate. When the hologram is illuminated athree-dimensional image is created.

home page (Sometimes called a ‘welcome page’.)The first page accessed on the Web site of anindividual or institution on the World WideWeb. This may have a URL that consists of just

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a hostname, e.g. ‘http://www.pira.co.uk’. Allother pages on a server are usually accessibleby following links from the home page. Therecan also be links to other home pages. It is alsoused to describe the page that is fetched whena user starts his or her browser.

homogenous A homogenous board is made on aFourdinier machine of one furnish throughout.A pasteboard is made up of two or more plysof different papers or homogenous boardswhich are pasted together.

honorarium Voluntary payment made to a pro-fessional person who has not charged a fee.

hooked An illustration or plate can be hooked ina book by folding the paper along the edge andwrapping the edge round the outside of a sec-tion. The illustration/plate is then secured withthat section in the binding.

hop One of a series of file transmissions requiredto get a file from point A to point B on a store-and-forward network. On such networks, e.g.UUCPNET and FidoNET, an important metricis the number of hops (number of network seg-ments or routers passed through) in the short-est path between machines, irrespective of theirgeographical separation. (See also bang path.)

hopper Station on a machine (especially in bind-ing) where printed sections are stacked anddropped onto a conveyer belt.

horizontal format US. Book format where topand bottom edges are longer than the spine andfore-edge. UK: known as landscape format.

host A computer system which provides servicesto users of a network. Also a computer towhich one connects using a terminal emulator.

hostname The unique name by which a comput-er is known on a network.

host number The host part of an Internetaddress.

hot-ground pulp Paper pulp that has beenground using very little water, so that the pulpbecomes hotter.

HotJava A World Wide Web viewer developedby Sun Microsystems and written in the Javaobject-oriented language. It is able to pulldown applets, applications also written inJava, from the server on the fly in order to per-form specific tasks, such as viewing an MPEGmovie, if no MPEG viewer already exists on theclient system. Java is now implemented inother viewers such as Netscape Navigator.

hotlink See link. Also a mechanism for sharingdata between two application programs wherechanges to the data made by one applicationappear instantly in the other’s copy.

hotlist A list of documents which the user wish-

es to access frequently, stored as part of the set-up in a World Wide Web viewer, such asNetscape. Clicking on the name of the docu-ment (strictly speaking, its URL) will activate alink to that document and fetch it to the screen.(See also bookmark.)

hotmelt Type of synthetic resin adhesive used inperfect binding. Can be used alone (one-shotbinding) or in conjunction with PVA (two-shotbinding).

HoTMetaL Editing and parsing software fromSoftQuad which enables the user to create andedit documents coded in HTML and conform-ing to the HTML Document Type Definition(DTD). HoTMetaL is a specialised version of themore general Author/Editor software for creat-ing and editing SGML-conforming documents.

hot metal composition or hot type Typesettingwhere instructions for setting characters, wholewords or lines of type using molten metal arefed to the setting machine by perforated tapeproduced by the compositor’s keyboard.

hot-pressed paper Paper that is made smooth bybeing pressed between heated metal plates.

hot-pressing Using a hot stamp to block lettersonto a cover.

hot spot The active location of a cursor on abitmap display. Also described as a screen regionthat is sensitive to mouse clicks, which triggersome action, often to activate a link to anotherapplication or another part of a document. Usedwidely in hypertext applications and now inWorld Wide Web viewers to access other docu-ments or applications, such as email or ftp.

house advertisement Filler advertisement forperiodical’s own company.

house copies Copies of a magazine for use with-in the publishing house rather than for sale.

house corrections Errors introduced by the type-setter and either corrected before proofs aresent to the customer, or marked on the cus-tomer’s proofs for his attention.

housekeeping File initialisation, creation, main-tenance and back-up tasks.

house style See style of the house.HPGL See Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language.hqx The filename extension for Macintosh

BinHex format files.H series The series of ITU-T recommendations

governing audio-visual services, includingvideo compression. Some of the most signicantare given separately.

HSV Hue, saturation and value (or brightness).A method of representing colour in computergraphics. (See also RGB, HLS.)

HSWO Heatset web-offset.

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HTML See HyperText Markup Language.HTML-3 The 1997 version of HTML.HTML-4 The current (1999) version of HTML.HTTP See HyperText Transfer Protocol.HTTPS See HyperText Transmissiom Protocol

(Secure).hub A device or computer to which several other

devices are connected (like spokes to the hub ofa wheel). The central node of a network. Hubsprovide flexibility in logical interconnection ofnetworks and data equipment.

Hubnet A 50 Mbps fibre-optic network devel-oped at Toronto University.

hue Essentially, a representation of how colour isperceived, based on the artist’s colour wheelfrom violet to red (red and violet then beingadjacent). The relationship between hues isthus represented in terms of the number ofdegrees separating them on the colour wheel.

Huffman coding A data compression technique,first described by D A Huffman in 1952, inwhich the length of the encoded symbol variesin inverse proportion to its information con-tent. Thus the more often a symbol or token isused, the shorter the binary string used to rep-resent it in the compressed stream.

human-computer interaction (HCI) The study ofhow humans use computers and of the designof computer systems to make them easy, quickand productive for people to use. (See alsouser-friendly, human-computer interface.)

human-computer interface Any tool or utilitywhich allows a user to interact with a comput-er, e.g. WIMP, command line interface or evenvirtual reality.

Humanist Generic term for Venetian-style type-faces.

humidification Addition of water vapour to air.humidity Quantity of water vapour in the atmos-

phere. (See also absolute humidity and rela-tive humidity.)

Hunter Lab values American scales, used tomeasure colour.

hybrid computer One which has elements ofboth digital and analogue computers.

hydrapulper Large circular metal tank in whichdry pulp is mixed with water, and other ingre-dients added, in the first stages of papermak-ing. The stock from the hydrapulper passes onfor refining in a cone refiner system prior torelease to the paper machine.

hydration Pulp state where water does not drainaway through the mesh.

hygro-expansivity Growth or shrinkage of paperdue to moisture content. Hence also ‘hygro-instability’.

hygrometer Instrument used to measure relativehumidity.

hygrometry Measurement of humidity.hygroscopic Absorbing moisture.HyperCard Software for information storage and

retrieval on the Macintosh. Consists of a ‘stack’of ‘cards’, each of which can hold text, graph-ics, sound, animation etc., together with linksto other cards. HyperCard is very similar tohypertext, although it does not conform to therigorous definition of hypertext. (See alsoHyperTalk.)

Hyper-G Now called HyperWave. An advancedWorld Wide Web server technology, based onan object-oriented database, developed espe-cially for hypermedia at the University of Graz,Austria. Hyper-G provides tools for structur-ing, maintaining and serving heterogeneousmultimedia data, including automatic hyper-link consistency and advanced navigationtools. As HyperWave, it includes authoringutilities (Harmony for Unix and Amadeus forWindows).

hyperlink A hypertext link. A reference fromsome point in one hypertext document toanother document or another place in the samedocument. A hyperlink is usually displayed insome distinguishing way, such as a differentcolour, font or style, or even as a symbol orgraphic.

hypermedia A combination of hypertext andmultimedia, or the extension of hypertext toinclude graphics, sound, video and other kindsof data. (See also HyperText MarkupLanguage, World Wide Web, HyTime.)

HyperNeWS A hypertext system developed atthe Turing Institute, Glasgow, based on NeWS.

HyperTalk The programming language whichcan be used to control HyperCard stacks.

hypertext A term, used originally by Ted Nelsonas part of his vision ‘Xanadu’ in the mid-1960s,to describe a collection of documents (ornodes) containing cross-references or links sothat, with the aid of an interactive browser pro-gram, the reader can move easily from one doc-ument to another in a non-sequential manner.Although Xanadu is still in existence, theWorld Wide Web is now the most widely usedimplementation of hypertext. See hypermedia.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Theunderlying hypertext language of the WorldWide Web. HTML is based on an SGMLDocument Type Definition (DTD). HTML canbe viewed using one of a number of viewers, orclients, the best known of which are InternetExplorer and Netscape. In addition, browser

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extensions or plug-ins provide extra function-ality. A fairly recent development is CascadingStyle Sheets, which allow typographic andlayout information to be embedded in anHTML document. (See also XML.)

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The client-server TCP/IP protocol used on the WorldWide Web for the exchange of HTML docu-ments. (See also uniform resource locator(URL).)

HyperText Transmission Protocol (Secure)(HTTPS) A URL access method, used byNetscape, for connecting to HTTP serversusing SSL (secure sockets layer), which runsunderneath HTTP. See secure HTTP.

HyperWave See Hyper-G.Hyphen The (UK) company which produced the

first commercial PostScript clone. This wasprincipally used for high-resolution output onimagesetters.

hyphenation Literally, the use of a hyphen toconnect two words or numbers. In typography,however, it is usually employed to mean theuse of a hyphen at the end of a text line (usual-ly when justification is also used, hence H&Jas an abbreviation for hyphenation and justifi-cation) to indicate that a word does not fit com-pletely on that line and the remainder is at thebeginning of the next line. There is much dis-cussion of the merits of hyphenation in printeddocuments. In electronic documents, particu-larly those where the lines wrap on screen asthe window or type size is changed, justifica-tion (and thus in most cases hyphenation) isnot used.

hyphenation exception dictionary Wordproces-sing and typesetting programmes have dictio-naries, held in computer memory, which allowwords to be hyphenated according to a generallogic. This may cause certain words to break atan unacceptable point. A hyphenation exceptiondictionary allows the user to override the normallogic and allocate discretionary hyphen pointsfor a given word. Subsequently, when the pro-gramme needs to break a word at the end of aline, it will first refer to its hyphenation exceptiondictionary to see if the word is there and, if so,will break it at one of these points. If the word isnot in the dictionary, it will break it according tothe rules of logic programmed in it.

hyphenation logic Programming to break wordsaccording to logical rules.

hyphenation zone The area towards the end of atext line within which a wordprocessing orpage make-up program may break the line,hyphenating the final word if necessary.

hyphenless justification Justification withoutbreaking words. On narrow measures this cre-ates widely varying word spaces.

hypo Abbreviation for sodium hyposulphite, achemical used to fix photographic images afterdevelopment.

HyTime Hypermedia/Time-based StructuringLanguage: an emerging ANSI/ISO standardwhich is essentially a hypermedia extension ofSGML. (See also MIPS.)

Hz The standard abbreviation for the unit of fre-quency. See hertz.

IIAB See Internet Architecture Board (previously

stood for Internet Activities Board).IANA See Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.IBC Inside back cover.ibid or ibidem Abbreviation meaning ‘in the

same book, passage or place’.IBM-compatible A term applied to personal

computers which will accept hardware add-ons and run software designed to run on anIBM-PC.

ICI See Image Compression Interface.ICMP See Internet Control Message Protocol.I-Comm A shareware graphical World Wide

Web browser for use with a modem on MS-DOS, which does not require a SLIP or PPPconnection.

icon A small picture representing something (afile, a directory or an action) in a graphical userinterface (GUI). When the user clicks on anicon, a program is run. Icons are usually storedas bitmaps.

ICR 1. Integrated colour removal: see achromaticseparations. 2. Intelligent character recognition.

IC See Integrated circuit.IDEA See International Data Encryption

Algorithm.idem or id Means ‘the same word or author’, usu-

ally referring to a reference that has just beenused.

idiot tape Unformatted tape with no line endingcommands.

idler or idling roller Roller on a web press thatrotates freely.

idle time Time on a machine when it is not in usefor productive work.

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IDN See Integrated Digital Network.IE See Internet Explorer.IEC See International Electrotechnical Com-

mission.IEE See Institution of Electrical Engineers.IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers.IEEE 802 The IEEE standards for local area net-

works (LANs). IEEE 802.3 covers CSMA/CD,IEEE 802.4 token bus and IEEE 802.5 tokenring.

IEPG See Internet Engineering and PlanningGroup.

IESG See Internet Engineering Steering Group.IETF See Internet Engineering Task Force.IETM See Interactive Electronic Technical

Manual.IF In high-level programming a conditional state-

ment in which action is taken only if the condi-tion is met.

I/F Abbreviation for interface.IFF See interchange file format. IFF/8SVX is an

Amiga audio file format.IFS See iterated function system.IGC See Institute for Global Communications.IGES See Initial Graphics Exchange Specifi-

cation.IGP See Interior Gateway Protocol.IINREN See Interagency Interim National

Research and Education Network.illuminate To draw decorative illustrations on a

manuscript.illumination Decoration of an initial or letter in

an old manuscript with gold, silver or brightcolours.

illustration board One-sided heavy drawing card.ILMI See Interim Local Management Interface.image A two-dimensional rectangular array of

pixels, each pixel consisting of one or more bitsof information, representing brightness, colouretc. (see RGB, HLS, HSV). Images may be cre-ated on screen or taken from an image capturedevice, such as a scanner, digital camera orframe grabber. (See also image compression,image file formats, fractal.)

image area piling Build-up of lint and ink onlitho press blanket in the image area.

image compression The reduction of the amountof information required to represent an image,so that the file size is smaller, which means thatit will require less space in computer memoryand storage and that it takes less time to trans-fer over networks and communications sys-tems. Is used in fax transmission and in video-phone and multimedia systems. (See alsoJPEG, compression, fractal.)

Image Compression Interface (ICI) A standardinterface to compression algorithms, producedby C-Cube Microsystems.

image-editing software See paint program.image file formats There are many formats used

to store images in files: GIF, TIFF, pcx andJPEG are common.

image map An image in which different comput-er actions are initiated when part of the imageis selected. See ISMAP.

image master Photographic original for second-generation photosetting fonts. Also, film master.

image plotter See imagesetter.image processing The manipulation of images,

usually using algorithms e.g. to enhance con-trast, reduce noise (remove spots) or changecolours.

image recorder See imagesetter.imagesetter A high-resolution output device that

usually provides output on photographicmaterial (either bromide or film) or directly onprinting plates. The software technology isessentially the same as that of the laser printer,although the hardware will probably be differ-ent. Resolutions can be as high as several thou-sand dots (or spots) per inch, which are neces-sary to achieve the output of high-resolutionhalf-tones. Most imagesetters today usePostScript. Imagesetters were previously calledtypesetters. Synonyms include image plotter,image recorder, laser plotter, laser recorder,laser setter, laser output unit, film recorderetc.

imaging model How output is represented onscreen, e.g. in a GUI. See QuickDraw GX,TrueImage.

IMEI See International Mobile EquipmentIdentity.

imitation art Paper loaded with china clay in thepulp and highly finished to give an ‘artpaper’appearance. As distinct from true art paper,which has a china clay surface applied to a con-ventional base paper.

imitation cloth Reinforced and embossed papercommonly used for binding hardback booksinstead of cotton cloth. Also, fibrefelt. Contrastwoven material.

imitation gold foil Aluminium foil with gold lac-quer on plastic carrier. Used for blocking thecovers of books.

imitation parchment Tough greaseproof paper.imitation silver foil Aluminium foil with clear

lacquer on plastic carrier. Used for blocking thecovers of books.

impact printer Any printer in which the requiredcharacter strikes the paper through an inked

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ribbon. See daisywheel printer, dot matrixprinter.

imperfection Book with printing or binding faults.imperial A former British size of large paper

(30322 inches).import To copy across from an external program

into a current program, typically from a word-processing application into a page make-upprogram.

import filter A program which accepts inputfrom an external program and converts it into aformat suitable for the user’s current program.

imposed colour proofs Colour proofs producedfrom machine formes which are imposed to thefinal page sequence of the job. Contrast scatterproofs. The main advantage of imposed colourproofs is that the effects of tracking can beproperly considered.

imposition The arrangement of pages on a print-ing plate so that, when a publication is foldedand bound, the pages are in the correctsequence. Traditionally, this was done by phys-ically arranging the film or bromide before cre-ating the plate, but now either computer orphotographic methods are frequently used.Software is available to impose PostScript files.

impregnating Running book binding cloththrough starches or chemicals to enhance itsquality or appearance.

impression 1. Pressure of the plate in contact withpaper or blanket at the moment of printing. 2. All the copies of a book from one printing.

impression cylinder Cylinder which holds thepaper against the printing surface.

impression tolerance The flexibility with whichpaper receives letterpress impression.

imprint Publisher’s and/or printer’s identifyingtext printed in a book or other work.

IMSI See International Mobile SubscriberIdentity.

incised Typeface based on letters engraved instone, such as Perpetual. Also known as‘glyphic’.

inclusive type area Type area inclusive of head-line and folio. Contrast exclusive type area.

incunabula Early printing.indent 1. Set type further in from the left-hand

margin than the standard measure of sur-rounding text. 2. In paper trading, an indentpaper is one which is available from the mill byspecial making order only, and is not held incommon stock by the mill as a standard line.

index 1. Alphabetical list of subjects contained inthe text of a work, together with their page num-bers. 2. The contents of a file with references forlocating the contents.

index board Board suitable for index cards andsimilar stationery.

index hole A hole in a floppy disk which is usedto signal the start of a track or sector.

indexing The creation of ordered lists of entries orterms. Most World Wide Web search engines,such as AltaVista and Yahoo, use indexing inorder to speed up access to data, as does mostdatabase software.

Indian ink Intensely black drawing ink.india paper Very thin opaque rag paper often

used for high-quality bibles.indicia Formal mailing information or permit

printed on envelope or item to be mailed.Indigo One of the leading digital presses.indirect letterpress See letterset.indirect printing Process where the printing sur-

face is not in direct contact with the paper, e.g.offset lithography.

indirect screening Four-colour origination inwhich the final output films are in continuoustone, and are screened afterwards separately,rather than as they are output from the scanner.Contrast direct screening.

inferior Small character set below the baseline atthe foot of another character.

Infobahn A term (taken from the German‘Autobahn’) for the information superhighway.

Information Engineering A research programmeof the European Commission, concerned withhow information and data are created, stored,distributed, changed or manipulated, and used.A major area of interest is electronic publishing.

information highway See information super-highway.

information retrieval A term used in the contextof obtaining information from online databasesin response to a query formulated in an appro-priate way. Large companies and libraries stillaccess online databases in this way, usually bydirectly dialling into the database providerand, for structured information, this is still avery efficient way of obtaining information,particularly for someone familiar with the datastructure and query syntax. However, for theindividual, access to information via the WorldWide Web and indexes and search tools, suchas AltaVista, Yahoo and Lycos, is now a realalternative.

information superhighway (Also called infor-mation highway, Infobahn, infostrada,National Information Infrastructure.) A termfirst used by US Vice-President Al Gore in theearly 1990s for high-speed communicationsnetworks carrying multimedia applicationsand information around the world. The term is

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widely used but rarely defined, meaning dif-ferent things to different people. For successfulimplementation it will require high communi-cations bandwidths, generally not currentlyavailable over the Internet.

infostrada A term (taken from the Italian ‘auto-strada’) for the information superhighway.

Infosync Software that is used to downloadupdates to information at the bit level.Information is downloaded from a database tothe client. Then, whenever the client accessesthe server, either via the World Wide Web orover a dial-up connection, Infosync checks thelocal database (on the client) against the masterdatabase (on the server) at the level of the bitsstored, and downloads any changes since thelast access. In this way the amount of datatransferred is kept to a minimum, but the data-base can be accessed locally, both of which keepdown communication charges.

infotainment The integration of interactiveinformation and entertainment services or soft-ware. In Europe usually on CD-ROM, while inNorth America often supplied via a cable net-work. (See also edutainment.)

infra-red The part of the electromagnetic spec-trum with wavelengths between about 0.7-100µm. It is used extensively for fibre-optic com-munications.

infra-red port Port which accepts data via a wire-less infra-red link.

ingrain paper Rough-surfaced paper for bookcovers.

in-house typesetting Typesetting carried outinside a publisher’s premises, and controlledby the publisher.

initial First letter in text when set in such a waythat it stands out, e.g. bigger than its normal captext size. See cocked-up initial, drop initial.

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification(IGES) A standard for the exchange of CAD(computer-aided design) files.

initialise Run a program which sets all data val-ues at nil and prepares a storage medium suchas a floppy disk to be compatible with the sys-tem in use.

ink duct Part of printing machine which holdsink before it is released to the cylinders.

ink flotation sizing test Test which measurespaper sizing by floating paper on ink and cal-culating penetration time.

ink fountain Device which supplies ink to theinking rollers.

ink hickey See hickey.ink holdout See holdout.inkjet printer A non-impact printing mechanism

which forms the image at high speed bydeflecting ink droplets electromagnetically. Thequality of printed text is not as good as that ona laser printer at the same resolution, but inkjetprinters provide a relatively cheap way ofprinting both monochrome and colour imagesof acceptable quality.

ink mist Ink filaments thrown off the rollers dur-ing high-speed coldset web offset printing.

inkometer Instrument which measures the tackof ink.

ink piling Build-up of ink on offset blanket.ink receptivity Uniform acceptability of ink on

paper surface.ink rub Smears of ink caused when the surface of

an abrasive paper, often matt art, rubs againstthe ink film before it is completely dry. Oftenoccurs during the binding process.

ink set-off Unintentional transfer of wet ink fromone printed sheet to another in the deliverystack.

ink starvation Ink starvation is caused by theimage on one part of the plate cylinder requir-ing more ink to cover it than that particulartrack of the inking rollers can handle.

inline Typographic style in which the characterscomprise white inner areas contrasting againstthe outlined shape.

inner forme The imposed forme which forms theinside of the sheet when folded and whichtherefore contains the second page of the sec-tion. Contrast outer forme.

in pro In proportion. Also RIP.input Data going into a CPU.INRIA The French National Institute for Research

in Computer Science and Control, which isworking with the World Wide Web Consortiumin developing standards for HTML and theWorld Wide Web.

INRIA Videoconferencing System (ivs) Avideoconferencing tool for the Internet, devel-oped at INRIA and based on the H.261 videocompression standard.

insert Plate section placed into the middle of atext section in a book. Contrast wrap.

inserting Placing loose material inside a sectionor book. Contrast insetting.

insertion Inclusion of an advertisement in a peri-odical.

insetting Placing and fixing one section insideanother.

inspection copy Copy of a book sent to a poten-tial customer (often a school) for inspectionprior to buying.

Institute for Global Communications (IGC) Aprovider of networks and networking tools for

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international communications and informationexchange. The IGC networks – PeaceNet,Econet, ConflictNet and LaborNet – are theonly networks dedicated solely to environmen-tal preservation, peace and human rights.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) (Often known as ‘I triple E’.) US profes-sional society, which is involved in academicpublishing, organisation of conferences andformulation of standards. IEEE standards arewidely used in computing and communica-tions. In particular, IEEE 802 standards are con-cerned with local area networks (LANs)including EtherNet and Token-Ring.

Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) UK pro-fessional society (not to be confused with theIEEE). Publisher of Physics Abstracts and theINSPEC databases. Also publisher of ElectronicsLetters, the first refereed journal to be availablein both printed and electronic forms (via OCLCand based on SGML, using the Guidon viewer).

instruction Order in a program telling a comput-er to carry out an operation.

intaglio Printing from a recessed image, e.g.gravure, die stamping etc.

integrated book Book with text and picturestogether throughout (as opposed to pictures ina plate section).

integrated circuit Silicon chip.integrated colour removal (ICR) See achromatic

separations.integrated digital network (IDN) A network

which uses digital technology with the switch-ing and transmission functions integrated.

integrated half-tone density See percentage dotarea.

integrated production system Production sys-tem where all the processes work togetherautomatically.

integrated publishing house Publishing housewhich publishes both in hardback and paper-back.

integrated services digital network (ISDN) A net-work that provides end-to-end digital connec-tivity to support a wide range of services, bothvoice and non-voice, e.g. fax. ITU-T standardshave been recommended for interfaces and oper-ating procedures. More simply described as adigital telephone service as opposed to the ana-logue service which has been used ever sincetelephone services were introduced. Band-widths vary from 56 kbps in the US and 64 kbpsin Europe upwards. ISDN has the advantagethat lines can be combined to increase band-width. (See also basic rate ISDN, primary rateISDN.)

integrated services local network (ISLN) A localnetwork technology that can handle voice andnon-voice services on the same network.

Intel Company that designs and manufacturesthe microprocessors used in most PCs. Therange 80086–80486, used from about 1980 on,has now been extended with various versionsof the Pentium.

intellectual property rights The rights of anauthor or creator to the use and re-use of mate-rial created by him or her, including copyright.How such rights can be protected in an age ofelectronic publishing and the World WideWeb is the subject of much debate.

intelligent agent An automated network infor-mation gathering tool, which searches theInternet either to locate documents on subjectsspecified by the user or to create indexes.Sometimes referred to as a knowbot or spider.(See also AltaVista, Microcosm.)

intelligent character recognition (ICR) Opticalcharacter recognition equipment which can beprogrammed to recognise an infinite variety ofstyles, as distinct from earlier OCR systemswhich would recognise certain strictly limitedtypewriter faces only.

intelligent terminal A computer, with its ownmemory and processor, but not necessarilystorage memory, which is used as a terminal toanother system. On a dumb terminal, all theprocessing is carried out on the systemaccessed. (See also client-server.)

INTELSAT See International Telecommuni-cations Satellite Consortium.

interactive Being able to accept and react to userinput. This is generally applied to a program orto a communications medium. Thus almost allcomputer applications are interactive, whilenormal television is not and teletext is onlyinteractive in that the user can choose the pageto go to.

Interactive Electronic Technical Manual(IETM) A hypertext standard developed inassociation with the CALS initiative.

interactive video See video. Applications inwhich it is possible for the user to interact withand control information (including text, soundor moving images) stored on video disk. It iswidely used for training purposes, but alsoforms an intrinsic part of CD-I.

Interagency Interim National Research andEducation Network (IINREN) A still-evolv-ing, high-bandwidth US network, part ofNREN.

Intercast A hardware and software technology,developed by Intel, which allows PC users to

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watch television and simultaneously receivebroadcast Web pages related to that cable ortelevision programme.

interchange file format (IFF) Type of audio fileformat. See Audio IFF.

intercharacter spacing In wordprocessing, theuse of variable spaces between characterswhich, in conjunction with variable interwordspacing, combine to give an impression oftypeset quality. Also, letterspacing.

interface The physical boundary between twosystems or devices (hardware interface). Alsoused to describe the specifications for the pro-tocols, procedures, codes etc. (software inter-face) that enable communication between twodissimilar systems or devices. (See also userinterface: how the user is able to interact withthe computer.)

interfacing codes Generic tags used for the elec-tronic markup of headings etc. in text.

Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI) Anetwork management specification for B-ISDN/ATM networks, based on the SimpleNetwork Management Protocol (SNMP).

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) An Internetprotocol which controls the routing of informa-tion to the routers within an autonomous sys-tem. (See also Exterior Gateway Protocol,Routing Information Protocol.)

interlacing A technique for increasing resolutionon graphic displays or screens. The electronbeam traces alternate lines on each pass, pro-viding twice the number of lines that wouldappear on a non-interlaced screen. However,screen refresh is slower and screen flicker maybe increased over that seen on an equivalentnon-interlaced screen because any given pixelis only refreshed half as often.

interlay (cut or mechanical) Cut-out paperplaced between a letterpress plate and itsmount which increases pressure on the solidsor dark tones.

interleaves 1. Sheets of paper put between wetprinted sheets to prevent set-off. 2. Differenttypes of paper interleaved with the text paperin a book.

inter-library loan (ILL) Service involvinglibraries borrowing from one another thosetitles not held in their own collection whichhave been requested by a user.

interlinear Written or printed between lines oftext.

interline spacing Leading: space between lines intext. Also, film advance, film feed, line feed.

Intermedia A hypertext system developed by aresearch group at Brown University, US. Also a

UK company which pioneered disk formatconversion in the early 1980s, when there weremany more disk formats than there are today.

Intermedia Interchange Format A standardhypertext interchange format based on theIntermedia hypertext system.

intermediates Films used in the intermediatestages of reproduction between the originaland final printing films. Normally continuoustone.

internal memory Memory of a computer whichis immediately accessible (i.e. in RAM or ROMform), as opposed to in external storage (disketc.).

internal modem A modem which takes the formof a card or board which is situated within thecomputer. (Compare with external modem.)

internal sizing Rosin, alum or starch sizingadded to the papermaking stock at the refiningstage to prevent ink spread on paper. Alsocalled engine sizing or ‘beater sizing’. As dis-tinct from surface sizing which is carried out atthe size press on the papermaking machine.

International Data Encryption Algorithm(IDEA) An encryption algorithm used byPretty Good Privacy.

International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) An international standards body at thesame level as ISO.

International Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI) The 15-digit serial number which iden-tifies the GSM handset (sometimes found onthe back of the phone).

International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI) A number which is used by the SIMcard in a digital mobile phone to identify itselfto a GSM network.

International Organisation for Standardisation(ISO) A voluntary organisation, founded in1946, responsible for creating international stan-dards in many areas, including computers andcommunications. These include the seven-layermodel for network architecture, Open SystemsInterconnection and SGML. Some importantstandards are listed under their ISO number. (Seealso International Telecommunications Union.)

International Packet SwitchStream (IPSS) Theservice which connects national public datanetwork PSSs to other national networks oper-ated by PTTs. It is now known as GlobalNetwork Service (GNS).

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) A systemthat provides special characters (IPA charac-ters) and ASCII equivalents for phonetics (howcharacters or combinations of characters arepronounced).

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International Standard A standard which hasbeen approved and published by theInternational Organisation for Standardisation(ISO).

International Standard Book Number (ISBN) A10-digit identification number, individual toeach book (and edition) that is published.While there is no legal requirement for books tocarry these numbers, they are used by bothlibrarians and booksellers. The numbers areallocated on a national basis and part of thenumber is unique to the publisher of the book,while the last digit is a check digit. (See alsoISSN, PII, DOI.)

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)An 8-digit identification number that is allocat-ed to each journal that is published. It remainsthe same for all issues and volumes of a journal.Unlike the ISBN, it does not contain any infor-mation that identifies the publisher, but is anarbitrary number made up of seven digits plus acheck digit. The PII and DOI initiatives havebeen developed to make it possible to identifyindividual articles within journals.

International Telecommunications SatelliteConsortium (INTELSAT) Established in 1964,it launched its first communications satellite,Intelsat 1 (or ‘Early Bird’) in 1965. It currentlyhas over 30 communications satellites in orbit.See satellite communications.

International Telecommunications Union (ITU)An international body, part of which, thetelecommunication standardisation sector(ITU-T), is responsible for making technicalrecommendations about telephone and data(including fax) communications systems.Before 1 March 1993, ITU-T was known asCCITT. Plenary sessions are held every fouryears and new standards are adopted and pub-lished. ITU-T is responsible for the H series, Iseries, T series, V series etc. of standards wide-ly used in communications.

internegative Negative for a colour print.Internet (With a capital ‘I’.) The largest internet

in the world, made up of a three-level hierar-chy composed of backbone networks, such asARPANET, NSFNET and Milnet, mid-levelnetworks and stub networks. These are con-nected using the Internet Protocol (IP). Accessto the Internet can be either from a networksuch as JANET or via a point of presence pro-vided by such companies as Demon, and themajor online services – AOL, CompuServe,Microsoft Network. Although the internation-al links within the Internet operate at highbandwidth, the bandwidth available to the

individual user will usually depend on thespeed of the local connection. Many utilitiesand services, such as email, newsgroups, ftpand Gopher, are available on the Internet, butthe World Wide Web has become the mostimportant way of distributing and accessinginformation. There are several bodies associat-ed with the running of the Internet, includingthe IAB (Internet Architecture Board), theIANA (Internet Assigned NumbersAuthority), the IEPG (Internet Engineeringand Planning Group), the IESG (InternetEngineering Steering Group) and the ISOC(Internet Society).

internet (Without a capital ‘I’.) Any set of net-works interconnected with routers.

Internet address (Or IP address, TCP/IP address.)The 32-bit host address defined by the Internetprotocol and usually represented in dotted dec-imal notation, e.g. 158.152.28.130. The addresscan be split into a network number (or networkaddress) and a host number unique to each hoston the network, and sometimes also a subnetaddress. The way the address is split dependson its class. The Internet address must be trans-lated into an Ethernet address by, e.g., ARP(Address Resolution Protocol).

Internet Architecture Board (IAB) The body thatis responsible for the development of Internetprotocols. It has two task forces: the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF) and theInternet Research Task Force (IRTF) and alsoincludes the Internet Assigned NumbersAuthority (IANA).

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) The central registry for variousassigned numbers, such as port and protocolnumbers, and options, codes and types. Part ofthe Internet Architecture Board (IAB).

Internet Assistant An add-on for Microsoftapplications, which allows the user to editHTML files and to convert wordprocessingand other formats to and from HTML. Can alsoact as a World Wide Web browser.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Anextension to the Internet Protocol (IP), whichallows for the generation of error messages,test packets and informational messages.

Internet-Draft Working document of the InternetEngineering Task Force.

Internet Engineering and Planning Group(IEPG) A group set up to promote a technical-ly coordinated operational environment of theglobal Internet. However, the IEPG is not agroup which conducts activities of a technicaldevelopmental nature.

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Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) Abody which provides the first technical reviewof Internet standards and is responsible for theday-to-day management of the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF).

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) An openinternational community of network designers,operators, vendors and researchers, who workto co-ordinate the operation, management anddevelopment of the Internet, including protocoland architectural issues in the short to mediumterm. The IETF meets regularly and proceedingsare made generally available.

Internet Explorer (IE) Microsoft’s browser forthe World Wide Web.

Internet Multicasting Service See Internet TalkRadio.

Internet Network Information Center(InterNIC) The joint name for the providers ofregistration, information and database servicesto the Internet. Funded by the US NationalScience Foundation, each service is run by adifferent company. General Atomics providesinformation services, AT&T provides directoryand database services and Network Solutions,Inc. (NSI) provides registration services. Thecompanies work closely together, as well as incollaboration with other network informationcenters (NICs) in the US and elsewhere in theworld.

Internet number See Internet address.Internet phone A software and hardware solu-

tion, which allows long-distance telephonecalls to be made via the Internet, so that con-nection is via the TCP/IP network, rather thanthrough the usual telephone network.Although the costs are lower, in that the callerpays only local telephone charges, the qualitycan be much poorer than for standard tele-phone connections.

Internet Protocol (IP) The network layer for theTCP/IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernetnetworks. IP is a connectionless, best-effortpacket-switching protocol, providing packetrouting through the datalink layer.

Internet Registry (IR) The registry of networkaddress and autonomous system numberidentifiers operated by the Defense DataNetwork Network Information Center (DDNNIC) on behalf of the Internet AssignedNumbers Authority.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) A facility that allowspeople to ‘talk’, i.e. interact directly, with othersin real time over the Internet. This facility doesnot allow actual audio communication, but seeInternet phone.

Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG) Thegoverning body of the Internet Research TaskForce.

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) The bodywhich considers long-term Internet issuesfrom a theoretical point of view. It has ResearchGroups, similar to Internet Engineering TaskForce Working Groups, each of which is allo-cated a different research topic. Multicastaudio/video conferencing and PrivacyEnhanced Mail (PEM) are examples of devel-opments which have been initiated in the IRTF.

Internet service provider (ISP) Also calledaccess provider. A company providing a pointof presence (PoP) on the Internet.

Internet Society (ISOC) A non-profit-making,professional membership organisation con-cerned with the technical evolution of theInternet and with stimulating interest in thescientific and academic communities, industryand the public about the technology, uses andapplications of the Internet, as well as promot-ing the development of new applications forthe system.

Internet Talk Radio (Internet MulticastingService.) A US-based service that broadcastsradio programmes of technical interest overMBONE. The best known is probably Geek ofthe Week.

internetworking The interconnection of two ormore networks, usually local area networks(LANs), using some kind of router or gateway,so that they appear to be one network.

Internetwork Packet eXchange (IPX) Protocolused by Novell NetWare. If a router has IPXrouting, local area networks (LANs) can inter-connect so that Novell NetWare clients andservers can communicate.

Internet worm (Or Great worm.) A worm perpe-trated in 1988 by Robert T Morris, which quick-ly used up all available processor time on thesystems it infected via email. It was a signifi-cant event in public awareness of the Internetand its vulnerability to hackers. (See alsoComputer Emergency Response Team.)

InterNIC See Internet Network InformationCenter.

interpositive Photographic positive which willbe subject to further camera work to obtain thefinished result.

Interpress A page description language, devel-oped at Xerox PARC, and in many ways theforerunner of PostScript.

interpreter A program translator.Intertype Proprietary name of a linecasting

machine similar to a Linotype.

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interword spacing In wordprocessing and desk-top publishing, the use of variable interwordspacing to achieve justified columns of text. Seeintercharacter spacing.

intranet A network providing similar services tothose provided by the Internet, but only with-in an organisation, e.g. a World Wide Webserver on an internal network to provide infor-mation within a company. (See also extranet.)

introduction Introduction to the subject matterof a book, as distinct from preface, foreword.

inventory Complete list of stock or goods held ina warehouse or shop.

Inverform machine Type of papermakingmachine used particularly in board making. Aseries of head boxes feed consecutive layers ofwet stock over the main, first, layer at the wetend of the machine to build up a thick finallayer of stock on the wire.

inverse video (Also called reverse video.) Whenthe image on the screen appears as a ‘negative’,so that the parts which are conventionallyblack appear as white and vice versa. Inversevideo is often used to indicate that something,e.g. a portion of text, has been selected forcopying, moving, deletion etc.

invert half-tone Gravure printing which useshalf-tone dot structures.

I/O Input/output. Relating to systems which caninput and output to and from a computer.

ion deposition Reproduction process which cre-ates an image by toner sticking to an electrical-ly charged area of paper.

IP See Internet Protocol.IPA See International Phonetic Alphabet.IP address See Internet address.iph Impressions per hour. The normal measure

of printing speed.IP-Multicast The multicast system operating over

the Internet. Subsequently called MBONE.IPSS See International Packet SwitchStream.IPX See Internetwork Packet eXchange.IR See Internet Registry.IR Infra-red.IRC See Internet Relay Chat.IR coating Coating varnish cured by infra-red

light.Iris proofs Full-colour digital proofs generated

from PostScript files and increasingly used ascontract proofs in place of Cromalin proofs ormachine proofs.

irrational screening See stochastic screening.IRSG See Internet Research Steering Group.IRTF See Internet Research Task Force.ISBN See International Standard Book Number.ISDN See integrated services digital network.

ISDN-2 See basic rate ISDN (operating over twochannels).

ISDN-30 See primary rate ISDN, where 30 chan-nels are available to the user.

I series The series of ITU-T recommendationsconcerning data transmission over ISDN.

ISLN See integrated services local network.ISMAP An attribute of the HTML tag ‘<IMG>’

(inline image) which specifies that if the imageis selected in a World Wide Web browser,clicking on a point will generate a request relat-ing to the coordinates of that point. This isoften used in maps (as the name might suggest)to provide information about a feature at thecoordinates selected.

ISO See International Organisation forStandardisation. Also a prefix to the referencenumbers of standards issued by that body.

ISO 646 The ISO standard for seven-bit charac-ters. ASCII is the US equivalent, although itdiffers in a few bracket characters. See ISO8859.

ISO 8613 The ISO standard defining OpenDocument Architecture.

ISO 8859 (ISO Latin.) An ISO standard for eight-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets forthe major European languages that can be rep-resented using Latin characters. In addition,covers the Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew and Arabicalphabets. Latin alphabet No. 1 is often used asan extension of and replacement for ASCII.ISO 8879 includes some extra characters usedin SGML.

ISO 8879 The ISO standard defining SGML.ISO 9069 The ISO Standard Document

Interchange Format (SDIF).ISO 9241 Part 8 of this ISO standard is concerned

with representation of colour on computer ter-minals.

ISO 9660 The ISO standard defining a file sys-tem for CD-ROMs. This is equivalent to theHigh Sierra standard.

ISO 9735 or EDIFACT The ISO standard forelectronic data interchange for administration,commerce and transport. First published in1988, it was amended and reprinted in 1990. Itdefines appplication layer syntax.

ISO 10179 The ISO standard for the DocumentStyle Semantics and Specification Language(DSSSL).

ISO 10180 The ISO standard for the StandardPage Description Language (SPDL).

ISO 10646 The ISO standard for 32-bit and 16-bitcharacter encoding, which includes Unicode.Originally ISO 10646 (32-bit) and Unicode (16-bit) codes were developed separately but, fol-

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lowing the failure of the Draft ISO 10646 to beaccepted, Unicode was taken within the scopeof ISO.

ISO 10744 The ISO standard for HyTime.ISO 12083 A revised version of the American

Association of Publishers (AAP) SGML DTD,covering books and academic journals.

ISO 13818 The ISO standard for MPEG-2 com-pression.

ISO/OSI seven-layer model The ISO OpenSystems Interconnect seven-layer model,which standardises levels of services and typesof interaction for exchanging data through acommunications network. The model separatescomputer-to-computer communications intoseven layers: the application layer (top), pre-sentation layer, session layer, transport layer,network layer, datalink layer and physicallayer (bottom). Note that TCP/IP does not con-form to the OSI model.

ISOC See Internet Society.isochronous A form of data transmission in which

the time between two characters is an integralnumber of bit times, whereas in asynchronoustransmission, characters may be separated byrandom-length intervals. Asynchronous datacan thus be transmitted over a synchronousdata link. An isochronous service is used whentime-dependent data, such as video or voice, isto be transmitted. Asynchronous TransferMode (ATM) can provide isochronous service.

ISODE ISO Development Environment. Animplementation of the upper layers of OSI.

isolated Advertisement with no other advertise-ments surrounding it.

ISO Latin See ISO 8859.ISO sizes Formerly DIN sizes. International

range of paper and envelope sizes, comprisingA series, B series, and C series.

ISP See Internet service provider.ISPBX Integrated services private branch

exchange. A telephone switchboard oriented toswitching ISDN connections both within anorganisation and from that organisation to theoutside world.

ISSN See International Standard SerialNumber.

issue All copies of a publication with the samecontent.

issue life Average reading life of a periodicalbefore it is no longer topical.

IT Information technology.ital Abbreviation for italics.italic Specially designed letters that slope for-

ward. Contrast sloped roman.italicise To print a word or text in italics.

iterated function system (IFS) The fractal sys-tem, discovered by Michael Barnsley, that isused in fractal compression (as marketed byIterated Systems Ltd). Iterated function sys-tems have been described (by the mathemati-cian Heinz-Otto Peitgen) by comparing them toa multiple-reduction copying machine, whichis just like a normal copier except that: there aremultiple lens arrangements to create multipleoverlapping copies of the original (which iswhat makes IFS a system); each lens arrange-ment reduces the size of the original (the con-traction aspect); and the copier operates in afeedback loop, with the output of one stage asthe input to the next (the iterative aspect).Thus, each image is treated as a combination ofmany smaller, self-similar images. However,although these principles are widely known,the exact compression algorithm used (andmarketed) by Iterated Systems Ltd is a verywell kept secret.

ITU See International TelecommunicationsUnion.

ITU-T See International TelecommunicationsUnion.

ivory board Fine board manufactured by lami-nating two high-quality sheets together.

ivory paper Thick writing paper that is thecolour of creamy white ivory.

ivs See INRIA Videoconferencing System.

Jjacket Dustcover on book.jacket paper High-quality, one-sided coated

paper used for book jackets.jacketwrap US term for jacket paper.jaggies The visual effect caused by aliasing, so

that curves look like a series of steps. (See alsoanti-aliasing.)

JANET See Joint Academic NETwork.JANET IP Service (JIPS) Joint Academic

NETwork Internet Protocol Service. Note thatJANET used the Coloured Book protocolsbefore establishing JIPS.

Janus See Joint Academic Network UsingSatellite.

Japanese vellum Paper made in Japan from thebark of the mulberry tree.

Java An object-oriented progamming language,designed for programming the Internet. While

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it is possible to write complete programs inJava, one of its strengths is that Java applets canalso be written, which can be run withinbrowsers such as Netscape Navigator, provid-ing additional functionality. In addition, theseapplets can be linked to specific documents orfiles so that if, e.g., an MPEG video is down-loaded over the Internet, and if appropriateviewing software is not available on the clientsystem, an applet will automatically be down-loaded so that the video can be viewed. There isalso a version of Java called JavaScript, whichlacks some of the features but can be includedwithin an HTML page. In addition, there is aspecial browser called HotJava, but increasing-ly Java functionality is being included as part ofstandard browsers, such as Netscape Navigatorand Internet Explorer. (See also Java beans.)

Java applet A form of Java program, dedicated toperforming a particular task, such as reading aparticular type of file, e.g. an MPEG video.Applets are not stand-alone applications inthat they need a Java-compliant applicationsuch as a World Wide Web browser to be run-ning in order to function.

Java beans A platform-independent applicationprogram interface (API) that will enable Java-based applets and objects to interoperate withother object technologies such as OpenDoc.

JavaScript A version of the Java language thatcan be included directly within an HTML pagein order, e.g., to provide interaction betweenthe user and the host system such as validatingentries in a form. JavaScript lacks some of thefunctionality of Java, but is thus easier to learn.Using applications such as LiveWire, it is pos-sible to produce the equivalent of CGI-scripts.

jaw folder A type of folder in which a partly fold-ed section is thrust into a jaw to complete itsfold. Typically one of the units in a web offsetfolder system. Sometimes called a ‘nip and tuckfolder’.

JBIG See Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group.jiffy bag Name of a type of padded envelope

used for protecting items sent by post.JIPS See JANET IP Service.JIS Japanese Institute for Standards. The

Japanese equivalent to the ANSI in the US orthe British Standards Institution in the UK.

JIT See just-in-time.jitter Small changes in the timing or the phase of

a signal transmitted over a network, possiblyleading to errors or loss of synchronisation.

JNT Association The body responsible for theoperation of JANET, trading under the nameUKERNA. Formerly the Joint Network Team.

jobber A wholesaler (US).jobbing General printing.job press or jobbing press Platen press used for

business cards and other small jobs.jockey roller First roller on a web-fed machine

whose function is to corrent the uneven tensionin a reel of paper.

jog Align edges of a pile of papers by vibratingthem.

jogger Device that shakes sheets of paper inorder to align them.

joint Recessed part of a book case between theinside edge of the front and back boards andthe shoulder, forming a hinge. Also, Frenchgroove.

Joint Academic NETwork (JANET) The widearea network linking UK academic andresearch institutes. JANET is operated by theJNT Association, trading under the nameUKERNA. It is an internet providing connec-tivity within the academic community as wellas gateways to external services, including theInternet, of which JANET is a component. Thehub is a private X.25 packet-switched networkconnecting over 100 sites, at most of whichlocal area networks (LANs) are connected.

Joint Academic Network Using Satellite(Janus) A joint EC-funded research and devel-opment project, in which a prototype satellite-based network has been built linking severalEuropean academic sites, with courses deliv-ered over the network. The links between sitesoperate at a bandwidth of around 64 kpbs andthe system uses VSAT.

Joint Bilevel Image Experts Group (JBIG) Abilevel coding standard, developed by a jointgroup of ISO, IEC and ITU-T with the samename. Compression is done using a Q-coder.JBIG is lossless and can be regarded as a com-bination of two algorithms, the first of whichsends or stores multiple representations ofimages at different resolutions with no extrastorage cost, while the second is a very efficientcompression algorithm, mainly for use with bi-level images. Compared with ITU-T Group 4fax, JBIG is claimed to be approximately 10-50% better on text and line art and even betteron half-tones. (For compression of still andmoving images, see JPEG and MPEG.)

jointing The process of forming the joint orgroove in bookbinding. Also known as back-ing.

Joint Network Team The body responsible forthe operation of JANET prior to 1994. Nowcalled UKERNA.

Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) A

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standard from the ISO and ITU-T for codingand compression of colour images. Namedafter the committee (sometimes also called theJoint Picture Encoding Group) that designedthe image compression algorithm. JPEG worksbest on full-colour or grey-scale digital imagesof real world scenes and not so well on non-realistic images, such as cartoons or line draw-ings, because the technique involves smooth-ing of the image and loss of detail. JPEG doesnot handle compression of black-and-white (1-bit-per-pixel) images or moving pictures.

Joint Picture Encoding Group Another name forthe Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG).

Joint Technical Committee (JTC) A standardsbody reporting to both ISO and IEC.

Jordan Type of paper machine refiner.journeyman A print worker who has completed

his apprenticeship.joystick A device, like an aircraft pilot’s joystick,

consisting of a hand-held device that can bemoved in a horizontal plane, the position beingtransmitted to a computer. Usually used to con-trol games, with one or more push-buttons onthe top, whose state can also be read by thecomputer. Needs a joystick (game control) port.Simple games joysticks are often only capableof moving an object in one of eight differentdirections.

JPEG See Joint Photographic Experts Group.jpg The usual filename extension for JPEG files.JTC See Joint Technical Committee.jughead An Internet search utility which oper-

ates within Gopher. Similar to Veronica, butonly searches directory names.

jukebox A way of storing and accessing largenumbers of compact discs. Used mainly in doc-ument image processing applications.

Julia set A type of fractal image, named afterFrench mathematician Gaston Julia. (See alsoMandelbrot set.)

jumbo reel The large reel of paper formed andwound up at the end of a paper-machine.

Jupiter project A project at Xerox PARC based onthe development of Multi-User Dungeon(MUD) role-playing environments to include avirtual reality implementation of the realworld, so that participants can communicateabout their actual physical environment.

justification The arrangement of text on a pageor screen so that it is aligned with either the leftor right margin, or with both. Fully justifiedtext has lines of the same length that are per-fectly aligned with both the left and the rightmargins. Both margins are even; full justifi-cation is produced by increasing (or sometimes

decreasing) the space either between words(wordspacing) or between letters (letterspac-ing) or both. Hyphenation is often used in con-junction with full justification, hence the use ofthe expression H&J. Full justification tends notto be used in electronic publications that areviewed on screen, particularly if the text wrapswhen the window size or the type size ischanged.

justify In wordprocessing and desktop publish-ing, the use of intercharacter and/or interwordspacing to achieve even left and right margins.

just-in-time (JIT) Production technique based onthe concept of acquiring materials and compo-nents at the very last moment which still allowsproduction and selling to schedule.

jute Indian plant used to produce pulp for espe-cially hard papers.

juvenilia Works produced by an author or artistas a child.

KK Measure of computer storage. K = 1024 com-

puter bytes but often used loosely as 1000.K56 flex A modem technology which provides

speeds of up to 56 kbps on the download side.Kalamazoo Proprietary system of scheduling

and listing documents.kamyr digester Digester used in production of

chemical pulp.K and N absorbency Test for comparing rate of

ink absorbency of different papers.kaolin Fine clay used as a filler in papermaking.kappa number Grading number which indicates

the ability of paper to be bleached. The testinvolves treating the paper pulp with perman-ganate.

Kb See kilobyte.kbps Kilobit(s) per second. Transfer rate of 1000

bits per second. See bps and Mbps.keep standing Instruction to keep type made up

for possible reprinting.kenaf Type of plant fibre used in papermaking.Kerberos An authentication and key distribution

system, in which authorised users share asecret key with the key distribution centre. Thiskey acts as a master, which effectively givesthem access to the system.

kerfs Shallow indents in the back of a book sec-tion which the sewing threads lie in.

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Kermit A widely used public domain asynchro-nous file-transfer protocol, originally developedat Columbia University and made availablewithout charge. Kermit is available as part ofmost communications packages and on mostoperating systems. The UK centre for Kermit dis-tribution is at the University of Lancaster. Kermituses intensive encoding and error detection, andhence is fairly slow but very robust.

kern Part of a typographic character projectingbeyond the body.

kerning Adjusting the spacing between two adja-cent letters to create a better visual fit, also called‘aesthetic kerning’, which explains the rationale.Traditionally meant decreasing the amount ofspace, but has come to mean either increasing ordecreasing the space between the letters. Notethat this is not the same as letterspacing.

kerning pairs Pairs of letters which invariablyneed spacing adjustments made to them forvisual neatness. Autokerning performs thisfunction automatically.

kettle-stitch Stitch joining one signature of a hand-sewn book to the next. (See also blind stitch.)

key A sequence of characters which is used inencryption and decryption. (See also publickey, private key.) Also part of the keyboard.

keyboard The array of keys used to input into asystem.

key escrow encryption The deposit of encryp-tion keys in escrow. (See also Clipper.)

key forme The forme or plate positioned first incolour work. Hence also ‘key negative’.

key frame A frame in an animated sequence offrames which was drawn or otherwise con-structed directly by the user rather than gener-ated automatically, e.g. by tweening.

keyline A line drawn on artwork to show whereillustrations or other material should be placed.As documents become more integrated withillustrations included as part of the file, this useis becoming less frequent. However, the conceptstill survives in software packages which allowdisplay of pages without illustrations, either toreduce transfer time over a communications linkor to cut down the refresh time of the screen.

key numbers Numbers on advertisements whichidentify the source in which they appeared.

key plate The printing plate which sets the regis-ter position for the other plates.

keystroke One key depression, often used as ameasure of productivity of an operator. 10000keystrokes per hour (approximately 1500 words)is a fairly typical output rate for a trained oper-ator on average work. This equates to around10000 words per working day/shift.

keyword A word which is indexed to improvethe speed of searching. (Contrast with free-textsearching.) The term has a special meaning inSGML to indicate a property of an element ora marked section.

keyword and context (KWAC) Library indexingsystem with index entries selected from signifi-cant words in the text and a book’s title.

keyword in context (KWIC) Library systemwhose index entries use keywords from thetitle or text of a book, and include the title ortext it relates to.

keyword out of context (KWOC) Library systemthat indexes book titles under relevant keywords.

KI A secret key or algorithm (or formula) embed-ded within the SIM card in a digital GSM tele-phone, employed to validate the user.

kicker Short line above a headline, set in smallertype.

kill Delete unwanted matter. Distribute type.killfile A list of subjects or names which a user

does not want to appear in the list of messagessent to him or her from a newsgroup.

kilo/kilogram Measure of weight.kilobit 1024 bits of data.kilobyte (kb) One thousand computer bytes, or

more loosely, characters. As continuous text, indisk storage terms, this works out at around150 words.

Kilostream A private leased-line 64 kbps serviceavailable from BT.

Kimball tag A stock-control device used in clothesshops. It consists of a small punched cardattached to each item, containing serial number,price etc. as a pattern of small holes, a barcode ora magnetic strip (and probably as text). The tag(or part of it) is removed at the till and kept as acomputer-readable record of the sale. Theremovable part of the tag often also carries anelectronic trigger, so that an alarm is set off if thetag is taken past detectors near the shop door.

kinetic friction Resistance to sliding of one ma-terial over another.

kiosk A booth set up in a place where the publiccan obtain information. The number of com-puter multimedia kiosks, where the user canaccess an interactive display to obtain informa-tion conventionally provided by a human, isgrowing rapidly.

kiosk-mode browser A World Wide Web brows-er configured to allow the user access to only arestricted range of documents.

KIS See Knowbot Information Service.kiss-fit Printing on an offset press different

colours that touch each other, but using notraps. Kiss-fitting is not always suitable for all

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printing jobs but when it is, the result should beclearer than when traps are used.

kiss impression Very light printing impression.kite ‘V’-shaped plate over which the web of

paper is drawn to create first fold.Kleenstick Proprietary name of pressure-sensitive

adhesive-backed paper.knife folder A type of folding machine which

uses a knife between inwardly rotating rollers.Contrast buckle folder.

knocking up To line up the edges of a pile of paper.knowbot A tool which searches a network for

specific information. Also known as a spider.Knowbot Information Service (KIS) A white

pages ‘meta-service’ that provides a uniforminterface to various white pages services on theInternet. With the Knowbot Information Service,a single query can be formed, which will searchfor white pages information from the NIC whoisservice, the RIPE European white pages serviceand others, and the responses will be displayedin a single, uniform format. KIS can be accessedvia telnet, whois or email.

Knuth, Donald E The author of The Art ofComputer Programming, to typeset which hewrote the TEX document formatting system andits font-design program Metafont. TEX is wide-ly used for formatting mathematical equations.

Kodak Photo CD A format developed by Kodakand Philips for the storage of images originatedfrom 35mm slide or negative film. Originallyintended for display, via a television, from aspecial photo CD player, but now displayableby most graphics display programs.

kraft Strong brown paper used as a second lin-ing, and in many forms of packing application.

kraft pulp See sulphate pulp.Kromecote Proprietary name of a cast-coated

paper with glossy finish.KWAC See keyword and context.KWIC See keyword in context.KWOC See keyword out of context.

LL/C See letter of credit.label 1. A record which identifies the items stored

on a disk or tape. 2. Caption on a technical linedrawing.

label paper Paper gummed on one side and usu-ally coated on the other, for labels.

LaborNet A network connecting those concernedabout industrial relations. See Institute forGlobal Communications.

laced-on-boards Signatures of a case-boundbook ‘laced on’ to the case boards.

lacquer Synthetic coating applied to a printedpiece for protection or gloss.

laid lines The narrow parallel lines in a laidpaper, as opposed to the wider lines at right-angles to these called the chain lines.

laid paper Paper with watermark lines parallel toeach other formed by a dandy roll.

laminated Thin plastic film applied by heat andpressure to a printed sheet for protectionand/or appearance. (See also OPP lamination.)

lampblack Carbon pigment ink with dull, veryblack appearance.

LAN See local area network.landscape The orientation of a picture, screen or

page such that its width is greater than itsheight. Most screens are landscape, while mostbooks, and certainly journals, are portrait. Thisis a limitation on using Acrobat technologywhen reproducing printed pages on-screen,because when a full page is viewed the text isgenerally unreadable. (See also aspect ratio.)

language In computing, a structured communi-cations vocabulary using codes and words,which can be translated into the machine codewhich runs the computer. See high-level lan-guage, low-level language.

LAN Manager The Microsoft local area network-ing environment.

LAP See Link Access Protocol.LAPB See Link Access Protocol (Balanced).LAPD See Link Access Protocol on the D channel.LAPM See Link Access Protocol for Modems.large post Standard size of paper 4193533mm.laser An acronym of Light Amplification from

the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (devel-oped from Maser, where the initial ‘M’ standsfor ‘microwave’). Lasers create coherent light,i.e. with a single frequency and phase. This hastwo effects: the energy is concentrated, so thathigh-powered lasers can be used for appli-cations such as surgery and welding; and thecoherence means that the beam can carry infor-mation. The second property is used in laserprinters, fibre-optics and holography.

laser disc An optical disc (also known as a videodisc) that holds both audio and visual images.Generally used to store long recordings offilms, plays, opera etc. Uses analogue storageand plays back via a television or monitor.Disks are typically 12 inches in diameter.

laser output unit See imagesetter.

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laser plotter See imagesetter.laser printer A high-speed, non-impact device

which employs laser technology and xero-graphic technology to sensitise selected areasof a belt or drum coated with a photosensitivematerial. As the belt or drum revolves it picksup toner which is transferred to the paper viaheated rollers.

laser recorder See imagesetter.laser setter See imagesetter.laser xerography See laser printer.last colour down The final colour to be printed in

colour work.latency The time it takes for a packet to travel

from sender to receiver across a network, orthe period of time that a frame is held by adevice on a network before it is forwarded.Latency and bandwidth are two of the mostsignificant factors in the performance of a com-munications channel.

latent image The latent electrostatic image gen-erated by a photocopier and which powderturns into a visible image.

lateral reversal Change of image from wrong- toright-reading or vice versa.

LATEX A document preparation system based onthe TEX typesetting system and developed byLeslie Lamport. LATEX uses commands whichrelate to the structure of the document, ratherthan to how it should appear, and thus has simi-larities with SGML. The LATEX formattingsoftware then converts these to native TEX.LATEX is probably the most widely used ver-sion of TEX, although there are similar systemssuch as AMS-TEX, developed by the AmericanMathematical Society, with particular emphasison mathematical material.

latex-treated paper Paper impregnated withlatex for toughness.

latin alphabet Western European alphabet, as this.lay Guide on a printing machine which positions

a sheet before printing. Hence, lay edges.layboy A stacking device on a paper sheeter.lay down Impose a job.lay edge Edge of a sheet laid against the front or

side lay of the machine.layer An aspect of communications architectures,

which are organised using relatively indepen-dent protocols, each in a different layer. Eachlayer is concerned with a different aspect of thecommunication, so that the lowest layer controlscommunication between the hardware of differ-ent hosts, while the highest is concerned withapplication programs. For each layer, programsat different hosts use protocols appropriate to aparticular layer to communicate with each other.

Each layer uses the layer below it and providesfacilities for the layer above; how this is donealso forms part of the protocol suite. The use oflayers simplifies communications protocols.TCP/IP has five layers of protocols (also called aTCP/IP stack); OSI has seven.

layering A technique used within draw programsfor handling vector or object-oriented graphics.Each object is drawn on its own layer, so thatobjects can be placed ‘in front of’ or ‘behind’ anyother object; this arrangement can be changedwith the draw program. In addition, most drawprograms allow objects to be grouped on layers(each object still occupies its own layer withinthat group layer). This gives great flexibility tothe expert user. Image editing programs, such asAdobe PhotoShop, also use layering and it isused in other types of program, such as Apple’sHyperCard, to improve presentation and accessto information.

layer-on Machine-minder who feeds sheets to themachine.

layout Sketch of a book or other publication,showing the plan to work to.

lc (or l.c.) Lower case. (See also u/l or u/lc; c&lc.)LCD See liquid crystal display.lead Thin metal strip used for separating lines of

type.leader 1. Row of dots used to lead the eye across

a page. 2. See editorial. 3. A length of blankpaper or magnetic tape used for loading pur-poses.

lead-in The introduction in a piece of setting,often in a bold or different face.

leading The spacing between lines of type. Alsointerline spacing, film advance, film feed,line feed.

leading edge The edge of a sheet or plate atwhich printing begins. Also, gripper edge,pitch edge.

lead time The time it takes for a requirement tobe satisfied.

leaf Single sheet, comprising two pages.leaflet Folded printed sheet comprising only a

few pages.leaf site On a network or the Internet, a machine

that merely originates and reads email anddoes not relay traffic. The ratio of the numberof leaf sites to backbone sites can affect the effi-ciency of the network.

learned journal A scholarly journal published onan occasional basis by a university or academicresearch body, concerned with a specialisedacademic subject.

leased line A private telephone circuit perma-nently connecting two points. Most wide area

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networks are built out of leased lines. Whileleased lines can be analogue or digital, todaymost are digital. Typically, the bandwidth isfrom 64kbps upwards. The bandwidths are fre-quently the same as those of ISDN, which can beregarded as an extension of digital leased lines todial-up communications. This equivalenceshould make it easier for leased lines, formingpart of networks, to be integrated with ISDN.

leather Leathers used in bookbinding includegoathides, pigskins, calfskins, vellum, sheep-skins, forels.

leathercloth Bookbinding grade of cloth: a plas-ticated cotton, dyed-through and calendered.

leatherette Paper that has been made to imitateleather by embossing.

leather pulp Pulp made from leather scraps andused for reconstituted leather coverings.

leave edge The edge of the sheet which leavesthe machine last as it goes through the printingrollers into the delivery.

LED See light emitting diode.ledger paper A strong paper for clerical use.LED printer A printer, similar to a laser printer,

which uses a bank of LEDs as the image source,rather than a single laser beam.

leg Short column of type.legend Caption.legibility The ease with which a page, design or

typeface can be read.Lempel-Ziv compression Also known as substitu-

tional compression. Two lossless data compres-sion schemes were proposed by Jakob Ziv andAbraham Lempel in 1977 and 1978, LZ77 andLZ78 (of which Lempel-Ziv Welch (LZW) com-pression is a variant).

Lempel-Ziv Welch (LZW) Variant of a form oflossless data compression.

length The ‘flowability’ of a printing ink. ‘Short’ink does not flow as easily as ‘long’ ink.

LEO satellite See low earth orbiting satellite.Letraset Proprietary name of sheets of transfer

lettering.letterbomb A piece of email containing code that

can act rather like a virus, affecting the opera-tion of the recipient’s computer, e.g. locking upthe terminal. Often not particularly serious butthe potential for serious damage is there, just aswith real letter bombs, from which they taketheir name. (Does not mean quite the same asmail-bomb.)

letter-by-letter alphabetisation See alphabeti-sation.

letter-fit Spacing between characters in a typeface.Letterflex plate Proprietary letterpress photo-

polymer plate, similar to an APR plate.

letterform The shape of a letter.letterhead The name and address of a person or

organisation printed at the top of a piece ofheaded stationery.

lettering Hand-drawn typography or a typefacedesigned to look hand-drawn.

letter of credit (L/C) A letter addressed by a bankin an importing country to its agent bank in theexporting country, authorising the latter, pro-viding an agreed set of conditions is met, torelease a specified sum of money to the accountof the exporter. A ‘Confirmed IrrevocableLetter of Credit’ carries the absolute guaranteeof the issuing bank, and cannot be revokedunless agreed by all parties.

letterpress Printing from images with a raisedsurface which impresses on the paper.

letter quality (LQ) Output from printers, typical-ly daisywheel printers, that are of a similarquality to office typewriters. Compare near let-ter quality.

letterset Also called ‘dry offset’, ‘offset letter-press’ and ‘indirect letterpress’. A relief platetransfers the image to a blanket and thenceonto the paper.

letterspace Space between letters.letterspacing Adding or reducing the space

between individual characters, as opposed tobetween words, in a formatted document. Whenused correctly, the effect should be pleasing.However, when done automatically in order toreduce the interword spacing in justification,the effect can often be the reverse. Although thedefault of some DTP programs, such asQuarkXPress, is to use letterspacing, most typo-graphic designers would agree that it shouldonly be used as a last resort in justified text. Inelectronic publishing, letterspacing shouldonly be used as a design tool.

levant Soft, pliable goatskin for bookbindingcovers.

lexical analyser A tool, designed for use in pro-gram compilation, but also useful in text appli-cations for string comparison and conversion.The Unix tool Lex is one of the most commonlyused.

lexicographical order Listing of words in alpha-betical order, as in a dictionary.

lexicon A term for dictionary, esp. of Latin,Hebrew, Arabic or Greek.

Lexis/Nexis An online legal, news and businessinformation service, owned by Reed-Elsevier,providing full-text legal information (LEXIS)and news (NEXIS).

LHA A shareware DOS program for compress-ing and archiving files in a similar way to

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PKZIP. LHA used to be called LHARC.Compressed files have extensions lha and lhz.

LHARC The previous name of LHA.lhz The filename extension for a file produced by

the LHA program.Lib Con number See Library of Congress num-

ber.library binding Durable type of case binding

used on books in libraries.library material Text or pictures held on file for

subsequent use.Library of Congress number US system for bib-

liographical data. The number is printed on thetitle-page verso.

lick-coated paper Paper with a very light coating.Also pigmented paper, light-coated paper,size-press coated paper.

lift Take typeset material or pictures from else-where to reuse.

ligature A glyph (or character) that is a combi-nation of two or more single characters. In thepast, particularly when hot metal or cold typewere used for typesetting, a whole range ofligatures was used, but their use has becomeless common as computer typesetting hasdeveloped. They are virtually never used in on-screen presentation of text, although they maybe specified in HTML documents as part of a(designed) text block transmitted as a graphic.

light box Box with glass top illuminated fromwithin so that transparent artwork can beviewed on its surface.

light-coated paper See size-press coated paper.light emitting diode (LED) A diode which glows

red, green or amber when energised by lowvoltage. They are commonly employed as alight source in multimode fibre-optic systems.In some applications, such as digital watches,they have been replaced by LCDs which requireless power. LEDs are also used in printers.

lightface Lighter version of a roman typeface.lightfast ink Ink which will fade less readily than

normal ink on prolonged exposure to stronglight. See blue wool scale.

light gate array An array of cells which can beprogrammed to allow or prevent light passingthrough to expose photographic material in thecreation of an image. Used in some photosetters.

lightness A measure of relative brightness. Usedin the HLS method of representing colour incomputer graphics.

light pen A device which looks like an ordinarypen, but which can be used to instruct the com-puter to modify part of a screen image. At its tip,the pen has a photoreceptor that emits signalswhen it receives light from the screen. With an

appropriate interface program, the computer isable to calculate the position of the light pen onthe basis of a grid stored in memory.

light pipe A fibre-optic cable in contrast to cop-per wire.

light primaries See additive primaries.light secondaries The complementary, or ‘oppo-

site’ colours to the additive primaries.light-sensitive Paper which changes its condi-

tion when exposed to light.lightweight coated paper (lwc) Coated paper

(often part-mechanical) below 60gsm.lightweight paper Normally taken to mean

paper less than 60gsm in substance.lignin The substance in wood which binds the

fibres together. Removed during the pulpingprocess.

limp Paper that is pliant.limp binding Paperback binding.limp-bound Referring to a book with a limp or

paper binding. (See also case-bound.)line 1. Rule. 2. Copy which consists of solid black

lines or dots only, and has no intermediate greytones. Contrast tone.

lineage Calculation of number of lines taken upby a piece of text; similarly, system of chargingfor advertisement space based on the numberof columns used.

Lineale Typeface without serifs, otherwiseknown as sans serif type.

line and tone combination An origination madeby combining the line elements of an original,shot for line, with the tone elements of the sameoriginal which are shot for tone. Hard, sharpoutlines are retained as line.

line block A relief plate produced from a linedrawing.

line conversion Conversion of continuous-tonecopy to line copy by photographing it withouta half-tone screen.

line copy Copy which has no gradation of tones,i.e. comprising solid black lines or shapes. Also‘line drawing’, ‘line engraving’ etc.

line feed Advancement of paper in a photosetteror printer by one line. Equivalent to leading.

line gauge Measuring ruler used for copyfittingand measuring type. Also called type gaugeand depth gauge.

line high The upper level, i.e. the character 1, inserial communications. See break.

line length Column width.line mechanical Paste-up of line copy ready for

the camera (US).line negative Negative of line illustration or text.linen finish Imitation linen texture on paper

surface.

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line noise Spurious characters (electrical noise) ina communications link, particularly an RS-232serial connection. Can have many causes, e.g.poor connections, interference or crosstalk,electrical storms, cosmic rays, birds on tele-phone wires, or telephone wires rubbingagainst tree branches.

linen screen Half-tone screen giving a lineneffect.

line overlay Line work on overlay separate fromhalf-tone.

line printer Output device which prints one lineat a time usually with non-letter-quality reso-lution.

line probing A feature that will allow a modemto identify the capacity and quality of the tele-phone line and adjust itself for maximumthroughput using the highest possible datatransmission rate. Line probing is available onsome V.34 modems.

liner Paper used to cover another paper or boardfor extra strength, thickness or finish.

linespacing Space between lines of photosettype.

lines per inch (lpi) Measure of image resolution.(See also dots per inch.)

lines per minute A measure of line printer speed.line turnaround time In a communications link,

the transmission delay between the end of oneblock of data and the beginning of the next. It isparticularly significant in half-duplex links.For RS-232-C interfaces line turnaround time isthe delay between request to send (RTS) andclear to send (CTS) signals.

lining Part of the spine strengthening in a case-bound book. See first and second linings.

lining figures Arabic numerals the same height ascapitals, also known as aligning numerals. Asdistinct from non-lining or old-style figures.

link (Also called hotlink.) In hypertext docu-ments, a connection from one document toanother (see also anchor). The use of linkswithin HTML documents can be regarded asperhaps the most appealing aspect of theWorld Wide Web, in that links can be followedbetween documents, irrespective of where inthe world they are situated. Linking is alsoused within programs and applications inorder either to save space by not duplicatingdata, or to ensure that data is always up to date.Links within hypertext documents may beexplicit, i.e. they need to be clicked on, orimplicit, in that the link is triggered automati-cally (see linked image). In application pro-grams the link is almost always automatic.Links are also used in the Unix file system to

avoid storing files twice and ensure consistentupdating, although the user sees two or moredifferent file names.

Link Access Protocol (Balanced) (LAPB) A bal-anced version of the Link Access Protocol.

Link Access Protocol (LAP) A protocol specifiedfor the datalink layer in the ITU-T X.25 pack-et-switched interface standard. (See also LinkAccess Protocol (Balanced).)

Link Access Protocol for Modems (LAPM) Theautomatic repeat request system used in theV.42 protocol.

Link Access Protocol on the D channel (LAPD)An ISDN datalink layer protocol.

linkbase A database that contains a series ofWorld Wide Web links for specific text strings.See Webcosm.

linked image A graphic image that is stored in adifferent file from the current hypertext page,so that it is displayed by selecting a link,although the image may also be included auto-matically, depending on the coding of thehypertext page.

linocut 1. Design made by carving in relief on ablock of linoleum. 2. A print made from alinocut.

Linofilm Proprietary name of a once-famous butnow obsolete photosetter.

Linotron Name for high-speed cathode ray tubephotosetting machines manufactured byLinotype.

Linotype Linecasting machine manufactured byLinotype.

lint Surface fibres released from paper duringprinting.

linting The build-up of lint on an offset blanketcausing hickies in the printed result.

LINX A UK neutral interconnect, based atPipex’s London point of presence.

liquid crystal display (LCD) Consisting of asandwich of two glass plates and a fluid. Theliquid darkens when a voltage is applied, thuscreating an image.

liquid lamination A high-gloss nitrocellulosevarnish applied to book covers or jackets (US).

list Often used for mailing list.list broker Someone who sells lists of names and

addresses in specific market-oriented cate-gories.

listing Computer print-out of data or a file.listing paper The paper used for computer list-

ings, traditionally printed with light green hor-izontal stripes and punched with sprocketholes at the sides.

listserv An automated mailing list manager,originally designed for the BITNET/EARN

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network, which processes email requests foraddition to or deletion from mailing lists, ofwhich there are now thousands, on many dif-ferent subjects. Some listservs also provideother facilities such as retrieving files fromarchives.

literal Mistake introduced in keyboarding, oftenonly affecting one or two characters.

lith film A high-contrast film.litho See lithography.lithograph A print made from a stone or plate by

lithography.lithographic plate Printing plate used in the

litho process.lithography Planographic printing process in

which ink is applied selectively to the plate bychemically treating the image areas to acceptink and the non-image areas to accept water.Shortened to litho.

litho prep Litho film assembly and platemaking.little-endian The ordering of the components of

a hierarchical name in which the domain nameis specified last.

live link Also known as a hotlink. (See also link.)live matter Copy which will go to press rather

than be deleted.live net Any World Wide Web server which pro-

vides access to live material, probably usingvideo cameras.

LiveWire A visual development environment,developed by Netscape and based on the Javalanguage.

LLC See logical link control.loading Substance (clay or gypsum) added to

paper furnish during beating to make thepaper more opaque and solid.

loadings Minerals and fillers added to the fur-nish of paper.

loan A rag writing paper.local area network (LAN) A geographically limi-

ted data communications network (typically toa 1 km radius or within a building), whichallows resource sharing. A LAN allows com-puters to have access to common data, pro-grams and peripherals, and it typically consistsof PCs with adapter cards, file servers, printersand gateways to other networks. Ethernet,Token-Ring, FDDI and LocalTalk are examplesof standard LANs and data rates up to 100Mbps are possible. LANs use software to man-age the components and the two best knownprograms are Novell NetWare and MicrosoftLAN Manager, so that client-server computingcan be supported. (See also wide area network.)

local bus A bus, designed to match the speed ofthe processor, which extends the central pro-

cessing unit (CPU) bus in order to speed updata transfer between the CPU, disks, graphicsboards and other devices. This benefits videoapplications in particular. There are two com-mon specifications, VESA and Intel’s PCI,although PCI is likely to become the standard,allowing a wider choice of video boards.

local echo A term recently used instead of halfduplex. The term comes from the need to dis-play (or echo) input at a terminal connected toa mainframe computer by a half-duplex link.

local loop The telephone circuits between a sub-scriber’s installation and the switching equip-ment at the local exchange.

local loopback address The special Internetaddress, 127.0.0.1, which is defined by theInternet Protocol for a host to send messages toitself.

LocalTalk One of the types of network hardwareavailable in the AppleTalk system. PCs canalso be connected to a LocalTalk network withthe right adapter board.

loc cit Abbreviation from the Latin phrase ‘lococitato’ meaning ‘in the passage already quoted’used in a footnote to refer to another note.

lock up 1. To secure metal type in a forme readyfor the next stage of production. 2. In programexecution, a state from which the system can-not escape.

loft-dried High-grade papers dried in a dryingshed to allow natural evaporation.

logical link control (LLC) A protocol specified inIEEE 802.2 for data link level transmission con-trol. It forms the upper portion of the OSIdatalink layer. The LLC sublayer presents auniform interface to the user of the datalinkservice, usually the network layer. Below theLLC sublayer is the medium access control(MAC) sublayer.

login An alternative term for log on, used onUnix systems.

logo See logotype.log-off A computer instruction issued by a user

indicating the termination of a session.log-on An instruction, issued by a user, request-

ing access. A log-on sequence will usuallyinclude entry of a password.

log on, logon, logging on The process of con-necting a user to a network or to a multi-usercomputer system.

logo scanner A flatbed scanner which converts alogo, or other special symbol, into digital sig-nals for computer input and displays it on aVDU. The image may then be manipulated orchanged in some way before output to a laserprinter.

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logotype Company name or product device usedin a special design as a trademark. Shortened tologo.

long grain Sheet of paper in which the graindirection (or machine direction) runs parallelwith the longest side.

long-grain press Web-fed magazine or paper-back printing press which prints all the pageswith the long edge of the page in the directionof travel of the printing cylinder, i.e. produceslong-grain publications. Contrast short-grainpress.

long ink An ink that flows easily.long primer Obsolete type size, approximately

10pt.long run A high printing number for a job.long ton Imperial ton (2240lb), equal to 1.12 short

(US) tons, or 1.0161 metric tonnes.look-and-feel The general appearance and func-

tion of a user interface (usually a graphical userinterface or GUI) including such things as theway icons are used, conventions for the mean-ing of different buttons on a mouse and theappearance and operation of menus. The firstGUI was developed on the Xerox Star, but thiswas not a commercial success, its main look-and-feel concepts being exploited in the AppleMacintosh. Subsequently, Apple sued Microsoftclaiming that the look-and-feel of MicrosoftWindows infringed Apple’s copyright. The casewas mainly decided in Microsoft’s favour.

lookthrough The finish or opacity of paper asviewed when held up against the light.

look-up table A table of conditions written as aninstruction program. In typesetting, look-uptables are used mainly for hyphenation deci-sions, font-width information, and code con-version when text is being transferred from onesystem to another. Also, translation table.

loop Series of computer instructions repeateduntil a condition is reached which diverts fromthe loop.

loopback A communications diagnostic pro-cedure, in which the transmitted data stream islooped back to its source, so that it can be com-pared with the transmitted data.

loose leaf Binding which uses steel rings passingthrough drilled holes in the paper to hold thesheets together.

loose proof Proof of one colour separation out ofthe four (US).

lossless Term describing a data compressionalgorithm in which all the information in a fileis retained, allowing it to be recovered perfect-ly by decompression.

lossless compression A term describing a data

compression algorithm in which all the informa-tion in a file is retained, allowing it to be recov-ered perfectly by decompression. Examples oflossless compression are the Unix compress andPKZIP. (See also lossy compression, which isthe opposite of lossless.)

lossy compression A term describing a data com-pression algorithm in which the amount ofinformation in the data, as well as the numberof bits used to represent that information, isreduced. The lost information is usuallyassumed to be less important to the quality ofthe data (usually an image or audio) because itcan be recovered reasonably by interpolation.MPEG, JPEG and fractal compression areexamples of lossy compression techniques.

Lotus Notes A group of workflow applicationprograms developed by Lotus, but now ownedby IBM, which allows organisations to share andco-ordinate documents and exchange electronicmail messages. Notes supports replication onmultiple servers and between the server and thedesktop client. (See also computer-supportedcooperative work.)

low earth orbiting satellite (LEO satellite) Apolar-orbiting satellite in a low orbit used forcommunication with hand portable terminals.

lower case Small letters as distinct from capitals.Abbreviated as lc.

lower-case letters Uncapitalised letters, such asthose that make up all this sentence (except thefirst letter). The term is derived from the daysof cold type, when the capitals were kept in thetop typecase and the small letters in the bottom(or lower) case. Capitals are thus sometimesreferred to as upper-case letters.

low-level language In computer programming, alanguage closely related to the machine-code ofthe computer. A low-level language is convert-ed by an assembler program into the finalmachine-code instructions. More efficient thanhigh-level languages but more difficult towrite.

low resolution (Often shortened to low-res.) Theopposite of high resolution. While somegraphics are just low-resolution to begin with,other graphics are created or scanned as com-plex, high-resolution images (probably for off-set printing). However, in order to save diskspace and/or to shorten screen display times,low-res versions are produced for use in pagemake-up and placement of the image. Usuallythe high-resolution version is merged using theOpen PrePress Interface. (See also resolution.)

lpi See lines per inch.LPM Lines per minute.

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LQ Letter quality (applying to a daisywheel orlaser printer).

LSI Large-scale integration. Referring to fourthgeneration computers which contain high-performance chips, each incorporating fromseveral thousand to a quarter of a million com-ponents. (See also VLSI.)

Ludlow Proprietary name of a display-size type-casting machine which uses hand-assembledmatrices.

luminance See brightness.luminous Inks or paints which glow in dark con-

ditions.Lumitype Proprietary name of a now obsolete

filmsetter.lurker Someone who participates in a mailing list

or Usenet newsgroup etc. by reading but notcontributing (or posting). Although occasional-ly used in such a way, the term was not meantto be pejorative and, indeed, beginners areencouraged to ‘lurk’ so as to become familiarwith a given community or group.

lwc Lightweight coated (paper). Refers to coatedpapers, normally with a part-mechanical base,which are 60gsm or lighter in substance.

Lycos A World Wide Web index and searchengine served by Carnegie Mellon University.It allows users to search on document title andcontent for a list of keywords. (See alsoAltaVista, Yahoo.)

LZ compression See Lempel-Ziv compression.LZ77 compression The first algorithm (proposed

in 1977) to use the Lempel-Ziv substitutionalcompression schemes. In LZ77 compression, afixed-size ‘sliding window’ is moved over thedata and when a phrase is encountered that hasalready been seen, a pair of values is output,giving the position of the phrase in the buffercontaining the data that has already been seenand the length of the phrase. There are a num-ber of variants of, and improvements to, themethod. All popular archivers, including lhaand zip, are variations on LZ77. (See also LZ78,LZFG, Huffman coding.)

LZ78 compression A Lempel-Ziv substitutionalcompression scheme which enters phrases in adictionary and then, when that particularphrase is found again, outputs the dictionaryindex instead of the phrase. Of the several algo-rithms based on this principle, which mainlydiffer in how they manage the dictionary, thebest known scheme is the Lempel-Ziv Welch(LZW) variant of LZ78.

LZFG A Lempel-Ziv compression scheme.LZW compression See Lempel-Ziv Welch com-

pression.

MM 1. Abbreviation for 1000. 2. Used to indicate

the machine direction (grain direction) of asheet when placed against one dimension, e.g.890(M)3 1130 is a short-grain sheet.

Mac Common abbreviation for the AppleMacintosh computer. As distinct from PC, itsmain rival in the personal computing arena.

MAC Medium access control.MAC address The hardware address of a device

connected to a network. See medium accesscontrol.

MacBinary A data format used on the Macintosh.machine-aided translation The use of a comput-

er to aid translation by relieving the humantranslator for routine tasks.

machine binding Binding by machine ratherthan manually.

machine clothing The various felts and wirematerials on a paper machine.

machine coated Paper coated on the papermak-ing machine.

machine code Primary code used by the com-puter’s processor. Few programs are writtendirectly in machine code, but in a high-levellanguage or low-level language which is thentranslated by a separate translator programinto machine code.

machine composition General term for composi-tion of metal type using typecasting equipment.

machine deckle Width of the wet web on apapermaking machine.

machine direction The direction in which fibreslie on the wire of a paper machine, i.e. along theweb. Also called grain direction. As distinctfrom the cross direction.

machine fill A making of paper which uses thefull width of the machine deckle.

machine finished (MF) Smooth paper calen-dered on the paper machine.

machine glazed (MG) Glossy finish to one sideof paper obtained by drying against the pol-ished surface of a heated cylinder of a yankee-type paper machine.

machine language See machine code.machine minder Printer who supervises the run-

ning of a printing machine.machine proof Proof made by printing from

plates, as opposed to using plastic proofingtechniques. Also known as a wet proof.

machine readable Data that is in a form that canbe read directly by a machine via floppy disk ormagnetic tape.

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machine revise Printed sheet for checkingagainst the press proof.

machining Printing.MacinTalk The speech synthesis utility on the

Macintosh that, with appropriate programs,makes things talk. Used in educational pack-ages.

Macintosh See Mac.macro A combination of commands, used in var-

ious kinds of interactive programs, e.g. word-processors, as well as in text formatting ortypesetting programs such as TEX. In an inter-active program, a series of commands can be‘recorded’ and then can be ‘played’ to createthe same effect, by using either a function key,a menu command or a button. Alternatively,macros can be written essentially as small com-puter programs, including functions and con-ditional expressions. The more complex macroscan take parameters such as a text string or avalue for such items as page number, interlinespacing or typesize.

Macromedia Director One of the multimediaapplications development packages fromMacromedia. Authorware from the same com-pany provides an alternative approach. (Seealso Shockwave.)

macron Mark (-) printed above a long or stressedvowel.

made ends See joints.mag 1. Magazine. 2. Magnetic (as in tape).magazine 1. Regularly appearing publication

(typically weekly or monthly) covering a subjectarea with less topicality than a newspaper butwith current events and fashions considered. 2. Container for storing matrices of a linecastingmachine.

magazine supplement Magazine inserted in anewspaper.

magenta Process red. One of the colours used infour-colour process printing.

magnefite pulp A sulphite pulp made usingmagnesium bisulphite rather than calciumbisulphite in the cooking process. The magne-sium waste liquor can be chemically recovered.

magnetic card A wordprocessing recordingmedium.

magnetic disk A disk with a magnetisable sur-face coating onto which data may be recorded.See floppy disk, hard disk, Winchester disk.

magnetic head See read-write head.magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) The

ability of suitable devices (character recogni-tion systems) to read characters printed inmagnetic ink for rapid input to a computer.Because magnetic-ink characters are difficult to

forge, MICR is used extensively in banking formarking and identifying cheques.

magnetic inks Inks with magnetic content that canbe read by electronic sensing. Used on cheques.

magnetic tape Narrow tape magnetically coatedfor the storage in serial form of computer data.

magneto-optical A hybrid technology that is usedin compact disc-recordable (CD-R). Data stor-age is magnetic. However, the laser beam heatsthe very small area involved before it ‘writes’, i.e.re-orients the relevant magnetic domains. Whenthis area cools, it becomes twice as resistant tochange as the equivalent area on a standard mag-netic disk. A lower-power laser is used to ‘read’the disk. If the area is to be overwritten, then it isagain heated by the ‘writing’ laser.

mail Often used to mean sending a message viaemail to a specific recipient. Also a programrunning under the Berkeley version of Unix.

mail-bomb To send, perhaps together with others,a huge number of email messages to one personor to a system, aiming to crash the recipient’ssystem. The actual way in which this will hap-pen will vary from system to system. Mail-bombing is rather like ‘road rage’, in that it isused against someone who has apparentlyoffended against the rules of netiquette, but inturn is itself a breech of netiquette, causinginconvenience not only to the target, but also tomany other people and systems.

mailbox (or mail box) A file, a directory or a mes-sage queue on a specific system in whichincoming email messages are stored for a par-ticular user or for distribution to a mailing listor via a mail server.

mail bridge A gateway that forwards email mes-sages between networks. (See also mail gate-way.)

mail exchange record (MX record) A record typeused in a Domain Name Server, showingwhich host can handle email for a specificdomain.

mail exploder The part of an email system whichenables multiple mailing and mailing lists. Thesender uses a single address and the mailexploder distributes the message to the indi-vidual addresses in the list.

mail gateway A gateway between two or moreemail systems, transferring and, where neces-sary translating, messages between them. Thetranslation can sometimes be quite complex andin early mail gateways there were often prob-lems with characters being lost or mistranslated.This was particularly true if non-ASCII charac-ters were involved. The use of MIME has virtu-ally solved that problem.

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mailing list List of names and addresses towhich mailing pieces can be sent.

mailing piece Promotional material mailed out.mail merge A wordprocessing utility enabling

name and address files to be merged with a textfile containing a letter.

mail path (Or source route.) An email addresswhich gives the route of a message, listing thehostnames through which it must pass. This isinfrequently used on the Internet, where theroute is determined at each host through whichthe message passes.

mail reflector An email address that provides amail forwarding function, either if the recipienthas moved (or just changed address) or some-times to protect the identity of the recipient.

mail server A program that sends files or infor-mation in response to email requests. Mailservers were used before Internet access was sowide. They are less used today, when informa-tion is easily available via the World Wide Webor File Transfer Protocol (ftp).

mail shot A single sending of promotional mate-rial to a list of names and addresses.

mainframe Large computer.Majordomo A widely used freeware mailing list

processor that runs under Unix.majuscule Capital or upper-case letter.makegood Periodical advertisement re-run

because the original was faulty.make-ready Setting up a printing machine ready

to run a specific job.make-up Making-up typeset material into pages.making order An order for paper to particular

specifications needing to be made speciallyrather than withdrawn from stock.

making-up Assembly of printed sections prior tosewing.

mall A set of linked URLs on the World WideWeb, which give information about commer-cial products and services for sale that canoften be purchased using credit cards or specialbanking services, such as First Virtual, or byusing electronic money.

MAN See metropolitan area network.management information base (MIB) The col-

lection of objects managed, as part of SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol), byan agent or piece of software running in a net-work component, such as a router.

Manchester encoding A digital encoding tech-nique in which a negative-to-positive voltagetransition within a fixed period indicates abinary 0 and a positive-to-negative voltagetransition indicates a binary 1.

Mandelbrot set A mathematical set representing

one kind of fractal image. It is named afterBenoit Mandelbrot, who discovered the fractalprinciple and this set. Another fractal set is theJulia set.

manifold paper A lightweight paper used forcopies or for airmail. (See also bank.)

manila A tough paper made from hemp andoften used for envelopes.

Man-Machine Language (MML) A languagedeveloped by ITU-T for telecommunicationsapplications.

manual Book giving instructions about a tech-nique or details of operation of a device.

Manual of Style Instruction manual coveringspelling, hyphenation and punctuation, pub-lished by the University of Chicago Press, andused by American editors, printers and pub-lishers.

Manufacturers Automation Protocol (MAP) Anapplications-layer application for officeautomation over networks, developed byGeneral Motors on the basis of the OSI modelbased on token bus. (See also TOP.)

manuscript Abbreviated to MS. Typed or hand-written copy for setting. Also typescript, copy.

MAP See Manufacturers Automation Protocol.MAPI See Microsoft Mail Application Program

Interface.marbled paper Paper covered with a marbled

design, used for endpapers of books. True mar-bled paper is made by hand: paper is dippedinto a bath containing liquid pigment coloursfloating on a viscous gum solution, and thendried. Imitation marbled paper is normal paperprinted with this pattern by litho: this is thesort more commonly used.

marching display Visual display of one line oftype displayed sequentially as keyboarded.

marginalia Marginal notes.margin guides The non-printing dotted lines in

DTP programs which mark the basic marginsof the page within which the text is fitted. Oneof three sorts of page layout guide.

margins Areas of white space left around printedmatter on a page.

mark A data circuit impulse corresponding to theactive condition of the receiving device.Compare space.

marked proof The proof on which the printer’sreader has marked corrections.

marked section A section of an SGML documentthat is to be treated in a special, usually condi-tional, manner.

markings or marks Identifying description writ-ten onto a label, e.g. the title of a book on a con-signment of paper sent to a printer to show the

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printer the use for which the paper has beensent.

mark sensing A technique for reading into acomputer pencil marks on specially preparedforms. Because the pencil marks containgraphite, which conducts electricity, when themark sense reader, a series of small metalbrushes, touches a mark, an electrical contact ismade and thus the mark is detected.

markup Instructions on a layout or copy for thecompositor to follow when typesetting or mak-ing up pages. (See also electronic markup.)

markup language A language (or metalanguage)designed to formalise the markup process fortext. Markup languages also give facilities forincluding links to multimedia items, such asgraphics, audio and video.

marquee A method of selecting objects, usuallyin a draw program, as an alternative to clickingon specific objects. The mouse is held downand moved, forming a rectangle on the screen(indicated in different ways in different pro-grams). Everything that is completely withinthe rectangle is selected.

mask Opaque overlay which masks out the un-wanted portion of a photograph.

masking In process colour origination using acamera, masking meant the use of colour com-pensation techniques during the separationprocess to achieve results more faithful to theoriginal and less liable to colour correction (e.g.applying a trimask or other specially mademask to an original to reduce contrast orenhance detail in separate areas and for specif-ic colours). In colour film make-up, masking isthe process of marking out specified areas,either electronically or mechanically, which areto undergo tint-laying, reversed out illustra-tion, reversed lettering etc. (See also unsharpmasking.)

masking paper See goldenrod paper.masking tape A translucent adhesive tape for

masking out unwanted areas on film.massaging Manipulation of copy on a VDU.mass market Broadly based market; in book pub-

lishing, general-interest paperbacks.mass storage device Backing storage such as

magnetic disk or magnetic drum which is capa-ble of holding large amounts of data.

master 1. A plate for a duplication machine. 2.Original tape, disk, film etc. from which copieswill be made.

master page grid In DTP, the basic page layout,held in memory as a job template for thedesign and kept independently from the textitself.

master proof Printer’s proof or reader’s proof.(See also marked proof.)

masthead Graphic device which displays anewspaper’s name on the front page.

mat See matrix.Matchprint Proprietary dry proof, similar to a

Cromalin.matrix Also ‘matrice’. Mould from which type-

face is cast or photographic master of type font.matrix printer or dot matrix printer One in which

each character is represented by a dot pattern.(See also daisywheel printer, laser printer.)

matt or matte Dull finish, as distinct from glossy.mature Acclimatise paper to pressroom humidi-

ty. Also called conditioning.maximise button In Windows applications,

resizes a window to fill the full screen ratherthan a small part of it.

Mb Abbreviation for megabyte.MBONE See Multicast Backbone.Mbps Megabit(s) per second. Transfer rate of one

million bits per second. (See also bps, kbps.)MCA See Micro Channel Architecture.McCain sewing See side-sewing.MCI See Media Control Interface.MCI Mail A large commercial email service.

Note that this is not related to Media ControlInterface, but named after the US companyMCI which operates the service.

MCR Magnetic character reading.MD In papermaking, machine direction. As dis-

tinct from CD (cross direction).MDI See Multiple Document Interface.mean line Imaginary line which runs along the

top of the lower-case letters in a line of text.Also, x-line. Compare baseline.

measure Length of line of type.mechanical Camera-ready paste-up (US).mechanical binding Binding held together by

metal or plastic coils. (See also spiral binding.)mechanical composition See machine composi-

tion.mechanical ghosting Ghosting caused by blan-

ket irregularities.mechanical paper Paper made from mechanical

pulp.mechanical pulp Pulp produced mechanically, by

grinding, rather than chemically. There are sev-eral sorts. See stone groundwood mechanicalpulp (SGW), refiner mechanical pulp (RMP),thermomechanical pulp (TMP), chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP).

mechanical separations Separate colour overlaysin register with each other.

mechanical tint Patterned sheet which can pro-duce tonal effects on line work.

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media The materials onto which data can berecorded, i.e. floppy disk, magnetic tape etc.

Media Control Interface (MCI) A standard con-trol interface for multimedia devices and files,used under Windows.

media converter Device which reads from onemedium (normally a disk) and translates itscontent in order to output to another medium(often a disk). (See also multi-disk reader.)

media data form Method of presenting informa-tion about a publication for use by advertisersfor comparison with other publications.

Media Lab at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology One of the leading research organ-isations concerned with developments in mul-timedia and communications. Headed byNicholas Negroponte.

Media Player A Windows utility which allowsboth audio and video files to be replayed.

medium The means of conveying something; anintermediate.

medium access control (MAC) A protocol for con-trolling access to a specific network. Part of theIEEE 802 network standards. The lower portionof the datalink layer, OSI layer 2. Essentially theinterface between a computer and a network,determining which unit transmits at any par-ticular time. (See also MAC address, logicallink control.)

megabyte (Mb) One million computer bytes or,more loosely, one million characters. As contin-uous text in disk storage terms, this works outat around 150000 words or two average-lengthnovels. See also kilobyte.

Megafloppy A text compression technique, devel-oped by Eurofield Systems, Australia, designedto enable the publication of large amounts ofdata on floppy disk. The technique also providesencryption, so that the files may be transferred tohard disk and accessed, without decompression,but so that the data cannot be copied or accessedwithout a PIN number.

melinex Thick, polyester-based film.memory Internal storage of a computer. The

memory of a computer is where it finds itsinstructions and the data it is to work with, aswell as where it stores its results. It is organisedas a series of locations or cells each of whichcan hold one computer word. The locations aregiven numbers which enable the computer toidentify their positions. See RAM, ROM.

menu A type of user interface in which the useris presented with a series of options, fromwhich he or she can select, either with a mouseor by entering a text string, often just a number.

menu bar In a graphical user interface (GUI), the

bar across the top of the screen or a window,containing the names of pull-down menus.

menu-driven Software program laid out in theinitial form of a number of questions to whichthe user replies in order to action the program.

merge Combine two or more files into one.message handling system (MHS) The services

and protocols that provide OSI email, speci-fied in the ITU-T X.400 series of recommenda-tions and also defined as the Message-Oriented Text Interchange Standard (MOTIS)by ISO. It is used by CompuServe.

Message-Oriented Text Interchange Standard(MOTIS) The ISO version of MHS.

message switching A method of transmission inwhich messages are stored at an intermediateswitching centre until a channel is available forthem to be transmitted to their final destina-tion. (See also packet switching.)

meta An HTML tag, defining metadata, which isused by many of the World Wide Web searchengines, either as part of the indexing or aspart of a keyword search.

metadata Often called information about informa-tion. Structured data which describes types ofinformation. Often used for searching, e.g. usingthe Z39.50 protocol, although the data may notactually form part of the viewable document.

metafile See Windows Metafile Format.Metafont A font design and generation package

which is a companion to the TEX typesettinglanguage.

metalanguage A (computer) language in whichthe logic and statements of another languageare discussed and specified. SGML, e.g., is ametalanguage in that it specifies how to dothings, rather than what to do.

metallic inks Inks containing metallic powdersto give a gold or silver printed effect. Bestprinted in conjunction with a primer.

metamerism In colour printing, used to describethe phenomenon whereby certain colours shiftin hue under different lighting conditions.

metric system The decimal system of measure-ment. See Appendix.

metropolitan area network (MAN) A networklinking users that usually covers an area the sizeof a city. Often implemented using optical fibre.(See also SMDS, SONET, local area network,wide area network.)

mezzotint Form of print created by removing aroughened surface to a greater or lesser degreefrom a specially burred metal plate, thus creat-ing areas of continuous tone; used to simulatethe effect of painting. By extension, a form ofhalf-tone screen which imitates this effect.

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MF See machine finished.MG See machine glazed.mg Milligram. One-thousandth of a gram.MHEG See Multimedia/Hypermedia Information

Coding Experts Group.MHS See Message Handling System.MHz One million hertz.MIB See management information base.MICR See magnetic ink character recognition.microbilling A billing technique, gradually

being introduced on the Internet, which allowssmall amounts due (micropayments, e.g. fordownload of an item of information or soft-ware) to be accumulated and invoiced togetherat the end of an agreed period.

Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) (Or just‘micro channel’.) An expansion bus used inPCs, now superseded by later technologies,such as local bus.

microchip See chip.Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP) A series

of widely used modem protocols, whichinclude compression and error correction. (Seealso V series.)

microcomputer Small computer, usually withoutmulti-user capabilities except when formingpart of a network.

Microcosm Software developed at the Universityof Southampton for automatically insertingcross-references into electronic and multimediadocuments. The Open Journal Project is usingan extension of this software, now releasedcommercially as Webcosm, to develop auto-matic cross-referencing for electronic journals.

microdot A very small dot. Microdots generatedduring stochastic screening, e.g., vary from10–20 microns in size (a 20 micron dot wouldbe around the smallest generated in conven-tional AM screening using a 150 screen ruling).

microelite Small size of typewriter type: 15 char-acters per inch.

microfiche A sheet of film onto which text andimages are photographically reduced. Usually1053148mm, holding 420 A4 sheets. (See alsomicrofilm, microform.)

microfilm A roll of film, usually 35mm, ontowhich text and images are photographicallyreduced. Computer output on microfilm(COM) is a common form of archival storage,although it is being superseded by computeroutput onto laser disk (COLD) and documentimage processing (DIP). (See also microform.)

microform Generic name for media onto whichtext or images are photographically reduced.The main examples are microfiche and micro-film.

micrometre One-thousandth of a millimetre.micron Alternative term for micrometre.micropayments See microbilling.microprocessor See microcomputer.microsecond One-millionth part of a second.

Measurement used in computing. Comparenanosecond, millisecond.

Microsoft Corporation The world’s largest soft-ware company. Was first successful in writingPC-DOS (which became MS-DOS), the opera-ting system used by PCs, under contract to IBM.Later products include MS Windows, WindowsNT and LAN Manager, as well as many appli-cations software products.

Microsoft Mail Application Program Interface(MAPI) Microsoft’s email system developedfor local area networks (LANs). (See also VIM.)

Microsoft Network (MSN) An online service pro-viding information, weather reports, databaselinks to the Internet and email for Windows 95users.

Microsoft Windows See Windows.MICR paper Magnetic ink character recogni-

tion paper.middle space or mid space A letterpress spacing

piece equal to one-quarter of a ‘mutton’ or emspace.

middleware Software that is used between anapplication program and a network or betweena client and a server in order to allow appli-cations to have standard user interfaces and yetbe usable across heterogeneous platforms andnetworks.

MIDI See Musical Instrument Digital Interface.mid-level network (Also called regional net-

work.) The networks of the Internet that con-nect the stub networks to the backbone net-works.

mid tones or middle tones Tonal ranges betweenhighlights and shadows.

millboard True millboard is a very dense, hardboard used in stationery binding and for archivaluse. The term millboard is sometimes used todescribe normal caseboards, which are moreproperly grey board or unlined chipboard.

mill conditioned Paper conditioned for normalatmospheric humidity. See conditioning.

mill finished See machine finished.mill glazed See machine glazed.milligram One-thousandth of a gram.millimetre One-thousandth of a metre.millisecond One-thousandth part of a second.

Measurement used in computing. Abbreviatedto ms. Compare nanosecond, microsecond.

mill waste Broke and other by-products of apaper mill’s normal making processes which

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can be recycled within the mill. Paper madeusing mill waste as a majority furnish shouldnot really be termed recycled even though itsometimes is.

Milnet Military Network. Part of the US DefenseData Network. Also part of the Internet.

MIME See Multipurpose Internet MailExtensions.

mimencode (Originally ‘mmencode’.) An im-provement on uuencode for use in email.Uuencode uses some characters that becomecorrupted across certain mail gateways (partic-ularly those converting to and from EBCDIC).Uuencode also has a number of variants.Mimencode is more robust.

mini See minicomputer.miniature A small-scale, minutely finished portrait

or similar illustration in a medieval manuscript.mini-cassette Used as a backing storage device,

usually in smaller portable computers. Thesecassettes are similar in design to those used inpocket dictation machines.

minicomputer Small but powerful computer,usually dedicated to one job rather than gener-al data processing.

minifloppy disk A name given to 5¼0 floppydisks to identify them as different from 80 floppy disks. As 5¼0 disks became the typein widest use the term fell into misuse.

minimise button In Windows applications,turns a window into an icon at the foot of thescreen.

minion Obsolete term for 7pt type.Minitel The French viewdata system provided

free by the French telephone system as a way ofobtaining directory information. However,Minitel is now widely used to provide infor-mation on a range of services.

mini-web Small web offset machine typicallyproducing 16pp A4 colour sections (8p A4 toview). Also known as narrow-web, or half-sizepress.

minuscule or miniscule Lower case letter.mips Millions of instructions per second.

Measurement of computer processing speed.mirror An Internet archive site holding a copy of

files from another site, so as to allow users toaccess them more quickly, as well as reducingthe load on the source site. Usually whole direc-tories are mirrored in a structured way, e.g. toprovide access in Europe or the UK to a USsource. This is different from a cache or proxyserver, which just stores everything which isrequested through it, to speed up subsequentaccess. The term is also used to describe dupli-cation of storage on disk, e.g. in RAID systems.

misprint Typographical error.misregister One colour or more printed out of

alignment with other colours.mitre 45° angle join at corners of metal rules.mixed furnish Referring to papers which have

mechanical and woodfree pulps in their fur-nish. See part-mechanical paper.

mixing Usually applied to typefaces of differentfonts in one line of text.

mm Millimetre.mmencode The original name for mimencode.MML See Man-Machine Language.MMX An extra set of instructions built into later

(1997) versions of Intel’s Pentium microproces-sors to support operations on multimedia andcommunications data types. They can handlemany common multimedia operations, such asdigital signal processing, normally handled bya separate sound card or video card. Intel statesthat this is not an acronym for MultiMediaeXtension, but an Intel brand name.

mnemonic codes Easily remembered codes:abbreviations or tags which suggest theirmeanings (e.g. bd1 = bold style 1).

MNP See Microcom Networking Protocol.Mobile Station International ISDN Number

(MSISDN) The telephone number (0902XXXXXX) dialled to contact a mobile user.

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) A telephoneexchange for a cellular network.

mock-up A layout or rough of artwork. Alsocalled a visual.

mod A filename extension for a sampled musicfile format, which is made up of digitisedsound samples (unlike MIDI files), arranged inpatterns to create a song.

modelling tint A tint added to pure white tomake it brighter, usually blue or red.

modem or modulator/demodulator Devicewhich converts analogue communication (e.g.telephone transmission) into digital form andvice versa. Modem transmission speeds arerated in kbps. Common ratings are 14.4 and28.8. By comparison, the data rate of ISDNtransmission goes from 64 upwards.

moderated The term describing mailing lists andnewsgroups which are edited and managed bya moderator.

moderator A person or persons editing and man-aging a moderated mailing list or Usenetnewsgroup. The moderator will read all incom-ing submissions and decide which ones will besent out to the mailing list or newsgroup.

Modern Late 18th century typestyle, also calledDidone.

modern figures See lining figures.

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modular Hardware system capable of beingexpanded by adding on compatible devices.

modulated Subject to modulation.modulation The modification of the amplitude,

frequency or phase of an analogue carrier waveso that information can be transmitted. Seeamplitude modulation.

modulator Device which modifies the aplitude,frequency or phase of an analogue carrier waveso that information can be transmitted.

moiré An undesirable pattern that can appear ingraphic images; a result of the superimpositionof one regular pattern or screen on another, sothat interference takes place, causing a period-ic variation of intensity. It is similar to the phe-nomenon of ‘beats’, which occurs with sound.(See also aliasing.)

moisture content Amount of moisture in paper,expressed as a percentage of weight. A mois-ture content of around 7–8% is recommendedfor printing papers in optimum press roomconditions (20°C, 55–65% RH).

moisture welts Wrinkles in a paper roll causedby moisture absorption after drying.

molleton Cotton material used on dampingrollers.

Mondex Electronic money scheme first trialled inSwindon.

monitor Screen which displays the operations ofa machine in real time.

monk Dark printed area resulting from too muchink being added, contrast friar.

mono See monochrome.monochrome Literally means one colour, often

black on white (although see bilevel bitmap),but used for grey scales. Used to describe blackand white printers and displays, which willusually be white, green or orange on black, orblack on white. A grey-scale monitor displays arange of grey values, not just black or white,even though there is still no colour.

monogram Device made from the linking togetherof two or more letters, usually someone’s initials.

monograph Academic book concerned with asingle specialised subject or aspect of it.

monoline Typeface with all strokes appearing tohave the same thickness, e.g. Univers.

monomode fibre A type of optical fibre that hasa very fine core, the diameter of which isapproximately the wavelength of light. There isvery low dispersion of the optical signal andtherefore monomode fibres are used for highbandwidths over long distances. (Comparewith multimode fibre.)

Monophoto Proprietary name of an early Britishphototypesetting system.

monospaced Letters which have all the same set widths, as in typewriter faces or non-WYSIWYG VDU screen displays.

monotone Illustrative material in one colour.Monotype Proprietary name of a hot metal type-

casting machine which assembles charactersindividually rather than line-by-line.

montage Several images assembled into onepiece of artwork.

MOO See under Multi-User Dimension.moral right Right of editors or illustrators to

have some influence on the publication of awork they have contributed to, even when theydo not own the copyright.

morgue Newspaper reference library.morocco Goatskin with fine grain for bookbinding.morphing The gradual distortion of one image

into another by moving points on the originalimage to certain corresponding points in thesecond image. Used in animation software.(Compare with tweening.)

Mosaic An early World Wide Web browser orclient from NCSA, which runs on a number ofdifferent platforms. Has been largely super-seded by Netscape Navigator (developed bythe same team) and by Internet Explorer.

motherboard The printed circuit board contain-ing the main components of a computer. Seeadd-on board, expansion board.

Mother of Chapel See under FOC.Motif The standard graphical user interface

(GUI) for Unix systems, based on X windows.Motion Picture Encoding Group Another name

for the Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG).MOTIS See Message-Oriented Text Interchange

Standard.mottle Uneven printing in solid areas caused by

poor ink or uneven absorption characteristicsin the paper.

mould See matrix.mould-made paper Paper either made by hand,

or made on a cylinder mould machine.mount Base of wood or metal which supports a

letterpress printing plate.mouse Small electronic puck which may be

moved laterally and vertically on a plain flatsurface to control the movement of a cursor ona VDU screen. (See also puck, trackball.)

mouse mat A mat on which a mouse can be movedaround. For a mechanical mouse, this is usuallya plastic surface on a foam-rubber backing, whilefor an optical mouse, the surface is usually afirmer plastic carrying a grid ruled in twodimensions.

moveable type Type cast as individual metalunits, contrast slug.

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moving JPEG A compression technique for mov-ing images in which each frame is compressedusing JPEG still compression. Although thereis no agreed standard for moving JPEG, thereare chips available that are appropriate for tele-vision resolutions and frame rates.

Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) (Alsocalled Motion Picture Encoding Group.) AnISO standard for coding full-motion videoinformation in a compressed form. Encoding isdone offline while retrieval is performed in realtime. (See MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-3.) MPEGcan also be used for audio files.

Mozilla An alternative name for NetscapeNavigator, when it was first designed as a ver-sion of Mosaic.

MPC See Multimedia Personal Computer.MPEG See Moving Pictures Experts Group.MPEG-1 The first version of the MPEG format,

which was optimised for CD-ROM. It works ina similar way to JPEG to compress data withina frame and then uses block-based motioncompensated prediction (MCP) to remove databetween frames, essentially keeping only infor-mation that changes between frames. Audio isalso compressed using sub-band encoding.MPEG-1 will give quality which is at least asgood as VHS video, although the audio qualityis not as high.

MPEG-2 An improved version of MPEG-1intended for broadcasting compressed videoover satellites. Now also includes HDTV.

MPEG-3 A development of MPEG-2 to handleHDTV applications. However, after it had beendeveloped, it was later discovered that withsome (compatible) fine tuning, MPEG-2 andMPEG-1 syntax worked satisfactorily for HDTV.Because of this and pressures for standardi-sation, HDTV is now handled under MPEG-2.

mpg The usual filename extension for a file inMPEG format.

MS See manuscript.ms See millisecond.MSC See Mobile Switching Centre.MS-DOS The operating system used on the IBM

PC and its clones. Note that Windows 95 andWindows NT run as operating systems them-selves, although MS-DOS commands can stillbe accessed in a window.

MSISDN See Mobile Station InternationalISDN Number.

MUD See Multi-User Dimension.mu-law A companding scheme, based on sam-

pling, for analogue-to-digital conversion ofspeech. It is used in PCM CODECs (COder/DECoder) in the US telephone network.

mull Muslin fabric fixed to the back of a case-bound book under the spine covering. See firstand second linings.

multicast A form of broadcast in which packetsare delivered only to specified destinations.Implemented over the Internet as MBONE.

multicast addressing An addressing schemeused to send packets over Ethernet to alldevices of a certain type or as a broadcast to allnodes.

multicast backbone (MBONE) A virtual networkwhich runs on top of the Internet and supportsmulticast and multimedia transmission, inclu-ding videoconferencing, shared whiteboardand shared editing of documents. The quality isnot very good, at about 3–5 fps (commercialtelevision is about 10 times that), but this keepstelecommunications data rates low.

multicast IP See IP-Multicast.multicode One keystroke which generates sever-

al commands.multicolour keyline artwork Baseboard art-

work with overlays to show the divisions ofthe colours.

multi-disk reader Machine which reads a varietyof disks in different formats and translates theircontent to output disks. Also, media converter.

multidrop A network configuration which hasmultiple stations, but ensures that only one cantransmit at any one time. (See also multipoint.)

MultiFinder The Macintosh utility which allowsmulti-tasking to be incorporated into theSystem 7 operating system.

multi-layer headbox A headbox which distrib-utes up to three different layers of stock ontothe wire simultaneously.

Multilith Proprietary name of a small offsetpress once in wide use.

multimedia Initially a human-computer inter-face term describing interactions with text,graphics, audio and video. In general terms,however, the interactive use of these variousmedia together. This may involve the use ofhypertext and generic coding schemes, such asSGML and HTML. Multimedia became wide-ly available with the development of the CD-ROM, but is now being exploited more andmore over the World Wide Web, using suchfacilities as MBONE and MPEG compression.

Multimedia/Hypermedia Information CodingExperts Group (MHEG) An ISO group work-ing on the development of standards for bit-stream specifications for multimedia andhypermedia.

Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.

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Multimedia Personal Computer (MPC) A speci-fication covering hardware and interoperabili-ty published by the Multimedia PC MarketingCouncil.

multimode fibre Optical fibre with a core that iscapable of propagating light signals of morethan one wavelength. It has a larger core thanmonomode fibre and is cheaper to manufac-ture. However, it introduces more dispersionand is therefore used for lower bandwidthsover shorter distances.

multi-part stationery Continuous stationerywith each piece made of two or more sheets forsimultaneous copying, with carbons betweenor carbonless.

Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Describesapplications in Windows that allow more thanone document (file) to be used at the same time.See active document.

Multiple Mastering A font technology developedby Adobe Systems for use in conjunction withAcrobat and the portable document format(pdf). Multiple Mastering allows the generationof a substitute font when a pdf document is dis-played and the specified font is neither installedon the viewing system nor included as part ofthe pdf file. This means that any pdf file can bedisplayed with an Acrobat viewer.

multiple subNyquist sampling encoding(MUSE) A Japanese coding system for HDTV.

multiplexer or multiplexor (mux) A device thatcombines (see multiplexing) several signals sothat they can be transmitted via a commonphysical transmission medium. Used in tele-phone systems. (See also demultiplexer.)

multiplexing The combination of a number of sig-nals for transmission over a shared medium, e.g.a telephone line. The signals are combined at thetransmitter by a multiplexer and split up againat the receiver by a demultiplexer. Commonforms of multiplexing are time division multi-plexing (TDM), frequency division multiplex-ing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexingand code division multiplexing. If the inputsuse the output channel in turn (TDM), then linebandwidth needs only to be the maximumbandwidth of any input. However, if inputs areactive simultaneously, then the bandwidth mustbe at least the total bandwidth of all those activeinputs. In the latter case the multiplexer is alsoknown as a concentrator.

multipoint A network configuration in which acommunications channel is connected to morethan two stations. Multidrop operation is usedto ensure that only one station transmits at anyone time.

multiprocessing Computer operation of severaltasks simultaneously.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions(MIME) An email standard that permits theinclusion of non-text files (programs in binaryform, image files, and so on) in an email mes-sage as attachments. MIME works automatical-ly only if both sending and receiving mail-han-dling programs are MIME-compliant. Usesmimencode to encode binary data using a sub-set of ASCII.

multisession When applied to a WORM CD orsimilar device, implies that the CD can be writ-ten to on different occasions (i.e. in differentsessions), until it is full.

multi-tasking The ability of a computer to workwith more than one program at a time withoutany further action from the user. In fact, thecomputer uses time-slicing to switch betweenapplications, but this happens so fast that usersare unaware of it, although all the applicationsslow down to a greater or lesser extent.

multi-threading An addition to multi-taskingwhich enables individual actions within anapplication to run simultaneously, so that it isnot necessary to wait for the result of one actionbefore implementing a second. An examplemight be a draw program, where it is unneces-sary to wait for the screen to redraw after eachchange.

multi-user Computer system allowing multipleusers access to the same machine, software anddata files.

Multi-User Dimension (MUD) (Also calledMulti-User Domain and originally Multi-UserDungeon.) A type of multi-player interactiveadventure game, accessible via the Internet ora modem, the name originally being based on‘Dungeons and Dragons’. The game has under-gone various developments and modificationssince first being launched in 1979. MUDs havealso been used as conferencing tools and edu-cational aids. A MOO is an object-orientedMUD.

Multi-User Domain See Multi-User Dimension.Multi-User Dungeon See Multi-User Dimension.multivolume A work consisting of several vol-

umes.mump To move/copy fonts between one type-

setting house and another.Munsell system A colour gradation system

which uses numbers for identification.MUSE See multiple subNyquist sampling

encoding. Also used as an abbreviation forMulti-User Shared Environment, a kind ofMUD.

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Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)(Pronounced ‘middy’.) A standard covering howcomputers and musical instruments or synthe-sizers interact. MIDI covers both the hardwareand the protocols for how music is encoded andtransferred between different devices, whichmay be an instrument, synthesizer or computer.A MIDI interface is required and is standard onsome Macintoshes. It is then possible to input ata standard piano-type keyboard or synthesizerand edit the music on-screen, each channel beingseparately editable. The basic unit of informationis ‘note on/off’, together with the pitch and vol-ume, but other information can be added.

mutton An em quad.mux See multiplexer.MX record See mail exchange record.mylar Polyester film made by Du Pont and used

for stripping positives.

N

NAK See negative acknowledgement.Name Registration Scheme (NRS) A scheme

defining the organisation, structure and trans-lation of names of network services in the UKacademic community.

name resolution Mapping an Internet name intoits corresponding address, e.g. a fully quali-fied domain name into its network address.(See also Domain Name System.)

name server See Domain Name Server.nanosecond One-thousand-millionth part of a

second. Measurement of computer processingspeed. Abbreviated to ns. Compare microsec-ond, millisecond.

nap The raised pile on the surface of fabrics orrough paper.

nap roller Leather-covered ink roller.narrowband The opposite of broadband. Gener-

ally applied to networks with bandwidths lessthan either 2 Mbps or 34 Mbps. The definition isfuzzy, depending on the user’s experience.

narrowcast (Also described as ‘personalcast’.)Transmission of information to a defined groupof recipients, in contrast to broadcast.

narrow-web See mini-web.NAS See Network Application Support.NAT See network address translator.National Center for Supercomputing Applications

(NCSA) The organisation where the first versionof Mosaic was developed.

national characters An expression used for char-acters of the Roman alphabet with accents andother diacritical marks that are used in certainwritten languages, but not in English. They arelisted in ISO 8859.

National Information Infrastructure (NII) (Or theinformation superhighway.) The planned inte-grated communications structure of the US,based on a nationwide network of broadbandnetworks, which is intended to give allAmericans access to the country’s information,communication and computing resources. TheNII is planned to include all current and futurepublic and private networks, as well as satellitecommunications and to cover all aspects of infor-mation, communication and entertainment.

National Information Services and Systems(NISS) An information archive service, basedat the University of Bath, intended primarily forUK educational institutions. (See also BIDS.)

National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) US government body that is involvedin the development of standards. Formerly theNational Bureau of Standards.

national press Newspapers with a countrywidecirculation.

National Research and Education Network(NREN) A high-bandwidth network in the US,devoted to high-performance computing andcommunications. Similar to SuperJANET inthe UK.

National Science Foundation (NSF) A US gov-ernment agency whose purpose is to promoteand fund the advancement of science.NSFNET is funded by NSF.

National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)A high-speed hierarchical ‘network of networks’in the US (maximum bandwidth 45 Mbps), fund-ed by the National Science Foundation. TheNSFNET forms part of the Internet.

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)The official resource for US government-spon-sored and worldwide scientific, technical, engi-neering and business-related information.

National Television Standards Committee(NTSC) The body defining the television videosignal format used in the US. NTSC is also usedto refer to the format itself (30 fps with 525 linesper frame). The UK equivalent is PAL. (See alsoSECAM.)

natural Description of a kind of case-coveringmaterial finish.

navigate Generally, to find one’s way around.However, often used of hypertext systems and,

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in particular, the World Wide Web. A browserprovides navigation facilities for hypertextdocuments via links, which in the World WideWeb are implemented using HTML and HTTP.

Navigator A program that helps the user to makethe most of CompuServe. Netscape Navigatoris a World Wide Web browser.

NBA Net Book Agreement.NCR Proprietary name of a paper which, being

impregnated with dye, transfers an image ontothe sheet below when written or typed on.

NCSA See National Center for SupercomputingApplications.

NC varnish Nitrocellulose varnish: a high-glossvarnish applied to book covers.

ND No date, meaning no fixed date mentionedin publishers’ reports as to when a book will bein stock.

NDIS See network device interface specification.NE New edition. Used in publishers’ reports to

confirm that a new edition of a book will bepublished.

near letter quality (NLQ) The top level of quali-ty that can be obtained by dot matrix printers.They attempt to emulate higher-quality outputby printing a line and then reprinting it toenhance the characters by the addition of serifs.

nearside lay The sidelay on the operating side ofthe press. (See also offside lay, lay.)

neckline White space under a headline.needle printer Term for matrix printer.neg Abbreviation for negative.negative Reverse photographic image on film.negative acknowledgement (NAK) A mnemonic

for ASCII character 21. Sent from a receivingstation to a transmitting station, indicating that aprevious transmission(s) has not been receivedcorrectly.

negative assembly Combining negatives on aflat ready for platemaking.

negative-positive print The standard colour ‘en’print.

negative-working plates Litho plates which areexposed using negatives.

Negroponte, Nicholas Director of the MediaLaboratory at Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, a founder of Wired magazine andauthor of ‘Being Digital’.

Nelson, Ted The originator of the concept ofhypertext in his 1967 proposal for Xanadu andthe Docuverse.

NE/ND New edition/no date.NEP New edition in preparation.nest To place a program routine within a larger

routine.nested indent A left or right indent applied to a

paragraph or more which insets the text affect-ed inside the previous margin. Typically usedto highlight a piece of extract setting withinmain body text.

Net A rather loose term, sometimes applied tothe Internet itself, at others to specific net-works. Also used as a prefix to describe peopleand events related to Usenet and the Internet.

netaddress Another name for the KnowbotInformation Service.

NetBEUI See NetBIOS Extended User Interface.NetBIOS An applications programming inter-

face (API) which controls network operationson PCs running under MS-DOS. It is a set ofnetwork commands issued by an applicationprogram and interpreted by a network operat-ing system.

NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI)The network transport layer protocol relatingto the NetBIOS applications programminginterface.

Net Book Agreement Agreement in the publish-ing and bookselling trades to sell books at theretail price dictated by the publisher. An exam-ple of retail price maintenance.

Netcaster See Netscape Netcaster.netCDF See Network Common Data Form.Netfind A white pages directory, based on peo-

ple’s names, which will try to find telephoneand email information.

netiquette Network etiquette. Mainly refers tothe conventions recognised on Usenet and inmailing lists.

netmask A 32-bit mask that shows how anInternet address is divided into network, sub-net and host parts.

NetNews A weekly publication that gives newsabout the Internet.

Netscape See Netscape Communications Corp-oration, Netscape Communicator, NetscapeNavigator, Netscape Netcaster.

Netscape Collabra An information exchangeforum that is part of Netscape Communicator,intended to be used either publicly or privately.

Netscape Communications Corporation Origin-ally Mosaic Communications Corporation, acompany set up in 1994 by, among others, MarcAndreessen, who created NCSA Mosaic, tomarket a new version of Mosaic, which wascalled Netscape (also Mozilla), now NetscapeNavigator.

Netscape Communicator A suite of softwareincluding the latest version of NetscapeNavigator, as well as Netscape Netcaster andNetscape Collabra.

Netscape Navigator A World Wide Web browser

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produced by Netscape CommunicationsCorporation (now part of Netscape Communi-cator). It evolved from NCSA Mosaic and wasfirst made available free on the Internet in 1994.Its functionality is continually being expandedand one feature is the development of Netscapeplug-ins, which allow other programs, such asAcrobat, to be integrated with NetscapeNavigator.

Netscape Netcaster A push technology fromNetscape, with similarities to Castanet andBackWeb. Part of Netscape Communicator.

Netscape plug-ins Applications which can beintegrated with Netscape Navigator. Theseinclude an Acrobat reader, MPEG and JPEGviewers, and a QuickTime viewer.

Net TV The combination of the Internet and con-ventional television on the same hardware.Two approaches are being made: adding a ‘set-top computer’ to a television and adding TVfunctionality to a computer. Currently, all USdevelopments rely on using cable TV, but satel-lite delivery is being developed in Europe. NetTV is generally considered in the context ofpush technologies.

NetWare See Novell NetWare.network An arrangement of linked computers

which typically draw on a common database ofinformation resident on a fileserver while retain-ing considerable local processing capabilities.

network address Can be considered as theInternet address or as part of that address,excluding the address of the host. Which bytesof the address are which depends on the classof the network: for a class A network, the net-work address is the first byte of the IP address;for a class B network, the network address isthe first two bytes of the IP address; for a classC network, the network address is the firstthree bytes of the IP address. Also used todescribe the nodes on a local area network(LAN), such as printers.

network address translator (NAT) A hardwaredevice which has been proposed for extendingInternet addresses.

network application A program, or combinationof program and data, that performs a task overa network, usually involving more than onecomputer.

Network Application Support (NAS) DEC’sapproach to integrating applications in a dis-tributed multivendor environment.

network architecture A specification of how anetwork is to be organised; the hardware andsoftware components which will make it pos-sible to carry out a specific task.

Network Common Data Form (netCDF) Amachine-independent file format for scientificdata.

network computer A cut-down computer with-out local storage, i.e. with no disks, which isdesigned to be used on a local area network(LAN) or connected to a network via anintranet or even the Internet. Because of thelack of storage, network computers are cheaperthan standard PCs.

network device interface specification(NDIS) A programming interface for differentnetwork protocols sharing the same networkhardware.

Network extensible Window System (NeWS) APostScript-based windowing environment,invented by James Gosling of Sun Microsystemsfor X windows. It was the first windowing sys-tem which allowed PostScript documents to beviewed on screen. (See also HyperNeWS,OpenWindows.)

Network File System (NFS) A protocol devel-oped by Sun Microsystems, which makes fileson a network appear to a local computer as ifthey were on its local disk. This protocol is nowa de facto standard and is widely used. NFSuses the connectionless User DatagramProtocol (UDP) in order to make it stateless.(See also PC/NFS.)

network information center (NIC) An advisorycentre for network users. May provide tele-phone and email help desk services, as well asnetwork information services based on pro-grams such as Sun Microsystems’ NetworkInformation Service. Not necessarily the sameas a network operations center.

Network Information Service (NIS) A client-server protocol developed by Sun Microsystemsfor distributing system configuration data, suchas user and host names, between computers ona network. Runs under Unix. Originally called‘Yellow Pages’ but the name was changedbecause BT (in the UK) has copyright on thatname.

networking Linking computers so that they canexchange data and programs.

network interface card (NIC) The card or boardwhich it is necessary to have in a PC in order toconnect to a network, such as Ethernet orToken-Ring.

network layer The third-lowest layer of the ISOseven-layer model, which determines theswitching and routing of packets from thesender to the receiver using the datalink layer.It is in turn used by the transport layer. IP is anetwork layer protocol.

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network management The set of tasks that arenecessary to ensure that a network providesthe required level of service to its users at a rea-sonable cost. The ISO model defines five cate-gories: fault management; configuration man-agement; security management; performancemanagement; and accounting management.Many network management systems are basedon the Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP).

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) A pro-tocol for the distribution, retrieval and postingof Usenet news articles over the Internet. It isbasically a client-server system. While NNTPis usually built into a news reader program, itcan also be used via telnet.

network number Part of the network address.network operating system The system software

used to integrate the computers on a network.Examples include Novell NetWare, MicrosoftLAN Manager and IBM System NetworkArchitecture (SNA).

network operations center (NOC) The locationat which a network or internet is managed.This will include the monitoring and resolutionof any problems. (Compare with networkinformation center.)

Network Time Protocol (NTP) A protocol thatsynchronises clocks located on the Internet.

network to network interface (NNI) An inter-face between two networks operating the sameprotocol.

network topology The physical and logical rela-tionship between the elements (nodes) of a net-work. Common topologies include a star, bus,ring and tree.

neutral interconnect A network infrastructure inwhich network service providers can freelyexchange traffic without any policy restric-tions. Examples are the GIX (Global InternetExchange) at MAE-East (a Metropolitan AreaEthernet in the Washington area), and theEbone or European backbone and LINX, a UKneutral interconnect based at Pipex’s Londonpoint of presence.

neutral sized paper Paper which is sized withneutral pH7, acid-free, size. This gives it con-siderable qualities of longevity, but less thanthose required for the standard of permanentpaper which must be acid-free in furnish aswell as surface.

NeWS See Network extensible Window System.news chase Special chase of newspaper-page size

which incorporates its own locking mechanism.newsfeed A source from which a regular ‘feed’ of

Usenet newsgroups can be obtained.

newsgroup An electronic Usenet interest groupdevoted to a particular topic. Groups can beeither moderated or unmoderated. Some news-groups also have parallel mailing lists forthose without news access, while some moder-ated groups are distributed as moderateddigests, with an index.

newspaper Publication containing topicalreportage.

newspaper lines per minute (nlpm) An earlymeasure of photosetter speeds. Specifically, out-put measured in 8pt lines to an 11em measure.

news posting Item sent to put up on a news-group.

newsprint Paper made from mechanical pulp forthe printing of newspapers, usually between 45and 58gsm.

news-reader A program which makes it straight-forward to read Usenet news articles. It mayrun either on the access provider’s machine ifthere is only terminal access, or on the user’smachine if there is full IP access.

news stall circulation Periodical distributionthrough retail newsagents as distinct from themail.

NEWT A TCP/IP communication stack forWindows, which provides users with direct net-work access.

Newton The Apple personal digital assistant.NEXIS See LEXIS/NEXIS.next to editorial Instruction to position adver-

tisement adjacent to editorial text.NFS See Network File System.NIC See network information center, network

interface card.nick Groove in metal type which appears upper-

most during assembly.nickletype An electrotype plated with nickel.NII See National Information Infrastructure.Nintendo A Japanese company that produces

hardware and software for games.nip Pressure point between two rollers.nipping Pressing a book to flatten the signatures

and remove air from between the sheets. Thistakes place after the book-blocks are sewn andbefore they are rounded and backed, and senton for further processing. Also known ascrushing or smashing.

NIS See Network Information Service.NISS See National Information Services and

Systems.NIST See National Institute of Standards and

Technology.NLP Network layer protocol, see network layer.NLQ See near letter quality.NNI See network to network interface.

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NNTP See Network News Transfer Protocol.no break area In text setting, a defined sequence

of words or characters within which hyphen-ation is disallowed for grammatical or contex-tual reasons.

NOC See network operations center.node A host or device attached to a network or,

more strictly, a point in a network where com-munications lines terminate or where a deviceis connected to the communications lines. Alsoused to describe a hypertext or HTML docu-ment.

no flash Photosetting command which preventsexposure of characters. Used to create space ofspecific length.

noise Unwanted signals or information whichinterferes with the required information. Thismay be literal noise in telecommunications; itmay be visual in computer graphics, wherethere are, say, spots on an image; or it may bemetaphorical in the sense that a communica-tion contains irrelevant information whichobscures the real message.

nominal weight American system of specifyingbasis weight of paper.

non-consumable textbook Textbook which willbe re-used constantly rather than written in.

non-counting keyboards Keyboards which can-not access justification logic and whose outputtherefore must be further processed by a CPU.

non-destructive cursor A VDU cursor that can bemoved about the screen without altering ordestroying displayed characters.

non-image area Area on a lithographic plate thatdoes not take ink and will therefore not beprinted.

non-impact printing Electronic methods ofimage transfer without striking paper. Seeinkjet printer, laser printer.

non-interlaced Not using interlacing.non-lining figures See old-style figures.nonpareil Obsolete term for 6pt type.non-printing codes Codes that are directions for

the printer, not a printed character.Non-ranging figures See non-lining figures.non-reflective ink Light-absorbing ink used to

print machine-readable characters.non-reproducing blue See drop-out blue.non-returnable Cannot be returned.non-return to zero (NRZ) A binary encoding

technique in which symbols 1 and 0 are repre-sented by high and low voltages with no returnto the zero reference voltage between bits.

non-return to zero inverted (NRZI) A binaryencoding technique in which a signal is invertedfor 1 and not inverted for 0, so that a voltage

change means 1 and no change at the bit bound-ary means 0. It is also called transition coding.

non-scratch inks Inks resistant to marking.non-tarnish paper Paper free from chemicals

which will tarnish metal surfaces in contactwith it.

non-volatile memory Memory (e.g. bubblememory) that retains information when thepower supply is removed.

non-woven material See imitation cloth.non-WYSIWYG Standard typewriter-style dis-

play.Nordsen binder Device which applies a line of

glue beneath the shoulder of a book-block toreinforce the casing-in process. Useful forheavy books.

normal ‘Upright’ letters as distinct from italic.Also called roman or plain.

notch binding A form of unsewn binding inwhich notches are punched in the backs of thesections as they are folded on the foldingmachine, and glue applied in through thenotches to hold the leaves together. Also calledslotted binding. (See also burst binding.)

notes Explanations at the bottom of page or endof book expanding on material in the text.Endnotes are at the end of the book, footnotesat the bottom of the page.

Not Yet Published (NYP) Answer in book distri-bution indicating that a book is not yet avail-able for sale.

Novell The company that sells NetWare, themost widely used operating system softwarefor local area networks (LANs).

Novell NetWare Operating system for local areanetwork from Novell running on Ethernet. UsesIPX/SPX, and NetBIOS or TCP/IP network pro-tocols. It supports various operating systems:MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh andUnix.

np New paragraphNREN See National Research and Education

Network.NRS See Name Registration Scheme.NRZ See non-return to zero.NRZI See non-return to zero inverted.ns A nanosecond.NSF See National Science Foundation.NSFNET See National Science Foundation

Network.nslookup A Unix program for querying an

Internet Domain Name Server to find theInternet address corresponding to a given hostname or vice versa.

NT See Windows NT.NTIS See National Technical Information Service.

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NTP See Network Time Protocol.NTSC See National Television Standards

Committee. Also used to describe the US tele-vision format defined by the Committee.

null characters Characters that have no effect onthe meaning of a sequence of characters. Maybe used to pad fields to a required length or tofill in gaps between data blocks. Note that anull character usually has the ASCII value 0. (Itis not the character zero, which has ASCII value48.) Note also that the null character does havesignificance in some programming languages,e.g. C.

null-modem A special cable that is used to con-nect the serial interfaces of two computers, sothat they can exchange data. Essentially it con-nects pin 2 (transmit) of the RS-232-C port ofeach computer to pin 3 (receive) of the port onthe other computer. It also has a male connec-tor at both ends.

numbering machine On- or off-press devicewhich numbers printed sheets consecutively,e.g. for tickets.

nut An en quad.NYP Not yet published.

OOBA Optical bleaching agent. Added to the fur-

nish of bright white papers.OBC Outside back cover.object A combination of data that has a well-

defined, distinct existence. This may be agraphic object, a group of database fields (seeobject-oriented database), a cell in a spread-sheet, a range of cells, or even an entire spread-sheet or a video clip. Such objects are handledin object-oriented programming and used bysuch systems and protocols as Object Linkingand Embedding (OLE). Draw programs treatgraphics as objects, e.g. a line, a circle, a trian-gle, an irregular shape etc. (See also object-ori-ented design.)

object code or object language Machine code, astranslated from a source program.

object graphics See object-oriented graphic.Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)

(Pronounced ‘olé’) A distributed object systemand protocol from Microsoft. A general en-hancement to Dynamic Data Exchange, whichmakes it possible not only to include live data

from one application, as an object, in anotherapplication, but also to edit the data in the orig-inal application without leaving the appli-cation in which the data has been included.OLE-2 is an improved version of OLE-1 and isa full implementation of object orientation,allowing access to parts of applications withoutloading the full application associated with theembedded object, so, e.g., a spreadsheet’s@function engine could be called up fromwithin a wordprocessor to sum, a column ofnumbers. (See also OpenDoc.)

object-oriented (OO) To do with objects. Object-oriented graphics and object-oriented program-ming appear to use the term in slightly differentways but, at a certain level, object-orientedgraphics are a particular application of object-oriented programming. Similarly, while the useof objects in Object Linking and Embedding(OLE) seems at the application level to be trans-parent to the user, object-oriented programmingunderlies this.

object-oriented database (OODB) A systemoffering database management facilities in anobject-oriented programming environment.Data is stored as objects and relationships aredefined between objects. Multimedia applica-tions can be handled as objects, with the type ofmultimedia object being part of the object’sdefinition, so that it can be handled correctly(in a similar way to associating specific appli-cations with specific file types).

object-oriented design (OOD) A design methodin which a system is modelled as a collection ofobjects and objects are treated as belonging toa class within a hierarchy of classes, each classhaving properties and relationships with otherclasses, including inheritance, in which proper-ties are ‘inherited’ from classes further up thehierarchy. Object-oriented design is one aspectof object-oriented programming.

object-oriented graphic See draw-type graphic.object-oriented language A language for object-

oriented programming. Examples areSmalltalk, C++, Modula-2, SIMULA-67, Java.

object-oriented programming (OOP) A type ofprogramming which operates on objects, or col-lections of discrete data structures (see object-oriented design). Operations that can be per-formed on particular objects form part of thoseobjects, and will be common to all objects in aparticular class. This has great advantages interms of the user interface in that, as long as theinterface to an object remains consistent, otheraspects of the program can be varied as neces-sary. (See middleware.) There are an increasing

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number of object-oriented languages. Therelease of Java has brought object orientation tothe World Wide Web.

object program Program in machine code trans-lated from a source program.

oblique Slanted, usually used of type, or some-times graphics. Note that oblique type, i.e.upright type slanted with the computer, is notthe same as italic type, i.e. a font that has beendesigned as italic. However, if a sans serif type isused, it may only be the expert who can tell thedifference.

oblong Bound at the shorter dimension. Also,landscape.

OCLC See Online Computer Library Center,Inc.

OCR Optical character recognition. The inter-pretation of typewritten characters by amachine which scans the text and stores it inmemory, often for subsequent typesetting.

OCR-A A typeface designed to aid machine read-ability. Compare OCR-B.

OCR-B A machine-readable typeface that isdesigned to be more legible to humans thanOCR-A.

OCR paper High-quality bond suitable for opti-cal character recognition equipment.

octal A counting system based on 8, widely usedin computing, essentially because it is based onpowers of two (see binary system). The octaldigits are 0–7 so that, e.g., the decimal number12 is 14 octal, while octal 10 is equivalent todecimal 8. Compare binary, hexadecimal.

octavo Abbreviated as 8vo. The eighth part of thetraditional broadside sheet. Used to describebook sizes, e.g. Demy Octavo.

octet Eight bits. This term is used in networking,rather than byte, because some systems havebytes that are not eight bits long.

ODA See Open Document Architecture (origi-nally Office Document Architecture).

ODBC Open Database Connectivity interface: afacility in Windows which allows the user toopen and query a structured database file.

oddment A book signature, with fewer pages thanthe others, which has to be printed separately.

ODIF See Open Document Interchange Format.ODP See Open Distributed Processing.OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer. An OEM

product is one which is a rebadged and possiblyenhanced version of an original manufacturedproduct, and which sells under its rebadgedname.

OFC Outside front cover.offcut Superfluous pieces of paper left over when

the paper is cut down to the correct size.

Office Document Architecture (ODA) The orig-inal name for Open Document Architecture.

offline The opposite of online. Many peopleread and write email messages offline and thengo online to send the new messages (see offlinereader). Offline is also used on Usenet to meanprivate, i.e. a private (email) discussion, ratherthan inclusion in a public newsgroup.

offline reader Software which allows email to beread and written offline (generally to save tele-phone costs, when users connect to a point ofpresence via a modem).

off-machine coating Coating applied to a paperas a separate operation. Contrast on-machinecoating.

offprint Part of a book or journal printed sepa-rately, e.g. an article from a journal.

offset Printing which uses an intermediate medi-um to transfer the image onto paper, e.g. a rub-ber blanket wrapped around a cylinder as inoffset litho.

offset letterpress See letterset.offset lithography See offset.offset paper Any paper suitable for offset litho

printing.offset press Lithographic press which offsets the

image onto a blanket before transferring it topaper.

offside lay The lay opposite the operating side ofa press. As distinct from nearside lay.

OK Press Approved for press.OKWC OK with corrections. Instruction to a

typesetter to make corrections and then pro-ceed to next stage.

Old English A black letter typeface.Old Face Early 17th century typestyle. Also

called ‘Old Style’ and Garalde. A roman type-face such as Bembo, which has oblique, ratherthan vertical, shading; no great differentiationbetween fat and thin strokes; and with bracket-ed, not hairline, serifs.

old-style figures Also called non-lining figures.Numerals which do not align on the baselinebut have ascenders and descenders. As distinctfrom modern or lining figures.

OLE See Object Linking and Embedding.OLE-2 See Object Linking and Embedding.OLTP See online transaction processing.OMR See optical mark reader/optical mark

recognition.on-demand publishing The concept of printing

books one at a time from computer store ‘ondemand’, rather than tying up capital by print-ing for stock.

one-letter index Index with divisions by letter(but often including x, y and z together).

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one-shot binding Perfect binding with oneapplicaton of hot-melt glue only. As distinctfrom two-shot binding.

one-shot periodical rights One-off right toreprint part of a text in a single edition of amagazine or newspaper.

one-sided art Paper coated on one side only(such as jacket art).

one-up One copy of a book printed at a time.one-way hash function A function that produces

a fixed-length hash code from a variable-lengthmessage. It is impossible to determine the orig-inal message from the hash code. Used in digi-tal signatures.

one-way screen Half-tone screen with the linesone-way only, vertically.

onionskin Lightweight cockle-finish blankpaper often used for airmail stationery.

online Connected, so that data can be trans-ferred, say, to a printer or a network.

Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC)A US not-for-profit membership organisationoffering computer-based services and research tolibraries and educational organisations. Providesonline library services, but has also hosted‘Electronic Journals’ online, over a dial-up link,including the world’s first purely electronic jour-nal ‘Clinical Trials’. Previously used Guidon asits principal viewing software, but has nowmoved journals to the World Wide Web.

online public access catalogue (OPAC) A termused to describe any type of computerisedlibrary catalogue. The largest in the UK is thatput up by the British Library.

online system Originally used to describe anysystem that allowed user interactivity with thecomputer. Subsequently used to describe alarge database, such as DIALOG, whichallowed searching and other interactivity. Nowrefers to almost any system accessed via amodem or network, more often than not a con-nection to the Internet.

online transaction processing (OLTP) The pro-cessing of transactions by computers in realtime. Used widely in banking and financialinstitutions.

on-machine coating Coating applied to the basepaper on the paper machine itself. As distinctfrom off-machine coating, where the basepaper is coated as a completely separate opera-tion, giving a superior result.

on-the-fly Refers to any process which occurs asoutput is being performed, such as the screen-ing of half-tones simultaneously with output toan image recorder.

OO See object-oriented.

OOD See object-oriented design.OODB See object-oriented database.OOP See object-oriented programming.OP Out of print: information from a publisher

that a book is no longer available.OPAC See online public access catalogue.opacity The quality of opaqueness in a paper.

Opacity is measured in %, with around 90%being an average for 80gsm printing paper.

opaque 1. To paint out areas on film with anopaque paint. 2. The paint used in opaquing,also called photopaque.

opaque printing An MF printing paper withhigh opacity.

op cit Abbreviation from the Latin ‘opere citato’and used to mean ‘in the work already quoted’,found in notes and bibliographies.

open If applied to a file, either within a pro-gramming environment or via a graphical userinterface (GUI), open means available formanipulation (editing, printing etc.), as well asfor writing to, so that a file must be openedbefore it is accessible by the user or by soft-ware. Open is also used to refer to systemswhich provide good connectivity. (See alsoopen systems, where the term has a specialmeaning.)

open architecture In computer system design,the ability to allow for extra peripherals inorder to expand the system at any time in thefuture.

Open Distributed Processing (ODP) A standarddescribing the extension of the OSI applicationlayer communications architecture to thebehaviour of the end system in order to makepossible distributed multi-vendor systems.

OpenDoc An object linking architecture, withsimilarities to OLE-2 (with which it is compati-ble), developed by Component IntegrationLaboratories (CILabs) and supported by lead-ing vendors, including Apple and IBM.OpenDoc is based on CORBA, which OLE-2 isnot, and is therefore a more open product. Itaims to enable embedding of features from dif-ferent application programs into a singleworking document in the same way as OLE-2,but will work over a wider range of operatingsystems. Note that, although it is described asan open document architecture, this can beconfusing in that OpenDoc is quite differentfrom ODA and is not concerned with struc-tured documents in the sense that ODA andSGML are.

Open Document Architecture (ODA) (Originallycalled Office Document Architecture.) ISO8613 for describing structured documents. It

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has similarities with SGML, but also two maindifferences: firstly, it does not use simple ASCIIcoding and requires special software (and ide-ally hardware – only prototype systems haveso far been constructed); while, secondly, it pro-vides not only generic coding structures basedon content, but also a coding system for for-matted documents, based on blocks, pages etc.It can therefore be used to exchange formatteddocuments, in either revisable or non-revisableforms. See Open Document InterchangeFormat.

Open Document Interchange Format (ODIF)The part of the ODA standard concerned withdocument interchange.

opening Facing pages of a book. Open Journal Project An Electronic Libraries (e-

Lib) project concerned with automatic cross-referencing and hyperlinking electronic jour-nals.

Open Pre-Press Interface (OPI) Proprietary sys-tem which automatically replaces low resolu-tion images with high resolution images so thatdesign work can be handled using relativelysmall files.

Open Software Foundation (OSF) A consortiumof computer companies, the aim of which wasto develop a Unix-based open systems stan-dard. Its first operating system release wascalled OSF/1.

open systems Systems that conform to OpenSystems Interconnect or POSIX standards,almost all based on the Unix operating system.However, any system that can communicatewith other systems is often described as anopen system, particularly by vendors whowish to emphasise the connectivity of their sys-tem in contrast to the proprietary systems, suchas large mainframe computers, which tiedusers to a single manufacturer.

Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) ISO standard-ised network model built in seven layers insuch a way that different operating systems canwork together, also known as the ISO/OSIseven-layer model. The layers each have a sep-arate group of tasks and are known as: theapplication layer (top), presentation layer, ses-sion layer, transport layer, network layer,datalink layer, physical layer (bottom).

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) An alter-native term for Open Systems Interconnect.(See also ISO/OSI seven-layer model.)

open time In binding, the time between an adhe-sive being applied and when it sets. In printing,the time an ink stays fluid on the press.

OpenType A font specification combining

PostScript and TrueType technologies. En-dorsed by all the major font developers. It isintended to remove font compatibility problems.

OpenWindows A GUI server for Sun Micro-systems workstations.

operand Item of data being operated on by pro-gram.

operating system The underlying computer soft-ware that controls the operation of a computer.Operating systems include MS-DOS, Unix,Windows 95, Windows NT, OS/2 and theMacintosh operating system.

operation Result of a computer command.OPI See Open Pre-Press Interface.OPP lamination Oriented polypropylene lamina-

tion. The standard book-jacket lamination film.optical brightener Dye which emits visible radi-

ation. Used to ‘brighten’ paper.optical centre The ‘visual’ centre of a page, about

10% higher than the mathematical centre.optical character recognition See OCR.optical density Light-absorbing capacity of an

image area.optical disc A storage medium in which laser

technology is used to write to and read fromthe disk. (Note that, because certain standardswere spelt thus, the normal convention is tospell optical disc with a final ‘c’, while magnet-ic disk is spelt with a final ‘k’.) Optical discs canbe analogue (audio CDs) or digital (all discsused in computer applications). Types includeCD-ROM, CD-R, laser discs and WORM.

optical fibre See fibre-optic transmission.optical letterspacing Space between letters

which accommodates their varying shapes andgives the appearance of even space.

optical mark reader (OMR) A scanning devicethat can read pencil marks on speciallydesigned documents. Can either be optical(similar to OCR) or use mark sensing.

optical mark recognition (OMR) The use of anoptical mark reader in mark sensing.

optical scanner Device that copies an image byusing electronic signals so that it can be dis-played and stored on computer.

optical storage Data stored on viewing equip-ment, such as microfiche, optical disc etc.

optical wand Device that reads data from a bar-code.

O/R address See originator/recipient address.Orange One of the principal providers of mobile

communications networks in the UK.Orange Book The US government’s document that

characterises secure computing architectures anddefines levels A1 (most secure) through to D(least secure).

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orange peel Multi-indentation effect on paper.order form Form on which a buyer can fill in the

detail of his intended purchase as an order tosupply.

orientation In wordprocessing or DTP, the po-sitioning of a page or illustration on a page, theoptions being described as landscape or portrait.

original Photograph or drawing to be reproduced.original plate Letterpress plate produced by

photo-mechanical etching as distinct fromstereotyping.

origination All the processes involved in thereproduction of original material, includingmake-up, up to plate-making stages; and alsoincluding typesetting.

originator/recipient address (O/R address) Astructured address used in X.400 mail.

ornamented Typeface embellished with decora-tive flourishes.

ornaments Another term for dingbats.orphan The first line of a paragraph alone at the

bottom of a column or page (in printed materi-al). Occasionally used to mean the last line of aparagraph at the top of a page (more common-ly described as a widow). Widows and orphansare generally not a problem with electronicpublishing (on-screen) as the text can easily bescrolled to show subsequent lines (unless apage-based program, such as Acrobat, is used).

orthochromatic film Photographic materialinsensitive to red. The standard grade of pho-totypesetting film and origination film.

OS See out of stock. OS/2 An operating system, originally developed

jointly by IBM and Microsoft Corporation andplanned to be a successor to MS-DOS.However, once the cooperation between thecompanies ended, IBM continued to developOS/2, as OS/2 Warp, while Microsoft extendedits development to produce Windows NT.

oscillator rollers Rollers that control the amountof ink that is fed to the impression cylinder.

OSF See Open Software Foundation.OSI See Open Systems Interconnect.OSI seven-layer model See Open Systems

Interconnection (OSI).outdent To move part of a line of text into the

margin, contrast indent.outer forme The imposed forme which forms the

outside of the sheet when folded and whichtherefore contains the first page of the section.Contrast inner forme.

outline Typeface comprising only an outline withno ‘solid’ area. Contrast also inline, in whichthe characters have white inner areas against abolder outline shape.

outline font (Also described as a vector font orscalable font.) A font that is stored in terms ofits outline shape rather than as a bitmap.Because it is a type of object-oriented graphic,an outline font can be scaled to any size andtransformed, e.g. by sloping or just using theoutline. The most common types of outlinefonts are PostScript and TrueType. In addition,PCL 5 uses outline fonts to print. Normally, thefonts are stored in association with the printeror software RIP and the output bitmaps gener-ated on the fly at the appropriate printer (orscreen) resolution.

outline graphics Another term for vector orobject-oriented graphics.

out of focus Blurred, not properly focussed by acamera.

out of print (OP) See OP.out of register One or more colours out of align-

ment with the others in a piece of printing.out-of-round Distorted paper reel.out of square Corners not cut at right angles.out of stock (OS) Computer response to an order

for a book title which is no longer in stock.output Data or any form of communication com-

ing out of a computer after processing.output recorder The output half of a colour scan-

ner which records the image onto film. See alsooutput scanner.

output scanner The output half of a colour scan-ner which records the image onto film, typical-ly by laser. Also known as output recorder, orexposure unit, or film plotter.

outsert Item of promotional material on the out-side of, rather than inside, a pack or periodical.

outset See outsert.out-turn sheet 1. Specimen printed sheets of a

book dispatched to the publisher for approval.2. Sample sheets of plain paper taken from ashipment for the purchaser to approve.

outwork Operations put out to another companyfor reasons of specialism or capacity.

overcasting Method of attaching leaves togetherto make a section that can be bound, in partic-ular the first and last sections.

overexposure Too lengthy an exposure of film,causing a thin, ‘chipped’, image. Underexposureleads to a dense, dark, murky image.

overhang cover Cover larger than the text pages.Also yapp cover.

overhead In communications, all the informationthat is transmitted in addition to the user data.This may include control and status informa-tion, routing information, error-detection infor-mation and any repeated data. The term is alsoused in other contexts, with a similar meaning.

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overlay 1. Transparent cover to artwork contain-ing instructions or additional detail. 2. Paperused on machine cylinder to increase pressureon solid areas of blocks.

overmatter Typeset matter which was not usedin the final printing.

overprinting An additional printing over a pre-viously printed sheet. See colour blanks.

overrun Copies printed in excess of the specifiedprinting number.

overs See spoilage.overset See overmatter.oversewing Attaching single leaves to a sewn

book with thread sewing.overstock Hold more stock than is required.overstrike A method by which a wordprocessor

might produce a character not in its character set.A Yen symbol, e.g., could be produced by print-ing a ‘Y’ and overstriking an ‘equals’ symbol.

own ends Endpapers, blank leaves at the begin-ning and end of the text.

Oxford hollow A hollow on the back of a bookwhich consists of a tube of brown paperattached to the back of the folded sections andthe inside of the case hollow. Used for heavybooks where reinforcement is necessary.

oxidation Chemical action with the oxygen in theair: one of the principal ways in which sheet-fed offset ink dries. Oxidation also affects lithoplates, attacking the non-image area.Gumming up a plate helps prevent this.

ozalid Print made by a form of diazo copyingprocess and often used for proofing film. (Seealso blueprints.)

PPABX See private (automatic) branch exchange.package Set of software bought ‘off-the-shelf’

rather than specifically written for a purpose.package insert Promotional material contained

in a product’s packaging.packager Organisation which provides complete

publications ready to be marketed.packet A block, or specified number of bytes,

which contains both control information anddata. Can be sent by connectionless (packetswitching) or connection-oriented communi-cations.

packet assembler/disassembler (PAD) Device(can be hardware or software) for splitting a

data stream into discrete packets so that it canbe transmitted over the specified medium andthen the packets recombined at the receiver.Most often used in connection with X.25 sys-tems.

packet driver Software for local area networks(LANs) that divides data into packets for trans-mission over a network. It also reassembles thepackets of incoming data so that applicationprograms can read the data as a continuousstream, as if arriving at a serial port. The use ofpacket drivers allows multiple applications toshare the same network interface at thedatalink layer. Different types of packet driverallow applications to make more or less use ofnetwork facilities.

Packet InterNet Groper (PING) A programwhich is used to check whether hosts can bereached. PING sends an ICMP echo requestand waits for a reply, reporting success or fail-ure, together with various statistics. The term isalso used as a verb, so that ‘pinging’ meansrunning the program and sending the signal.The acronym was probably devised in analogywith the sound produced by ASDIC equip-ment, when looking for submarines.

packet radio (PR) Communication between com-puters using amateur (HAM) radio. Can beused for email etc. Can be connected throughthe Internet and has a special domain in IPspace. Must be used only by licensed radioamateurs (HAMs).

packet-switched See packet switching network.packet switching network Computer-controlled

communications network in which data isdivided into ‘packets’ transmitted at highspeed.

packet switch node (PSN) A computer used in apacket-switched network to accept, route andforward packets.

Packet SwitchStream (PSS) BT’s packet-switch-ing system.

packing Paper placed next to the impressioncylinder in letterpress, or the plate of blanket inlitho, to adjust printing pressure.

packing density Amount of information whichcan be stored on a magnetic medium.

PAD See packet assembler/disassembler.page One side of a leaf.page count Synonym for extent (US).page description language (PDL) In desktop

publishing, software necessary for the compo-sition of combined text and graphics, encom-passing factors such as scaling, font rotation,graphics and angles. Some examples, such asAdobe’s PostScript, are device-independent.

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Other PDLs include Interpress from Xerox,DDL from Imagen Corporation and Interleaf’sRIP print.

page layout program See desktop publishing(DTP).

PageMaker The original DTP program; still aleading product. Its main rival is QuarkXPress.

page make-up The use of a page layout or DTPprogram to arrange text and pictures on a page.

page make-up terminal A specialised desktoppublishing workstation used to assemble typeand graphics in finished page form for outputas a piece.

page printer or page-oriented printer A printerin which the complete image of a page isformed and then printed. Page printers gener-ally use a page description language. Virtuallyall printers used in graphic arts and the print-ing industry are page printers, includingimagesetters as well as laser printers. The termwas originally developed to distinguish theseprinters from line printers, such as dot matrixand daisywheel printers. Inkjet printers canuse either method.

page proof Proof of a page before printing.page pull test Test to determine the strength of

binding of an adhesive-bound book.pager (Also called a bleeper.) A small personal

radio (receive-only) which is used to alert theperson using it. Models are also availablewhich will receive short messages.

page scrolling The movement, on a VDU, of anentire page (or screen) of data.

pages per inch Number of pages per inch ofthickness. US measurement of bulk.Abbreviated ppi.

page traffic Readership of a given page of a pub-lication calculated as a percentage of total read-ership.

page view terminal VDU which can display apage in its made-up form.

paginate To display the page munbers.pagination Page numbering.paging Scanning text on a VDU page by page.paint program A software application that pro-

vides the ability to create and edit bitmaps.Also called image-editing software. (Contrastwith a draw program, used for editing vectorgraphics.)

paint-type graphic See bitmap graphic.pair-kerning In typography, the automatic kerning

of selected pairs of letters for better aestheticeffect.

PAL See phase alternate/alternating line.palette An analogy to the paint palette used by

artists, this is a window showing the colours

available for use in a paint or draw program.The colours available in the palette will dependon the screen resolution (and thus the numberof colours) chosen. See CMYK, RGB, colour.

pallet Wooden base on which paper or books arestored. Also known as skid and stillage. The‘European standard’ pallet size is 100031200mm, four-way entry. A maximum palletweight of 1000kg and maximum height of1219mm (49) is commonly specified. Typicalpallet loads might come to 1000–1250 books ofaverage octavo size; or around 12500 sheets ofquad demy (one tonne in 80gsm).

palletise To load goods on pallets.Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) See Xerox

PARC.pamphlet Booklet comprising only a few pages.pamphlet binding See saddle-stitching.panchromatic film Photographic material sensi-

tive to all colours.panel Display board.Panorama A browser for SGML documents, pro-

duced by SoftQuad, Inc., which can be used inconjunction with an HTML browser, such asNetscape Navigator, to view SGML documentsover the World Wide Web.

pantograph Mechanical apparatus for copying aline drawing.

Pantone Proprietary name of a widely usedcolour-matching system.

Pantone Matching System (PMS) See Pantone.paperback Book bound with stiff paper.paper basis weight See basis weight.paperboard Lightweight board in the range

200gsm–300gsm. See board.paper master Paper plate used on small offset

machine.paper surface efficiency (PSE) Printability of

paper.paper tape Strip of paper which records data as a

series of punched holes arranged in ‘channels’or ‘tracks’ across the width.

papeterie Smooth, stiff paper used in greetingcard manufacture.

papier maché Repulped paper with stiffeningadditives which can be used for moulding.

papyrus Egyptian reed from which the earliestform of paper was made.

paradigm Set of norms and values associatedwith an operation or environment whichbecomes the accepted ‘way of doing things’.

paragraph formatting The application of a formator style (including such factors as typeface,typestyle, indents, space before and after) to awhole paragraph in a desktop publishing sys-tem or wordprocessor. (Contrast with character

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formatting, where only the selected charactersare affected.)

paragraph opener Typographic device markingthe start of a paragraph which needs emphasis-ing, e.g. ●.

paragraph widow A very short line (one or twowords) appearing as the last line of a para-graph anywhere on a page. To be avoided ifpossible. See widow.

parallel Two parallel lines used as a symbol forfootnotes.

parallel communication Data transfer in whicheach bit is transferred along its own line, incontrast to serial connection, in which bits aretransferred one at a time. Parallel communica-tion is generally used only over short distances,mainly because data integrity is lost overlonger distances.

parallel folding Folding a sheet with all the foldsparallel to each other. Contrast right-anglefolding.

parallel interface An interface over which parallelcommunication is carried out. Also called aCentronics interface.

parallel port See parallel communication.Usually, ‘parallel port’ describes the physicalconnection on a computer, most frequentlyused for connecting printers.

parallel transmission Data communicationsmethod where each bit in the computer bytetravels in parallel with its fellows and bytesarrive intact. (Contrast serial transmission.)Widely used for transmission to printers. (Seealso Centronics interface.)

parameter A variable set to a constant value for aspecific operation.

PARC See Xerox PARC.parchment The skin of a sheep or goat which was

soaked in lime and scraped to make it smoothfor use as a writing or painting surface in theMiddle Ages. Also refers to a high-grade, thick,cream-coloured paper, made to resemble oldparchment.

parchmentise To treat paper to make it trans-lucent and waterproof, like parchment.

parenthesis A round bracket.parity The general meaning is equivalence. In

computing and communications parity usuallymeans the number of 1s, as opposed to 0s, in abyte or word. A redundant parity bit is addedto each byte and this is set to make the numberof 1 bits in the byte even (for even parity) or odd(for odd parity). Parity bits are a basic form oferror detection, but will detect only single biterrors because, if an even number of the bits areincorrect, then the parity bit will not show the

error. Also, unlike more complex error detec-tion and correction systems, it is impossible totell which bit is wrong. (See also checksum.)

parity bit A check bit added to a series of binarydigits to make the total odd or even accordingto the logic of the system.

parity error An error discovered by checking theparity.

parser An algorithm or program which is used tocheck the syntactic structure of a file or struc-tured document. An SGML, e.g., parser checksthat a document instance (i.e. a documentcoded in SGML) corresponds to the specifiedDocument Type Definition and will reportany errors. SGML parsers are often integratedwith editing programs, so that documents canbe parsed as they are created or edited.

part-mechanical paper Paper containing up to50% of mechanical pulp with the balance chem-ical pulp. Compare mechanical paper, wood-free paper.

part-title The title of a section of a book on therecto page, see also half-title.

partwork Publication issued in a number of partswhich can be purchased separately and whichthen combine to make up the whole.

pass 1. One run through a printing press. 2. Anoperation that realises the completion of a jobfrom input through processing to output.

pass date See copy date.pass for press Authorise the final form of a pub-

lication for printing.passive matrix A design of liquid crystal dis-

play.pass-on rate Estimated number of readers of a

publication per copy sold.password A secret (or private) arbitrary string of

characters which has to be typed into a com-puter in order to allow access to a system or aparticular program. Normally it is not dis-played on the screen, so that it remains private.

paste To insert text or graphics from the clip-board into an open document.

pasteboard 1. Board made from several lamina-tions of thinner sheets. Also known as pastedboard. Contrast homogenous board. 2. In DTPprograms, the area which surrounds the pagedisplay in a publication window.

paste drier Type of drier used in inks.pasted unlined chipboard See unlined chipboard.paster Rotary printing press device that changes

the reel of paper automatically as required.paste-up Dummy or artwork comprising all the

elements pasted into position.patch Sub routine inserted into a program after

writing.

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patch corrections Small patches of correctedtypesetting which are intended for pasting overthe original (wrong) text.

patching Pasting corrections into film or artwork.patching-up Letterpress packing during make-

ready.patent base Base on which electrotypes are

mounted.path The explicitly routed, node-by-node, Internet

address or the link between two machines. (Seealso bang path.) Path is also used in computeroperating systems to specify the order in whichdirectories should be accessed when a program(or executable file) is called.

PBA Periodicals Barcoding Association.PBEM See play by electronic mail.PBM See play by electronic mail.PBX See private (automatic) branch exchange.PC Personal computer. Microcomputer for home

or office use.PC/NFS A version of NFS that will allow PCs to

connect over an Ethernet to a Unix systemPC-DOS Version of Microsoft’s Disk Operating

system specific to the IBM PC. Slight, mainlyinsignificant, variations from MS-DOS.

PCI See Peripheral Component Interconnect.PCL See Printer Command Language.PCM See pulse code modulation.PCMCIA See Personal Computer Memory Card

International Association.PCN See personal communication network.PCS See personal communication services.pcx A widely used bitmap graphics format, origi-

nally developed for the program PC Paintbrushby Z-Soft. The filename extension is ‘.pcx’.

PD See public domain.PDA See personal digital assistant.pdf See portable document format.PDH See plesiochronous digital hierarchy.PDL See page description language.PDS Public domain software. See public

domain.PDU See protocol data unit.PE Printer’s error. Normally a literal in type-

setting.PeaceNet A network concerned with issues of

peace and social justice, including human rights,disarmament and international relations. (Seealso Institute for Global Communications.)

pearl Old type size, similar to 5pt.pebble finish Textured surface on paper, added

after making or sometimes after printing.pebbling Embossing paper after printing with a

pebbled pattern.peculiars Special characters outside a normal

font range.

peer A communications unit (hardware or soft-ware) on the same protocol layer of a networkas another.

peer-to-peer Network arrangement in which eachcomputer has equal power: any can hold appli-cations and data and control network traffic, asdistinct from the more common client-serverarchitecture.

peer-to-peer network A group of computers,usually PCs, connected with network cardsand cable. Each workstation is as important asits peers, acting both as client and server. Withappropriate software, it is possible for eachcomputer to see the disk drives of every com-puter as a local drive. There is no separate fileserver.

PEIPA See Pilot European Image ProcessingArchive.

pel See pixel.PEM See Privacy Enhanced Mail.penetration One of the ways in which inks dry.

(See also absorption.)pen name Name adopted by authors other than

their own.pen ruling Method of printing ruled sheets with

a set of pens, under which the sheet travels.Pentium A series of chips developed by Intel,

widely used in PCs, especially those handlingmultimedia.

Pentium II Processor chip launched by Intel pro-viding processing speeds of 233MHz and266MHz and using RISC technology.

percentage dot area The percentage of a half-tone that is black as opposed to white.

perfect binding Adhesive binding widely usedon paperbacks. Glue is applied to the rough-ened back edges of sections to hold them to thecover and each other. Also called adhesivebinding, cut-back binding, thermoplasticbinding, threadless binding.

perfect bound Book that has perfect binding, inwhich leaves are attached to the spine withglue that does not dry out completely, ratherthan by sewing.

perfecting Printing both sides of a sheet at onepass. Such a press is called a perfector.

perfector Printing machine that prints both sidesof a sheet of paper concurrently.

perforate To make a row of small holes in, e.g.,paper so that a section may be torn off easily.

perforated tape See paper tape.perforating Punching a series of holes in paper,

either as a coding process or to facilitate tearingoff a section.

perforating rules Letterpress steel rules whichindent the sheet.

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perforations The row of small holes in a sheet ofpaper which allows a designated section to betorn off easily.

perforator Keyboard which produces punchedpaper tape.

peripheral Computer input or output devicewhich is not part of the main CPU, e.g. a printer.

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Alocal bus designed by Intel. It is more efficientthan the VESA local bus, running at 33MHz. Itis used on Pentium-based computers but isprocessor-independent.

PERL (Practical Extraction and Report Language)An interpreted computer language mainlyused for processing and converting text andtext strings. It is widely used in developingWorld Wide Web tools and applications.

permanence Paper’s resistance to ageing.permanent inks Inks which do not fade. Also,

lightfast inks.permanent paper Paper which is acid-free and

made to stringent conditions for archival pur-poses. The accepted standard for manufactureis laid out in American standard ANSI Z39 1984and specifies neutral pH, alkaline reserve,chemical furnish, and specified tear resistanceand fold endurance.

permissions 1. Permission given to a publisherfor him to reproduce material which is some-one else’s copyright. Normally the subject of afee. 2. Authorisation to read or write a file or toexecute a program. Forms an integral part ofthe Unix operating system but, as Unix is theoperating system used by most servers on theInternet, will be encountered by anyone usingutilities such as ftp and telnet.

peroxide bleaching The bleaching of woodpulpusing hydrogen peroxide. More environmentfriendly than chlorine bleaching which it issteadily supplanting.

personalcast See narrowcast.personal communication network (PCN) The

communications network based on cellular andfixed telephone networks. (Called PCS, per-sonal communication services, in the US.)

personal communication services (PCS) The USterm for personal communication network.

Personal Computer Memory Card InternationalAssociation (PCMCIA) A group of manufac-turers which developed the cards used forperipherals in (mainly) portable/notebook com-puters. These cards are described as PCMCIAcards and include memory circuits, modems,network adapters and even disk drives.

personal digital assistant (PDA) A small, hand-held computer. Many, including the Apple

Newton, will now take handwriting input. Theoriginal idea was that eventually PDAs wouldbecome multi-functional, acting as telephones,faxes and remote terminals to other systems, aswell as providing local services, such as a diary,scheduler etc. BT has already produced a pro-totype which straps to the wrist.

personal identification device (PID) A device,such as a magnetic card, which carriesmachine-readable identification, so as to pro-vide authorisation for access to a computer sys-tem. PIDs are often used in conjunction withPIN numbers in, e.g., automatic tellermachines. (See also smartcard.)

personal identification number (PIN) A pass-word which is used for access, either physicalvia a digital door lock, or to a computer system.Often used in conjunction with a PID.

personal information manager (PIM) Softwarethat includes a diary, address book etc., as wellas various other programs, which may includesmall databases and basic spreadsheets (forexpenses). May well be used on a personal dig-ital assistant and potentially can be extendedto include personal communications.

PET Polyethylene terephthalate: the most com-mon plastic used for bottles, replacing glass.

petal printer See daisywheel printer.PGP See Pretty Good Privacy.pH Measurement of acidity or alkalinity.phase alternate/alternating line (PAL) The tele-

vision standard used in most European coun-tries including the UK. France, which usesSECAM, is the principal exception. (See alsoNTSC.)

phase modulation An alternative term for phaseshift keying.

phase shift keying (PSK) A modulation tech-nique used to transmit digital information. Thephase angle of the carrier wave is changed torepresent the values of different bits (or groupsof bits).

PHIGS Programmers’ Hierarchical InteractiveGraphics System. A three-dimensional graph-ics standard including language-independentfunctions for applications that produce com-puter-generated images on either raster- orvector-graphic output devices.

Philips Dutch electronics company. Has had greatinfluence, with Sony, on the development andstandardisation of the CD. In particular, devel-oped compact disc interactive (CD-i) and,jointly with Kodak, the Kodak Photo CD.

phloroglucinol Chemical used on paper to test forwoodfree or mechanical furnish. Phloroglucinolis applied to a paper: if the stain remains yellow

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it is woodfree; if the stain turns red it containsmechanical pulp. The depth of colour of the redstain indicates the percentage of mechanical fibrepresent.

phoneme In speech recognition systems, a unit ofsound. Spoken words are divided intophonemes in much the same way as writtenwords are divided into characters.

PhoneNet A networking system connectingdevices that are AppleTalk-compatible. It usesordinary telephone cabling.

phonetic alphabet Alphabet with special pho-netic characters which instruct the reader howto pronounce the words or phrases referenced.

phonetics Symbols designed to have a direct cor-respondence with sounds and used to indicatecorrect pronunciation.

Phong shading A method of shading or renderingused in animation. It is similar to Gouraud sur-face shading but instead of the colour being lin-early interpolated between normals to adjacentpolygons, the normals themselves are interpo-lated, so that there is one normal per pixel in therendering window, from which the colourshades are calculated. The results are similar toGouraud shading, except that any reflections onthe surface of an object are sharper. Phong shad-ing also allows detailed editing of the rendering.

Photo CD See Kodak Photo CD.photocomposition Typesetting performed by a

photosetter.photocopy 1. Duplicate of a photograph. 2. Dupli-

cate of a document etc. produced on a copyingmachine.

photoengraving Letterpress printing plate.photogram Print made by exposure of object

directly on photographic paper.photogravure Gravure printing in which the

cylinder image is photographically produced.photolettering Method of setting display-sized

type from photographic fonts.photolithography Lithographic process with

photographically produced plate image.photomechanical Assembled type and/or illus-

trations as film ready for platemaking or fur-ther processing.

photomechanical composition Filmsetting, seephotocomposition.

photomechanical transfer Abbreviated to PMT.Paper negative which produces a positive printby a process of chemical transfer. Extensivelyused for line artwork and screened prints.

photomontage Print comprising several otherphotographs.

Photon Proprietary name for a photosetter oncewidely used.

photonics The optical equivalent of electronics,i.e. transmission of information using photonsrather than electrons, or light instead of electri-city. Often used as an equivalent for fibre optics.

photopaque Opaquing fluid used to spot nega-tives.

photopolymer Plate coating which polymerises(solidifies) on exposure to strong light. Usedfor long runs.

photopolymer plate Letterpress printing platemade with photopolymer material and onceused extensively for paperback printing.

photoprint Photographic print.photoproof Phototypeset proof.photo retouching The modification of bitmap

images, using image-editing software or paintprograms.

photosensitive Paper or film that reacts to light.photosetting See phototypesetting.Photoshop An image manipulation (paint) pro-

gram from Adobe. Probably the most widelyused program of its type in the graphic artsindustry.

photostat Trade name for a photocopy.phototypesetter Device for producing high-reso-

lution text on photosensitive paper or film.phototypesetting Setting type onto photograph-

ic paper or film. Phototypesetters employ vari-ous techniques to create the image, with com-puters assisting in the operation logic.

photounit The part of a phototypesetter in whichthe photographic image is created andexposed.

pH value Measure of acidity or alkalinity of asubstance. 7 = neutral; less than 7 = progressiveacidity; more than 7 = progressive alkalinity.

physical addressing The Ethernet low-leveladdressing scheme. Uses a 48-bit address in asingle packet. (See also Internet address.)

physical layer The lowest layer in the OSI seven-layer model. It is concerned with the electricaland mechanical connections and MAC. It isused by the datalink layer. Typical physicallayer protocols are CSMA/CD and token ring.

pic Abbreviation for picture. Plural: pix.pica A typographical unit of measurement. Each

pica is divided into 12 points. Although origi-nally 6 picas equalled 0.996 of an inch, in thedevelopment of PostScript the point has beenstandardised so that there are 72 points per inch(thus on a screen with 72 pixels per inch, onepixel equals one point). Although most desktoppublishing, wordprocessor and graphics pro-grams allow size specification in inches or cen-timetres, typographic units are almost alwaysanother option. Typesize is always specified in

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points. Pica was also used for typewriters with10 characters per inch, as opposed to elite,which had 12 characters per inch. Pica and eliteare sometimes used to describe typefaces, butreally refer to pitch. (See also font size.)

pi characters Special characters outside the nor-mal alphabetic range and not normally con-tained in a standard font, e.g. special mathssymbols.

pick Fibres that have been pulled from the papersurface by smudges of ink on the printingplate.

pick-away See pull-away.picking The lifting of areas of paper surface dur-

ing printing which happens when ink tack isstronger than the surface strength.

PICS See Platform for Internet ContentSelection.

PICT A graphic file format used on the AppleMacintosh for draw-type (vector) graphicsfiles. The format uses QuickDraw to displayimages on-screen. PICT is not PostScript-com-patible and the incompatibilities can lead tounpredictable results.

pictogram Pictorial symbol for a word, phrase orchart statistics.

picture element See pixel.picture list List of illustrations intended for a

book drawn up by a picture researcher.Picture Quality Scale (PQS) A system in which

image quality is rated on the basis of image fea-tures that are perceived by the human eye,rather than on the signal-to-noise ratio, inwhich quality is assessed pixel by pixel.

picture research The process of locating illustra-tions for a book from picture libraries, museums,galleries etc.

PID See personal identification device.pie Jumbled type. Sometimes spelt pi.piece fractions Fractions built up typographical-

ly out of more than one piece of type.pie chart A graphic diagram representing a pie,

the portions of which vary to indicate values orpercentages.

pierced block Letterpress block with a hole cutthrough it to leave a large area of white onimpression.

PIF Print image file: the printing format generat-ed by the pdf RIP in Agfa’s Apogee system.

piggyback form A continuous-stationery tractor-fed carrier designed to feed headed stationeryand envelopes into a printer.

pigment The constituent of a printing ink thatgives it its colour.

pigmented paper Size-press coated or light-coated paper.

pigment foil Foil which is of coloured pigmentrather than imitation gold or silver.

PII See Publisher Item Identifier.Pilot European Image Processing Archive

(PEIPA) Archive at the University of Essex,UK, devoted to image processing, computervision and computer graphics.

PIM See personal information manager.PIN See personal identification number, posi-

tive intrinsic negative.Pine (Program for Internet News & Email.) A

menu-driven program, running under Unix,for reading, editing, sending, and managingelectronic messages.

pin feed The method of feeding continuous sta-tionery by lining up pins on the machines witha series of small holes in the paper.

pin feed platen A printer cylinder that feedspaper through the machine via sprocket holes.

PING See Packet InterNet Groper.ping Alternative name for the Portable Network

Graphics format.pinholes 1. Small holes in paper surface. 2. Small

holes in the dense black image area of a nega-tive which let through the light, and need to bespotted out using an opaquing fluid.

Pink operating system An object-oriented oper-ating system developed jointly by IBM andApple. Also called Taligent.

pinless Refers to the elimination of the standardpin mechanisms which control paper websgoing through folders.

pin register system The use of holes and pins toprovide a system of aligning copy, film andplates in register. The Protocol system is one ofthe best known. Also punch register system.

pipelining Breaking information up into packetswhich traverse networks successively. Thisleads to fewer network delays.

pipe roller The roller on a web press that rotatesfreely.

Pipex A UK Internet provider to other commer-cial companies and public-sector organisations.Services include a commercial internetworkingservice and a backbone with multiple interna-tional links. Pipex uses re-sellers connected toits backbone to provide services to end-users.

piping Small ridges on the paper surface.PIRA Printing Industries Research Association:

British organisation that does research intoprinting techniques and offers advice and stafftraining to member companies.

pitch The horizontal spacing of printer charac-ters. Common pitches are 10, 12, and 15 (10, 12or 15 characters to the linear inch).

pitch edge The edge of the sheet which is fed into

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a printing or folding machine. Also known asthe gripper edge or leading edge.

pix Pictures, particularly photographs.pixel An abbreviation for ‘picture element’ (or ‘pic-

ture cell’). The smallest resolvable rectangulararea that can be displayed on-screen or stored inmemory. In a monochrome image the pixel maybe just black or white but, if grey scales are used,then each pixel will have its own brightness,from 0 for black to the maximum value (255 foran 8-bit pixel) for white. On a colour monitor,each pixel is made up of a triple of red, green andblue phosphors (see RGB) and each is controlledby a number of bits (see 8-bit colour, 24-bitcolour). This will affect the palette and will berelated to the screen resolution. (Comparevoxel.)

pixel depth The number of bits of informationcontained in each pixel of information scannedor displayed. Scanners will typically run 8 bitsper pixel, resolving 256 shades of grey overallin the case of grey-scale images or 16.7 millionshades of colour overall in the case of full-colour images. In the case of colour images, notall the shades may be capable of display onmany monitors – see CLUT.

pixel editing The ability to examine and deleteindividual pixels, typically around the outsideof images, in order to tidy up outlines.

pixels per inch Measurement of graphic resolu-tion. See pixel.

pixmap (A contraction of ‘pixel map’.) A three-dimensional array of bits that corresponds to atwo-dimensional array of pixels, so that proper-ties or attributes can be associated with specificpixels. Can be thought of as a stack of Nbitmaps. Is used in X windows and QuickDrawGX. Improves handling of icon images and ani-mation. A pixmap can be used only on the screenon which it was created.

PKUNZIP A program for decompressing filescompressed with PKZIP.

PKZIP Probably the most widely used file com-pression and archiving utility on PCs. Alsoused for transferring files over the Internet. Ituses a variation on the sliding windowcompression algorithm. (See also PKUNZIP,gzip.) There is also a related Windows version,WinZip.

PL/1 An early structured programming lan-guage, devised in the mid-1960s by IBM, andcontaining many of the features of FORTRAN,ALGOL and COBOL.

placeholder In DTP, a piece of specimen textplaced in position on a page template for sub-sequent replacement by the real text. Used to

establish the correct positioning for the real textand the correct typography for it.

plain ‘Upright’ letters as distinct from italic. Alsocalled roman or normal.

plain ASCII Means just the real ASCII charac-ters including none of the extended ASCIIcharacters. See flat ASCII.

plaintext A message before encryption or afterdecryption, in its readable form, rather than itsencrypted form. (Compare with ciphertext.)

planer Block of wood used to tap letterpress typeinto place on the surface of the stone.

planning All the processes involved in imposi-tion, laying pages down onto foils in imposi-tion sequence etc., ready for platemaking.

planographic printing Printing from a flat (asdistinct from indented or relief) image, e.g.litho.

Plantin Widely used typeface designed byChristopher Plantin.

plastic plate Letterpress printing plate made ofplastic.

plastic proof Proof such as Cromalin,Matchprint etc. made by exposing colour sepa-rations to a special material which images inthe process colours corresponding to each sep-aration. Also called a dry proof. As distinctfrom a machine proof (wet proof) which ismade by printing from plates.

plastic wrapping Wrapping magazines in poly-thene, usually by machine.

plate 1. A one-piece printing surface. 2. Singleleaf printed on separate paper and attached toa book.

plate cylinder The press cylinder which carriesthe plate.

plate finish High, calendered finish given topaper.

plate folder See buckle folder.plate hooked and guarded Printed plate fixed

into a book by extending the back marginunder a signature and sewing it in.

platen Small letterpress printing machine onwhich the paper is pressed up against the ver-tically-held type-bed.

plate scanning Electronic scanning of a press-ready plate generating a magnetic file whichcan be used to set the printing machine inkkeys for make-ready. (See also CCI.)

plate section Printed illustrations separated fromthe text matter and often on different paper.

platesetter Imaging unit on a CTP device whichexposes the plate either by laser or by thermalimaging techniques.

plate size A size of negative or photographicprint 80 3 60.

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plates joined on the guard Two printed platesjoined by adhesive at the back margin to forma four-page section.

platesunk Area of paper compressed (for displaypurposes) below the surrounding surface by aforcing plate.

platform A rather loose term, which means acombination of a particular computer andoperating system.

Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS)An infrastructure for associating labels (meta-data) with Internet content. Originally de-signed to help parents and teachers controlwhat children access on the Internet, it can alsobe used to cover other aspects, including pri-vacy and intellectual property rights.

plating Fitting the plates to the plate cylinder.The plating sequence is the order in which theyare affixed to the cylinder.

play by electronic mail (PBEM, PBM) A kind ofgame in which the players use email to com-municate. A natural extension of ‘play by mail’games in which the players use snailmail.

Playstation A games console produced by Sony.plesiochronous Nearly synchronised. A term

describing a communication system wheretransmitted signals have the same nominal digi-tal rate, described as bit-synchronous, but aresynchronised on different clocks of comparableaccuracy and stability. Signals can be regardedas plesiochronous if significant events occur atnominally the same rate, with any variation inrate constrained within specified limits.

plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) A trans-mission system for voice and data communica-tion using plesiochronous synchronisation.PDH is the conventional multiplexing tech-nology for networks, including ISDN, but isgradually being replaced by SONET and otherSDH (synchronous digital hierarchy) schemes.

Plexus A World Wide Web server.plot To draw an image or graph from variables or

information supplied as a series of coordinates.plotter Device which draws graphics from com-

puter instructions using either laser techniquesor mechanical techniques. See imagesetter.

plotter font See outline font.plough Hand cutter used for cutting the edges of

cased books.PLR See Public Lending Right.plucking See picking.plug compatibility Pertaining to the manufacture

of equipment that can be connected to that pro-duced by other manufacturers via cable andplug. A form of connection commonly employedin IBM PC and compatible microcomputers.

plug-in A term describing applications associat-ed with Netscape Navigator (although theterm is now used more widely). Plug-ins arerather like applets, in that they enable certaintypes of file, e.g. QuickDraw movies, to beaccessed from within Netscape Navigator.

ply Layer of paper or board joined to another forstrength, thus: 2-ply, 3-ply etc.

PMS See Pantone Matching System.PMT See photomechanical transfer.PNG See Portable Network Graphics, ping.POC See point of contact.pocket portable A portable microcomputer

developed from, and in general terms littlemore use than, pocket calculators.

POE See PowerOpen Environment.point 1. A typographical unit of measure, one-

twelfth of a pica. (See pica for more details.) 2. To locate a pointing device (usually the cursor,controlled by a mouse) on a screen item, such asa word, menu or icon, in a graphical user inter-face (GUI). See point-and-click.

point-and-click To point at something on thescreen and then click a mouse button. This is acommon way of selecting an item, such as anicon, a menu item or a word in a graphicaluser interface (GUI). However, it is a some-what generic, not to say ambiguous, term, inthat sometimes it means point-and-click (once),sometimes it means point and double-click,while occasionally it really means point andthen hold the mouse button down.

PointCast A free service, based on push technol-ogy and providing personalised delivery ofpublic information, such as news, weather,sport etc. Displays the information in a screensaver. A later rival service is HeadLiner. (Seealso BackWeb, Castanet, Netscape Netcaster.)

pointer 1. Arrow-shaped cursor, used in DTPsystems. See pointing device. 2. Within certaincomputer programming languages, pointersare used to describe the location of data. (Seealso hash table.)

pointing device A device used to control themovement of a pointer or cursor on the screen,usually in a graphical user interface (GUI). Themouse is the most common pointing device.

pointlining Beard on typefounders’ type.point of contact (POC) An individual who is

associated with a particular Internet entity(network, domain, ASN etc.).

point of presence (PoP) A site, run by an Internetservice provider, which users can access viamodem or ISDN connections. Such a site willusually have banks of modems and othertelecommunications, together with access to an

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Internet backbone. PoPs may be geographicallydistributed to improve access and keep tele-phone costs down. Virtual PoPs may also beaccessible through third parties.

point of sale (POS) The place in a shop (or otherbusiness operation) where a sale is transacted,e.g. a supermarket checkout.

point-of-sale terminal (POS terminal) A comput-er terminal (often part of the checkout equip-ment, or cash register) used in shops to inputand output data at the point of sale. At a POSterminal, information about items sold is input,often using a barcode or Kimball tag. Details ofprice etc. are then retrieved from a central com-puter and a fully itemised receipt is printed.The transaction may also provide input to astock-control system and be used for aspects ofmarket research. In addition, it may be possiblefor electronic funds transfer to be carried outfrom the POS terminal. See EFTPOS.

point system The main system of typographicmeasurement. 1pt = 0.351mm (0.0138370) (Seealso Didot, pica.)

point-to-point A circuit connecting two nodesdirectly.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) The protocolwhich provides the Internet standard methodfor transmitting IP packets over serial point-to-point links. PPP was designed to be animprovement on SLIP, operating both overasynchronous connections and bit-orientedsynchronous systems.

poke A high-level language instruction designedto place a value into a specific memory location.

Polite Agent A patented agent that is part ofBackWeb and monitors online activity.

polling Checking every so often to see if an oper-ation needs to be carried out, e.g. if there isemail to be transferred from a server. The termis sometimes also used to include actually car-rying out the operation itself.

polymerisation Drying of ink by ultravioletcuring.

polythene wrapping See plastic wrapping.polyviny chloride See PVC.polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Synthetic cold-melt

glue used in binding.POP See Post Office Protocol.POP3 Version 3 of the Post Office Protocol.

Email software often provides this as an alter-native to SMTP.

pop-up menu A menu that is brought to the screenby clicking on a word or icon, which can be any-where on the screen, or even in some appli-cations just by clicking the right mouse button.

pop-ups Cardboard cut-outs which stand erect.

porosity The degree to which a paper is porous toair. Very open, porous papers give difficultieswith feeding.

port An input and/or output connection to orfrom a computer.

portability In software terms, the design of pro-grams that allows them to be run on more thanone computer system. An identical name is noguarantee of portability. BASIC, e.g., has manydialects, few of which are truly portable.

portable computer A computer which has all itsconstituent parts (processor, disk drives, key-boards, display and power source) in a singleenclosure and weighs less than 30lbs.

portable document Any document – forinstance, in pdf format, SGML or HTML –which can be transferred between systems.

portable document format (pdf) The formatused by Adobe Acrobat files. Note that pdffiles are not the only portable documents.

Portable Network Graphics (PNG) A graphicsformat for compressed, lossless bitmappedimage files. Introduced to replace GIF, partlybecause of GIF’s shortcomings, but alsobecause Unisys is claiming copyright to LZWcompression, which is the basis of GIF.

Portable Pixmap (PPM) A colour image fileformat. See graphic file format.

portal Web site ‘gateway’ for a genericallygrouped range of subjects, products or services.Many portals aim to provide ‘one-stop shops’for their communities of users.

portrait The orientation of a picture, screen orpage, such that its height is greater than itswidth. Most books and journals are portrait.(See also landscape, aspect ratio.)

POS See point of sale.positive An image on film or paper in which the

dark and light values are the same as the origi-nal, as distinct from negative.

positive intrinsic negative (PIN) A type of detec-tor used in fibre-optic data links.

positive-working plates Litho plates which areexposed using positives.

POSIX An acronym loosely based on ‘portableoperating system interface for computing en-vironments’, the ‘X’ indicating the associationwith Unix. A set of IEEE standards that describeshow applications can be written so that they canrun unchanged on different systems. This wasone approach to making interfaces to operatingsystems vendor-independent. Unix was the basisof POSIX but subsequently other vendors havechanged their (proprietary) operating systems tobecome POSIX-compliant, which means thatthey provide an open systems interface and are

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able to communicate with all other POSIX-com-pliant systems. Open Systems Interconnect(OSI) is a related approach to solving the sameproblem.

post To send an email message to a mailing listor a newsgroup. (Contrast with mail, which isgenerally used to mean sending a message tospecific recipients.)

post, telephone and telegraph administration(PTT) A provider of a public telecommuni-cations service, e.g. British Telecom in the UKand the Bell operating companies in the US. Mayalso be involved with setting national standardsand policy on telecommunications issues.

post-binding Type of binding that uses metalposts that pass through holes punched in theloose leaves.

poster A single sheet in a large size printed onone side only for public display.

posterisation A technique in which the numberof colours or grey levels in a bitmap image isreduced, with the effect that there is no longera continuous variation in the shades. Paint(image editing) programs often have this as anediting option.

poster paper One-sided glazed paper with roughunderside suitable for pasting.

poster type See woodtype.postmaster Both the person who supervises elec-

tronic mail at a particular site on the Internetand a special email address set up to which anymessages regarding the email service at thatsite, e.g. problems or queries, should be sent.This allows messages to be aliased to the per-son who is acting as postmaster (not necessari-ly the same person all the time).

Post Office Protocol (POP) A protocol designed toallow single-user hosts to access mail from aserver, either over a network or a modem link.There are three versions: POP, POP2 and POP3,and the latter two are not backwards compatible.These versions were developed to make the pro-tocol available to a wider range of hosts. POP3 isoften used as an alternative to SMTP.

PostScript Adobe System’s proprietary pagedescription language. Achieved prominencethrough its adoption by Apple, and by far themost widely used PDL.

PostScript clone A raster image processor (hard-ware or software) that will interpret PostScript,but is not using the true Adobe PostScript inter-preter. These processors are also described asPostScript compatible. Such interpreters, e.g.Ghostscript, may either be available as publicdomain software or – even if they are commer-cial products, such as Hyphen – they may be

cheaper (partly because there is no royalty pay-ment to Adobe) or provide features not avail-able in PostScript itself.

PostScript fonts See outline fonts, which formpart of the PostScript language. It was inPostScript that such fonts were first widelyused. There are two types of font, Type 1 andType 3. Type 1 fonts use hinting and Adobe’sproprietary format, while for Type 3 fonts thereis no hinting and the format is publicly avail-able. Type 1 fonts can be interpreted by AdobeType Manager (ATM) for display on-screen,while Type 3 cannot. Similar font technologiesare TrueType and QuickDraw GX. A new fontspecification, OpenType, has recently beendeveloped with the aim of removing font com-patibility problems. (See also Supra.)

PostScript interpreter A piece of software spe-cially written to convert PostScript files to a dif-ferent code command set supported by a non-PostScript output device.

PostScript Level 2 An improved version ofPostScript featuring better handling of colourhalf-tone screening and colour matching; com-pression for large files; and more facilities forhandling Japanese Kanji and other Asian-lan-guage fonts. Not all PostScript printers willhandle Level 2 and many users will not requiremost of the features. (See also Supra.)

PostScript Level 3 The latest version of PostScript,intended to provide enhanced image technology,faster page processing, closer integration withthe World Wide Web and ‘PlanetReady’ printingto handle local language needs in different partsof the world.

pot The container for molten metal on a type-casting machine.

potboiler Work written to make the author a liv-ing, often of questionable merit.

POTS Plain old telephone system. See publicswitched telephone network.

powdering Build-up of paper dust on a blanket.powderless etching Method of etching letter-

press line plates in one step.Power Macintosh See Apple Computer’s

Macintosh, based on the PowerPC chip. A sig-nificant difference from earlier Macintoshes isthat, although it is designed to be used with theMacintosh operating system, System 7.5, otheroperating systems can also be used. (See alsoPowerOpen Environment.)

PowerOpen Environment (POE) A definitioncontaining API and ABI specifications basedon the architecture of the PowerPC processor. Itis similar to POSIX, but goes further as itincludes binary compatibility.

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power pack The component which supplies (andcontrols) electrical current to other computercomponents.

PowerPC A RISC microprocessor jointly designedby Motorola, IBM and Apple Computer. Used inthe Power Macintosh and various IBM models.

pp Pages.PPA Periodical Publishers Association.ppi Pages per inch. American method of specify-

ing the thickness of paper. The European mea-suring system is the micron or volume.

PPM See Portable Pixmap.ppm Pages per minute (laser printing). Standard

rates vary from 8–20 ppm for most of the com-monly used laser printers.

PPP See Point-to-Point Protocol.PQS See Picture Quality Scale.PR See packet radio.precision cutting Sheeting paper to very fine tol-

erances to avoid further guillotining.precision register quoins Quoins on which the

degree of adjustment can be set precisely.preface Formal statement before the text of a

book by the author. As distinct from foreword.preferred position Advertisement location

which an advertiser would prefer for his copyif it is available.

prefix Word attached to the beginning of anoth-er word to adjust or qualify its meaning, e.g.ex-, non-.

preflighting or preflight checking The processof checking files using a software program inorder to pre-empt problems at productionstages further down the line. Typical checksand diagnostics include validating graphics fileformats embedded in applications, fonts, pagegeometry, trapping characteristics, blends.

prekissing Paper and blanket making contact tooearly, resulting in a double impression.

prelims Abbreviation of preliminary matter. Thematter in a book which precedes the text.

Premiere Desktop video editing software fromAdobe.

premium book Book offered to purchasers ofanother book or series, or at a specially reducedprice to attract people to subscribe to a book club.

prepress The entire range of operations whichcome before the press or printing stages in apublishing project. They include author costs,illustration costs, typesetting, origination andmake-up, and typically finish at the stage offinal files or films ready for platemaking.

prepress costs All the costs associated withbringing a job ready for press up to but notincluding printing the first copy. As distinctfrom press costs.

prepress proofs Proofs made by techniques otherthan printing.

pre-print Previously printed matter which isthen re-wound ready for running in withanother printed job. Often colour advertisingintended for running in with black and whitenewspaper work.

preprinted Part of a job printed before the mainrun through the press.

presensitised plate Offset litho plate supplied bythe manufacturer with a light-sensitive coating,e.g. an offset litho plate. Often shortened to‘presen plate’.

presentation graphics A program which can beused for slide presentations. Such presenta-tions can now usually incorporate a range ofmultimedia features and can be presented elec-tronically.

presentation layer The second-highest layer (layer6) in the ISO seven-layer model. This layer isconcerned with aspects such as text compression(encryption) and code or format conversion.Provides service to the application layer andaccesses the features of the session layer.

Presentation Manager The graphical user inter-face (GUI) in IBM’s OS/2 operating system.

press 1. Generic term for all periodicals. 2. Print-ing machine.

press after correction Instruction to proceed toprinting after final corrections.

press costs The costs associated with printingand manufacturing a job from plates onwards.As distinct from prepress costs.

pressing Flattening folded sections before bind-ing.

presspahn hollow A hollow made of a strip ofbrown reinforced card applied to the inside ofthe spine of a cased book. Less rigid than aboard hollow, more durable than paper.

press proof Proof taken from the press aftermake-ready but before the full run.

press release News of an event sent to the pressfor publication.

press section In papermaking, the section of thepaper machine where the web of paper is firstpressed before it is passed on to the dryingcylinders.

pressure-sensitive Adhesive when pressure isapplied.

presswork The work or management of a print-ing press, also called ‘machining’.

Prestel Viewdata service provided by BT, inwhich information is presented on a televisionscreen but accessed via the telephone network.

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) A high-security RSA-based public-key encryption application for

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secure email communication, providing privacyand authentication. (See also Privacy EnhancedMail (PEM).)

preventive maintenance A regular inspection,repair and replacement routine designed toreduce the risk of system failure.

preview screen A desktop publishing VDU whichallows a piece of composed work to be viewedexactly as it will appear in print. See soft type-setter.

PRI See ISDN primary rate interface. (See alsobasic rate ISDN (BRI).)

primary rate interface (PRI) A type of ISDN con-nection, which in North America and Japanconsists of 24364 kbps channels (B – ‘bearer’– channels) for speech or data, plus a 16 kbpschannel (D – ‘delta’ – channel) used for sig-nalling and control purposes, based on the T-1interface (an integrated total of 1.552 Mbps).Elsewhere, PRI usually has 30 B channels and 1D channel, and is based on the E-1 interface (anintegrated total of nearly two Mbps). PRI istypically used for commercial connections.

primary rate ISDN See primary rate interface.primary subtractive colours Yellow, magenta

and cyan which, with black, make up the fourprocess colours.

primer Print working which acts as a base orundercoat for a colour which will otherwise lackcovering power, e.g. a metallic silver or gold ink.

PRIMIS A service set up by publisher McGraw-Hill as a form of document delivery, such thatacademics could make up customised text-books from parts of books published byMcGraw-Hill and collaborating publishers.

print 1. A photograph. 2. A common operatingsystem command to print a specified file list.

print control character A non-printing characterdesigned to perform an action such as line feedor carriage return.

print drum A rotating drum containing printablecharacters. See drum printer.

printed circuit board A plastic base with a cop-per coating onto which electronic componentsare attached. Unwanted areas of copper areremoved by acid etching.

print engine In a laser printer, that mechanicalpart that performs the physical printing func-tion. As distinct from the RIP.

printer A peripheral designed to produce a hardcopy of text or simple graphics characters.Characters may be printed as fully-formedcharacters (see daisywheel, drum printer) ormade up from a series of dots (see dot matrixprinter, inkjet printer, laser printer).

printer’s devil Apprentice in a printing shop.

printer’s error See PE.printer’s flowers Ornaments in metal type or

transfer lettering for use in printing.printer’s imprint Publisher’s name and other rele-

vant details usually printed inside a publication.printer’s pie Type that has become jumbled up

and meaningless.Printer Command Language (PCL) A page

description language developed by Hewlett-Packard for its LaserJet and DeskJet printers.Early versions simply included a string ofinstructions, indicating what to put where and,e.g., were unable to handle scalable fonts,needing bitmap fonts for each size specified.The latest version, PCL Level 5, which firstappeared in the LaserJet III, has many of thefeatures of PostScript. Generally, PCL printersrequire less memory than PostScript printersand are therefore cheaper.

printer control characters Command charactersin a text that send instructions to a printer.

printer driver Dedicated software that convertsand formats the user’s commands into a lan-guage that is compatible with the printer.

printer-plotter High-resolution printer that iscapable of operating as a low-resolution plotter.

printer quality Quality rating of printed text pro-duced by a particular printer.

printer ribbon Roll of inked material that pro-duces print as it passes between printhead andpaper.

printing cylinder See plate cylinder.printing down Laying film over a light-sensitive

plate or paper to produce an image.printing history Details of a book’s previous

printings and editions, usually listed on thebibliographic page after the title page.

printing house A company that produces print-ed material.

printing ink Ink used in printing that is madefrom a mix of carbon and oil.

printings Papers suitable for printing.printing sequence The order in which the four

process colours are applied.printmaking Making fine art reproductions of

originals.printout Copy printed out by a computer printer.print server A server (or computer) that handles

the printer access and buffering for a network.print to paper Instruction to the printer to use all

available paper for a job, rather than printing toa specific quantity of copies.

print wheel See daisywheel.Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) Internet email

which provides privacy, authentication andmessage integrity using various combinations

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of DES and RSA encryption methods. (See alsoPretty Good Privacy (PGP), RIPEM.)

private (automatic) branch exchange (PABX/PBX) A switching telephone exchange locatedwithin an organisation to connect users bothinternally and to the public telephone network.

private circuit Circuit limited to preselected users.private key See public-key encryption.private line Another term for a dedicated circuit

or line.process blue, red, yellow Used to indicate the

cyan, magenta and yellow colours of the four-colour process inks.

process camera Camera designed for the variousphotographic processes involved in printing,as distinct from original photography.

process colour(s) The four colours CMYK, usedin printing and the colour separation process.(See also four-colour process.)

process colour printing Printing of colour platesusing four-colour plates.

process engraving Letterpress engraving.process inks Cyan, magenta, yellow and black

formulated as a set of four to print colour.process lens Photographic lens designed for

graphic arts work.process plates Half-tone colour plates for four-

colour process printing.process set The four process inks.process white Special white paint used to cover

over unwanted block lines on artwork.process work Four-colour printing.Procomm A PC-based communications program

used for accessing bulletin boards. There arevarious versions for both DOS and Windows.

Prodigy An online service developed in the USby IBM and Sears (an advertising company).Provides electronic mail and information, aswell as shopping and travel arrangements.Includes commercials. Also acts as a host forWorld Wide Web pages, which can be accessed(and downloaded) in the usual way.

pro-forma invoice Invoice drawn up to show thevalue of goods, and needed either for docu-mentation purposes or to obtain pre-payment.

program The complete set of instructions whichcontrol a computer in the performance of a task.

program counter The register that contains theaddress of the next program instruction to beexecuted.

program library A suite of general purpose com-puter programs held on backing store.

programmable Any device that can receive, storeand act on a computer program.

programmer The person employed to write,develop or maintain computer programs.

programming A sequential list of instructions bywhich a computer performs its designated tasks.Programs may be written in one of many high-level languages or a low-level language. High-level languages are often suitable for amateur orhobby use while low-level languages wouldalmost certainly only be used by professionalprogrammers.

progressive proofs or progs Proofs of each platein a colour set showing each colour alone andin combination with the others as a guide tocolour matching, at the printing stage. (See alsobastard progressives.)

progs Progressives, or progressive proofs.Project Gutenberg A collection of electronic texts

at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, US, available for wide distributionover the Internet. The first text online was theDeclaration of Independence and it is hoped tohave 10000 texts by the year 2001.

projection platemaking equipment Equipmentsuch as the Rachwal or DaiNippon SAPP sys-tems which make plates by exposing from35mm or 70mm roll microfilms mounted in thehead of computer-controlled step-and-repeatmachines. The microfilm contains the pages ofthe job shot sequentially; the step-and-projectmachine is programmed to locate and exposeeach page in imposition order onto the plate.

PROLOG An acronym for PROgramming inLOGic languages. PROLOG has been developedfor use in artificial intelligence applications andhas been adopted by the Japanese as the mainlanguage for their fifth-generation computers.

PROM Programmable Read Only Memory.Stores programs which cannot be altered by theuser. (See also firmware.)

PROM burner See PROM programmer.promiscuous mode A communications mode in

which all packets are accepted, irrespective oftheir actual destination addresses.

PROM progammer A device designed to writedata to a PROM chip.

prompt A message, usually displayed but some-times audible, requesting an action from a com-puter user.

proof A trial printed sheet or copy, made beforethe production run, for the purpose of checking.

proof copy Page proofs of a book bound in a papercover and distributed for publicity purposes.

proof corrections Corrections made to the text,layout or illustrations on proofs.

proofing Process of producing proofs of a bookso that the contents, text, design etc. can bechecked for errors.

proofreader’s marks Symbols used by a proof-

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reader for marking corrections on proofs. SeeAppendix.

proofreading Post-typesetting stage in the pro-duction process where the author and a readercheck the proofs for errors, omissions etc.

proofs Pages of typeset text, returned to a pub-lisher for correction by, e.g., author and proof-reader.

propagation delay The time taken for a signal totravel from one end of a transmission channel tothe other. Within optical fibres, signals travel atthe speed of light, while the propagation speedin electrical cables is half to three-quarters ofthat. (Compare with latency.)

proportional fonts See proportional spacing.proportional spacing Spacing letters in text so that

each takes up its own width, rather than alltaking the same width (see monospaced fonts).Thus ‘m’ and ‘w’ take up a comparatively widespace and ‘i’ a narrow one. Virtually all materialis now set in proportionally spaced fonts,whether for printing or display on the screen. Inone sense, monospaced fonts can now be seen asa transient development, forced on users by thelimitations of the mechanical typewriter;handwriting is, after all, proportionally spaced.

proprietary software Manufacturers’ off-the-shelf software packages

Prospero A distributed file system containing vir-tual files on a central host, each one representingan Internet resource. For example, a file mayrepresent a telnet session to a particular host ora file which is available using ftp, together withthe information needed to obtain that file.Prospero can thus be used to integrate Internetinformation services, including Gopher, WAIS,Archie, and the World Wide Web.

protective ground Electrical connection betweentwo electronic devices designed to preventdamage to either. Protective ground is typicallyprovided in an RS-232-C interface via pin 1.Compare signal ground.

protocol In general, an agreed set of rules on howsomething should be carried out. In communi-cations and networks, these govern areas suchas data format, timing, sequencing, access anderror control and syntax of messages. Differentlayers of the OSI seven-layer model use differ-ent protocols.

protocol converter A program or hardwaredevice to translate between different protocolsconcerned with the same function.

protocol data unit (PDU) A packet of data whichis passed across a network at a specific layer ofthe OSI seven-layer model using a specificprotocol.

protocol stack A set of protocols which worktogether on a layered model to provide a set ofcommunications functions, so that each layeruses the protocols of the layer below it to providea service to the layer above. The OSI seven-layermodel provides a standard framework withinwhich such a protocol stack can be defined.

prove To pull a proof.provincial press Newspapers circulating in

regional areas.proximity search A searching technique in

which, e.g., one is able to search for the occur-rence of a group of characters within, say, 20words of another group or groups.

proxy Using one Internet address name to meananother. This is usually done by a host answer-ing Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)requests intended for another host and reroutingpackets to the actual destination. A listserv is akind of proxy.

proxy gateway See proxy server.proxy server A server which controls indirect

access to an Internet server, so that external sys-tems excluded for security reasons by a firewallcan communicate (also described as a proxygateway). The term is also used, particularly onthe World Wide Web, to describe a server thatholds a cache of files or documents, in order thatthey can be accessed more quickly or easily. Anydocuments requested which it does not hold itwill obtain from the remote server and save acopy so that when the user next requests thatdocument it will be available more quickly.

PS, ps Both an abbreviation for PostScript andthe file extension which is often used forPostScript files.

PS/2 IBM’s Personal System /2 line of computers.PSDN See public switched data network.PSE Paper surface efficiency.PSK See phase shift keying.PSN See packet switch node.PSS See Packet SwitchStream.PSTN See public switched telephone network.psychrometer Instrument used for determining

relative humidity (RH).PT Precision trimmed (paper).PTR Acronym for paper tape reader.PTT See post, telephone and telegraph admini-

stration.publication The printing and issuing of a book,

newspaper etc. for public readership.publication window In DTP, the basic window

which appears when a document is beingworked on. It comprises one or two pages, thepasteboard, page icons, the pointer, scroll bars,title bar, menu bar etc.

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public carrier A provider of a public telecommu-nications service. See PTT.

public domain (PD) If intellectual property(books, computer programs, images etc.) is inthe public domain, it is available to anyonewithout charge. Most commonly, this applies topublic domain software, which is usually soft-ware developed on behalf of the US govern-ment and which by law has to be available inthis way. It is important to distinguish suchsoftware from shareware, which is not free, orat least free only for evaluation.

public key See public-key encryption.public-key cryptography See public-key

encryption.public-key encryption (Or public-key cryptogra-

phy.) An encryption scheme in which each userhas a pair of keys, called the public key (whichcan be generally known) and the private key(that is, of course, kept secret). A message isencrypted using the public key of the person towhom the message is to be sent; this can then bedecrypted only using the recipient’s private key.This means that secret information never has tobe transmitted over publicly accessible net-works or other communications media, as onlythe public key is ever communicated. Public-keycryptography is used both for encryption andfor authentication, often of digital signatures.RSA is probably the best known and most wide-ly used public-key encryption system.

Public Lending Right PLR: an author’s right toreceive a fee from a library commensurate withthe rate of borrowing of a book written by thatauthor by library members.

public library system System of public librariesopen to the public throughout the country.

public switched data network (PSDN) Usually adigital network (and of a higher bandwidththan the PSTN), particularly suitable for datacommunications. Generally operated by a PTT.

public switched telephone network (PSTN) Apublic telephone network or the collection ofthem around the world, operated by PTTs.Sometimes called POTS in contrast to PSDN.

publish To prepare, print and distribute a book,magazine etc.

publisher Company that prepares and publishesbooks, software etc. for general distributionand sale.

publisher’s binding A binding style where anedition of a book is cased with a plain clothbinding.

publisher’s list List of books that a publisher iscurrently selling, including new titles andbacklist.

publisher’s list price The price of a book asreported in a publisher’s list.

publisher’s reader Person employed by a publish-er to read and report on submitted manuscripts.

publisher’s statement Publisher’s authorisednotice of circulation and distribution statistics.

Publisher Item Identifier (PII) An extension of theISBN and ISSN system, introduced by a groupof leading US academic (scientific) journal pub-lishers so as to provide a way of identifying indi-vidual items, such as articles, within both booksand journals. It also provides a unified identifi-cation system for books and journals.

publishing The business of preparing, printingand distributing books, magazines etc. andselling them to the public.

puck A pointing device with functions similar tocursor keys or a mouse. It does not generallyhave the same degree of freedom of movementas a mouse but rather works within a tray-likeenclosure.

pull 1. A proof. 2. A single print for subsequentphoto-litho reproduction, aka a repro pull.

pull-away A section which contains a number ofblank pages (typically 4pp) either in the middleor at front and back, which are to be removedprior to binding. Also, pick-away.

pull down menus Also referred to as pop-upmenus. Options are revealed only when amenu type is accessed, usually by a pointingand dragging action with a mouse. Once theoption has been selected the menu disappearsleaving the screen free.

pulling Resistance between paper and printingsurface.

pull-out Part of a publication which can beremoved from the binding and used separately.

pulp The raw suspension of woodfibre, treatedeither chemically or mechanically, in water.Chemical pulp contains many fewer impuri-ties than mechanical pulp.

pulp board A homogenous board manufactured toits full thickness on the papermaking machine.

pulping Recycling or destroying books etc. thathave been withdrawn from the market.

pulpwood Wood for the manufacture of woodpulp.

pulse code modulation (PCM) A method bywhich an analogue signal is represented asdigital data. The analogue data is sampled atregular intervals (a fixed frequency), and thesampled values converted into binary codes fortransmission using a digital link.

punch binding See burst binding.punched card Card punched with a pattern of

holes encoding data for subsequent reading.

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punched card reader Device that reads data froma punched card and translates it into a formthat can be recognised by a computer.

punched tape See paper tape.punch register system Device which punches

registered holes in sets of films or plates forpositioning purposes. Also, pin register system.

pure woodfree See woodfree.push technology The download of information

by information providers, either over theInternet or using broadcast techniques, on thebasis of information profiles supplied by users,in contrast to the pull technology of the WorldWide Web, in which information is down-loaded by users when they specify a URL.

PVA Polyvinyl alcohol, a water-based cold-meltemulsion adhesive which is flexible when dryand is used particularly in glueing the spines ofcased books and in perfect binding. (See alsotwo-shot binding.)

PVC Polyvinyl chloride. Applied as a coating orimpregnated into base paper for durability.

Q

QA See quality assurance.QAM See quadrature amplitude modulation.QC See quality control.Q-coder The coding scheme, patented by IBM,

which is used in JBIG compression. Bi-level pix-els are coded as symbols depending on the prob-ability of occurrence of these symbols in differentcontexts. Has similarities with Huffman coding.The less probable a symbol, the more bits will beassigned to it. The Q-coder can also assign oneoutput code bit to more than one input symbol,which the Huffman coder cannot.

quad 1. Paper terminology for a sheet four timesthe size of the traditional broadside sheet, e.g.Quad Demy, 8903 1130mm. 2. Letterpressspacing material used to fill out lines of type.

quadding Addition of spaces to fill out a line oftext.

quad left, right or centre To set lines flush left,right or centre.

quad press Printing press designed for a maxi-mum sheet approximately 101031400mm(403560), i.e. a quad sheet.

quadrant balance or scale Device for measuringgrammage of paper.

quadrat A piece of blank metal type for creatingspace between characters.

quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Aform of transmission in which digital data isencoded in an analogue signal by a combi-nation of amplitude modulation and phasemodulation. This is used when the modembandwidth is 9600 bps or higher.

quadrille Grid paper.quad royal Sheet of paper measuring 503400.quadtone The use of four (possibly Pantone)

colours in combination to produce a particulareffect in printing. May be used to produce afiner grey-scale effect. (See also duotone.)

qualified 1. Reader who meets criteria necessaryto receive free subscription of periodical. 2. Research subject which meets the criteriabeing tested by the project.

quality 1. The whole set of features of a productor service which relates to its being able to sat-isfy the needs of the end-user. 2. In paper, thebrand or type of paper.

quality assurance Abbreviated QA. Umbrellaterm for all activities associated with the cre-ation and maintenance of a quality systemwithin a company.

quality circles Otherwise called ‘quality controlcircles’. Small groups of company workers calledto meet regularly to examine working practices,bring forward suggestions for improvement, anddiscuss solutions to quality problems.

quality control System for checking quality ofproducts during or after manufacture.

quality system Comprehensive, company-wideset of practices adopted in a firm to monitor thequality of its products and the effectiveness ofits internal and external operations.

QuarkImmedia Multimedia authoring and view-ing tool based on QuarkXPress.

QuarkXPress Probably the leading DTP or pagelayout program, at least in the graphic artsindustry. Originally written for the Macintosh,but now also runs under Microsoft Windows.

quarter-bound Binding with spine in one mater-ial (e.g. leather) and sides in another (e.g.cloth). Compare full-bound, half-bound,three-quarter bound.

quarter tone Illustration made by retouching acoarse-screen half-tone print to emphasise theshadows by making them solid and the high-lights by making them white, following whichthe illustration is reshot as fine line.

quarto A page one-quarter of the traditionalbroadside sheet size, e.g. Crown Quarto.

QuickDraw The object-based graphics displaysystem used by the Apple Macintosh.

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QuickDraw controls how text and images aredrawn on the screen. (See also PICT images.)QuickDraw can also be used to control printersand, although text will be indistinguishablefrom that on a PostScript printer if AdobeType Manager or TrueType is used, imagesmay be of lower quality.

QuickDraw GX An imaging model that worksalongside QuickDraw but controls the Mac’svideo and print output directly. There are threemodules: typography, graphics and printing.The former is enhanced by a font technology,TrueType GX. The graphics module is object-oriented, providing full control over graphicobjects, including colour, while the printingmodule ensures that the colours are repro-duced accurately.

quick-setting ink Ink that has been speciallytreated to set rapidly.

QuickTime A general multimedia-handling util-ity developed by Apple, initially for theMacintosh, but now also available forWindows. QuickTime makes it possible to dis-play ‘movies’ and animated sequences withsynchronised high-quality sound. It operates asa software extension (or plug-in), so that mul-timedia can be embedded in other documents.QuickTime includes its own video compres-sion technology.

quire 1. One-twentieth of a ream (25 sheets). 2. Asection or signature.

quirewise binding See saddle-stitching.quoin A wedge or expanding device used to lock

up letterpress chases.quotation marks (or quotes) Either single or dou-

ble inverted commas, used to mark the startand finish of dialogue or other quoted passage.

q.v. Abbreviation for the Latin quod vide, meaning‘which see’, used for indicating a cross-reference.

qwerty Standard typewriter keyboard layout,qwerty being the arrangement of keys on thetop left-hand row of the keyboard.

RRACE (Research into Advanced Communication

Technologies in Europe.) A European Com-mission R&D programme.

rack board Display board or device designed tobe mounted on a rack.

radiation drying The drying ink by ultravioletand infra-red radiation.

radio frequency (rf) Frequencies (of electromag-netic radiation) above about 300Hz, at whichelectromagnetic waves can be transmitted.

rag Material sometimes used in the manufactureof expensive paper.

ragged Text layout that is not justified. Most texton-screen is ragged right, i.e. the left-hand mar-gin is aligned while the right-hand margin isnot. Ragged left and ragged centre (ragged onboth margins) are also used in books, but onlyusually as a design feature.

ragged right Text with irregular line lengths, i.e.with an even left margin but an uneven rightmargin.

rag paper Paper made from stock containing asubstantial percentage of rag.

RAID Redundant arrays of inexpensive/inde-pendent disks. An approach to storing largeamounts of data in a secure fashion. RAID isincreasingly used in multimedia installations,running either under Unix or on a networkwith the NetWare network operating system.

rail Part of a linecasting machine. Terms ‘upperrail’ and ‘lower rail’ were sometimes used byextension to denote shift and unshift.

Rainbow Document Type Definition An SGMLDocument Type Definition (DTD) that speci-fies a document in terms of its appearance, insome respects similarly to HTML. Descriptionsof documents in terms of this DTD can be usedas an intermediate stage in converting word-processor documents to SGML.

rainbow series A series of technical manuals, eachof which has a different coloured cover. Origin-ally used to describe the US government’s secu-rity series, e.g. the Orange Book. The PostScript‘Cookbooks’ (Red Book, Green Book, BlueBook, White Book) have also been described inthis way, so what is meant depends on the appli-cations with which the user is familiar.

raised printing See thermographic printing.RAM Abbreviation for random-access memory. RAM disk Not a disk at all, but a large area of

random-access memory (RAM) in a computerwhich has been allocated to hold some or all ofthe contents of a floppy or hard disk, enablingfar faster read—write operations. At the end ofa session the contents of a RAM disk are rewrit-ten back to floppy or hard disk.

random-access memory (RAM) Random accessmemory, most frequently described as RAM, isthe temporary, interactive, area of memory in acomputer in which programs work and manip-ulate the data. Data in RAM is lost when the

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computer is switched off unless it is first savedto disk. Compare ROM.

random access Method of directly accessing aspecific address on a computer file without theneed for a sequential process.

range Align (type etc.).rapid access processing Method of quick film

and paper processing using heated chemicals.Rapid access paper is the photographic materi-al used. (See also stabilisation paper.)

RARE See Réseaux Associés pour la RechercheEuropéenne.

RARP See Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.RA sizes Sizes of stock sheets of printing paper

that are slightly larger than the equivalent Asizes (see Appendix for paper sizes.

raster 1. In laser setting, the underlying patternor ‘net’ of lines which represents the structureover which a typeset image is formed by theselective exposure of dots in a series of hori-zontal, line-by-line, sweeps. 2. The horizontalpattern of lines on a video display or televisionthat makes up the picture. Each line is made upof a series of dots or pixels. Also used general-ly (as the equivalent of bitmap) to describe asimilar pattern, as in raster graphics and rasterfonts.

raster data Data held in raster form. Contrastvector data.

raster font See bitmap font.raster graphics The same as bitmap graphics, in

which an image is made up of an array of bits(or pixels). (Compare with vector graphics.)

raster image processor (RIP) Either a program ora piece of hardware that converts a file held in apage description language, usually PostScriptand possibly containing vector graphics, to araster or bitmap image for output on a pageprinter or imagesetter or on screen. The RIPwill create a bitmap at the correct resolution forthe output device, so that the page descriptionfile can be resolution independent. AdobeType Manager rasterises PostScript fonts sothat they can be displayed or printed on non-PostScript devices.

rasterise Turn into a raster (bitmap) version byscanning or digitally processing.

raster scan The technique of plotting an image bythe selective exposure of dots, line by line, in aseries of horizontal sweeps following a rasterpattern or grid.

rate adaptation Can either refer to conversion ina terminal adaptor between the data rate at aV.24 serial interface (with a probable maximumof 28 800 bps) and the 64 kbps of ISDN, ormean conversion between the European (64

kbps) and the North American (56 kbps) ver-sions of ISDN. Which is meant will depend onthe context.

rate card Leaflet or kit showing costs of adver-tisement space in a publication.

rattle Noise made by paper when it is handled,which indicates the degree of stiffness.

raw data Data before processing or preparation.raw stock Base paper before coating.ray tracing A method of creating realistic images,

in which the paths taken by rays of light aretraced, from an observer’s eye, through a pointin the image plane to an object. Each object canthen be considered as a collection of differentlyshaped surfaces, each with properties such ascolour, reflectance, transmittance and texture.

r&b or r&j See rounding and backing androunding and jointing.

rcp Remote copy. A Unix utility for copying filesover the Ethernet. Similar to ftp.

R&D Abbreviation for research and develop-ment.

read/write head Device in a disk drive that readsdata on a disk or transfers additional data to it.

reader 1. Person who checks proofs for accuracy.2. Device which can ‘read’ from magneticmedia or, in the case of OCR, from typescript.

reader’s proof First typeset proof used by theprinter’s reader.

readership Number of readers of a publication,as distinct from the number of copies sold. Seepass-on rate.

read-only memory (ROM) Computer memorysupplied as a chip inside the computer andwhich cannot be altered by the user. ROM typ-ically contains the basic system programs, resi-dent in the computer. Compare random accessmemory (RAM), which is the dynamic part ofthe computer’s memory.

read–write head The component which readsfrom and writes to a magnetic disk or tape.

ready state An indication in a DTE/DCE inter-face that the DTE device is ready to receiveincoming data and the DCE device is ready toaccept a request to send data.

Realaudio A program, implemented as a client-server architecture, for playing audio over theInternet. Sound is compressed into Realaudiofiles by an encoder which is part of theRealaudio server. The client, a Web browserplug-in or add-on (and the latest browsershave the facility built in), decompresses thestream of data sent from the server, which isthen output using the sound facilities of thecomputer. A 28.8 kbps modem is required formusic-quality sound.

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real time Method of computing in which opera-tions are performed on data simultaneouslywith input and output.

ream 500 sheets of paper.ream-wrapped Sheets wrapped in lots of 500.rebind Binding a set of stored sheets, set aside

after the first binding.recall Calling a computer file from backing store

into memory.recognition memory Read Only Memory (ROM)

in an optical character reader holding the pat-tern characteristics of a particular font. Seeoptical character recognition.

reconstituted leather Leather made from pulp ofdifferent leather scraps.

record A discrete block of computer data, typi-cally consisting of a number of fields.

recording unit See imagesetter.record locking Software which prevents more

than one network user editing a databaserecord at the same time.

Recover An operating system command used torecover damaged or deleted disk files. When afile is deleted, only its reference in the diskindex is removed. Provided the user has notattempted to write new data to the disk, theRecover command may be used to resurrectsuch files.

recovered fibres Fibres from waste paper asopposed to virgin pulp.

recto A right-hand page.recycled paper Paper for which the majority fur-

nish is consumer waste paper of one sort oranother, either printed or unprinted. Papermade mainly from mill waste does not fallunder this definition although it is sometimesrather misleadingly termed recycled too.

Red Book See rainbow series.redlining Facility available to use with some

wordprocessing packages which shows wherealterations have been made to a document.

Red Sage A joint project between the Universityof California, San Francisco, AT&T BellLaboratories and a number of publishers ofbiomedical journals. Provides online access toscanned images of biomedical journals via theRightPages server software developed byAT&T Bell Laboratories.

reducers Printing ink additives.redundancy Inclusion of duplicate information.

This is often used as a check, particularly intransferring information between systems, sothat an additional check digit or bit is included.(See also validation.)

reel Roll of paper. Also, web.reel-stand The unit housing a reel of paper at the

feed end of a web-offset press. Multi-colour,multi-effect, web-offset machines may have upto three reel-stands feeding paper simultaneous-ly. The printed webs are brought together in thefolder, and are folded together.

reel-up The reeling section of a paper machine.re-etch To deepen the image on a plate.referee Person requested to give a report on

another’s character, aptitude, suitability etc. fora job.

reference Direction to a page or a publicationwhere information may be found. Often con-tained in separate list in set style.

reference concrete syntax The syntax, i.e. thedelimiters, notation etc., that is defined in theSGML standard. In other words, this is theform of coding that the standard recommends,although it can be changed in the SGMLdeclaration.

reference mark Star-shaped symbol (*) that indi-cates that the reader should refer to a footnote.

refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) Pulp made bypassing wood chips through a refiner. Midwayin quality between stone groundwood mech-anical pulp (SGW) and thermomechanicalpulp (TMP).

refining The second main stage of papermakingafter dry pulp has been mixed in a hydrapulperat the first stage. The stock from the hydra-pulper is further refined in a cone refiner and,after cleaning, is ready for pumping to thepaper machine. Also known as beating.

reflection copy Copy viewed by its reflectedlight, e.g. a photograph, as distinct from trans-mission copy, which is viewed by transmittedlight. Also known as ‘reflective copy’, and‘reflex copy’.

reformatting Setting new typographical parame-ters for a previously set piece of copy.

refresh rate Rate at which an apparently contin-uously displayed image is flashed on a VDT,e.g. 60 times a second etc.

refusal When one ink film will not print onanother.

regional network See mid-level network.register 1. Positioning of colours accurately to

form a composite image. 2. Storage location incomputer memory.

register marks Marks in the same relative posi-tion on films or plates to enable correct posi-tioning to be achieved.

register pins Pins which locate in holes made bya punch in a punch register system.

register punch See punch register system.registration The alignment of the different

colours in the printing of coloured material; see

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CMYK. Registration marks are printed foralignment purposes outside the area of the fin-ished publication. Most DTP and page layoutprograms have inclusion of registration marksas an option on their print menus.

reglet Narrow strip of wood or metal used tomake spaces between lines of type.

reimposition Changing the layout of an imposi-tion due to changes in size, number or a differ-ent folding machine.

reinforced binding Binding that is strengthenedat the joints to allow for hard use or for a par-ticularly heavy book.

rekey To re-enter data by means of a keyboard.relational database A type of database in which

entries are structured in defined fields, usuallyof a fixed length. By using tables which relate toone another by having a field in common, mostinformation need only be stored once. Thus,e.g., a database may include a table containingspare parts and another containing customerdetails. Ordering a part will entail referencingboth these tables. Relational databases areincreasing in their flexibility but are still notappropriate for applications including largeamounts of unstructured text. Text databasesare more appropriate for this, particularly ifthey are SGML compatible. The most widelyused relational databases used on open systemsinclude Oracle, Informix and Ingres. (See alsoobject-oriented database.)

relative humidity (RH) Amount of water vapourpresent in the atmosphere expressed as a per-centage of saturation. Standard testing condi-tions for paper are 23°C and 50%RH. Optimumpress conditions are 20°C and 55–65%RH.Contrast absolute humidity.

relative units Divisions of one em used as a finemeasurement for spacing or character-widthcalculations.

reliable communication Communication inwhich there is a guarantee (i.e. a check) thatmessages will reach their destinations bothcomplete and in the correct order. This is doneby including a checksum or cyclic redundancycheck as part of each message or packet, so thatif the check fails, indicating that the message isincomplete or corrupt, the sender is notified.Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is thereliable protocol used on both the Ethernet andthe Internet.

relief Printing method using a raised image, e.g.letterpress.

remainder 1. (vb) To sell books at a reducedprice, usually because the title has not sold suc-cessfully. 2. (n) remainders are unsold publica-

tions, usually books, which are discounted forsale on preferential terms.

remote Located away from main plant or, in thecase of technical equipment, having no directelectronic link with the main processing plant.

remote log-in Connecting to and using a remotecomputer, via a protocol over a computer net-work, as though locally attached.

remote procedure call (RPC) A protocol used inclient-server computing, in which a program(the client) sends a message, together with spe-cific arguments, to a remote system (the server)requesting it to execute a designated proce-dure, using the arguments supplied, and returnthe result to the client. Because there are manyincompatible RPC protocols, middleware hasbeen developed to convert the protocols andthus allow more general communication.

removable cartridge disk A disk system in whichhard disks, contained within protective car-tridges, may be removed from and replaced insuitable disk drives.

Rename A command common to several operat-ing systems, which enables the user to changethe name of a file.

render, rendering The process of applying colour,shading and shadows to a computer-generatedimage, on the basis of a mathematical model, tomake it appear realistic. Ray tracing is a com-mon method. (See also Gouraud shading,Phong shading.)

renewal Repeat of subscription to a periodical.repaginate Change the page numbers.repeat Repeated insertion or showing of an

advertisement.repeater Equipment used to allow transmission

over long distances, in which signals are ampli-fied, retimed or reconstructed before retrans-mission. Also used in Ethernets to connect seg-ments. (See also media converter.)

replacement fee Fee paid to a picture library tocover the cost of replacing a lost or spoiled pic-ture.

Replay A video system used on Acorn comput-ers. Uses compressed images with real-timedecompression.

replication A function of Lotus Notes in whichdocument databases can be distributed acrossnetworks. Can use various protocols includingX.25 and TCP/IP. Replication is also used moregenerally to mean duplication, e.g. as in ‘illegalsoftware replication’.

repository Textbase or database software whichallows text to be stored, edited and archived instructured form.

repp Writing paper with a patterned surface.

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reprint 1. Subsequent printing of the first editionof a publication. 2. Printing of part of a publi-cation for promotional or editorial use.

repro Prepress camerawork, scanning and filmmake-up. Also, origination.

reproduction See repro.reproduction fee Fee paid for the right to repro-

duce an illustration.reproduction proof A proof taken from type for

subsequent reproduction.reprographics or reprography General term for

electrostatic printing, diazo printing, or anyother form of short-run duplicating and printing.

repro paper Coated paper suitable for use in cam-era-ready artwork. Also called baryta paper.

reproportion Change the relative dimensions ofartwork (usually photographically) to create anew shape.

repro pull See reproduction proof.Request For Comments (RFC) The series of

numbered Internet information documents(begun in 1969), including standards (allInternet standards are recorded in RFCs, butmost RFCs are not standards). Unlike the for-mal development of ITU-T and ANSI stan-dards, RFCs are developed on the basis of pro-posals put forward by the Internet research anddevelopment community (hence the name).

request to send (RTS) Signal sent in a communi-cations system before a message can be sent.Before transmission can take place CTS (clearto send) must be received.

required hyphen or hard hyphen Hyphen that isalways found in a word, even if it is not split by,e.g., a line break. (See also soft hyphen.)

resale price maintenance (RPM) Where the priceof a book is fixed by the publisher and theretailer is not permitted to sell it at a discount.

rescreen To take a subject which is alreadyscreened (e.g. a printed photograph) and shootit again with a new half-tone screen. It isimportant in doing this to avoid moiré pattern-ing.

Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne(RARE) An association of national and interna-tional European research networks.

Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE) A collaborationbetween European networks to provideInternet services using TCP/IP.

resident font Permanent font data in a printer ordevice that does not have to be downloaded.

residual rights Rights still held by an authorafter others have been transferred.

resiliency Measure of paper surface conditionafter printing.

resin Sticky substance, insoluble in water, which

is secreted by some plants and conifers andused in papermaking and ink production.

resin-coated paper Abbreviated to ‘RC paper’.Photographic paper with good longevity ofimage used in photosetting.

resist A protective chemical or coating.resolution Measurement of image fineness stated

in lines per inch (lpi), dots per inch (dpi), orpixels per inch as created by an output devicesuch as a scanner, imagesetter, laser typesetter,or laser printer. Low-resolution laser printersoutput typically at 300 dpi, medium-resolutionat 400 dpi, high-resolution at 600 dpi. Laserphotosetters output typically at around 1200 dpi(medium) up to 2400 dpi (high). Some image-setters output at lower resolutions verticallyrather than horizontally (e.g. 1600H3800V).VDU screen resolutions typically vary from72–100 pixels (dots) per inch.

resolver The TCP/IP software that formatsrequests sent to the Domain Name Server forhostname-to-Internet address conversion. (Seealso address resolution.)

response rate In direct mail, the number oforders generated compared to the number ofmailshots sent out, expressed as a percentage.

response time The time taken to display theresult of a command on a VDU.

restore MS DOS command to restore to a fixeddisk a file or group of files that have beenstored on back-up disk/s by the MS DOS back-up operation.

résumé 1. Summary of a text. 2. US: a person’s edu-cational and professional history. UK: curriculumvitae.

retarders Printing ink solvents which extend theink’s open time.

reticulation Spotting caused by wet ink not dry-ing properly on a previously inked surface.

retouch To paint over film or artwork by hand orelectronic means in order to improve or repairthe image.

retouching Correcting a photographic print ortransparency before reproduction. As appliedto colour separation films, see colour etching.

retree Slightly damaged paper sold at a reducedprice and often marked xx. (See also broke.)

returns Books sent back to the supplier becausethey have not been sold.

reversal Creation of white text or images on ablack background. Sometimes referred to asWOB (white on black). See reversed out.

reversal film Contact film with the same positiveand negative values as the original, i.e. black isreproduced as black. Also, autopositive film,direct-duplicating film.

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Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Aprotocol that provides the reverse function ofARP, mapping a hardware address (MACaddress) to an Internet address.

reverse characters Characters that are displayedin a way that contrasts them with others in thesame piece of text with the purpose of high-lighting or emphasising the content.

reversed out Type printing white out of anothercolour.

reverse indent See hanging indent.reverse leading Ability of a photosetter to move

film or paper ‘backwards’ to achieve exposureof complicated text or columnar matter.

reverse left to right To turn a picture round sothat the right side becomes the left and viceversa.

reverse-reading See wrong-reading.reverse video An ability provided by some sys-

tems to reverse the VDU image so that data isdisplayed as black characters on a white (orgreen or amber) background. Also known asinverse video.

reversionary Property, such as a copyright, thatpasses to another on the death of the presentowner, particularly when it returns to the orig-inal author or their heirs.

reversion of copyright Return of copyright tothe author when the publisher fails to keep thebook in print.

Revisable Form Text (RFT) See DocumentContent Architecture/Revisable Form Text.

revise A revised proof for subsequent reading.revision control system Programs which store

and keep track of successive versions of a doc-ument or series of documents as they areamended.

rf See radio frequency.RFC See Request For Comments.RFT See Revisable Form Text.RGB Red, green, blue. The additive colour sys-

tem used in televisions and computer monitors.In a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, signalsfrom three different electron guns (each carry-ing a different colour signal) activate the appro-priately coloured phosphor coating on thescreen, creating a colour image; liquid crystaldisplays (LCD) work similarly but use a differ-ent technology. Compare this with CMYK, thesubtractive colour system used to producecolour data for printing. See colour space,colour gamut.

RH See relative humidity.ribbon cable Flat plastic-coated cable in which

the lines lie parallel to each other.ribbon folder Web press folder which cuts web

into ribbons for folding. As distinct from aformer folder.

rib site An intermediate Internet site (analogousto a backbone site) offering high-speed linkbetween a backbone site and leaf sites.

Rich Text Format (RTF) An ASCII format forwordprocessing and related files, developed byMicrosoft for exchange of files between sys-tems. It should be noted that, over the years,Microsoft has modified the format, so that careneeds to be taken with its use. It provides a steptowards structured documents and SGML inthat styles are explicitly coded and can be sep-arated from their typographic representation. Itis sometimes used as an intermediate step inconverting wordprocessor documents toSGML. (See also Rainbow Document TypeDefinition.)

right-angle folding Folding a sheet with one ormore folds at right-angles to each other.

right-angle folds Folds at 90° angles to eachother.

RightPages A server and browser for scannedimages, developed by AT&T Bell Laboratoriesand used in the Red Sage and SuperJournalprojects.

right-reading Film which reads ‘correctly’, i.e.from left to right, when viewed from the emul-sion side. As distinct from wrong-reading.

rights Legal rights connected to a work: e.g. pub-lication, serialisation, broadcasting, merchan-dising et el.

right side In papermaking, the top side or felt-side of the web.

rigid disk See hard disk.Rinco process Process which creates gravure

positives by photographing a proof of whiteletters on a black background.

ring binder Loose-leaf binder with stiff coversand ring-shaped clasps that can be opened togo through holes punched in the paper.

ring binding Binding by means of holes in paperwhich locate on metal rings.

ring network A network topology in which aloop (or closed path) is formed, so that eachnode is connected to two adjacent nodes (likean electrical ring main). (See also token ring.)

RIP 1. Rest In Proportion. An instruction to allowall the other pieces in a batch of artwork toundergo the same enlargement or reduction asone piece marked. 2. See raster image proces-sor, Routing Information Protocol.

RIPE See Réseaux IP Européens.RIPEM Riordan’s Internet Privacy Enhanced

Mail. An implementation of Privacy EnhancedMail (PEM).

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RISC Reduced instruction set computer. A typeof computer processor architecture. Theinstructions are to the processor from the oper-ating system and do not affect applications,except in that they are intended to increase pro-cessing speed.

river Undesirable formation of word spaces intoa vertical ‘river’ of white in the text.

RJ-11 An American-style telephone connector.May be found on the back of US-manufacturedmodems.

RJ-45 A telephone cable connector for an ISDNline.

RLE See run-length encoding.rlogin Remote login. A Unix utility which allows

a user to log in to a remote computer via theInternet. (See also telnet.)

RMP See refiner mechanical pulp.ROB Run of book.rocker sealer Heated element in film-wrapping

machine which seals centre join.Rockwell Protocol Interface (RPI) A modem

interface in which data compression and errorcorrection are provided as software, ratherthan as part of the hardware. Maximum speedis 14 400 bits per second.

roe chlorination number Measurement of howmuch chlorine can be absorbed by a sample ofpaper pulp, thereby showing how easily it canbe bleached.

roll Reel (US).roll coating Coating applied to paper by rollers.rolled Paper glazed by rolling.roller Round metal bar used to guide the paper

through a printing press.rolling ball See trackball.rolling headers Moving titles or headers of pages

that are being displayed electronically as theyare received.

roll-out 1. Using a roller to spread ink on paperfor sampling purposes. 2. In direct mail, theprojection of orders which should come from afull mailing based on the response to a testmailing.

roll wrapping Rolling a magazine to wrap paperaround it for mailing (as distinct from folding).

ROM See read-only memory.Roman Plain, upright style of type used in ordi-

nary script.roman figures Roman numerals such as iii, xviii,

xxv etc.Romanisation Transliterating a non-Western

script into Roman characters.Romanise The act of transliterating.roman type ‘Upright’ letters as distinct from italic.

Known as plain or normal in DTP systems.

ROMP (regionally organised modem pool) Theservice providing virtual points of presence.

root See root directory.root directory The top directory in an (inverted)

tree-and-branch filing system. It contains allthe other directories. Unix and DOS use thissystem.

ROP Abbreviation for ‘Run of Paper’. In maga-zines or newspapers: material printed as partof the main text.

rosin An important component in papermakingsize.

rot13 (Rotate alphabet 13 places.) A simpleencryption routine in which each English letteris replaced with the one 13 places forward orback along the alphabet. Used in Usenet newsreading and posting programs to hide itemswhich may offend. Rot13 is self-inverse, in thatthe same program can be used to encrypt anddecrypt.

rotary Printing from plates on cylinders.rotogravure Gravure printing on rotary press.rough A sketch or layout.rough proof Proof for identification rather than

reading.rounding and backing Also ‘rounding and joint-

ing’. Shaping a book so the back is convex. Asdistinct from flat back binding.

rounding and jointing See rounding and back-ing.

round-trip time (RTT) The time taken to send apacket to a particular host and receive it back,giving a measure of the current network delay.Can be obtained with ‘ping’ (the PortableNetwork Graphics format).

rout To trim away the blank parts of a plate sothey are not printed by accident.

route Either a noun or a verb. As a noun, it is thepath taken over a network from source to des-tination. As a verb, it describes the actionstaken by a router (or in routing).

router A device which allows connectionbetween dissimilar networks (such as Ethernetand Token-Ring), although a common protocolis required. A router will calculate the shortestroute for each destination, based on networklayer information and routing tables. (See alsobridge, gateway, Exterior Gateway Protocol,Interior Gateway Protocol, brouter.)

routine A computer program with a selectivetask.

routing 1. Cutting away non-printing areas of aplate. 2. The process, carried out by a router, ofselecting a suitable path through a network.(See also Exterior Gateway Protocol, InteriorGateway Protocol.)

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routing domain A set of routers that exchangerouting information within an administrativedomain.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) A protocolwhich uses distance vector routing, that is, thenumber of hops required to the destination.This does not, however, always give the fastestroute because it does not take account of thebandwidth of the connections.

royal Standard size of paper 4803636mm (met-ric system).

royalty Fee paid to an author which is calculatedfrom the number of sales of a book or perfor-mances of a work.

RP Reprinting.RPC See remote procedure call.RPI See Rockwell Protocol Interface.RPM See resale price maintenance.RRP Recommended retail price.RS-232 A standard type of computer interface used

to connect serial devices, equivalent to ITU-TV.24 and V.28. It is used for modems and otherperipheral devices. Also described as a serialinterface. (Compare with parallel interface.) The‘RS’ stands for Recognised Standard (of the USElectronic Industries Association – EIA). Theinterface is also described as RS-232-C, the Cindicating that this is the third version of RS-232,which is that commonly used. (See also datacommunication equipment, data terminalequipment.) RS-232 specifies the physical con-nections of the interface, while RS-423 specifiesthe electrical signals.

RS-232-C The standard serial communicationssocket used in data transfer.

RS-422 A data transfer protocol developed by theUS Electronic Industries Association (EIA),providing a higher data transfer rate than theRS-232 protocol, as well as improved immuni-ty to electrical interference. It is part of RS-449,which is equivalent to ITU-T V.35. RS-422 isused by the Apple Macintosh.

RS-422 A more robust version of the RS-232-C,specially designed for integrated technology.

RS-423 A specification for the electrical signalson a serial (RS-232 or RS-422) line. Togetherwith RS-422, forms RS-449.

RS-449 A physical interface standard specified bythe US Electronic Industries Association (EIA),for interconnection of DTE and DCE using RS-422/RS-423 signals, equivalent to ITU-T V.35.

RS-485 An enhanced version of standard RS-422,permitting up to 32 stations to be attached to acommon bus.

RSA encryption A public-key encryption andauthentication system (the acronym is based

on the initials of the authors, R Rivest, AShamir and L Adleman). It is based on theproduct of two large prime numbers and thedifficulty of factoring these. While the systemhas been broken, the amount of computingpower and the time required underlined thesecurity of the approach. (See also DSS.)

RTF See Rich Text Format.RTS See request to send.RTT See round-trip time.R type Colour print made from a transparency

without any intermediate negative. Contrast Ctype.

rub-down lettering See transfer type.rubilith Red masking film which is opaque to

light and used in making photographic masksfor drop-outs, reverses, tint-laying etc.

rub-out Computer code which deletes.rub-proof Ink with good abrasion resistance.rubric Heading of a book chapter or passage

which is printed in red or special lettering.ruby See agate.rule A line (of specified thickness).ruler guides In DTP, the two electronic rulers used

for the accurate alignment of text. See guide.rules Printing lines, measured in points.ruling Making lines on paper by pen or disk

ruling.run 1. The activation of a computer program.

2. Number of printed copies of a publication.run-around The flow of text around an irregularly

shaped graphic. The ability to do this is a featureof a page layout program. Note that it is not gen-erally a feature of electronic documents, such asthose coded with HTML (because they aredynamic), although page-based electronic docu-ments, such as Acrobat files, will include such afeature.

run back To take back text from the beginning ofone line to the end of the previous one, or fromthe top of one page to the bottom of the previ-ous one.

run-length encoding (RLE) A compression algo-rithm which replaces sequences of repeatedcharacters (or groups of characters) with a sin-gle character and the length of the run. It ismainly used for storing bitmaps, since itencodes the points at which there is a changefrom black to white, on to off, 0 to 1, and thedistance since the last switch (in the oppositedirection). Huffman coding works in a similarfashion, but is more complex.

runnability Ability of paper to be printed with-out problems.

running head A title repeated at the top of eachpage. Also known as ‘running headline’.

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running order 1. Set of notes indicating the orderof events in a production. 2. List of the contentsof a printed work to guide the printer in hisimposition.

running sheet Printed sheet taken from the startof a print run to check if it is being printed cor-rectly.

running text Columnar main text on a page (asdistinct from displayed material).

run-of-book See run-of-paper.run-of-paper Advertisement location allocated at

the publisher’s choice, anywhere in the publi-cation.

run on 1. To continue printing after the first num-ber of sheets have been printed. 2. To eliminatebreaks, i.e. line breaks, from text.

run out Output film or bromide from a photo-typesetting machine.

run round See run-around.run through Ruled lines stretching from one

edge of the paper to the other with no breaks.runtime Cut-down version of a program that is

bundled with another application in order toprovide specific and limited functions.

RW Ream wrapped.RWOP Ream wrapped on pallets.

SS100 A parallel bus standard developed for com-

puters employing 8080 microprocessors.SAA See Systems Application Architecture.saddle Device on which an unbound booklet is

placed to be stitched.saddle-stitcher Machine for sewing thread or

stapling wire through a magazine or booklet.(See also saddle-stitching.)

saddle-stitching Binding inset books with wirestaples through the middle fold of sheets. Also‘saddle wire-stitching’.

saddle thread-sewing See Singer sewing.safelight Darkroom lamp which does not affect

photographic materials.SAID See Security Association ID.same size (s/s) Instruction to keep artwork the

same size as presented.samizdat Clandestine copying and distribution of

literature by individuals or groups in a countrywhere publishing is strictly censored by the state.

sample In colour scanning, an area of an image

undergoing scanning and analysis. Also dot,pixel.

samples per inch See dpi.sampling A technique used in converting signals

from analogue to digital, in which the values ofan analogue signal are measured at fixed timeintervals and the measured values converted todigital values. To reproduce the analogue signala digital-to-analogue converter is used. Samp-ling is used in making digital audio recordings.

sand trap Set of bars in a trough used for sievingpulp to remove any particles of grit before itgoes into the papermaking process.

sans serif (or sanserif) A category of type inwhich there are no serifs. Considered to be lessformal than serif type, in printed matter sansserif type is most often used for display pur-poses: in magazine and bookwork it thereforetends to be used for headings, rarely for contin-uous text. There is some debate as to whether itis better than serif type for use in electronicpublishing, i.e. for on-screen material.

SAR See segmentation and reassembly.SATAN See Security Administrator Tool for

Analysing Networks.satellite communications The use of geosynchro-

nous satellites to reflect digital communicationssignals back to earth. Satellites are requiredbecause, at the frequencies used, there must bea direct line of sight between the source and thereceiver and, for obvious reasons, this is notgenerally possible at ground level, quite apartfrom the effects of the earth’s curvature.

Satstream A digital satellite communications ser-vice operated by British Telecom.

saturation In colour measurement, the measureof how much colour (‘colourfulness’ is the termused by experts) is present at a particularbrightness.

Save The operation of storing data on disk or tape.sawing Cutting notches in the sewn sections of

books for binding cords.sawn-in-sewing Sewing with cuts in the backs of

sections to take cords.SBN See ISBN.sc (or s/c) 1. Small capitals. 2. Supercalendered

(paper).scalable font A font that can be used at any size

and any resolution, on a screen or in outputfrom a laser printer or imagesetter. Scalablefonts are outline or vector fonts.

scaled point size In Windows applications, apoint size that approximates a specified pointsize for use on the screen (when the specifiedprint size might be too small for the screen’sresolution, for example).

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scale-out System of ordering different numbersof copies for individual stores in a chain.

scaling Calculating or marking the enlargementor reduction of an original for reproduction.

scamp Rough layout. Also, rough.scan Use a scanner to digitise images or text.scan-a-web Method of scanning the image on a

moving web by means of a rotating mirror.scanner Computer-controlled sampling device

which reads the relative colour densities ofcopy and produces colour separations. Seeanalyse scanner, output scanner, EPC system.

scatter proofs Proofs of illustrations where thesubjects are arranged in random order. As dis-tinct from imposed colour proofs.

schedule 1. Sequence of events and deadlinesagreed for production. 2. Schedule of bookingsfor an advertising campaign.

scheduler An operating system utility that initi-ates processes according to assigned prioritiesand available system resources.

scholarly books Books devoted to academic sub-jects.

scholarly publishing The publishing of academ-ic books.

scissors and paste job Part of the design processwhere parts of artwork or film are rearrangedand prepared for paste-up and camera-readycopy before reproduction.

SCL Scanner command language. Computer lan-guage governing the format in which images arecollected, stored, and output. (See also TIFF.)

score To impress paper with a rule to ease folding.scoring Making indents or grooves in paper or

board so that it will bend or fold more easily,used on the covers of paperbound books.

Scotchprint Proprietary translucent proofingmaterial.

SCPC See single channel per carrier.scrapbook An AppleMac accessory in which text

and graphics which are used frequently can bestored for access and insertion into documents.

scraperboard Card or board with a blackenedsurface which can be scraped off with a knife toproduce white line drawings which resembleengravings (the colours can be reversed).

scratch pad memory A small area of memoryused as a temporary working area.

screen 1. Pattern of lines that creates the dot for-mation in half-tones. As well as the normalcrossline screen at 45°, other screens includethe vertical screen at 90°, one-way screen, linenscreen, textured screen, mezzotint screen etc. 2.See visual display unit (terminal).

screen angles Varied angles of each screen usedin colour half-tones to avoid moiré; patterns.

The conventional screen angles are: black 45°;magenta 75°; yellow 90°; cyan 105°.

screen capture, screen dump Copying the imageon the computer screen (or part thereof) to a fileor a printer. Often used in manuals etc. andbooks about computer applications to illustratewhat the screen looks like.

screen clash Moir� patterning caused by incor-rect screen angles, or occurring when previous-ly printed, screened, half-tones are rescreened.

screen editor Software that allows the user toedit a complete page of text displayed onscreen.

screened print A print with a half-tone screen,typically a PMT.

screen finder A plastic viewer placed over a half-tone to determine the screen ruling.

screen font A font that is designed specificallyfor viewing on-screen. In principle, withAdobe Type Manager and TrueType, any fontcan be used in this way but, in practice, certainfonts (often bitmap fonts) are used to presentscreen information (e.g. menus, file names,screen labels) at a constant size in GUIs.However, electronic publishing applications,such as the World Wide Web, in general usescalable fonts.

screen format The screen layout design.screenless litho Printing by litho with specially

coated plates that can hold very fine continu-ous-tone detail.

screen process printing See silk screen printing.screen resolution In the context of computer

monitors, the number and layout of pixels thatmake up the image on the screen. It isexpressed as the number of pixels across anddown: small portable screens are typically640 3 480 (VGA), whereas high-end compu-ters have a resolution of 800 3 600 (SVGA).

screen ruling The number of lines or dots perinch on a screen. The conventional screen rul-ings in common use for bookwork are 100, 120,133, 150 lines per inch (40, 48, 54, 60 lines percentimetre).

screen saver An application which either blanksthe screen of a computer left temporarilyunused or replaces whatever was on the screenwith a moving image. This both avoids anyburn-in effects and protects what was on thescreen from casual oversight. Clicking a mousebutton or pressing a key restores the originalimage. There is a wide variety of screen savers,some of which are games.

screen tint Film with dots in one of a grade ofpercentages (10%–90%) used for printing ashade of a colour rather than its full strength.

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scribed lines Lines scratched on the emulsion offilm for subsequent printing.

script 1. A series of commands that can be exe-cuted as a single unit. A DOS batch file, e.g., isa kind of script. Unix includes whole program-ming languages of this kind described as‘shellscripts’, which can include parametersand variables. Similarly CGI-scripts are usedto create dynamic HTML applications, whileJavaScript is a version of Java that can be usedwithin HTML documents. 2. A typeface whichsimulates handwriting.

scroll, scrolling Upwards, downwards or side-ways smooth motion of data across a screen, asif a window were being dragged across thedata. In a GUI environment, it is usually acti-vated with the mouse, although in other envi-ronments it may be activated by holding downthe ‘arrow’ keys on the keyboard.

scroll bars In DTP systems, the bars at the rightand bottom of the publication window whichcontain boxes and arrows. The boxes andarrows are used to move within the displayarea of the publication window.

SCSI (pronounced ‘scuzzy’) Small ComputerStandard Interface: An 8-bit parallel interfaceused by the Apple Macintosh and the PC forconnecting peripheral devices, such as diskand CD-ROM drives, printers, and tape drives.SCSI can support data transfer rates of up to4Mbs per second. SCSI-2 and SCSI-3 are laterversions with wider data buses, supportinghigher transfer rates.

SCSI-2 A version of the SCSI interface specifica-tion, including ‘Fast SCSI’ mode (up to 10Mbsper second) and ‘Wide SCSI’ (16 bit, up to20Mbs per second, or occasionally 32-bit, up to40Mbs per second).

SCSI-3 An interface standard to provide fasterdata transfer and increased functionality thanSCSI-2. Because of the problems of parallelcommunication at higher transfer rates andlonger distances, SCSI-3 proposes serial inter-facing with clock information included in thedata stream to avoid signal delay problems andlayered protocol definitions similar to thoseused in networking.

SCSI chain Several SCSI devices linked togeth-er with SCSI cables. This is necessary becausethere is usually only one SCSI port on the backof the computer, so devices must be linked oneto another in a chain, with the first and lastdevices terminated.

SCSI device Any device, such as a scanner, CD-ROM drive or external hard disk, that is con-nected to the computer by a SCSI port.

scum or scumming Build-up of ink on the non-image area of an offset plate.

SDH See synchronous digital hierarchy.SDIF See Standard Document Interchange

Format.SDLC See Synchronous Data Link Control.SEA See self-extracting archive.search and replace See global search and replace.search engine Software which makes it possible

to search files and/or databases for specificterms. The two principal approaches areBoolean search and free-text search, whichusually involves using indexing. The morestructured the data/files, the more precisely asearch can be defined, depending on the func-tionality of the search engine. Search enginesused on the World Wide Web include AltaVistaand Yahoo; another popular search engine isTopic, which forms part of the Acrobat suite.

search fee Fee charged by a picture service tocover the cost of conducting research in its ownfiles on a client’s behalf.

searching Trying to locate required characterstrings or words. Examples are keyword search-ing and free-text searching. (See also proximitysearch, contextual search.)

search key An item to be compared with speci-fied areas in a database search.

search routine Computer routine for findingspecified words or groups of words in text.

SECAM (Sequential Colour and Memory orSystème Electronique Couleur avec Mémoire.)A television coding standard used in Europe(mainly France and some Eastern Europeancountries). (See also PAL, NTSC.)

secondary clear to send A signal in an RS-232-Cinterface when used with modems providingprimary and secondary transmission lines, theprimary line providing a high data rate withthe secondary line providing a lower data ratein the opposite direction. See clear to send.

secondary colour The colour made by a mixtureof two primary subtractive colours, e.g. yellow+ red = orange.

secondary fibres See recovered fibres.second cover Inside front cover.second-generation computers Early computers

using transistors in place of vacuum tubes.second-generation photosetters Photosetters

using electromechanical means (negativestrips, engraved discs) to expose type fonts.

second-level heading Second in number (andimportance) of a series of headings in a book.

seconds See retree.secret-key cryptography Encryption when both

sender and recipient usually have the same

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key. (See symmetric-key cryptography.) Theopposite of public-key cryptography.

section A folded sheet forming part of a book.section sewing Conventional sewing, as in most

paperback or hardback books. The full specifi-cation is ‘section-sewn continuous’, or Frenchsewing or Smyth sewing (US).

sector The smallest portion of a magnetic diskthat can be addressed by a computer. A subdi-vision of a track. (See also disk pack.)

sector mapping A method of speeding up diskaccess time. If sector addresses are recordedsequentially the operating system will have towait for the disk to complete a revolutionbefore the next can be accessed. The spreadingof sector addresses around the disk gives theoperating system time to process each beforethe next reaches the read-write head.

secure HTTP (S-HTTP) An extension of HTTP,providing independently applicable securityservices for transaction confidentiality, authen-ticity/integrity and non-repudiability of origin.The protocol will allow, e.g., credit card trans-actions over the Internet. (See also HyperTextTransmission Protocol (Secure).)

secure sockets layer (SSL) A protocol, originatedby Netscape Communications Corporation, inorder to provide secure communications on theInternet. It is used by HTTPS and as a layerbelow HTTP, SMTP, NNTP, ftp, Gopher andtelnet, but above TCP/IP.

Security Administrator Tool for AnalysingNetworks (SATAN) A tool for gathering infor-mation about remote systems, especially secu-rity aspects, via a network. The results can bestored in a database and viewed with anHTML browser such as Netscape.

Security Association ID (SAID) A 32-bit fieldwhich will be added to packet headers in theproposed Internet Protocol Version 6 in orderto provide encryption and authentication.

security firewall See firewall.security paper Paper incorporating features

which make counterfeiting difficult.see-safe Agreement where the publisher will

credit a bookseller for unsold books at the endof a period under certain conditions, e.g. ordersfor other titles from the publisher’s list.

see-through See show-through.SEGA One of the leading manufacturers of video

games.segmentation The division of a packet of infor-

mation into shorter packets for transmissionover a communications system.

segmentation and reassembly (SAR) A sublayerof the ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)

adaptation layer which is concerned with seg-menting the application layer information intoATM cells of the correct length for transmissionand reassembling them on receipt.

Seiko RC-4000 An information-storage wrist-watch containing a serial interface, so as toallow information to be transferred without theneed for input using very small keys.

selected file back-up A means of improvingstorage space on back-up disks or tapes bycopying data blocks sequentially. In this wayunused or redundant blocks are not copied.

Selectric Composition Golfball typewriter manu-factured by IBM.

self-adhesive paper Gummed pressure-sensitivepaper.

self-copy paper Carbonless copy paper.self cover Cover of the same paper as text pages.self-endpapers or self-ends Endpapers that are

part of the printed book but affixed separatelyto the inside of the cover.

self-ends First and last pages of a book-blockused as endpapers.

self-extracting archive (SEA) An archive formatoriginally used on the Apple Macintosh, inwhich double-clicking on a file icon wouldextract the contents. However, the term is nowalso applied to executable files which run underMS-DOS, frequently used as a way of down-loading software over the Internet. Running theSEA file once it has been received unpacks andoften expands the files contained within it.

self-mailer Printed piece mailed without enve-lope.

semi-bold Typeface that is not heavily embold-ened.

semi-chemical pulp Combination of chemicaland mechanical pulp.

semicolon Punctuation mark (;) which can breakup a sentence or list, or marks the end of a linein computer programming.

semiconductor Material used in the constructionof transistors, diodes and photoelectric cells.

semi-display Advertisements displayed in boxesor laid out as a full or part page within classi-fied advertisement pages.

SENDIT See Systems Engineering for NetworkDebugging, Integration and Test.

sendmail A Unix email system.sensitivity guide Piece of film with graded den-

sity used to monitor exposure.separation See colour separation, origination.separation negative See colour separation nega-

tive.sepia A brown tint used in photography to give

the impression of age.

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sequence, sequencer Software used to controlthe input of music and sounds either from apiano-type keyboard or other instrument con-nected through a MIDI interface or on screenusing a computer keyboard. Also the editing ofthose sounds, and output of the sounds, againvia a MIDI interface.

Sequenced Packet Xchange (SPX) A guaranteeddelivery protocol used by NetWare.

sequential access Reading items in computermemory in sequence rather than by randomaccess.

serial Transfer of one bit at a time in sequentialorder.

serial communication Also ‘serial transmission’.Data transfer in which one bit is transferred ata time, in contrast to parallel communication,in which a number of bits are transferred con-currently. (See also serial device, serial inter-face, RS-232.)

serial device A peripheral device that is connect-ed to a computer through a serial interface.Modems are probably the most commonlyused serial devices, although a mouse andother devices can be connected in this way.Keyboards are also examples of serial devices.

serial interface An interface through which datais transmitted one bit at a time, unlike a paral-lel interface. Also described as an RS-232 inter-face.

serial line Wires, or a telephone line, connectingtwo serial ports. See RS-232, RS-422.

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) A version ofthe Internet Protocol (IP) which is used over aserial line. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) wasdesigned as an improvement upon SLIP.

serial port Another term for a serial interface,although often used to refer to the physicalconnection on a computer. See, in contrast, par-allel port.

serial printer One which prints a single characterat a time. Compare line printer, page printer.

serial to parallel converter A device that con-verts the sequential input from a serial trans-mission device and passes it on via therequired number of parallel lines.

serial transmission Data transmission in whichone bit in transferred at a time.

series A complete range of sizes in the sametypeface.

serif The terminal stroke at the end of a line mak-ing up part of a character. Thus the charactersin serif typefaces carry serifs, while charactersin sans serif (or sanserif) typefaces do not.

seriffed With serifs, i.e. finishing strokes at theend of a letter form.

serigraphy See silk screen printing.server A computer which either holds informa-

tion accessed by other computers over a net-work, e.g. a file server or database server, orwhich provides a service, e.g. a print server,which carries out the printing processes for allcomputers on a network, reducing the load onthe other machines. The Internet is based on anetwork of servers. Also a program providing aservice to a ‘client program’. See client-server.

server side include A World Wide Web serverfeature, which makes it possible for informa-tion to be included in HTML documents whenthey are called up by a browser. This works byreplacing HTML tags in one file with the con-tents of another file, essentially using macros.

service provider See Internet service provider.session A period of connection to a server, e.g.

via the Internet or World Wide Web.session layer The third-highest layer (sometimes

referred to as layer 3 and sometimes as layer 5)of the OSI seven-layer model. It uses the trans-port layer to establish a connection betweenprocesses on different hosts and handles thesecurity and creation of a session. It is used bythe presentation layer.

set 1. To typeset, output, or otherwise record animage on paper or film. Frequently used syn-onyms include plot, record, output. 2. Thewidth of a character.

set off (or set-off) 1. (vb) In printing the transfer-ence of the ink from a plate to a rubber surfaceand then from rubber surface onto paper isknown as setting off (hence offset lithography).2. (n) The unwanted transfer of undried ink toanother sheet which typically occurs at thedelivery end of the printing press. Precautionscan include the use of an anti set-off spray.

setting rule Brass rule used for measurement in acomposing stick.

set width See set.seven-layer model See Open Systems Inter-

connect.sew To fasten the sections of a book with thread.sexto Obsolete term for one-sixth of a standard

size sheet.Seybold The Seybold Reports were originally pro-

duced by John Seybold to cover technical devel-opments in the publishing industry. Sub-sequently, they have developed to cover desktoppublishing and, in 1996, Internet publishing. Inaddition, a series of conferences is held each yearto report on developments.

SFL Sheetfed litho.SGML See Standard Generalised Markup

Language.

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SGML declaration The first part of an SGMLdocument, which defines the syntax used in thedocument, i.e. the coding structure, delimiters,the character set etc., with changes from thereference concrete syntax. Note that, althoughlogically this is the first part of any document,preceding the Document Type Definition, theSGML declaration may well be part of theSGML application software and therefore notvisible to the user.

SGMLS A public domain SGML parser devel-oped by James Clarke.

SGW See stone groundwood mechanical pulp.shade The lightness or darkness of a colour, as

distinct from its hue.shaded watermark Watermark with opaque

rather than transparent appearance.shadowmask A perforated sheet at the rear of a

colour CRT screen that is used to separate beamsfrom red, green and blue electron beam guns.

shadows Dark parts in a photograph or half-toneprint represented by 70%–100% dot sizes.Contrast highlights, midtones.

shank The body of a piece of type.shared file One that can be accessed by two sys-

tems and which may be used to provide ameans of communication.

shareware Software that may be obtained andtested for free, usually for a limited time peri-od. It is often distributed through Internet filetransfers or on floppy disk. After the trial peri-od is complete, users are asked to pay a regis-tration fee to the author or distributor of thepackage. Payment of the fee often brings addi-tional facilities or documentation.

sheepskin White material made from the skin ofsheep used in binding.

sheet The full-size piece of paper for printing,before folding or cutting.

sheeter Machine which cuts reels to sheets.sheet fed Printing by separate sheets as distinct

from reels.sheet stock Publisher’s printed sections held at

the printer for binding up later.sheetwise Printing one side of a sheet at a time.

As distinct from perfecting.sheetwork To print each side of the sheet from a

separate forme. Each sheet yields one copy. Asdistinct from work and turn.

shelflife The usable storage life of a material (e.g.a plate).

shield (Or screen.) The grounded (or earthed)conducting material that surrounds the trans-mission medium, e.g. the central conductor of acoaxial cable. Its purpose is to stop interferencefrom other electromagnetic radiation and noise.

shielded cable A data transmission communica-tions cable that is shielded against externalinterference by a grounded metallic outerwrapping. See noise.

shift A key which, when depressed, gives a dif-ferent designation to all the other keys, e.g.turns a lower-case letter into an upper-case let-ter.

shift codes Codes employed to increase thenumber of addressable characters. By reservingtwo characters to perform each of shift andunshift functions the number of available char-acters will be increased.

shilling stroke or shilling mark Solidus oroblique stroke.

shiner Light spot in paper.shingle The allowance made in imposition for

creep, i.e. the fractional space by which theback margins of the outer pages of a sectionneed to be increased in order to make all theback margins appear to be equal when the sec-tion is folded. Hence, shingling, to carry outthis operation.

shive Coarse fibre in paper or pulp.Shockwave Macromedia’s delivery platform for

creating and packaging multimedia for theWorld Wide Web.

shoot Photograph.shooting stick Short piece of wood used to tight-

en space in the lock-up of formes.short column Column that contains fewer lines

than other columns in the same book.short descenders Descenders that are shorter in

some typefaces than in others.short-grain paper Paper where the grain runs

parallel to the shorter side of an oblong sheet.short-grain press Web fed magazine or paper-

back printing press which prints all the pageswith the short edge of the page in the directionof travel of the printing cylinder, i.e. producesshort-grain publications. Contrast long-grainpress.

short ink An ink that does not flow easily. Theopposite is a long ink.

short message service (SMS) A service whichallows messages of up to 160 characters to bereceived and displayed on a GSM telephone,even when the telephone is being used forspeech.

short sheet Sheet with too small a width dimen-sion mixed in with sheets of the correct size.

short-term subscription Periodical subscriptionless than one year in duration.

short ton American ton (2000lbs) equal to 0.893long (imperial) tons, or 0.9072 metric tonnes.

shoulder The raised shoulder of the book back

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which is formed in the rounding and backingprocess. The height of the shoulder shouldapproximate to the thickness of the board to beused for the case.

shoulder head A form of boxed head which isranged left on a line of its own. As distinct froma side head.

show-through Lack of opacity in a sheet of paperto the point where the printed image on oneside of a page is excessively visible from thereverse side.

shrink wrap Plastic film wrapping.S-HTTP See secure HTTP.sidebands The upper and lower frequency

bands around a carrier frequency that are pro-duced when a signal is modulated.

side head A form of boxed head which is rangedleft and from which the text runs on in thesame line. As distinct from a shoulder head.

side lay The guide on a sheet-fed press whichpositions the sheet sideways.

side notes Short lines of text set in the margins.side run An addition to the ‘making’ on a paper

machine which helps to fill up the maximumwidth (deckle).

side-sewing Binding by sewing through thesides of the gathered sections. Also known asMcCain sewing.

side-stabbing Used loosely to describe side wirestitching. But strictly, a form of stitching wherethe stitch on one side of the book penetratesonly two-thirds distance, and a complementarystitch at the other side completes the securing.

sidesticks Strips of wooden furniture used whenlocking up a letterpress chase.

side wire stitching Binding by stapling throughthe back margin of the sections.

sig Abbreviation for signature.signal element The smallest unit of a signalling

code.signal ground The communications signal, via

pin 7 in an RS-232-C interface, that establishesa common voltage reference for data signals.

signal quality detector A data communicationssignal generated by a synchronous modem andused to indicate the probability of an error inreceived data.

signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio, SNR) The ratioof useful information (‘signal’) to useless‘noise’. Originally used in electronics and com-munications and measured in decibels.However, now often used as well to describecommunication in a more general sense, partic-ularly on the Internet referring to Usenetnewsgroups, where the term is a measure ofthe quality of the information posted.

signature 1. The letters of the alphabet or numer-als printed at the bottom left-hand corner ofsections to show the correct sequence of sec-tions. 2. Synonym for section. 3. The few linesof information added at the end an email mes-sage or news posting, giving informationabout the sender. (See also digital signature.)

silk screen printing Method which employs afine mesh to support a stencil through whichink is squeezed.

silurian Paper with a small percentage of long-fibred, dyed threads giving it a characteristic‘hairy’ look. Used for covers or endpapers.

SIM See subscriber identity module.SIM card serial number (SSN, SIM serial num-

ber) The 19-digit number used to identify aSIM card.

SimCity A simulation game from MaxisSoftware, in which the player designs, buildsand runs his or her own city. SimCity 2000 is anupgraded version. The game also has applica-tions in system dynamics studies.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) A proto-col used to transfer email between computers,either over an Ethernet or over the Internet.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)A protocol used for managing interconnectedIP networks. It is used on the Internet. Version2 (SNMP v2) is a revision of SNMP withimprovements in performance and security.

simplex Data communication in one directiononly. Contrast full duplex, half duplex.

simultaneous transmission The transmission ofdata in one direction simultaneously with mes-sages transmitted in the other. See full duplex.

Singer sewing Saddle thread-sewing throughthe spine of an inset book.

single-attached An FDDI interface where adevice is connected to only one of the FDDItoken-passing rings. This kind of connection isusually used for a host computer. See, in con-trast, dual-attached.

single board computer One in which all compo-nents required for memory, logic andinput/output operations are contained on asingle printed circuit board.

single channel per carrier (SCPC) A multipleaccess communications technique in whicheach signal is allocated a specific carrier,instead of a number of signals being multi-plexed onto a single carrier, as in FDMA.

single ended An electrical connection, such as acoaxial cable, where one wire carries the signaland another wire or a shield is grounded(earthed). This is in contrast to a differentialline.

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single image random dot stereogram (SIRDS) Astereographic picture (or ‘stereogram’) madeup of differently coloured dots. When the pic-ture is viewed correctly (and acquiring the cor-rect technique may be difficult), it appears to bethree-dimensional.

single sheet feed Device attached to a printerwhich feeds paper in single sheets, contrastcontinuous stationery.

single-sideband transmission (SSB) A transmis-sion in which only one sideband is transmit-ted, while both the frequency of the carrier sig-nal and the other sideband are suppressed inorder to minimise the bandwidth needed.

single-sided drive A floppy disk drive that isonly capable of reading or writing one side of afloppy disk. Compare double-sided. See flop-py disk drive.

sink A depression in the surface of a printingplate.

SIRDS See single image random dot stere-ogram.

sisal Plant fibre used for cordage and kraftpaper.

sitename See hostname.sixteenmo (64mo) A size of book in which each

leaf is one-sixteenth of the size of the printingsheet. US: book size which is about 7.5cm high.

size Rosin, starch and other chemicals used inpapermaking to control the water and inkabsorbency of the paper. Size can be addedeither at the refiner stage (engine sizing) or onthe papermaking machine at the size press(surface sizing).

size-press-coated paper Paper given a very lightcoating (around 4gsm per side) in the size pressunit on the papermaking machine. Also knownas pigmented paper, light-coated paper orlick-coated paper.

sizing 1. Treatment of paper with size. 2. Seescaling.

skid A pallet.SkipJack An encryption algorithm that encrypts

64-bit blocks of data with an 80-bit key. It wascreated by the US National Security Agencyand is used in the Clipper chip.

skips Missing dots in gravure caused by lack ofink transfer.

skiver A book covering made of split sheepskins.slabbing off Removing several outer layers from

a reel of paper typically because they are unsat-isfactory for printing through damage, dirt,marking etc.

slab serif Egyptian typeface characterised byserifs which are thick straight lines.

slant See solidus.

slash See solidus.slashed zero A symbol shaped like an 0 with a

line through it, used in computing.slave or slave unit A device which uses logic

from a separate CPU.slice The outlet from a paper machine’s headbox

onto the wire.slide A mounted photographic transparency.sliding window compression An approach used

in compression techniques where in effect awindow is moved over the data and the pro-gram analyses the content and position ofstrings within that window before sliding thewindow to the next block of data. How muchthe window moves depends on the structure ofthe strings.

slime spot Hole in paper resulting from a bacteri-al growth which developed during the making.

sling psychrometer Device for measuring rela-tive humidity by whirling in the atmosphere.

SLIP See Serial Line Internet Protocol.slip case Cardboard case for book which dis-

plays the spine.slip pages A printer’s page proof with headlines

and folios omitted.slip proof Galley proof.slip sheeting Placing sheets of paper between

printed sheets to prevent set-off.slit Divide a web of paper along its length using

a disc or wheel. As distinct from cut, which isto divide a web across its width using a rotat-ing knife or guillotine blade.

slitter Set of knives for cutting a web of paper orprinted sheet.

slitter marks Marks on a printed sheet indicatingto the binder where a slit is to be made. Used inimposition schemes which require this.

sloped roman An imitation italic formed by elec-tronically slanting the roman of a typeface.

slot punching Punching rectangular holes inpaper.

slotted ALOHA See ALOHA.slotted binding See notch binding.slug Line of metal type cast in one piece.slur Image distortion caused by drag on the

printing machine. Monitored by a slur gauge inmost colour bars. Often caused by an excess ofink on a non-absorbent coated paper, ormachine-gearing wear.

slushing The disintegration of fibres in a liquid.slush pulp Liquid pulp used in the papermaking

process.small capitals or small caps Abbreviated sc.

Capitals the same size as the x-height of thenormal lower case, i.e. around 70% of the sizeof the full capitals of the same font.

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small pica Obsolete term for 11pt type.smalls See small capitals.SmallTalk Xerox’s proprietary operating system,

which formed the basis of the WIMP environ-ment.

smartcard A plastic card (similar to a credit card)with an embedded microprocessor and memoryfor storing information. It can store, e.g., person-al data, identification and bank account details,to enable it to be used as a credit or debit card.Other uses include hotel door ‘keys’, passportsand medical records. Electronic money can alsobe stored on such a card.

smashed bulk The bulk of a book-block undercompression when casing-in a hard-bound book.

smashing See nipping.SMDS See Switched Multimegabit Data

Service.smiley See emoticon.s-mime (Secure MIME.) A specification for

secure email in MIME format. Includesauthentication (using digital signatures) andprivacy (using encryption).

smoothing press Rollers on a paper machinewhich smooth the web before drying.

smoothing roll coating Application of coating topaper surface by rollers revolving against theweb direction.

smoothness Evenness of paper surface.SMS See short message service.SMTP See Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.Smyth sewing Conventional section sewing.SNA See System Network Architecture.snailmail A pejorative way of describing the tra-

ditional postal service as compared with email.Originated in the US, but now used internation-ally.

snap to grids Function on graphics packages andelectronic page composition systems which per-mits elements of a page to be positioned approxi-mately and then automatically ‘snapped’ exactlyinto alignment to a grid by a command issuedthrough the mouse by the operator.

snd When used as a file extension or as part of afilename, indicates that the file is a sound file.

sneaker net A perhaps ironic term describing thetransfer of data between computers by taking aremovable medium, such as floppy disk ormagnetic tape, and walking (wearing ‘sneak-ers’) from one machine to the other. It is proba-bly worth noting that, in spite of the irony, thebandwidth in real time for such a transfer maybe very high, i.e. it can be the quickest method!

sniffer A network monitoring tool used to cap-ture data packets and, by decoding them, showthe protocol data.

SNMP See Simple Network ManagementProtocol.

SNOBOL StriNg-Oriented symBOlic Language,a programming language used in artificialintelligence applications.

snowflaking White dots on a printed piececaused by water droplets or debris.

S/N ratio (or SNR) See signal-to-noise ratio.Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial

Telecommunications (SWIFT) A value addednetwork used by banks throughout the world.

socket The interface between an operating sys-tem, such as Unix or Windows, and networkcommunication facilities. It can either be bi-directional (stream-oriented) or datagram(destination-addressed messages with fixedlength). The socket provides a communicationsend-point (in analogy with an electrical socket)and a file descriptor with which to access thatsocket. Each socket has an associated socketaddress that is made up of a port number anda network address.

socks A security package that makes it possible fora host behind a firewall to access resources out-side the firewall while maintaining the securityrequirements. Replacements are provided withfeatures such as sockets, so as to allow programssuch as finger, ftp, telnet, Gopher and WorldWide Web browsers to be used in the normalway.

soda pulp Pulp produced from hardwood chipscooked in caustic soda. See sulphate pulp.

soft carriage return A carriage return that isinserted by the software as a line wrap, i.e. notthe end of paragraph (hard carriage return)that is inserted by the user.

soft copy Non-paper version of text, e.g. on aVDU.

soft cover Paper cover as distinct from case boards.soft dot Half-tone dot with soft (etchable) hala-

tion around it.soft-dot positives Film separations produced off

a camera or scanner which have soft edges tothe dots which can be retouched by hand.

soft font See downloadable font.soft format A soft-sectored disk format in which

the length of the sector may be specified by thesystem designer.

soft hyphen A hyphen introduced into a wordby an H&J program, as opposed to a hardhyphen grammatically essential to the word.

softmodem The provision of modem software insuch a way that it is loaded into the computer’smemory when a system is booted, so thatmodem facilities are provided transparently tothe user.

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soft proof A representation on screen of whatwill be printed rather than a proof on paper orin any ‘hard copy’ form.

soft-sectored Pertaining to floppy disks with asingle index hole in the disk surface for syn-chronisation purposes, the start of sectorsbeing identified by signals stored on the disk.Compare hard-sectored.

soft typesetter A desktop publishing VDU, suchas a preview screen, usually non-interactive,showing an exact replica of a piece of work asit will appear in print. See WYSIWYG.

software Computer programs.software flow control An alternative term for

software handshaking.software handshaking A technique for regulat-

ing the flow of data across an interface usingsoftware programs. See handshaking, hard-ware handshaking.

software package A set of programs written for aspecific purpose, e.g. wordprocessing.

software protection Technical and/or legalmethod adopted to prevent unauthorised usage.

softwood pulp Pulp made from softwood (conif-erous) trees, e.g. fir, pine, spruce. As distinctfrom hardwood pulp.

solid 1. Typeset with no leading between thelines. 2. Printed area with 100% ink coverage.

solid density patches Patches of solid for each ofthe process inks in a colour bar testing strip.They reveal print density for each of the fourcolours across the sheet.

solid state Electronic components which usesolid materials for current manipulation, e.g.transistors.

solidus Oblique slash, printing as /.solus advertisement Advertisement placed away

from others advertising a similar product.solvent Ink dissolver.SONET See Synchronous Optical NETwork.SONET ring An architecture used for SONET in

metropolitan areas, which makes it possible forthe network to continue functioning if a net-work component fails.

Sony A Japanese electronics company, whichoriginated the Walkman and subsequently theData Discman. Also had great influence, withPhilips, on the development and standardisa-tion of the CD, and manufactures the popularGameboy console.

sort 1. A single character of type. 2. To order datainto a given sequence, e.g. alphabetical.

sort key Part of a data record used to determinethe position into which the whole record willbe sorted. See sort.

sound See audio.

SoundBlaster The most widely used make ofsound card for the PC. Has become the de factostandard. VOiCe is a related audio format.

sound board See sound card.sound card A plug-in board (also called a sound

board), usually for a PC, which provides out-put of high-quality stereo sound, controlled byapplication software. An essential if multime-dia is to be used and standard on most newPCs. The de facto standard is the SoundBlastercard.

sound resource A file which, when accessed withappropriate software in the presence of asound card, will produce audio signals.

source code or source language The program-ming language in which a user’s program iswritten, usually a high-level language.

source program Program written in a languagewhich requires subsequent translating into anobject program which the computer canunderstand. Usually, a source program is writ-ten in a high-level language and translated bya compiler into an object program in machinecode. Alternatively the source program may bewritten in a low-level language and translatedby an assembler into an object program inmachine code.

source quench A control message within theInternet Protocol (IP) that requests a host totransmit more slowly over a particular connec-tion in order to avoid congestion.

source route An email address, determined atthe source of a message, which specifies as aseries of hostnames the route a message shouldtake. A bang path is the most usual kind.However, it is now more usual for the route tobe determined at each stage.

space An impulse (or lack of impulse) whichindicates a binary zero. Compare mark.

spacebands Spacing pieces used by linecastingmachines.

spaces (or spacers) Pieces of metal type used tospace out letters or words.

space segment Part of a satellite communicationssystem, including the satellite and the spacetransmission links.

spacing Spaces between characters or lines oftype.

spamming Sending messages to a large numberof newsgroups irrespective of relevance to thesubject of those newsgroups. The intention isoften to advertise, but the intent may also bemalicious or just mischievous. Spamming usu-ally gives rise to flames, which increases thetraffic even more.

S paper See stabilisation paper.

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SPDL See Standard Page Description Language.speaker model In voice recognition technology,

the characteristics of an individual user’sspeech patterns.

spec Specification.special character Character which is not present in

the usual range available in a font.special colour A printing ink colour mixed spe-

cially for a job rather than made up out of theprocess colour set.

special furnish Papers made from a special mix-ture of pulps for a specific purpose.

speciality papers Papers for special industrial orcommercial use, often with unusual properties.

special sort Unusual character necessary in a job.specimen Sample page set to show the typogra-

phy.speckle See skips.spectro-photometer Instrument that measures

paper colour from its reflected light.spectrum Complete range of colours from long

wavelengths (red) to short wavelengths (blue).speech recognition (Or voice recognition, voice

input.) A technique in which spoken words areinterpreted by a computer system. Most sys-tems must be ‘trained’ by the user giving theinterpretation of a series of representativewords, and may need training for each indi-vidual using the system. Usually it is necessaryfor words to be spoken in a rather unnatural,detached manner although recent software hasbeen developed to recognise more natural pat-terns of speech, as well as to analyse strings ofwords and interpret the context, distinguish-ing, e.g., between ‘no’ and ‘know’. Speechrecognition is particularly useful in ideograph-ic languages such as Chinese.

speech synthesis Or voice output. The genera-tion from a textual or phonetic description of awaveform which sounds like human speech.The generation of numbers, e.g. associatedwith an on-screen calculator, is quite common.Speech synthesis is also used in voicemail sys-tems.

spellcheck Function that checks the spelling in atext against a dictionary held in the computer.

spelling check program Or ‘spellchecker’ or‘spelling checker’. A computer program whichchecks the accuracy of each word of inputagainst the spellings of a dictionary held in mem-ory and displays discrepancies on the screen.

sph Sheets per hour. The standard measurementof sheetfed printing speed.

spider A program that automatically exploresthe World Wide Web. It finds one documentand then retrieves the documents referenced in

it. May be used to find specific information orto create an index. Also called a crawler or Webcrawler. Can also be regarded as an intelligentagent.

spike To reject a news story (formerly the reject-ed copy would have been filed on a spike).

spiking Irregular surges in power on an electri-cal power line causing interference with sensi-tive electronic equipment.

spine The back edge of a book.spine brass See brass.spine lettering The words on a spine of a book,

often blocked in gold or silver.spinner A revolving display rack for books. spinoff A useful by-product resulting from the

manufacture and development of anotherinvention.

spiral binding Binding using a continuous spi-ral of wire or plastic threaded through punchedholes in the back margin.

spirit duplication Duplication by moistening acarbon dye on a master to transfer it to sheets.

splice Crosswise joint in a web of paper, securedwith adhesive. (See also flying paster.)

split boards Cover boards in two layers betweenwhich are glued the edges of the endpapersand section tapes in hand-bound books.

split fountain or split duct working Colourprinting technique which divides the ink ductto achieve different colours across differentparts of the same roller.

split fraction Fraction written as numbers oneabove the other, separated by a dash.

split run Print run of a publication divided intwo (or more) stages to accommodate changesin text, changes of binding style etc.

splitting Tearing of paper suface areas on thepress.

spoilage Waste incurred during the printing orbinding processes.

spoofing A technique used to reduce wide areanetwork overhead. Packets sent for manage-ment purposes are answered by bridges orrouters, rather than by the remote LAN, fooling(spoofing) the local device into thinking that aremote LAN is still connected, whether it is ornot, thus reducing the traffic on the WAN,because no packet is ever sent out. Current LANprotocols are not able to handle spoofing wellbut, because bandwidths are generally greaterthan on WANs, the facility is not so necessary.

spooling Refers to the simultaneous printing of atext whilst the user is engaged on some otheractivity, such as editing another text. The termcomes from the acronym SPOOL, standing forsimultaneous peripheral output online.

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spot Painting out unwanted light-spots on a neg-ative with a purple water-soluble ink calledopaque.

spot colour Colour that is usually specified in adocument as a particular, often Pantone,colour, say for text or graphical features. This isin contrast to process colour.

spotted negatives Negatives which have beenpainted to delete any unwanted light-spots.

spotting Retouching or covering up marks onartwork or film in preparation for printing.

spot varnish Varnish applied to selected parts ofa printed sheet. Often used to enhance thesheen of photographs.

spray Chemical used to spray printed sheets toprevent set-off. Also, anti set-off spray.

spraying Ejection of ink off the rollers, usuallybecause it is too thin.

spread Pair of facing pages.spread coating Method of paper coating using a

controlled flow of coating material onto thepaper surface.

spreading Ink creep on printed areas.spreadsheet A software package designed to

perform financial calculations. Users are pre-sented with a grid of alphabetically identifiedcolumns and numbered rows. Each intersectionforms a cell which may contain text, numericsor algebraic formulae. As the contents of onenumeric cell are altered, the contents of refer-enced formulae cells are updated automatically.

spread spectrum Another term for code divisionmultiple access.

spring back A rounded springy back for stationerybooks made of strawboard or millboard.

sprinkled edges Edges of a book-block sprin-kled with blobs of ink.

sprite A small bitmap image, which can bedefined, by progam, in terms of its shape,colours and other graphic characteristics.Sprites are then manipulated, singly or togeth-er, as part of screen displays or games.

sprocket holes Feed holes in paper tape.SPX See Sequenced Packet Xchange.SQL (Often pronounced as ‘sequel’.) See

Structured Query Language.square back Flat back binding.square back or square spine Binding style that

leaves the back of the book flat rather thancurved.

squared-up half-tone A photograph with right-angle corners, rectangular or square.

squares The parts of a case which overlap theedges of the leaves on a case-bound book.

square serif Typeface with serifs heavier than thestrokes.

squash Ink that has overrun the intended imagearea.

SRA sizes Sizes of stock sheets of printing paperfor printing bled work, larger than the equiva-lent A sizes. See Appendix for paper sizes.

s/s Abbreviation for same size in reproductionspecifications.

SSB See single-sideband transmission.SSL See secure sockets layer.SSN See SIM card serial number.stabbing See side-stabbing and side wire stitch-

ing.stabilisation paper or S paper Photographic

paper used for photosetting output. Has shortimage-retention span once processed and can-not be used when subsequent corrections willbe stripped in at a later stage. Contrast resin-coated paper.

stack 1. The calendering unit on a papermachine. 2. Pile of sheets, printed or unprinted.3. See layer.

stacked press Sheetfed press in which the print-ing units are stacked one above the other (thesame model as blanket-to-blanket web presses).

Stacker A hard-disk compression utility, nowowned by Microsoft.

staging Method of correcting photo-engravingsby stopping out and re-etching.

stamping See blocking.stamping die Steel or brass plate used for block-

ing. See brass.stamping foil See foil.stand-alone A self-contained hardware system

which needs no other machine assistance tofunction.

standard artwork Artwork drawn for commonuse and made available in printed form for fur-ther reproduction. Often sold as books or as asubscription service. (See also clip art.)

standard document A wordprocessing file con-taining a document that can be merged withvariable information to produce a letter. Seemail merge.

Standard Document Interchange Format(SDIF) ISO 9069, a standard for exchangingSGML documents.

Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML)A generic markup language defined by ISO8879:1986 for representing documents in terms oftheir hierarchical structures. SGML is a languageand not a coding system so that for each applica-tion a Document Type Definition (DTD) isdefined in which the hierarchy of the class ofdocuments is described in terms of the coding tobe used. A DTD, as well as describing the hier-archical structure, can also include references to

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external entities such as graphics, video, audioand computer programs. So SGML can be usedas the basis for multimedia applications, the codebeing interpreted by SGML-compliant viewerssuch as Dynatext or Panorama. HTML is basedon an SGML DTD and World Wide Webbrowsers are currently only able to interpret theHTML DTD. SGML describes structure and notappearance but increasingly this is seen as a lim-itation, and support for typographical format-ting is being developed. Cascading Style Sheets(CSS) provide appearance-related functionalitynot specified in the HTML DTD. An SGML doc-ument actually consists of three parts: the SGMLdeclaration; the DTD; and finally the documentinstance (what the reader thinks of as the docu-ment), but in most applications it is only the doc-ument instance that is seen by the user.

Standard Page Description Language (SPDL)The ISO standard (ISO 10180) for pagedescription languages, based very closely onPostScript.

standard testing conditions Officially specifedconditions under which paper is tested: 50%relative humidity and 23°C.

standing film Film stored after printing or proof-ing pending subsequent re-use.

standoff In DTP systems, the distance between agraphic and its boundary. Text which is flowedaround a graphic will not encroach into thestandoff area. (See also graphic boundary.)

star network One in which each device is con-nected to a central controller. As terminal to ter-minal communication is not possible, the entirenetwork will become inoperable if the centralcomputer fails. Compare ring network.

starred roll Paper roll with buckled inner layerscaused by loose winding and forming a ‘star’pattern when viewed from end-on.

start bit The bit which signals the start of a blockof data in asynchronous communications. (Seealso stop bit.)

start of text A data communications control char-acter that terminates a message heading indi-cating that the text of the message follows.

start-stop transmission An alternative name forasynchronous transmission. Data blocks arepreceded by a start bit and followed by a stopbit (or bits).

start-tag The tag which indicates the start of anelement in SGML or HTML.

stat See photostat.stateless server A server in which each request is

treated independently, without reference toany previous request. There is no need for stor-age to be allocated to keep information about

any request and, if a transaction fails, it is up tothe client to repeat the request. However, thiswill usually mean that more information has tobe included in each request and this has twoeffects: increasing the amount of information inthe request and requiring the server to interpretit each time it is received, both slowing downend-to-end response. The World Wide Webserver is stateless, in contrast to an ftp server,which exchanges information with the clientbefore the file is transmitted.

state of the art Pertaining to what can be achievedwithout further research or development.

static IP address An IP address that is perma-nently allocated to a user. (Compare withdynamic IP address.)

static neutraliser An attachment on a litho presswhich removes static electricity from the paper.

station 1. Unit of a binding or wrapping machine.2. Data terminal equipment on a datalink ornetwork.

stationery binding Binding which allows booksto remain flat when open (to facilitate writingin).

STD 1 The Internet Architecture Board officiallist of Internet standards, each of which isgiven an STD number, so that, e.g., STD 2 is thedocument listing the current Internet assignednumbers, STD 9 is the STD defining FileTransfer Protocol (ftp), and STD 15 the STDdefining the Simple Network ManagementProtocol.

steel engraving Intaglio plate often used toreproduce fine designs on stationery (e.g. banknotes, share certificates etc.).

stem Upright stroke of a letter or figure.step-and-repeat machine A device which expos-

es the same image repeatedly according to pre-programmed instructions.

step index Index letters in the foredge margins ofa book revealed by cutting the margins awayprogressively to expose the letters sequentiallypositioned from top to bottom throughout thetext. Also known as cut-through index.

stepped index A type of optical fibre in whichthe core has a different refractive index to thatof the cladding, with a sharp change in refrac-tive index at the boundary between them. It isusually used for transmission at high speedover long distances.

stereographic Viewing two-dimensional objects(pictures, drawings) so that they appear to bethree-dimensional.

stereotype Duplicate printing plate cast in amould taken from the original. Abbreviated to‘stereo’.

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stet Proofreader’s instruction meaning ignoremarked correction, i.e. let it stand as it was.

stick See composing stick.sticker Publicity material gummed for sticking

on other literature or display surfaces.stick-up initial or raised initial Initial letter set

in larger type than the rest of the text; the lettersits on the baseline and is taller than the ascen-der line.

stiffener Strip of card stuck to the inside of acloth spine to make it stronger.

stiffness Rigidity of a sheet of paper.stillage Pallet.stipple Dots used to give a background effect of

colour tint.stitch To stitch with thread or staple with wire as

a binding function.stitching Joining pages together with wire or

thread.STM Scientific, technical and medical publish-

ing.stochastic screening A type of frequency modu-

lation screening in which the microdots pro-duced are of variable sizes. Sometimes calledirrational screening.

stock 1. Liquid pulp prior to papermaking. 2. (Loosely) the chosen paper to be printed.

stone The surface (now metal) on which pages ofmetal type are assembled and planed down(levelled). Hence, ‘stoneman’.

stone groundwood mechanical pulp (SGW)Basic mechanical pulp, obtained by grindingdebarked logs against a milling stone underheat and pressure. (See also refiner mechanicalpulp (RMP), thermomechanical pulp, (TMP),chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP).)

stone out To remove small areas of a litho platewith an abrasive stone.

stop The ending of a rule where it crosses anotherline.

stop bit The bit (or bits) which signals the end ofa block of data in asynchronous communica-tions. (See also start bit.)

stop code A wordprocessing control code,inserted within the body of a document,designed to stop printed output for the inser-tion of variable information.

stopping out Protecting selected half-tone areasduring etching so that they are not furtherreduced.

stop press Small section, usually on the front orback page of a newspaper, reserved for latenews items.

storage Floppy disk, hard disk, or magnetic tapeused to store digital information in a perma-nent form.

store-and-forward A method of transmittingmessages over a network, in which a completemessage is received before it is passed on to thenext node, and within which a message may bestored at an intermediate mode until condi-tions are more appropriate for transfer. UUCPis an example of such a method.

story In DTP terminology, all the text from a singlewordprocessed document or all that text in apage make-up program which finishes by beingthreaded.

storyboard Illustrated board showing proposedcamera shots or illustration sketches with scriptand technical annotation.

straight matter Straightforward text setting.strawboard Originally, board made from straw

fibres. Now used loosely to mean case boardsof any description.

stream feeder Fast feeder on printing machine orfolder which overlaps sheets as it arrangesthem for the grippers.

streaming Playing audio or video in real time asit is downloaded (usually over the World WideWeb), rather than storing the file and playing itwhen download is complete. There are plug-insto Netscape Navigator that decompress andplay the data as it is transferred, although innewer versions of this and other browsers,streaming audio and video will be part of thefunctionality of the browser. For streaming tooperate effectively, it is necessary to have a con-nection with a high bandwidth, as well as acomputer that has enough power to carry outdecompression in real time.

stream-oriented See connection-oriented.stress Angle of shading in typeface character

design. May be oblique or vertical.stress marks Small marks or accents indicating

an emphasis on a syllable or word, as used inphonetics.

strike See stop.strike-on composition Typewriter-typesetting,

e.g. IBM Composer. See golfball typewriter.strike-through Too heavy a printing impression

which leads to the printed image bleedingthrough to the underside of the sheet.

string A sequence of alphabetic or numeric codesin a computer program or in phototypsetting.

stringer Correspondent, not on the regular staffof a newspaper, who will cover stories in a par-ticular area of the country.

string variable Programming variables that maycontain alphanumeric data.

strip and rebind Remove the case of a case-bound book and rebind as a paperback with alimp cover.

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strip gumming Applying water-soluble adhe-sive to paper strips.

stripper film Very thin film used for hand correc-tions.

stripping Film handling, correction and assem-bly (US).

stripping guide Layout for film assembly.stripping-in Inserting or assembling film in

pieces using tape or adhesive.strip test Use of special paper to test the pH of an

offset fountain solution.structured document A document that is coded

in such a way as to indicate its structure, ratherthan its formatting, so that, e.g., there will usu-ally be no concept of page, although sectionsand perhaps chapters may be coded since theyare structural elements. While a wordprocessordocument can be a structured document, use ofa parser, together with a standard such asSGML, will guarantee that the structure of thedocument is as defined in the DTD. Structureddocuments are important in the context of elec-tronic publishing because parsing provides a‘proofreading’ facility, conventional checkingof material often being impractical because ofeither the size or complexity (or both) of thefiles in a multimedia application.

structured programming A method of programdesign and structure intended to aid thedebugging process.

Structured Query Language (SQL) (Often pro-nounced ‘sequel’.) A language designed forsearching for information within relational data-bases, usually within a client-server architec-ture, and retrieving the information in a struc-tured form. SQL commands can also be used toadd to or change the information in a database.SQL has a structure which is similar to naturallanguage (English), which is intended to make iteasy for non-specialists to use; however, the syn-tax must be adhered to, so it is not easy for anovice to use. Alternatively, it can be embeddedin other languages. SQL is both an ISO and anANSI standard, although it is under revision.

stub Network which carries packets between abackbone and local hosts.

stub binding System of binding where the spineis formed by sewing the folded sections tostubs of paper which are then glued together.

stub network A network which carries packetsbetween a backbone and local hosts.

studio system or studio front-end system Pre-DTP typesetting front-end system similar toDTP in its concept with WYSIWYG correctingfacilities, a WIMP operating environment, andtext-and-tone output capabilities.

stuffed Compressed with the compression utilityStuffIt, although the term is also used todescribe a file compressed by other means. (Seealso zip.)

stuffer Publicity material sent out in the mailwith other literature.

StuffIt A file compression utility for theMacintosh, developed by Aladdin Systems Inc.Also used for archiving. See stuffed.

stump The first part of a hyphenated word at theend of a line. Some typesetting systems permitthe definition of a ‘minimum stump’, i.e. theminimum number of letters which it is accept-able to leave before a hyphen.

stump line The last line of a page ending with ahyphen. Considered very undesirable.

stx Start of text. A control character within apacket or message designating the end of theheader and the start of the text of the message.

style Typographically, whether text is bold, italic,reversed or underlined. The term is also used todescribe a set of formatting characteristics, suchas typeface, typesize, interline spacing (leading),indents, hyphenation and justification parame-ters and even language, that can be applied to aparagraph and saved under a defined name.Almost all wordprocessors and desktop pub-lishing systems (page layout programs) allowthe use of styles. These can be combined intostyle sheets or templates. The principle is nowbeing extended to HTML authoring tools.

style of the house Typographic and linguisticrules of a publishing house. Also house style.

style sheet A combination of styles or formatting(also called a template) which is appropriatefor a particular type of document. Thus, therewill be different style sheets for letters, invoic-es, reports etc. The principle is now alsoapplied in HTML under the name CascadingStyle Sheets.

stylus 1. Instrument with a hard point for engrav-ing on metals. 2. Special pen used for graphics.

sub 1. Sub editor, journalist who edits copy. 2. Subscription to a magazine or journal.

sub-band encoding An audio compression tech-nique in which the signal is split into frequencybands. Parts of the signal which are notdetectable by the ear are then removed and thesignal encoded using variable bit rates, so thatmore bits per sample are used in the middle fre-quency range. Sub-band encoding is used inMPEG-1.

sub-edit To prepare, modify and correct a manu-script for publication. This will include checkingthe grammar; placing of illustrations, references,footnotes etc.; headers; pagination and more.

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sub-editor Member of staff of a publishing housewho sub-edits a manuscript prior to printing.

sub heading Secondary level of heading on aprinted piece.

sub master Diazo film copy used for plate-making.

subnet Part of a network that shares a networkaddress with other portions of the network andcan be identified by a subnet address or num-ber. A subnet has the same relationship to anetwork as a network does to an internet.

subnet address The subnet portion of an IPaddress. See address mask.

subnet mask See address mask.subnet number See subnet address.sub routine Set of instructions in a computer

program which perform a constantly repeatedoperation such as a mathematical function.

subscriber identity module (SIM) A smartcardwhich a user needs in order to use the GSMdigital network.

subscript Inferior character. Small characterprinted below the baseline as part of a mathe-matical equation.

subsidiary text Extracts, footnotes, and othersecondary text in a book. Typically set smallerthan the body text.

substance Paper weight measured in grams persquare metre. See Appendix.

substitutional compression An alternativedescription of Lempel-Ziv compression, inthat an occurrence of a particular phrase orgroup of bytes in a block of data is substitutedby a reference to a previous occurrence of thatphrase.

substrate 1. Base paper before coating. 2. Carrierfor another material or coating, e.g. film. 3. Surface being printed on.

subtitle Secondary or additional title.subtractive colour The colour seen when white

light is reflected from a coloured object.Subtractive colour is used in printing (seeCMYK). Screen displays use additive colour.

subtractive primaries Yellow, magenta and cyan,the process colours.

suction feeder Machine feeder which uses airblowers and suckers to separate and lift sheets.

suffix Syllable or letters attached to the end of aword to form a derivative of that word, e.g. -ation, -itis.

sulphate pulp Also known as kraft pulp. Pulpmade from wood fibres cooked in an alkalinemixture containing caustic soda (sodiumhydroxide), sodium sulphide and sodium sul-phate. Particularly suited to hardwoods, butincreasingly used for softwoods too.

sulphite pulp Pulp made from wood fibrescooked in an acidic mixture containing calciumbisulphite and sulphur dioxide in water.Particularly suited to softwoods.

sunk cord sewing System of binding where thecords lie in grooves cut in the backs of the sig-natures.

SuperATM A version of Adobe Type Managerin which Multiple Mastering technology isenabled. (See also pdf, Acrobat.)

supercalender A calendering stack with alter-nate hard steel rollers and soft rollers whichimparts a high gloss finish to paper as it ‘slips’between them. Usually off-machine.

supercalendered mechanical See WSOP.supercalendered paper Paper with a highly

glazed finish, achieved by passing it through aheavy cylinders.

supercalendering Producing a highly glazed fin-ish to paper by roller pressing it in a super-calender.

supercomputer A very powerful mainframecomputer used where extremely high speedsand storage are required.

superhighway See information superhighway.superior Small character set above the line espe-

cially used in mathematical statements or toindicate footnotes.

SuperJANET A broadband expansion of JANET,started in 1989.

SuperJournal project One of the demonstratorprojects, run in 1993, to give an indication ofthe potential of the SuperJANET network.Provided one of the first examples of electron-ic journals, including full-colour illustrations,running over a network.

superscript Small character printed above thenormal base line for larger characters.

supershift Function on a typesetting keyboardwhich makes makes it possible to use anotherfont.

super source quench A special packet within theInternet Protocol (IP) which is designed tostop an Internet host transmitting. It is ratherlike a source quench, except that it is a redirectcontrol packet, which looks as though it comesfrom a local router, instructing the host to sendall packets to its own local loopback address.Thus, no packets will be transmitted. A breath-of-life packet can be used to restart transmis-sion.

Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA) HIgh res-olution monitor for displaying graphics.

super VGA See VGA.support In computing software terminology,

‘supporting’ a function means providing the

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facility to run that function. For example, aprinter which ‘supports’ PostScript is one thatis provided with the programs to accept andrun PostScript code.

supported sleeve Cylindrical, wire-mesh sleevewhich can be fitted over the body of a dandyroll and removed when not required.

Supra An extension of Adobe PostScript to pro-vide the functionality required for high-resolu-tion imagesetters.

surface picking See picking.surface plate Conventional presensitised litho

plate in which the image stands slightly proudof the surface. Compare deep-etch plate,bimetal plate, trimetal plate.

surface sizing Sizing of paper carried out on thesizing press of the papermaking machine.

surface strength Resistance of paper surface topicking or lifting.

surfing (Or ‘surfing the Internet’, ‘surfing theWeb’.) Use of World Wide Web browsers tomove around URLs, following cross-references.The analogy with surfing arose because of theapparent ease of moving around the Web.

surprint Exposure of a second image on analready exposed image.

SVGA Super video graphics array. See underdisplay adapter.

swash letter An ornamental character, usually anitalic cap.

swatch Colour specimen printed on paper or aset of such specimens.

swelled rules Rules which are wider at the centrethan at the ends.

SWIFT See Society for Worldwide InterbankFinancial Telecommunications.

Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) Aconnectionless transport protocol developedby Bellcore and based on DQDB (DistributedQueue Dual Bus) for use in metropolitan areanetworks in the US. CBDS (connectionlessbroadband data service), developed in Europe,is almost identical. The data format has thesame length and structure as that used forasynchronous transfer mode (ATM), provid-ing an easy upgrade path to ATM.

sword hygroscope Probe used to determine themoisture content of a stack of paper.

swung dash 1. Printing symbol (~) used in dic-tionary definitions to show that a headword isbeing repeated. 2. A carriage return sign usedin some computer programs.

symbol 1. A waveform produced by a modulatoror modem that may be uniquely identified by ademodulator or a second modem. As a symbolmay be generated from several bits, the symbol

rate (or baud rate) may not be the same as thebit rate for a transmission. 2 Used in type-setting and desktop publishing to describe anon-alphabetical or mathematical character,which usually does not form part of the ASCIIcharacter set.

symmetric-key cryptography A cryptographysystem where both parties have the sameencryption key, as in secret-key cryptography.The opposite of public-key cryptography.

sync bit A bit used for data communicationssynchronisation.

synchronous In data transmission, signals co-ordinated by regular timing pulses. Blocks ofdata are transmitted at a measured rate dic-tated by timing devices at both ends of theinterface. Compare asynchronous.

Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) AnIBM protocol similar to ISO HDLC (high-leveldata link control).

synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Inter-national digital telecommunications hierarchywith standard data rates based on multiples ofthe bit rate 51.84 Mbps.

Systems Engineering for Network Debugging,Integration and Test (SENDIT) A two-yearproject funded by the European Commissionand intended to produce software tools for dis-tributed applications running on networks ofmicrocomputers.

synchronous key encryption Data encryptionusing two interlocking keys, which is the basisof public-key encryption. It is not possible todetermine one key from the other. (See alsoPretty Good Privacy (PGP).)

synchronous modem One with an internal clockwhich produces streams of data at a fixed trans-mission rate. See synchronous transmission.

Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) TheNorth American version of SDH (synchronousdigital hierarchy).

synchronous transmission Data transmission inwhich each bit is transmitted at a given rate.Synchronous transmission is capable of higherspeeds than asynchronous transmission butrequires that both transmitter and receiverremain in exact synchronisation. While eachblock is preceded by special synchronisationbits, no start and stop bits are used.

synopsis Summary or outline of a book.syntax The rules of grammar regulating the use

of a language.synthesizer An electronic device that makes

musical notes or other sounds. It may be a chipon the sound card that can create sound inresponse to digitised instructions. With a MIDI

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interface, a computer can control one or moresynthesizers.

synthetic papers Synthetic materials, typicallyplastic, which have many of the properties ofpaper and can be printed. Usually expensive.

SyQuest disk The brand name for a removablehard disk drive and cartridge hard disk with ahigh storage capacity. The term is often alsoused to describe removable disks from othermanufacturers. These devices first becamepopular when it was necessary to transfer largecolour PostScript or bitmap files for printing.

SYSGEN An operating system command usedto transfer system files to a specified disk drive.

System 7 The 1991 version of the Macintoshoperating system, which provided muchgreater functionality than the previous operat-ing system, including multi-tasking.

system functions Functions relating to themovement of data within a system and con-trolled from the keyboard, e.g. writing to mem-ory, or transmission between peripherals.

system generation An operating system utilitythat allows a user to customise an operatingsystem and related applications programs tosuit hardware requirements.

System Network Architecture (SNA) A propri-etary communication architecture, or protocol,developed by IBM for their mainframes andinitially based upon SDLC. SNA was incorpo-rated in many IBM hardware and softwareimplementations. It performs a similar task tothe TCP/IP and OSI protocols.

Systems Application Architecture (SAA) AnIBM architecture for client-server computing.

System X A modular, computer-controlled, digi-tal switching system used in telephone systems.

TT-1 A digital leased-line communications service

available in the US, used for ISDN at 1.544Mbps. Equivalent to the European E-1 service.

T-3 A digital carrier facility used to transmit aDS-3 (see data service levels) signal at 44.736Mbps. (See also ISDN.) It is equivalent to theEuropean E-3 service.

TA See terminal adaptor.tab In typesetting or wordprocessing, to deter-

mine the points where the text is to align verti-cally.

tabbing Movement of the cursor in a wordpro-cessing program enabling it to jump from onecolumn to the next, useful in tabulations.

tab index Index letters printed on tabs which arestuck to the far edge margin of a book.

table Data stored in a form, often an array, that issuitable for reference.

table of contents generation The computer-aidedcompilation of a table of contents by takingspecified headings from text, sorting and dis-playing them.

tablet See graphics tablet.tabloid Newspaper size approximating to A3.tabular As arranged in a table or list.tabular material Typeset tables or columns of

figures.tabulate To set out text in preset columns with

the cursor moving to each one automatically asthe text is keyed.

TAC See terminal access controller.tack The viscosity and stickiness of ink.tacketing Method of strengthening stationery

binding using ‘slips’ or bands of leather.tag A generic markup tag is one which identifies

a particular atttribute: an ‘A’ heading, e.g., inthe markup of text. Tags are converted to type-setting by allocating typographical specifi-cations to them and translating them inside thefront-end of the typesetting system.

tagged image file format (TIFF) A graphic fileformat used for bitmap images. TIFF files canbe black and white, grey scale or in colour.

tailband Cotton or silk cord attached to the footof the spine of a book. (See also headband.)

tail-end hook See back-edge curl.tail-piece Typographical device at the end of a

chapter or book.tails Bottom margins of pages.take An amount of copy for typesetting allocated

to one operator. Part of a newspaper storywhich has been divided up for speed of setting.

Taligent An object-oriented operating systembeing developed jointly by IBM and Apple.Formerly called Pink.

talk Communication over a network or theInternet in real time. See Internet Relay Chat.

Tandem A network configuration in whichpoint-to-point circuits are linked together.

tandem working Using more than one printingmachine in-line.

tape See punched tape.tape editing Correcting information stored on

tape, usually resulting in a second, edited tape.tape merging The combining of data from a mas-

ter tape and a correction tape to produce athird, error-free tape.

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tape streamer A magnetic tape transport designedto perform back-up operations.

tape transport The device which moves tape pastthe reading heads.

TAPI See Telephone Application ProgramInterface.

taping Pasting strips of material to binding sec-tions to add strength.

TAPPI See Technical Association of the Pulp andPaper Industry.

tare Weight of an empty container or unloadedvehicle.

targa A graphic file format used for bitmapimages, often used as the format for outputfrom ray-tracing programs.

taster Small sample of a book, typically a chapter,sent out by a publisher for promotion purposes.

TCF Totally chlorine free, relating to pulp andpaper manufacture. See also ECF.

TCL See Tool Command Language.TCP See Transmission Control Protocol.TCP/IP See Transmission Control Protocol/

Internet Protocol.TDM See time-division multiplexing.tdma See time-division multiple access.tearsheet Page from printed periodical used as

proof or evidence of publication, especially ofadvertisement.

tear test 1. Test which determines grain directionin paper by the ease of tearing. 2. Test to deter-mine strength.

technical/office protocol (TOP) An applica-tions-layer application for office automationover networks developed by Boeing on thebasis of the OSI model based on Ethernet. (Seealso MAP.)

Technical Association of the Pulp and PaperIndustry (TAPPI) American professionalorganisation.

technical press Periodicals concerned with tech-nical subjects and circulating among specialistsin those subjects.

TEI See terminal endpoint identifier, TextEncoding Initiative.

Telecom Gold A nationwide electronic mail ser-vice operated by British Telecom.

telecommunications Communication via tele-phone systems. Telecommunications todayrange from simple voice communication overthe telephone to complex systems involvingcomputers, fax machines, modems and relatedequipment.

telecommuting (Or teleworking.) Working athome and communicating with colleagues andothers over telecommunications systemsinstead of physically commuting to work (see

also computer supported cooperative work).Usually implies being employed by a company,rather than working freelance, although thedistinction is not clear.

teleconferencing Either audioconferencing orvideoconferencing.

telegraphy Transmission of data, predating tele-phony, using bipolar dc current signalling.Output was on teleprinters.

telematics The combined use of telecommuni-cations and computing. The word comes fromthe French ‘télématique’, which means relatingto telecommunications. The term is widelyused in the European Union.

teleordering Computerised book ordering sys-tem in which the bookseller’s orders are putthrough to the central computer at the end ofthe day, and relayed to the publisher’s distrib-ution service the following day.

Telephone Application Program Interface(TAPI) A Windows 95 application programinterface that enables hardware-independentaccess to telephone-based communication. (Seealso CTI.)

telephony See telecommunications. Involvingvoice transmission, as opposed to telegraphy.

telepresence The experience which the user ofmultimedia applications, such as virtual reali-ty, undergoes so, although not physically in thevirtual world, the user feels psychologicallythat he or she is, e.g., travelling at very highspeed.

teleprinter Remote printer used in the early daysof telex and telegraphy.

teleprocessing Using telecommunications tocarry out data processing on a remote basis.

telepublishing Another term for electronic pub-lishing.

telescoped roll Reel of paper with progressivelymisaligned edge.

Telescript An object-oriented programming lan-guage, developed by US company GeneralMagic and designed specifically for handlingcommunications. The intention is to make com-munications programming simpler and pro-vide cross-platform, network-independentmessaging, in much the same way asPostScript did for formatted files.

teletex An international text exchange service, 40times faster than telex.

Teletext Broadcast system displaying text andschematic images on a TV screen. Organised inpages, which can be called up by the user key-ing numbers from a displayed index.

teletype A peripheral equipped with a keyboard,printer and paper tape punch and reader.

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teletypesetter Linecasting system driven by six-channel paper tape generated on separate key-boards.

teletypesetting (TTS) Typesetting operated bypunched paper tape, often over a telegraphicsystem. Formerly popular system for newspa-pers.

teletypewriter Keyboard and printer attached toa computer system that can input data direct ormake punched paper tape.

television receive only (TVRO) A satellite dishand receiver combination to receive televisionfrom a satellite. The more powerful the satel-lite, the smaller (and therefore cheaper) thedish needs to be. Similarly, for more powerfulsignals, the receiver needs to have less complex(and thus again cheaper) decoding circuitry.

teleworking See telecommuting.telex (Teletypewriter exchange service.) An

analogue service based on teleprinters. Nowvirtually superseded by teletex, fax and, mostrecently, email.

telnet The standard Internet protocol that allowsusers of one host to log into a remote host sothat they are seen as normal terminal users ofthat host. Essentially provides the same facili-ties as directly dialling in to a remote host, butover the Internet, and thus avoiding telephonecharges – or at least reducing them to the costof a local call to the nearest point of presence.(See also tn3270.)

template 1. An underlying page design or gridinto which text and graphics are placed. 2. Astandard document that can be used as thebasis of a class of documents, so that, e.g., in awordprocessor, a template for a letter caninclude the letter heading, including graphics,and any other standard information, such asthe date, which can be generated automaticallyfrom the system date. Templates are now wide-ly used in many applications and in most casesany document can be saved as a template. Asimilar term is style sheet.

tensile strength Capability of paper to withstandstretching and pulling.

TERM A program that runs under Unix andallows users dial-up access to the Internetwithout using SLIP or PPP.

terminal A device, usually a keyboard andscreen, that is connected to a computer or net-work, on which data may be input or dis-played, but has no processing power of itsown. Also described as DTE.

terminal access controller (TAC) A device thatconnects terminals to the Internet, usually viamodems.

terminal adaptor (TA) Equipment used to con-nect terminal equipment with RS-232 ports toISDN basic rate interface. TAs replace themodems used on analogue lines and, as far asthe user is concerned, effectively perform thesame task, connecting to a telephone line.

terminal emulation Connecting a computer toanother computer using a terminal emulator.

terminal emulator A program that makes it pos-sible for a computer (often a PC) to act as a ter-minal to another system, often a mainframe orUnix. The commonest type of terminal emulat-ed is the VT 100. Note that it is not importanthow the physical connection is made and thiscan be via telnet, by dial-up or even as a director network connection.

terminal endpoint identifier (TEI) (Or terminalequipment identifier.) The identifier used forspecific items of communications equipment,e.g. telephone, fax machine, modem, in anISDN installation.

terminal equipment identifier See terminalendpoint identifier.

terminal server A device that allows many ter-minals (serial lines) to be connected to a localarea network (LAN) through a single networkconnection.

termination Adding a terminator to a series ofSCSI devices.

terminator 1. See Ethernet. 2. The device whichmust be added at the beginning and end of aSCSI chain.

TEX (Pronounced ‘tek’ – Greek tau, epsilon, chi.) Apublic domain document formatting and type-setting language developed by Donald Knuth,originally for setting Volume IV of his The Art ofComputer Programming, as he had become di-ssatisfied with the quality of the setting inVolumes I to III. The language uses macros andhas a number of different implementations, suchas LATEX, which incorporates macros thatdescribe document styles and has become astandard for setting technical material. This ispartly because it provides facilities for settingequations and mathematical material, but alsobecause the mathematical syntax is described inthe language of the mathematician or computerscientist (rather than that of the compositor –hence the reluctance of conventional typesettersto use it). In addition, TEX input is entirely inASCII, so that is easy to transmit by email. It isalso used as a screen formatter for equations bysuch browsers as Dynatext and also by organisa-tions such as the American Mathematical Societyfor distributing academic journals electronically.Note, however, that TEX is not WYSIWYG,

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although in some implementations screen pre-view of pages is possible. (See also Metafont.)

text The body typesetting in a book as distinctfrom headings and display type.

text area Area occupied by text on a page, nor-mally governed by a grid.

text block In DTP, an area on a page into whichthe user has placed text.

text database A database for handling largeamounts of, often unstructured, text. They wereoriginally designed to handle newspaperarchives and utilise tags, together with speciallydesigned software for indexing, searching andextraction. Recently, some have been madeavailable in SGML-compatible versions. Wellknown examples include BRS Search, Status andBasis Plus.

text editing Any rearrangement or change per-formed upon textual material, such as correct-ing, adding and deleting.

text editor An editing program used, most fre-quently by programmers, to edit text or ASCIIfiles. Unlike wordprocessors, text editors pro-vide no control over formatting except indirect-ly when, e.g., TEX files are edited and theseinclude ASCII-coded formatting informationthat is subsequently interpreted by the TEXprogram.

Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) An initiativedesigned to make possible the exchange ofelectronic texts for academic research purposes,rather than for publishing. SGML coding isused and a TEI DTD has been published. Inspite of its academic emphasis, there is much inthe TEI work which is relevant to electronicpublishing in general.

text pages The principal matter in a book as dis-tinct from the frontmatter and endmatter.

text paper 1. Fine quality paper for printed pub-licity work. 2. The body paper of a magazine orbook as distinct from the cover stock.

text processing Wordprocessing using a com-puter to key in, edit and output text as docu-ments, letters, labels etc.

text retrieval The process of finding words orphrases in running text by computer matching.Also called word search or free-text search.

text type Body type of the main text in a book.Loosely, a composition size of type of 14pt orless, as opposed to a display type.

Textura Black letter or gothic type.texture A descriptor for the graphic properties of

a surface in terms of smoothness/coarsenessand regularity. Approaches used to define tex-ture are statistical, structural and spectral.Statistical and spectral techniques are based on

the distribution of grey levels over the surface(described in the two different ways), while inthe structural approach textures are consideredas composed of simple texture elements (‘tex-els’; see for comparison pixels).

textured screen Half-tone screen that yields atextured pattern on the half-tone created.

tftp See Trivial File Transfer Protocol.thermal imaging Exposure technique associated

with CTP plates which uses heat to expose theimage.

thermal paper Special paper that produces ablack coating when hot, allowing characters tobe printed by fine, heated pins.

thermal printer A non-impact printer. Heat isapplied to a ribbon carrying waxed ink whichis transferred to the paper in the form of dots.

thermal transfer Method of printing where theink is transferred to the paper by heat.

thermographic copier Copying machine thatuses heat to take an image from the carbon inthe original and transfer it to heat-sensitivepaper.

thermographic printing Relief effect created byheating special powder or ink on a sheet to give‘raised’ typesetting.

thermomechanical pulp Abbreviated to TMP.Superior, stronger mechanical pulp producedfrom steam-heated wood chips.

thermoplastic Description of a substance thatbecomes pliable when heated and hardens oncooling.

thermoplastic binding See adhesive binding.thermosetting Using material that will set per-

manently when heated but can be mouldedwhilst warm.

thesaurus A feature of some wordprocessingpackages. Synonyms for words can be accessedonline by highlighting a word and activatingthe dictionary program behind it.

thick Ethernet A colloquial name for the originalyellow cable Ethernet standard, 10Base5.

thick space Letterpress spacing piece equal toone third of an em.

thimble A printing element similar to a daisy-wheel but formed into a thimble-like shape.

thin Ethernet See cheapernet.thinners Solvents added to ink to reduce tack.thinnet See cheapernet.thin space Letterpress spacing piece equal to

one-fifth of an em.third cover Inside back cover of a magazine, usu-

ally reserved for advertisements.third-generation computers Computers in

which integrated circuits – silicon chips – firstreplaced transistors.

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third-generation photosetters Photosetters usingcathode ray tubes to generate the typographicalimages.

thirty The symbol -30- is used on some newspa-pers to indicate the end of a story in copy.

thread See topic thread.threaded In DTP systems, text is threaded when its

several parts or text blocks are linked togetherby the user into a continuous story. Threadedtext behaves as a single element of continuoustext which the program identifies as such andkeeps together in correct sequence no matterhow much the page layout may be changed, orhow many corrections are inserted or deleted.

threadless binding See adhesive binding.thread sealing Binding method using meltable

threads as ‘stitches’ to secure individual sec-tions before trimming and forwarding.

thread sewing Conventional sewing. Alsoknown as French sewing or section sewing.

thread stitching Securing inset books by stitch-ing through the spine with threads.

three-colour process Process work using the yel-low, magenta and cyan without black.

three-knife trimmer Cutting machine with threeknives which trim books and magazines alongthree edges.

three-quarter binding Method in which themajority of the case of a book is covered inleather or cloth and the remainder in a differentmaterial.

throwaway Free newspaper comprised largely ofadvertisments.

throw-out A page which folds out of a book ormagazine to a size larger than the book trim.Also fold-out, gatefold.

thumb hole Lettered grooves cut into the fore-edge of a book, such as a dictionary, to enableeasy access to sections of an index, also knownas a thumb index.

thumb index Index where the alphabetical divi-sions are cut into the edge of the book trim.

thumbnail sketch Small rough drawing.ticket board Pasteboard.tick marks 1. Alternative term for crop marks or

cut marks. 2. Marks on rulers which define theincrements being measured.

tied letters See ligature.TIFF Tagged image file format. A standard for-

mat for the storage of bitmap graphics andscanned images.

TIFFIT (TIFF/IT) Proposed format for imposedpages captured as part of a digital workflowsystem.

tight Laid out on a page so that there is littlewhite space.

tightback binding Binding in which the backs ofthe sections are stuck to the spine of the book,reinforcing its strength. Also known as fast-back binding.

tight edges Referring to a stack of paper in whichthe edges of the sheets are stretched tight and thecentre of the sheets are baggy. Caused by thestack having a higher moisture level than thesurrounding atmosphere. Compare wavy edges.

tilde A pronunciation mark placed over a letter,e.g. in Spanish over an ñ to change the sound tony.

tile In the DTP make-up of publications with apage size larger than A4, a portion of the pagethat is printed on a single sheet of paper. Tomake the complete page, the various tiles areassembled and pasted together.

tile, tiling The arrangement of windows in agraphical user interface (GUI) so they abutrather than overlap (or cascade).

tiling fill or tiled fill To fill a border with a dec-oration created from the repetition of a singlepattern (tile).

time-division multiple access (tdma) See time-division multiplexing.

time-division multiplexing (tdm) (Or time-divi-sion multiple access.) A type of multiplexing inwhich data from several users is transmittedonto a single channel in series, each user havingits own time slot. Used in both satellite commu-nication and long-distance telephone systems.

time-out The use of a timer to limit the period ofa program’s operation. Often used in commu-nications, so that if there is no transmissionover a communications link during a specifiedtime, then the link is broken.

time-sharing Concurrent processing of severaljobs or programs on a computer.

time-slicing The technique used by computers toswitch between concurrent applications andprograms. Effectively a time slot is allocated toeach process and the computer switchesbetween them. On a powerful computer, theuser appears to have access all the time. Time-division multiplexing uses a similar approach.(See also multi-tasking.)

Times New Roman Probably the most widelyused typeface, designed by Stanley Morisonfor The Times newspaper in 1932.

time to live (TTL) A field in the header of theInternet protocol that indicates how manymore hops a packet may make before it is dis-carded or returned to the sender.

tint A solid colour reduced in shade by screen-ing. Specified as a percentage of the solidcolour, and in a particular screen ruling.

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tint generator Program on an epc system whichgenerates tints inside a designated area.

tinting Mechanical tint or stipple which ispreprinted and can be used by a designer.

tint laying Using films to create a tint.tip in (or tip-in) 1. (vb) To fix a single leaf inside

a section. 2. (n) A tip-in is an extra leaf, pastedinto a bound book.

tip on To fix a single leaf, or endpaper, to the out-side of a section.

tissue A fine, thin paper used for a variety ofpurposes where a delicate, lightweight paper isrequired.

titanium dioxide Mineral used in papermakingto add brightness and opacity.

title bar In DTP, the line immediately below themenu bar in the publication window whichcontains the name of the open publication.

title page Page of a book carrying the title,author’s name and publisher’s name. Always arecto.

titling Type font only available in full-faced caps.TMP See thermomechanical pulp.tn3270 A program used to connect a local com-

puter to a remote IBM mainframe host which,because it uses a proprietary operating system,does not understand telnet. The program emu-lates an IBM 3270-type terminal.

toggle Any electronic device having two states.In wordprocessing, any command which, inidentical form, is used to both switch a functionon and off (e.g. underlining).

token bus A topology used in local area net-works (LANs). In order that there are no ‘colli-sions’ or priority conflicts on the network, aspecial control frame (the token) must bereceived by a station before it is allowed totransmit on the bus. Once that station hastransmitted its messages, it passes the token tothe next station on the bus, which is thenallowed to transmit. Most commonly used asspecified by the IEEE 802.4 token bus standard.

token passing A procedure used in token busand token ring networks.

token ring A topology used in local area net-works (LANs). Stations are connected in aclosed ring and a special control frame (thetoken) is passed around the ring. In order thatthere are no ‘collisions’ or priority conflicts onthe network, a token must be received by a sta-tion before it is allowed to transmit on the ring.Once that station has transmitted its messages,it passes the token to the next station on thering, which is then allowed to transmit. Mostcommonly used as specified by the IEEE 802.5token ring standard. Token-Ring (with capital

letters and a hyphen) is an IBM implementa-tion of the protocol.

Token-Ring The IBM implementation of thetoken ring network topology.

TokenTalk Software that makes it possible forApple Macintoshes to connect to a Token-Ring network.

tombstone Basic advertisement for professionalservices which conforms to the limitationsimposed by law or by professional associations.

ton Measure of weight. One ton = 1016 kilos.tone Colour variation or shade of grey, as distinct

from line which is solid black only.toner Chemical used to create image in photo-

copying processes.tonne Metric tonne, equivalent to 0.984 long

(imperial) tons, or 1.102 short (US) tons.toolbar An area of a window, usually at the top

or bottom, carrying buttons for commonlyused commands.

Tool Command Language (TCL) A programminglanguage, similar to PERL, that is used in devel-oping World Wide Web tools and applications.

tooling Impressing a design onto the leathercover of a book using a hand punch.

tooth Rough surface, as applied to a paper.toothy Having a rough surface.TOP See technical/office protocol.top edge See fore-edge.topic thread A series of postings, e.g. to Usenet

or CompuServe, on a single topic, or more cor-rectly connected by reference header informa-tion. If a user follows a thread, he or she willaccess a series of Usenet postings connected inthis way. Most newsreaders give the option offollowing threads automatically.

Topic (Verity Topic) A search engine both usedas part of large Web sites and quite widely inte-grated into other applications, such as Acrobat.

top of form A character printer feature thatadvances paper by one page.

topology The mathematical study of intercon-nections. A network topology shows the sta-tions or hosts on the network and how they areconnected. Within a communications protocol,the network layer must be aware of the net-work topology in order to be able to routepackets correctly.

TOPS See transcendental operating system.top side The side of a web facing upwards dur-

ing making, i.e. opposite to the wire side. Alsocalled the felt-side and the right side. Tends tobe smoother than the wire-side.

torn-tape system Paper tape typesetting systeminvolving manual removal and feeding of tapefrom one machine to another.

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touch screen An input mechanism in which auser can communicate with the computer bytouching a particular location on the screenwith a finger. Touch screens are most widelyused in applications where the users are un-familiar with computers, e.g. public informa-tion systems. Generally, other pointing devices,such as the mouse or joystick, are more com-mon. The point at which the screen is touchedis detected either using a sensitive membraneor as a result of light beams being interrupted.

touch-tone The method employed in telephonythroughout the US to communicate the keyspressed when dialling. See dual tone multifrequency (DTMF).

to view Referring to the number of pagesappearing on one side of a plate or sheet, e.g.32-to-view = 32pp each side of the sheet = 64ppunit.

tpi See tracks per inch.tracing paper Transparent paper manufactured

for tracing.tracing programs See autotracing.track 1. In printing, the line or strip around the

circumference of the printing plate governedby one inking key. All items positioned in thistrack will be subject to the same density of ink-ing on the press run. 2. In computing, one ofthe concentric rings of a disk along which datais stored.

trackball or tracker ball An input device thatperforms the same function as a mouse, butremains stationary, the rotation within itsmounting controlling the cursor position.Trackballs are generally used in portable or lap-top computers and form an integral part of thekeyboard in most cases.

tracking 1. When illustrations are in track on thepress, they are subject to the same density ofink. The tracking of subjects means their posi-tions relative to each other along the sametrack. 2. See track kerning.

track kerning Global reduction in letterspacingto achieve a tighter visual effect. The same ascharacter compensation.

tracks per inch A measure of density of tracks ona magnetic disk.

tractor feed A printer drive mechanism compris-ing a chain or belt equipped with teeth whichengage with the sprocket holes of continuousstationery.

trade houses Companies in the printing industrywhose main work is for other printers. Oftenspecialists in a specific operation, e.g. laminating.

trademark Unique printing mark identifying acompany.

trade press Periodicals targeted to specific tradesor businesses.

trade publishing The publishing of general-interest books which are sold through the retailbookshop trade.

trade tolerance Allowance for under or overdelivery quantities deemed acceptable com-mercially. Applies particularly to paper, withreference to the Paper Trade Customs.

trade typesetting A trade typesetter is one whoselivelihood is typesetting. As distinct from in-house typesetting, or typesetting as a facilityoffered as part of a total print-bind service.

traffic In general, transmissions over theInternet, but usually used to indicate the num-ber of transmissions at any one time.

trailing blade coater Device for scraping excesscoating off paper.

transceiver A communications device that is capa-ble of both transmission and reception. Morespecifically, the physical device that connects ahost interface, e.g. an Ethernet controller, to alocal area network (LAN). (See also CSMA/CD.)

transcendental operating system (TOPS) Alocal area network (LAN) that provides peer-to-peer file transfer and is used to connect PCsand Macintoshes in such a way that filesappear on a user’s system in a form compatiblewith that system.

transducer A device that converts sound, tem-perature, pressure, light or other physical sig-nal to or from an electronic signal.

transfer type Pressure-sensitive type on carriersheets. Can be rubbed off to create type in posi-tion on the page. Also known as ‘transfer letter-ing’.

transient Short-duration noise or the pertu-rbation of a signal or power supply for a shortperiod.

transistor A component made up of layers of dif-ferent semiconducting materials which, when acurrent is fed to one of its three terminals, con-trols the flow of current between the other twoconductors.

Transitional Type style such as Baskervillewhich evolved between Old Style and Modern.

transition coding An alternative term for non-return to zero inverted.

transit network A network that carries trafficbetween other networks; it may also carry traf-fic for its own hosts. Almost by definition itmust be connected to at least two other net-works. (See also backbone, stub.)

translation table See look-up table.translator A compiler, interpreter or assembler

conversion program that translates a high-

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level language or low-level language (sourcecode) into machine code (object code).

transliterate Transcribe into characters of a dif-ferent language.

translucent Semi-transparent, allowing light topass through.

transmission codes Standard code sets used incomputers to represent alphanumeric charac-ters and numbers. Examples include ASCIIand EBCDIC.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) (Transmission Control Protocol overInternet Protocol.) The transport layer protocolgenerally used on Unix systems and on theInternet, as well as on many Ethernet systems. Itwas developed mainly by the US Department ofDefense and includes both network layer andtransport layer protocols. The term is often usedto include telnet, ftp and UDP. Note thatTCP/IP is a de facto standard and not directlycompatible with the OSI (Open SystemsInterconnect) model (although discussions arefrequently held to try to integrate the twoapproaches).

transmission copy Copy which is viewed bytransmitted light, e.g. a transparency. As dis-tinct from reflection copy which is viewed byreflected light.

transparency 1. Full-colour photographic posi-tive on transparent film for viewing by trans-mitted light. Suitable as copy for separation. 2. See data transparency.

transparency viewer Box arrangement with spe-cial light source to enable the viewing of trans-parencies under consistent conditions.

transparent In computing, a process is trans-parent to the user if he is unaware of it goingon. Used particularly of computer processingwhich is taking place as an operator is doingsomething else.

transparent inks Inks such as process inks whichpermit other colours to show through whenoverprinted and so produce subsequent mixedcolours.

transponder A device, mainly used in telecom-munications, that receives a signal, amplifies itand then retransmits it, possibly at a differentfrequency. Transponders are widely used insatellite communications.

Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol SeeTransmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol.

transport layer The middle (fourth) layer in theISO seven-layer model. Also called the host-host layer, it uses the network layer to providereliable end-to-end message transport including

message sequencing, flow control and multi-plexing, so that messages sent from one host toanother arrive both uncorrupted and in the rightorder. The most widely used implementation isTransmission Control Protocol.

transpose Abbreviated trs. Exchange the posi-tion of words, letters or lines, especially on aproof. Hence transposition.

transposition Altering the order of a group ofcharacters.

transputer Computer consisting of a single chip.trap, trapping The overlap between two colours

used in printing to ensure that there is no whiteappearing between them as a result of papermovement or poor registration. Gives a slightlyless clear impression than kiss-fit, but allows forvariation in printing conditions. Trapping char-acteristics are often monitored by a test strip inthe colour bars printed on a four-colour job.

trap-door function A mathematical or program-ming function that is easy to compute, butwhose inverse is very difficult to compute.Widely used in cryptography, particularly inpublic-key cryptography.

tree A topology based on the branches of a treeconverging at a trunk or root. The concept isused, inverted, in tree-and-branch filing sys-tems. Tree topologies are also widely used inbroadband networks so that there is only oneroute between any two stations.

tree-and-branch filing system A filing system inwhich all files are stored within directories, inanalogy with an inverted tree structure or likefolders in a filing cabinet. Each directory mayin turn be stored within another directory. Theroot directory contains all the other directoriesand corresponds to the filing cabinet.

trichromatic Using three process colours(magenta, yellow, cyan) to print in full colour.

trim Cut edges off sheets to square up or reducesize. Hence trimmed size is the size after trim-ming.

trimask Special photographic mask made ofthree-layer film and used in camera separationprocesses to colour correct separations as theyare made.

trimetal plate Lithographic plate for very long-run work where three layers of metal are usedin manufacturing the plate.

trim marks Alternative term for crop marks ortick marks.

trim to bleed Trim so that printed solids reachthe edge of the trimmed sheet.

Trinitron A cathode ray tube manufactured bySony that produces an especially bright, sharppicture without distortion.

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triple DES A form of encryption which uses theDES cipher three times.

triple lining Extra lining used to make verystrong binding for a book’s spine.

Triple-X (XXX) An abbreviation for the combina-tion of X.3, X.28 and X.29 protocol standardsdocuments defining the operation of a PAD,particularly in X.25 networks.

triplex board Board made up of three layers ofthinner paper or of one central layer lined onboth sides with paper.

tritone The use of three (possibly Pantone)colours in combination to produce a particulareffect in printing. May be used (with cyan, yel-low and magenta hues) to produce a finer grey-scale effect. (See also duotone.)

trivial file transfer protocol (tftp) A simple filetransfer protocol that is used for downloadingbootcode (code which will restart the operatingsystem) to diskless workstations.

troubleshoot To find and rectify a fault in hard-ware or software.

trs See transpose.true colour Otherwise called 24-bit colour.

Refers to the colour generated by monitorscapable of displaying the full 16.7 millioncolours available from 24-bit RGB (8-bit redplus 8-bit green plus 8-bit blue). As distinctfrom 8-bit colour which is that generated bymonitors capable of displaying only 256colours of shades of grey.

true dictionary See dictionary.TrueImage A page description language and

imaging model developed by Microsoft forprinters, similar to PostScript. (See alsoTrueType.)

true italic Designed italic face in a fonttrue small caps Small caps designed as such,

rather than created as a smaller size of main-text capitals (in which case the strokes fre-quently look too thin).

TrueType A font system developed as a rival toPostScript and subsequently supplied as part ofMicrosoft Windows 3.1. TrueType fonts arescalable (or outline) fonts and incorporatehinting. TrueType is also used to refer to thesoftware that converts the TrueType font forrendering on-screen or on a printer. (See alsoType-1 fonts, Type-3 fonts and Adobe TypeManager.) A new font specification, OpenType,has recently been developed with the aim ofremoving font-compatibility problems.

TrueType GX A version of TrueType fonts that isused in QuickDraw GX.

Trumpet A news-reader for Microsoft Windows,using the Winsock library.

trunk A high-capacity communications circuitthat carries many channels. See tree.

trunk network The main part of the telephonenetwork that passes through the country. Themajority in the UK is now digital and usesfibre-optic cable rather than traditional coppercable but local loops to business and homeusers are still largely analogue.

TS Abbreviation for typescript.T series The series of ITU recommendations

governing teletex.TTL See time to live. It is also used in electronics

to mean transistor-transistor logic.TTS See teletypesetting.TTS code Six-level code used by teletypesetters.tty See teletype.TUBA An Internet addressing proposed scheme

which will allow longer address names, andtherefore more addresses, to be used. This isnecessary because the Internet is growing sofast that the existing supply of IP numbers willbe exhausted before long.

tub sizing To size or glaze paper by dipping it ina vat of gelatinous solution.

TULIP (The University LIcensing Program) Aprogram set up by the publisher Elsevier at anumber of US universities, providing electron-ic access to journals in materials science andengineering.

tumbler work See work and tumble.tuning Within font technology, means to

improve the appearance of a font on-screen andin printed documents.

turnaround document A document produced bya computer that is subsequently used as inputafter additional data has been added. Suchdocuments are usually a type of form or card,which is printed in a typeface readable by OCR,with a standard grid suitable for OMR. Once theform or card, e.g. a survey form or some kind ofmeter reading, has been completed, then a uni-versal document reader, capable of handlingboth OCR and OMR, is used to input the data.

turnaround time The time taken to reverse thedirection of transmission in a half-duplex com-munication.

turned 1. A table or illustration turned sidewayson a page so as to fit better. Such tables or illus-trations should always be turned so that the footof them is on the right-hand side of the pagewhen the book is in normal, upright, position. 2. News setting carried over onto another page.

turned in Cover material turned over the edgesof the board.

turner bar Bar on a web offset press which redi-rects the web through a right-angle degree.

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turnkey system A system which is complete anddesigned for a specific use. With hardware thisimplies that the supplier has full responsibilityfor installation, with software the implication isthat the user may initiate the package withoutnecessarily understanding or even being awareof the operating system.

TVRO See television receive only.tweening An interpolation technique used in

animation, in which a program generates extraframes between the key frames created by theuser. This gives smoother animation withoutthe user having to draw every frame. Tweeninguses mathematical formulae to generate thecoordinates of important elements at a series ofdiscrete times. (See also morphing.)

twice-up Instruction to prepare artwork at 200%of finished size.

twin-axial cable A shielded coaxial cable withtwo conductors within the outer shield.

twin-wire Smooth board or paper made fromtwo separate webs which are brought togetherat the press section of the twin-wire papermachine. Contrast the duoformer principlewith which it is sometimes confused.

twin-wire fourdrinier Papermaking machine.Two wire meshes make two layers of paperwhich are joined back-to-back while still wet andthis creates sheets that are smooth on both sides.

twisted pair A cable in which pairs of conductorsare twisted together in order that crosstalkfrom nearby wiring and other noise is ran-domised. (See also unshielded twisted pair.)

twoÕs complement A method of representing anegative value in binary arithmetic, the negativebeing obtained by complementing the digits andadding one to the result.

two-binary, one-quaternary (2B1Q) The encod-ing for basic rate ISDN.

two-colour press Two-unit machine which canprint two colours on a sheet in a single pass.

two-letter index Index based on divisions of twoletters in each section.

two-line drop capital Initial capital letter takingup the depth of two lines of type, sometimesused decoratively at the beginning of a sectionor chapter.

two-revolution press Letterpress machine wherethe impression cylinder revolves twice for eachsheet: once to make the impression, and then torise clear of the type for delivery of the sheet.

two-revolution printing Letterpress printingprocess where the cylinder does two revolu-tions per impression.

two set Printing two copies of a book simultane-ously with the pages joined head-to-head.

two-sheet detector A device for stopping thepress if more than one sheet is fed.

two-shot binding Adhesive binding in whichthe first application is of PVA adhesive, the sec-ond of hot-melt adhesive. Compare one-shotbinding.

two-sidedness Undesirable differing finish ofthe felt-side and the wire side of a sheet.

two-wire circuit A circuit used to connect a tele-phone subscriber to the local exchange, usuallyconsisting of a twisted pair.

tying-up Using cord to secure type for storage.tympan Appliance for raising the printing paper

to the correct height in a hand-operated press.Type An operating system command used to dis-

play the contents of a text file.type 1. Single metal letter or character. 2. Metal

slugs with raised letters or symbols used forcreating a line of print.

Type 1 font A PostScript outline font having thehighest typographic quality, mainly becauseType 1 fonts incorporate hinting. For someyears, as Adobe kept the Type 1 specification asecret, other font developers could generallyonly develop Type 3 fonts. Now, however, thespecification is publicly available and thereforealmost all fonts created are Type 1. As well as theoutline specification, Type 1 fonts also include ascreen, bitmapped font, although the develop-ment of Adobe Type Manager now means thatthe outlines can be directly rendered for viewingon-screen. (See also TrueType fonts.) A new fontspecification, OpenType, has recently beendeveloped with the aim of removing font-compatibility problems.

Type 2 font Type 2 font technology was devel-oped by Adobe Systems, but subsequentlyabandoned before release. Thus there are noType 2 fonts.

Type 3 font A PostScript font developed, proba-bly by a type vendor other than Adobe, beforeAdobe made the Type 1 specification publiclyavailable; almost all these have now been con-verted to Type 1. Although Type 3 fonts can bemore ornate, incorporating grey shades, vari-able stroke widths or graduated fills, they havea number of disadvantages. These are princi-pally that they cannot incorporate hinting (andthus do not print well at smaller sizes), theyhave larger file sizes and they cannot be ren-dered by Adobe Type Manager.

type area Area occupied by text on a page.typecasting Setting type in metal by a machine

such as Linotype.type character A single figure or letter, tradition-

ally known as a sort.

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typeface A set of characters of a particular design.Text fonts will almost always include the ASCIIcharacter set, but symbol fonts may include awide range of characters. Today the term ‘face’tends to be used interchangeably with font,although historically they both had differentmeanings, there being several typefaces, e.g.bold, italic etc., within a font. (See also Unicode.)

type family Roman, italic, bold and all other ver-sions of one typeface.

typefoundry Factory where metal type is cast.type gauge A rule calibrated in picas for measur-

ing type.type height Distance from the foot of type to

printing surface: 23.317mm in the UK and US.type-high Bearer or block which is as high as

type.typematter Copy that has been typeset.type metal The alloy for cast type, comprising

lead, tin and antimony.type page The area of a page which is printed,

bordered by blank margins.type rule Special ruler for measuring in ems and

points, used by printers and typesetters for cal-culating the width of a line or the depth of apage.

type scale See type gauge.typescript Typed copy.type series All the sizes available in one type-

face.typeset To set text in type in preparation for

printing.typesetter Person, company or machine that

typesets.typesetter command language The computer

language which controls the operations of atypesetting machine.

typesetting Action of setting text in type.typewriter Machine where each letter or charac-

ter has a separate key which when pressed willstrike an inked ribbon, thereby printing itsimpression on paper positioned the other sideof the ribbon.

typewriter composition See strike-on composi-tion.

typewriter font A term for a font which derivesfrom those used on typewriters. Such fonts areusually monospaced and are often used forrepresenting extracts from computer programs,in which there is an advantage (in terms of clar-ity of interpretation) in each character havingthe same width.

typo Typographical error made by the typesetter.typographer Designer of printed material.typographic error Abbreviated to typo. See literal.typography Text lay-out design.

UUART See universal asynchronous receiver/

transmitter.uc See upper case.UCC See Universal Copyright Convention.UCR See undercolour removal.UDF See user-defined format.UDK See user-defined key.UDP See User Datagram Protocol.UHF See ultra high frequency.UK Education and Research Network Associ-

ation (UKERNA) The body responsible forJANET and SuperJANET. Formerly the JointNetwork Team.

UKERNA See UK Education and ResearchNetwork Association.

U/l (or u/lc or ulc) Abbreviation for ‘upper andlower case’. Instruction to follow copy for capsand lower case.

ultra high frequency (UHF) The band in theelectromagnetic spectrum between about300MHz and 3GHz used for television trans-mission and voice communication.

ultraviolet-erasable PROM A PROM that maybe erased by exposure to ultraviolet light.

ultraviolet light (UV) Light created by electro-magnetic radiation.

Ultrix Digital Equipment Corporation’s propri-etary version of Unix.

umlaut Accent, consisting of two dots, writtenover some German vowels to alter the pronun-ciation.

unbacked Printed one side only.unbundling Referring to the sale of software,

training and services by a computer manufac-turer independent of the sale of hardware.

uncoated paper Paper with no coating, thereforenot suitable for high-quality illustrated work.

uncut pages Bound but untrimmed pages of abook that are still attached by folds at the fore-edge and head.

underblanket Packing sheet under the blanketof an offset press.

undercolour removal Abbreviated to UCR.Technique which reduces unwanted colour inareas of overlaps. Results in better trappingand lower ink cost.

undercut The amount of space left for plate pack-ing on press cylinders.

underexposure Inadequate exposure to lightcausing a mostly dense image. Contrast over-exposure.

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underlay The packing under a letterpress blockwhich brings the height up to impression level.

underline 1. Caption (US). 2. A wordprocessingfacility to automatically underline text.

underrun Paper delivery or printing quantitieswhich fall short of the order.

underside Bottom side of a web of paper. Alsoknown as the ‘wire side’ or wrong side. Theother side is the top side, felt-side, or right side.

unearned advance Money paid to an authorbefore royalties have been earned from salesbut which will be deducted from that anticipat-ed income.

Unicode A 16-bit character-encoding system thatis intended to include all characters in all lan-guages (including Chinese and similar lan-guages). It forms part of ISO 10646 and is back-wards-compatible with ASCII (7-bit encoding).Instead of the 128 characters which can beencoded with ASCII, 65 000 can be encodedwith Unicode. QuickDraw GX is one of thefirst applications to take advantage of the stan-dard, but it is gradually expected to become thestandard approach, so that the current incom-patibilities between coding schemes for non-ASCII characters become a thing of the past.

uniform resource characteristic (URC) (Formerlycalled uniform resource citation.) A method ofencoding Internet resources, including types ofURI. The method is based on SGML andincludes approaches to searching that bearsome similarity to SQL.

uniform resource citation Former name for uni-form resource characteristic.

uniform resource identifier (URI) (Formerlycalled universal resource identifier). A generalway of addressing resources on the Web,including uniform resource locators (URLs)and uniform resource numbers (URNs). (Seealso URC.)

uniform resource locator (URL) (Formerlycalled universal resource locator.) A way ofspecifying an Internet resource, such as a file,a World Wide Web site or a newsgroup. URLsare used in HTML documents to specify thetarget of a hyperlink. An example URL ishttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/. The part beforethe first colon specifies the protocol to be used,which may be ftp, telnet, Gopher etc., ratherthan HTTP (http being perhaps the most com-mon). The part of the URL after the colon isinterpreted differently depending on the proto-col. Normally, a hostname (or a port) will fol-low the double slash. Other information canfollow the single slash and this may be a direc-tory and file structure or, e.g., a query.

uniform resource name (URN) (Formerly calleduniversal resource number.) A proposed wayof describing Internet resources that is based oncontent, rather than the location (see uniformresource locator (URL)). The URN concept isbeing developed because the URLs change (forvarious reasons, e.g. because documents aremoved around within directory structures orthe host changes). The syntax will be similar tothat of URLs, and URNs will require a registry,so that the actual location of a document can beaccessed directly. Initially called uniformresource number.

uniform resource number Former name for uni-form resource name.

union paper Special wrapping-paper compris-ing two webs joined by tar coating.

unit 1. Smallest subdivision into which the emcharacter width measurement of a font isdivided. Used as the counting basis for all char-acter widths in a font. Actual size varies withthe manufacturer’s system. 2. One set of print-ing cylinders with associated machinery. Afour-colour press will have four units, eachprinting one colour.

unit value The number of units in a characterwidth. See unit.

Univers Widely used sans serif typefacedesigned by Adrian Frutiger.

universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter(UART) An integrated circuit used within acomputer system to handle serial communica-tion. Essentially the UART converts the inter-nal parallel signals, used on the computer’sinternal bus, to a serial data stream, sent to aserial port. (See also USRT.)

Universal Copyright Convention(UCC) International agreement on copyrightset up by the United Nations in Geneva in 1952.

universal resource identifier Former name foruniform resource identifier.

universal resource locator Former name for uni-form resource locator.

universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter (USART) An integrated circuitused in a computer to convert parallel data toa serial form for synchronous or asynchronoustransmission. (See also UART, USRT.)

universal synchronous receiver/transmitter(USRT) A device designed to control the tim-ing of synchronous data transfer, and serial toparallel conversion. Compare UART.

university press A university printing press thatprints university documents. 2. Publishinghouse owned by a university.

Unix or UNIX A multi-user operating system

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allowing several operators to use the samecomputer simultaneously.

Unix to Unix Communication Protocol (UUCP)See Unix to Unix Copy Program

Unix to Unix Copy Program (UUCP) A protocolused for communication between Unix systems,now also developed for other operating sys-tems, but increasingly replaced by protocolssuch as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)and NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol).UUCP is also used to describe the internationalnetwork of hosts which communicate using theUUCP protocol, and is also known as Unix toUnix Communication Protocol. See UUCPNET.

unjustified Typesetting with even word spacing,therefore having a ragged right edge.

unlined chipboard Case board made frommixed waste furnish and consisting of a num-ber of plies of thin board pasted together. (Seealso Dutch grey board, millboard.)

unsewn binding See perfect binding.unsharp masking (USM) Feature offered on

most scanners which by deliberately loweringthe background resolution in pre-defined localareas increases the sharpness of detail in theseareas.

unshielded twisted pair (UTP) A form of cablingused for local area networks (LANs), ratherthan coaxial cable. Also used for telephoneconnection in the US. (See also twisted pair; thelack of a shield is possible because of the effectsof twisting.)

unshift Keyboard designation for lower case.unstuff To decompress a file that has been

stuffed.untrimmed Pages in a book which have not been

trimmed.untrimmed size Dimensions of a sheet or printed

piece before trimming.unzip To decompress a file that has been zipped.

(See also PKUNZIP.)up 1. Running (in the case of equipment). 2. Sev-

eral at once: two-up means two copies the sameout of one sheet.

UPC Universal product code. US: system of bar-coding packaging and book covers.

update Edit a file by adding current data.uplink The link (or sometimes the earth station)

which conveys signals to a geosynchronoussatellite. The opposite of downlink.

upload To transfer files over a communicationslink or a network, usually from a smaller sys-tem to a larger host. This may, e.g., be a bulletinboard. The opposite of download, although seecomment under download concerning theinterchangeability of the two terms.

upper case Capital letters.upper-case letters Capitalised letters, such as the

first letter of this sentence. The term is derivedfrom the days of metal type, when the capitalswere kept in the top (upper) typecase and thesmall letters in the bottom (or lower) case.

upper memory In MS-DOS, the next 384K afterthe 640K of conventional memory which isusually reserved for running system hardware.

upright Designation for binding along thelongest dimension. Also, portrait.

upward compatibility The ability of one com-puter to run programs written for a latermodel, but not vice versa.

URC See uniform resource characteristic.URI See uniform resource identifier.URL See uniform resource locator.URN See uniform resource name.USART See universal synchronous/asynchro-

nous receiver/transmitter.Usenet (Pronounced ‘use-net’; a contraction of

‘Users’ Network’.) A distributed bulletinboard system, based on Unix systems, whichcontains a very large number of newsgroupson virtually every subject there is. (See alsoNetwork News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).)

Usenet news See Usenet.user area That part of computer memory alloca-

ted to user programs, the remainder beingreserved for buffers and operating systems.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) An Internet pro-tocol similar to TCP and layered on top of IP,used for sending packets of informationbetween applications. However, UDP is con-nectionless and does not guarantee delivery.Thus, error processing and retransmissionmust be handled by the application.

user-defined format An instruction assigned toan input key to perform a particular commandor string of commands over and above any nor-mal function. Keys programmable by the userin this way are known as UDKs (user-definedkeys), user programmable keys, or macros.

user-defined key Keyboard character which canbe programmed by the user to perform a spe-cific function.

user-friendly A term, perhaps obvious in mean-ing but difficult to define, used to describe sys-tems, software and user interfaces which areeasy to interact with, needing little or no priortraining or documentation for the user.

user interface 1. See environment. 2. The way inwhich a user interacts with a program or sys-tem. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) areincreasingly becoming the norm, althoughcommand interfaces are still used. Both of

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these may also include menu-driven interfaces.(See also HCI.)

USM See unsharp masking.USRT See universal synchronous receiver

transmitter.USSCII US Standard Code for Information

Interchange, synonymous with ASCII. Theonly difference lies with the character associat-ed with code 123 (hash in USSCII, pound sym-bol in ASCII).

utilities Software programs designed as tools toassist in the development of systems, the recov-ery of data etc.

UTP See unshielded twisted pair.UUCP See Unix to Unix Copy Program.UUCPNET The international store-and-forward

network made up of all the interconnectedUnix machines in the world, together withsome machines running UUCP-type softwareon other operating systems. If a machine is onUUCPNET, it can be reached by giving thebang path.

uudecode A program (originally written forUnix to be used with UUCP but now widelyused on other systems) to convert ASCII textproduced by uuencode back to a binary file.

uuencode A program (originally written forUnix to be used with UUCP, but now widelyused on other systems) to convert binary filesinto a special ASCII format that can then betransmitted by email (which is only able tohandle ASCII characters). The file is convertedback using uudecode. (See also SMTP, MIME.)

UUPC UUCP for MS-DOS and MicrosoftWindows.

UV light See ultraviolet light.UV varnish Ultraviolet varnish. Sometimes

installed in-line with a printing machine, a uvvarnish unit deposits a high-gloss varnishdried by exposure to UV light.

VV.21 The ITU-T protocol for a basic 300 bps

modem.V.22 The ITU-T modem protocol allowing data

rates of 1200 bps.V.22 bis The ITU-T modem protocol allowing

data rates of 2400 bps. ‘Bis’ means the secondversion, rather than twice the speed.

V.23 The ITU-T modem protocol allowing half-

duplex (unidirectional) data transmission at1200 bps. This was used for Prestel.

V.24 The ITU-T standard defining serial inter-change circuits between DTE and DCE (andnot related to modems, except that the fre-quencies recommended were chosen so as notto interfere with the control tones used in tele-phone systems). Together with V.28, this isequivalent to RS-232-C.

V.25 The ITU-T standard concerned with auto-answer modems.

V.28 The ITU-T standard that defines the electri-cal signal characteristics of serial interchangecircuits. Together with V.24, this is equivalentto RS-232-C.

V.32 The ITU-T modem protocol allowing datarates of 4800 or 9600 bps.

V.32 bis The ITU-T modem protocol allowingdata rates of up to 14.4 kbps. ‘Bis’ means thesecond version, rather than twice the speed.

V.32 terbo This is not an ITU-T protocol, but aproposal from a group of modem manufactur-ers for a 19.2 kbps modem. It has been overtak-en by the development of V.34 modems.Originally called ‘V.32ter’ (i.e. the third versionof V.32), but renamed (and mis-spelt) becauseof a misunderstanding.

V.34 The ITU-T modem protocol allowing datarates of up to 28.8 kbps and also allowing thesending of fax. K56 flex, however, can give upto 56 kbps on the download side. (See alsoV.FC, V.fast.)

V.35 The ITU-T standard for data transmission at48 kbps over serial connections. It is the equiv-alent of RS-422/RS-449.

V.42 The ITU-T standard protocol for error cor-rection between modems. See MNP.

V.42 bis The ITU-T standard for data compressionfor modems. An extension of V.42. Compressionratios of up to 4:1 can be obtained. ‘Bis’ meansthe second version, rather than twice the speed.

vactor (Virtual actor.) A character in animations,controlled by a human actor, who provides thevoice and uses a data glove to provide move-ment.

vacuum frame Contact printing frame using vac-uum pumps to hold copy in position.

vacuum tube See first-generation computers.VALID Acronym for VALue IDentification lan-

guage, a high-level programming language.validation Checking data to ensure that it is

valid, which may mean that it is complete,accurate or reasonable. Validation may be car-ried out in a number of ways, including com-parison with a mask, calculation of a checksumor parity checking.

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value added network (van) A network whichoffers users more than just data transmission.This can include anything from a simple emailstorage service up to a range of commercialservices.

van See value added network.Vancouver system System for displaying biblio-

graphical references much used in STM pub-lishing. Bibliographical references in the textare limited to a number, and all the referencesare listed at the end of the relevant section inthe numerical order in which they haveappeared. Contrast Harvard system.

Van Dyke American term for a brownline orbrownprint: type of dyeline proof.

vanity publisher Publisher who publishes bookson payment of a fee by the author but does notdistribute or market them.

variable A name given to a memory locationwhich is used to hold the current value of vari-able data.

variable space Space between words used to jus-tify a line. Contrast fixed space.

varnish Thin, transparent coating applied toprinted work for gloss or protection.

vat machine Machine used in the paper industryfor making board.

vat papers Handmade papers formed on a wirein a vat.

VDI See Virtual Device Interface.VDT See video display terminal.VDU See visual display unit.VDU/VDT See visual display unit/terminal.vector A line and its direction. Vector instructions

given to a computer enable the computer to cal-culate and plot the outlines of graphics andtype characters. A programmed instructionthen fills in the outline. Contrast bitmap.

vector data Data held in vector (outline) form.vector font Another name for an outline font.vector graphic A graphic created using vector

data (geometric shapes). See draw-type graphic.vehicle Liquid component of ink which serves to

carry the pigment and bonds it to the substrate.vellum 1. Prepared inner side of calf-skin, used

in binding. 2. Imitation of this type of surfaceon paper.

velox print Term for screened print.Vendor Independent Messaging (VIM) An

email system for local area networks (LANs),developed by a group of companies headed byLotus as a competitor to Microsoft’s MAPI.

Venix Version of the Unix operating systemdeveloped by Venturcom.

Ventura A desktop publishing program, origi-nally developed at Xerox PARC, but now

owned by Corel. Ventura was the first DTP pro-gram to use styles or tags in any systematicway, preceding in practice the wide implemen-tation, if not the development, of SGML.

ver An operating system command that displaysthe version of the operating system in use.

verification Data validation achieved by keyingthe information twice and then performing acharacter-by-character check.

verify An operating system utility that confirmsthat data written to disk has been correctlyrecorded.

Verity Topic See Topic.Veronica A keyword search service that allows

the user to search all gopher sites for menuitems (files and directories).

version number Identification of a particular‘edition’ of software.

verso Left-hand page with even number.vertical jobbing press Small letterpress machine

that operates with flat formes moving verticallyand not horizontally.

vertical justification Spacing a column or pageof type to fit a predetermined depth. Automaticprocess on some typesetting systems. (See alsofeathering.)

vertical screen Screen in which the cross lines areat 90° and upright rather than at 45° as in theconventional cross line screen.

vertical scrolling The ability to move text dis-played on a screen up or down a line at a timeto reveal other parts of the text.

Vertigo A media player technology developedby Adobe, to work with Bravo and Java.

very high frequency (VHF) The band in the elec-tromagnetic spectrum between about 30 and300MHz, that is used for television transmission,FM radio broadcasting and voice communi-cation. Contrast ultra high frequency (UHF).

very small aperture terminal (VSAT) A kind ofgroundstation used for communications withcommunications satellites.

VESA local bus A local bus defined by the VideoElectronics Standards Association (VESA – aUS industry body) for use originally in PCs.Rivalled by PCI.

VF See voice frequency.V.fast (or V.FC) A 28.8 kbps modem protocol

developed by modem manufacturing compa-nies Hayes and Rockwell before V.34 had beenapproved. While V.FC is not compatible withV.34, V.34 modems manufactured by Hayesand Rockwell will also support V.FC.

VGA Video graphics array. High-resolutiongraphics adapter standard adopted for IBMPS/2. Offers 256 colours on colour monitors, or

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64 shades of grey on monochrome monitors.See EGA, SVGA.

VHF See very high frequency.video Moving images, conventionally consid-

ered in terms of television images and usuallyin a recorded form, but now extended toinclude moving-image files of all types and liveimages capable of being stored on computersystems and transmitted over networks.Common formats include QuickTime, MPEGand avi. The term is also used to describe anindividual video tape or film. (See also videoon demand, full-motion video.)

video accelerator A video board designed tospeed up what happens on the computerscreen. Depending on the application, it mayeither improve motion on the screen or causethe screen to remap faster.

video adapter Another term for a video board.video board (Or video adapter, video card.) The

circuit board which controls the screen displayon a computer. The term predates the use ofvideo to describe moving pictures (as seen on avideo recorder). Examples in the PC world areVGA (video graphics array) and CGA (colourgraphics adapter), which provide different levelsof functionality. Modern, high-specificationmachines may use proprietary video boards toprovide additional functionality, such as powersaving.

video capture board (or card) A circuit boardthat acts as an analogue-to-digital converter,so that analogue signals (usually video or sin-gle frames) can be saved to file.

video card Another term for a video board.video CD Compact discs that comply with the

White Book standard. They require a drivewhich is eXtended Architecture (XA) compati-ble. See compact disc eXtended Architecture.

video clip Short length of video included in com-puter application.

video compression The compression of sequencesof images. Algorithms for video compressiontake advantage of there usually being only smallchanges from one frame to the next, so that thefirst frame is recorded using similar techniquesto those for still images (see JPEG e.g.) and thenonly the differences between frames are record-ed. See MPEG, H.261.

videoconferencing A meeting between two ormore groups of people in different places, whocan both see and hear one another using videoand audio links. Video compression is oftenused but, because of bandwidth limitations,images are quite often disjointed and may some-times break up. (See also virtual meeting.)

video disk A 12-inch digital disk which looksrather like a long-playing (vinyl) record andcan store full-motion video, audio and data.Video disks have been used both for entertain-ment (e.g. complete operas) and for interactivelearning applications, but are being supersededby various types of CD. They are likely to bemade completely obsolete by DVD.

video display A text or graphics display devicewhich may be a cathode ray tube, LED or gasplasma display.

video display terminal (VDT) A type of terminalthat consists of a keyboard and a screen. (Seealso visual display unit.)

video graphics array See VGA.video on demand (VoD) A projected system in

which viewers can request a particular video(film), either over cable or over ISDN, at anytime and it will be downloaded for (one-time)viewing.

video phone A telephone by which users cancommunicate both visually and audially.

video RAM See video random access memory.video random access memory (VRAM) Fast

memory chips used for storing the image(s) tobe displayed on a computer screen.

video terminal Computer display terminal.videotex A communication system that uses tele-

vision sets or low-cost terminals to provideinformation from a central database. There aretwo types: Teletext, which is one-way andessentially non-interactive, and viewdata,which is interactive via a telephone line. Whileteletext is fairly successful in the UK, Prestel,the BT viewdata service, is used only in spe-cialist applications e.g. by travel agents. InFrance, however, the Minitel system is widelyused. It is probably fair to say that the WorldWide Web provides most of the functionalityof videotex, but with a much better user inter-face. Note that, confusingly, teletext is a form ofvideotex, but teletex is something different.

viewdata A form of videotex used for displayinginformation interactively on a television orcomputer screen. Within the UK, Prestel is thebest-known implementation, while in France,Minitel is widely used.

viewer An application that allows a particular for-mat of file to be viewed, e.g. a JPEG viewer. Alsoanother term for a World Wide Web browser.

vignette Half-tone with background fading out.VIM See Vendor Independent Messaging.virgin fibre Fibre used for the first time to make

paper (i.e. not re-cycled).virtual channel An individual connection within

a virtual path.

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virtual circuit A connection in a network thatappears to the user to be an end-to-end circuitor physical connection, while it is actually adynamically variable network connection.

virtual corporation A corporation or companythat has no physical existence, usually being acollaboration between people or companiesthat are geographically separated and conducttheir business using electronic communica-tions, such as email, videoconferencing etc.

Virtual Device Interface An ANSI graphics stan-dard defining an interface between device-independent and device-dependent graphicscode.

virtual disk See RAM disk.virtual document A document which is generat-

ed in response to a request, e.g. by a CGI-script, but otherwise does not exist.

virtual LAN A local area network (LAN) whichappears to be a single LAN but is actually con-nected via a dynamically variable connection.

virtual meeting A service in which users canobserve and, if they wish, take part in multi-party videoconferencing.

virtual network See virtual LAN.virtual path The location of a file or directory on

a particular host, as seen by a remote useraccessing it via, e.g., the World Wide Web.Within the URL, the virtual path appears as ‘. .. /~name/. . .’, where ‘~name’ is replaced withthe real path, which is configured by the localadministrator. The effect of this is to restrictaccess from external users to specific parts ofthe local network, as well as providing for pri-vate home pages.

virtual point of presence (VPoP) (Or virtualPoP.) A telephone number which is accessed byan Internet user, from which the call is relayed,via a ROMP, to a bank of modems at the accessprovider’s actual point of presence. This ser-vice is usually operated as a separate service bysomeone other than the service provider. In thisway users have to pay only for local calls.

virtual PoP See virtual point of presence.virtual reality Form of computer simulation

which uses three dimensional graphics andvideo, together with tactile physical devices togive the user the impression that his environ-ment is physically changing.

Virtual Reality Markup Language See VirtualReality Modelling Language.

Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) Aspecification for the design and implementa-tion of a platform-independent language forvirtual reality scene description so that three-dimensional environments (or cyberspace) can

be implemented over the World Wide Web.Also called Virtual Reality Markup Language,because of its relationship with SGML.

virtual telecommunications access method(VTAM) A data communications accessmethod that is used with IBM’s SystemNetwork Architecture (SNA).

virus A program, usually written anonymouslywith malicious or mischievous intent, whichattaches itself to executable program files sothat when these are transferred from computerto computer (on disk or via the Internet), itspreads (like a biological virus). A virus is usu-ally triggered by a particular stimulus, whichmay be running the program to which it isattached or just the system date reaching, e.g.,‘Friday the 13th’. A worm is a specific kind ofvirus. (See also Internet worm.)

viscoelastic Flexible enough to return to originalsize after stretching.

viscosity Resistance to flow; tackiness.Visicalc A proprietary spreadsheet package.vision system A computer system for interpret-

ing signals from a video camera. Used in robotsystems to increase their functionality.

visitor location register (VLR) A database ofinformation in the MSC containing informa-tion about visiting (roaming) mobile tele-phones from other networks.

visual A layout or rough of artwork. Also, mock-up.

visual display unit (VDU) The unit of a comput-er system containing a screen; usually part of avideo display terminal.

visual display unit/terminal (VDU/VDT) Acathode ray tube screen and keyboard forinput and correction of copy to a computer orphotosetter.

visualisation Producing a visual or graphical rep-resentation of numerical data. Representationscan be anything from a simple graph to a com-plex three-dimensional surface with colours rep-resenting different kinds of data. Visualisation isused increasingly in executive information sys-tems so as to provide managers with an easilyand quickly understood interpretation of trendsand related data.

viz Abbreviation for the Latin word videlicetmeaning ‘in other words’.

VLR See visitor location register.VLSI Very Large Scale Integration. The next gen-

eration of chip on from the LSI chip. The VLSIchip contains many more gates and offersexpanded capabilities.

voc The file extension for the VOiCe audio format.VoD See video on demand.

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Vodaphone One of the principal providers ofmobile communications networks in the UK.

VOiCe An audio file format developed for theSoundBlaster card. The file extension is ‘.voc’.

voice action In speech recognition technology, anoperation much the equivalent of a keystrokeor mouse-click that can be invoked by a voicecommand.

voice activation (Or speech recognition, voicerecognition, voice input.) Giving commands toa computer by speaking rather than by usingthe keyboard or mouse. Although frequentlyfeatured in science fiction, it is now a reality.

voice band See voice frequency.voice data entry See speech recognition.voice file In speech recognition technology, the

file that contains the user’s voice model.voice frequency (VF) Analogue signals that are

within the frequency range used to transmitspeech (between 200Hz and 3.5kHz), i.e. therange of the human voice.

voice input An alternative name for speechrecognition or voice activation.

voicemail An electronic mailbox system inwhich spoken messages from telephone callersare recorded. Outgoing messages are often gen-erated electronically using speech synthesis.

voice modem A modem that can handle voice(and usually fax) communications as well asdata communications. (See also fax modem.)

voice output Another name for speech synthesis.voice recognition An alternative name for

speech recognition, voice activation or voiceinput.

voice synthesis See speech synthesis.void hickey A hickey appearing as a white spot

on the printed image.volatile storage Storage media in which data is

lost if the power supply is removed. Comparenon-volatile storage. See RAM.

volume 1. Bound book. 2. Thickness of paperexpressed as a volume number (e.g. vol 18)equal to the thickness in millimetres of 100sheets of that paper at 100gsm.

volumetric A volumetric paper is one which ismade to a guaranteed bulk. Typically an Antiquewove.

voucher proof Proof sent by the printer for infor-mation only, not for proofreading.

vouchers Free copies of a periodical given toadvertisers in that issue.

voxel In analogy with pixel, the smallest identifi-able part of a three-dimensional space, identi-fied by the cartesian coordinates of either itscentre or one of its corners. The term is used inthree-dimensional modelling.

VPoP See virtual point of presence.VR See virtual reality.VRAM See video random access memory.VRML See Virtual Reality Modelling

Language.VSAT See very small aperture terminal.V series The ITU-T series of recommendations

for data transmission over telephone. They areusually used in connection with modems, forwhich they define operating speeds (band-widths in bps) and other features, such as errorcorrection. The commonly used recommenda-tions are listed as separate entries. Note thatISDN is covered by the I series. (See also Hseries, T series, X series.)

VT 100 A DEC video terminal produced in the1980s. However, the command set which wasassociated with it has become a de facto stan-dard in communications, so that almost everycommunications program offers VT 100 com-patibility or emulation.

VTAM See virtual telecommunications accessmethod.

WW3 An abbreviation used for the World Wide

Web. Also a World Wide Web browser designedto work with the Unix editor Emacs.

W3C See World Wide Web Consortium.W3 Consortium See World Wide Web

Consortium.waffling Deformation of a sheet caused by exces-

sive ink tack.WAIS See wide area information server.WAN See wide area network.warm colours Red and yellow shades.warp The long threads in a woven cloth which

represent the machine direction. The cross-threads are the weft or woof.

wash drawing Black and white illustration withtones created by grey or black ink or paintwashes.

washing The unintended dissolving by water ofpigment in ink during litho printing.

wash-up The cleaning of the printing units of apress prior to a change of ink or shut-down ofthe machine.

waste furnish Board or paper furnish consistingof waste paper – packaging, cardboard,newsprint, magazine papers etc.

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water finish High finish to paper achieved bydamping the web as it passes through the cal-ender stack.

water immersion size test Test using waterimmersion to establish the effectiveness of sizingin a paper as a water repellent.

waterleaf Moisture-absorbent paper such asblotting paper or filter paper.

waterless litho Offset litho process using specialplates which do not require damping.

watermark Design impressed into a paper webduring manufacture by the dandy roll.

water-soluble inks Inks used in screen printingand gravure.

water vapour transmission rate Test to determinethe waterproof qualities of packaging paper.

WAV See Windows Waveform.wavelength division multiplexing A multiplex-

ing technique used in fibre-optic communica-tions. An optical multiplexer is used to com-bine light of different wavelengths into a singlewavelength for transmission. A demultiplexeris used to separate the signals.

wavy edges Referring to a stack of paper inwhich the edges of the sheets are baggy and thecentre of the sheets are stretched tight. Causedby the stack having a higher moisture levelthan the surrounding atmosphere. Comparetight edges.

wax engraving Engraving produced by usingwax as a mould for an electro. Used particular-ly for rule work.

wax test Test of picking of paper surface usinggraded wax sticks.

waygoose or wayzgoose Annual party, dinner orouting for printing-house employees.

WEB A self-documenting programming lan-guage developed by Donald Knuth and usedin writing TEX.

Web See World Wide Web.web A continuous length of paper (i.e. a roll or

reel) as distinct from sheets.Web address Another name for a URL.Web browser See browser.Webcosm A development of Microcosm for

World Wide Web documents so that users areable to set up linkbases which, for each specif-ic text string, contain a link to one or moreURLs. This can then be overlaid on a Web pageto add user-controlled links. Different linkbas-es can be overlaid on the same page to reflectthe different interests and levels of experienceof the user(s).

Webcrawler See spider.web-fed Presses printing on webs of paper

rather than sheets.

Web master The person responsible for main-taining and administering a Web site.

web offset Reel-fed offset litho. May be heatsetor coldset. A variety of possible configurationsare possible ranging from one mono unit witha single reel-stand up to multi-unit colourpresses with up to three reel-stands.

Web page A World Wide Web page, i.e. anHTML document.

web press See web-fed.Web server A program that serves file and data

to Web browsers. See client-server.Web site The related set of Web pages operated

by a single organisation or individual, usuallyidentified by a single IP number.

web-sized mechanical sc paper See WSOP.web-sized offset printing paper See WSOP.web tension Adjustable degree of lateral pull on

a web of paper in a web press.wedge serif Serif which is an additional straight

line rather than curved stroke (contrast brack-eted serif).

weft The cross-threads in a woven material.Contrast warp.

weight 1. In typography, the degree of boldnessof a typeface style (e.g. light, medium etc.). 2. Inpaper specification, the substance.

welcome page Another term for a World WideWeb home page.

wet-end The Fourdrinier wire section and thepressing section of a paper machine.

wet-on-wet Superimposition of colours on amulti-unit press (i.e. before each colour hasdried).

wet printing See wet-on-wet.wet proof See machine proof.wet stock Pump in its liquid form or during for-

mation on the wire.wet strength Tensile strength of saturated paper.wet strength paper Paper that remains strong even

when wet because of resin added to the pulp.wetting agent An additive which decreases the

surface tension of water.wf Wrong font. Proofreader’s mark indicating an

incorrect typefont has been used in setting.WF See woodfree paper.What you see is what you get See WYSIWYG.wheel printer A printer with printable characters

held on metal wheels.whip stitching Sewing technique used to join

sheets at the edges.whirler Machine which applies photosensitive

coating to printing plates.whiteback Cloth which is dyed on its surface

only, with the reverse side remaining white.Contrast dyed-through cloth.

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whiteboard See electronic whiteboard, audio-graphic teleconferencing.

White Book The fourth book in Adobe’sPostScript series, giving the specification forType 1 fonts. The earlier volumes are Red Book,Green Book and Blue Book. Also a CD-ROMstandard, which in 1994 replaced the Green Bookand covers what are described as video CDs.

white line Line of space in phototypesetting.white mail In direct mail, those orders for a pub-

lication which arrive for reasons which cannotbe directly traced.

white out See reversed out.white pages A directory service in which indi-

viduals can be found by name (like the tele-phone directory). The Internet supports sever-al such databases. (See also finger, knowbot,Netfind, whois, X.500.)

white space The blank part of a printed page.whitewater See backwater.whiting A widely used extender for ink.whois An Internet directory service for looking

up names of people on a remote host. The ser-vice originated at the DDN NIC, but otherhosts use different approaches, such as finger.(See also white pages.)

whole-bound Full-bound case of a hard-boundbook covered in the same material all over.

wide area information server (WAIS) A distrib-uted information retrieval system availableover the Internet, which can retrieve text ormultimedia documents. Input is in natural lan-guage and uses indexed searching so as to pro-vide fast retrieval. It also includes a ‘relevancefeedback’ mechanism so that the resultsobtained in each search have an effect on sub-sequent searches. WAIS uses Z39.50 protocols.

wide area network (WAN) A network that coversareas larger than those serviced by a local areanetwork (LAN). This usually means that serialcommunications are used, either via telephonelines (usually a leased line) or by satellite. Anexample is SuperJANET. (See also metropoli-tan area network.) The Internet can either beregarded as the WAN or as a network of WANs.

wideband A communications bandwidth higherthan voice band, but how much higher isundefined. (See also broadband.) A widebandamplifier is one which will handle a wide rangeof frequencies.

Wide SCSI A variant of the SCSI-2 interface thatuses a 16-bit bus (and is therefore not compati-ble with SCSI-1).

widow The last line of a paragraph, printed atthe top of a page. Considered undesirable typo-graphically.

windows Window-shaped openings displayed bymany current types of software in order to pre-sent data and menus to the user. Also the gener-ic name of Microsoft series of desktop software.

width card Information contained on a cardwhich programs a photosetter for the setwidths of a particular typefont.

wild card An operating system facility in which asymbol may be used to express variable infor-mation or a set of files. For example, DIRFILE??.BAK would produce a directory listing ofall backup files called FILE01, FILE02 etc. whileCOPY *.DOC would copy all document files.

WIMP Window, icons, menus and pointingdevices (or sometimes pull-down menus). Away of describing the graphical user interface(GUI), originally invented at Xerox PARC forthe Xerox Star and first widely used on theApple Macintosh, but now almost universallyused, e.g. in Microsoft Windows and X win-dows. The term was originally developed byhackers, essentially as a term of contempt forthose who needed an easy, user-friendly inter-face.

Winchester disk Hard disk with extensive back-ing store capacity. See hard disk.

Window 1. Clear panel left in litho film for half-tones to be stripped in. 2. Portion of a VDUscreen dedicated to a particular file/document.Several windows can be open on-screen at onetime, allowing the user to jump from one toanother rapidly. Ideal operating conditions foron-screen cut and paste.

windowing Creating an on-screen window forshowing information on the screen.

window manager The software which controlswindows, i.e. their positioning, sizing etc.

Windows 95 The successor to MicrosoftWindows 3.1. A 32-bit graphical user interface(GUI) and an operating system in its own right.

Windows 97 An updated version of Windows 95.Windows BitMap A bitmap graphics format for

Microsoft Windows applications. AnyWindows application that can handle bitmapscan read such a file. The file extension is ‘.bmp’.

Windows character set The character set used todisplay Windows and Windows applications –the 256 characters of the ANSI character set.

windowshade handles In DTP, the horizontallines containing loops which appear at the topand bottom of any selected text block.

Windows Metafile Format An object-orientedgraphics format for Microsoft Windows appli-cations. Any Windows application that canhandle object-oriented graphics can read such afile. The file extension is ‘.wmf’.

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Windows NT (‘NT’ stands for ‘New Technology’.)A 32-bit operating system developed byMicrosoft, after its split with IBM, on the basisof previous development work on OS/2. NT isa complete multi-user, multi-tasking operatingsystem, which was aimed at the corporate net-work market and seen as a competitor to Unix.The user interface started very similar to thatof Windows 3.1, and the latest version is close-ly related to Windows 95. It is not limited torunning on the Intel chip range and some largeinstallations have used the DEC alpha chip.

Windows sockets (Winsock) A socket systemdeveloped for Windows systems, providingboth a standard API and a standard ABI.

Windows Waveform (WAV) A sound formatdeveloped by Microsoft and used principallyin Microsoft Windows. The file extension is‘.wav’.

wing effect The result of out-of-square guillotin-ing of a book: when the book is opened theedges look like a pair of butterfly wings ratherthan being parallel along the tops and bottoms.

Winsock See Windows sockets.WinZip An implementation of PKZIP for

Microsoft Windows. (See also zip.)wipe-on-plate Litho plate to which the light-sen-

sitive coating is applied by hand.wire The moving fine mesh belt on which liquid

stock is formed into a web of paper by drainingaway the water. The ‘wire side’ is the side of theweb which rests on the wire (also known as theunderside or wrong side). Wire mark is theimpression left by the wire on the web.

wire-binding or wire-0 binding Binding methodcomprising a continuous double loop of wirerunning through slots in the margin of a book.

Wired A US magazine concerned with the ‘digi-tal revolution’ (see Negroponte). There is also,not surprisingly, a World Wide Web version(http://www.wired.com).

wireless Usually used to describe networks thatare connected, not by wires, cables or opticalfibres, but by radio communication (in muchthe same way as radio broadcasting was oncecommonly described as the ‘wireless’).

wire-side Side of paper facing the wire on thepaper machine during making.

wire stitching See saddle-stitching.with the grain In the direction of the length of

the original web. Paper folds more easily withthe grain. Contrast against the grain.

wizard Help feature which guides the userthrough the steps of a process.

WMF See Windows Metafile Format.WOB White on black (i.e. reversed-out).

wood-containing Referring to papers which arepart-mechanical in furnish.

woodcut Hand engraving cut into a block ofwood for print-making.

wood engraving Illustration printed from ablock of wood sawn against the grain, wherethe design is cut into the end grain of the wood,with the result that is clearer and more hard-wearing than if a woodcut had been used.

woodfree paper Full woodfree paper contains nomechanical pulp at all. This is sometimesknown as ‘pure woodfree’. It is generallyaccepted, however, that woodfree paper mayinclude up to 10% mechanical or other fibreand still fall within the definition of ‘woodfree’.

woodfree pulp Pulp which is processed chemi-cally and which contains no mechanicalgroundwood.

wood pulp Raw material made from wood fibremixed with water, used to make paper.

woodtype Typographical characters (usually insizes over 72pt) made from wood. Often calledposter type.

woof The cross threads in a woven material.Also, weft. Compare warp.

word As a computer term, a set of bits recog-nised by the computer as the smallest logicalunit of information for processing.

word break Division of a word at a line ending.word-by-word aplhabetisation See alphabeti-

sation.wordprocessing The act of composing, inputting

and editing text through the medium of a ded-icated wordprocessor or specific wordprocess-ing software.

wordprocessor An editing and formatting pro-gram with which documents, including graph-ics, can be input, edited, formatted and printed.(Contrast with text editor.) Most wordproces-sors now run as graphical user interface (GUI)applications, and the distinction between high-end wordprocessors and low-end page make-up programs is very hazy. The two most com-mon wordprocessors are Microsoft Word andWordPerfect.

word search Finding words or phrases in text bycomputer matching.

wordspace The variable space between wordswhich may be increased or decreased to justifya line.

WordStar A proprietary wordprocessing package.word wrap The automatic wrapping of text onto

the next line when a line end is encountered.work and back See sheetwork.work and tumble Printing the reverse side of a

sheet by turning it over on its long axis from

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gripper to back and using the same plate. Eachsheet, cut in half, yields two copies.

work and turn Printing the first side of a sheet,turning the stack across its short axis, and thenprinting the reverse side of the sheet using thesame plate and the same gripper edge. Eachsheet, cut in half, yields two copies.

work and twist Imposition which enables paperto be turned over and twisted through 90° toprint the other side. This changes the edgewhich is fed to the grippers.

workbook Book with blank spaces provided fora student’s answers.

workflow The control of documents movingaround an organisation.

workgroup computing Groups of people work-ing together over a network to coordinate andorganise their activities. See groupware.

workings Number of passes through a printingmachine to make up a complete job, e.g. fourworkings on a single-colour press to produce afour-colour print or one working on a four-colour press.

workspace The space available on a computerfor work that will not need to be saved.

workstation A terminal, usually with its ownprocessing power, e.g. running X windows andconnected to a Unix system. The term is alsoused more generally to mean any intelligentterminal connected to a network. More popu-larly, the term is used to mean a special desk onwhich a computer is used.

work-up The unintentional lifting to impressionlevel of spacing materials in a letterpressforme.

World Wide Web (WWW, W3) A hypertext-based system for accessing information overthe Internet. WWW was originally developedat CERN by a team led by Tim Berners-Lee, inorder to provide easy access to high-energyphysics information. Files are coded usingHTML and users view the information with abrowser, such as Netscape Navigator orInternet Explorer. First publicly released in late1991, since when it has become one of the mostimportant methods of information transfer inthe world, with a growth rate that has turnedthe Internet from a tool used by academics andresearchers to a medium of popular communi-cation. (See also Docuverse, URL, HTTP.)

World Wide Web Consortium (W3 Consortium,W3C) An organisation based at the Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) original-ly created to develop common standards forthe evolution of the World Wide Web. Thedirector of the Consortium is Tim Berners-Lee

and there are more than 120 organisationsinvolved. The consortium, jointly with INRIA,reached an agreement in March 1996 with lead-ing vendors to develop interoperability stan-dards for HTML features such as multimediaobjects, style sheets, forms, scripting, tables,high-quality printing, and improved access forthe visually impaired.

World Wide Web Worm (WWWW) An automat-ic indexing tool for the World Wide Web.

WORM Acronym for Write Once Read Manytimes, an optical disc on which data can berecorded but not erased by the user.

worm A piece of programming code that propa-gates itself over a network, replicating itself asit goes. A kind of computer virus.

wormhole routing A form of message passing inwhich parts of the message are transmittedindependently, unlike store-and-forward rout-ing, where the whole message must be receivedby a node before the message can be forwardedto the next node. It reduces the latency and thestorage requirements at each node.

wove Paper produced using a plain, wovendandy roll and therefore without laid lines, asdistinct from laid paper.

woven material Genuine cloth, used for casecovering. The two main qualities of wovencloth used for coverings are ‘single-warp’ and‘double-warp’ buckram. In the case of single-warp buckram, the standard specification is‘40/40’, i.e. 40 strands of thread per linear inchin each direction.

wp See wordprocessor.wpm Words per minute.WPS Windows printing system: software devel-

oped by Microsoft which optimises printing ina Windows environment.

wrap 1. Plate section placed around the outsideof a folded text section in a book and bound in.Contrast insert. 2. See word wrap.

wraparound A wordprocessing facility thatmoves a word to a preceding or following lineto avoid word breaks or to allow for deletion orinsertion.

wraparound plate Thin letterpress printing platewhich is clamped around the plate cylinder.

wrapper See dust jacket.wrapping Attaching a paper cover by gluing at

the spine. See drawn-on cover.wrapround A section wrapped round a signature

rather than contained within it.wrinkles 1. Creases in printed paper caused by

uneven moisture absorption. 2. Uneven surfaceof ink during drying.

write To record or output electronic data.

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write enable A means of allowing data to bewritten to magnetic disk or tape. With floppydisks this is achieved typically by the removalof an adhesive tab from the disk’s write-protectnotch, while with magnetic tape the sameobjective is achieved by repositioning a slidingtab on a cartridge or cassette enclosure or bythe replacement of a file protect ring on a reel ofmagnetic tape. Compare write protect.

Write Once Read Many times (WORM) Anoptical disc, similar to CD-ROM. WORM discsare generally used for archiving and in docu-ment image processing systems. (See alsoCOLD.)

write protect A means of preventing data beingwritten to magnetic disk or tape. With floppydisks this is achieved by placing an adhesivetab over the disk’s write-protect notch, whilewith magnetic tape it is achieved by reposition-ing a sliding tab on a cartridge or cassetteenclosure or by the removal of a file protectring from a reel of magnetic tape. Comparewrite enable.

writings Papers sized for writing without inkspread.

wrong font See wf.wrong grain See cross grain.wrong-reading Film which reads incorrectly, i.e.

reversed from left to right, when viewed fromthe emulsion side. Also called reverse-reading.

wrong side See underside, wire side.WSOP Web-sized offset printing paper. A high-

finish sc mechanical paper mainly used formagazines, but appropriate for some grades ofbookwork.

WWW See World Wide Web.WWWW See World Wide Web Worm.WYSIWYG What you see is what you get.

Acronym used to describe a visual displayshowing an exact replica of its output.

XX.3 The ITU-T standard that specifies the basic

functions and user-selectable capabilities of apacket assembler/disassembler (PAD).Together with X.28 and X.29, X.3 specifies thefunctions, interfaces and control procedures fora PAD that give start-stop-mode terminalsaccess to a packet-switched public data net-work.

X.25 The ITU-T recommendation that specifiesthe interface between data terminal equipment(DTE) and data communications equipment(DCE) in a packet-switching network. X.25defines the standard network layer, datalinklayer and physical layers, and is used in pack-et-switching networks all over the world.

X.28 The ITU-T standard specifying how to con-trol a PAD from DTE on a public network. (Seealso X.3.)

X.29 The ITU-T standard, specifying proceduresfor the exchange of control information anduser data between remote packet-mode DTEand a PAD. (See also X.3.)

X.75 The ITU-T standard that specifies the proto-cols for communication between two packet-switched data networks in different countries.

X.400 series The ITU-T standard for electronicmail (email) systems. Such services have beenimplemented by PTTs in a number of countriesand are normally connected to the Internet.X.400 addresses are rather different from IPaddresses and tend to be very long. One prob-lem with X.400 for large organisations is thatthe directory is normally public, which maynot always be desirable.

X.500 The set of ITU-T standards that are con-cerned with electronic directory services suchas knowbot, white pages and whois.

XA See CD-ROM XA.Xanadu The first proposal, by Ted Nelson, for a

hypertext system. It was in this context that theterm ‘hypertext’ was first proposed.

X bitmap The format for bitmaps in the X win-dows system.

xbm See X bitmap.X client An application process in an X windows

system, which calls upon an X server to gainaccess to a window.

Xeikon One of the leading digital presses.Xenix A version of the Unix operating system

developed by Microsoft.xenon flash Intense momentary light source

used in photosetting.xerographic See xerography.xerography Electrostatic copying process in

which toner adheres to charged paper to pro-duce an image.

Xerox Trade mark for a type of photocopier.Xerox PARC Xerox research centre in Palo Alto,

CaliforniaXerox Star The computer which had the first

graphical user interface (GUI), developed atXerox PARC but never really exploited. Mostof the know-how which went into the Star wasexploited in the Apple Macintosh.

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XGA Extended graphics array developed byIBM. It is the standard for the colour videographics adaptor for PCs, having a resolutionof 1024 3 768 pixels with 256 colours on aninterlaced display.

x-height The height of the lower-case letter ‘x’ ina particular typeface or font; ‘x’ is usedbecause it the only letter that effectively has aclearly defined flat top. The x-height deter-mines the apparent size of the font, while therelationship between the x-height and the capheight (the height of the capital letters) is acharacteristic of a typeface and can affect itsreadability.

x-line Alignment along the tops of lower-caseletters. Also, mean line.

XML See eXtensible Markup Language.Xmodem An asynchronous file-transfer system

protocol used over modems, which works bytransferring blocks of data and then waiting foracknowledgement. This makes the transferslow but accurate. Ymodem and Zmodem areenhanced versions of Xmodem which work athigher transmission rates. Another widelyused File Transfer Protocol is Kermit. Over theInternet, ftp is the most commonly used proto-col.

Xmodem-1K A version of Xmodem that uses1kbyte packets.

x-on/x-off The flow control procedure generallyused in communications. An x-on characterstarts data flow and an x-off character stops it.Note that ‘x-on’ is equivalent to keying ‘con-trol-q’ while ‘x-off’ is equivalent to ‘control-s’.

XON-XOFF A data communications protocolwhich typically requires a full duplex link.When the receiving device is unable to acceptfurther data it sends an ASCII XOFF character.

X protocol A standard protocol used by clients(applications) and servers in the X windowssystem for exchanging requests for windowoperations.

XRN A newsreader program running under Xwindows. See Usenet news.

X series The series of ITU-T recommendationsgoverning data transmission over public datanetworks. The most widely applied are listedindividually. Note that this series does notinclude the X.400 or X.500 series.

X server Software which produces an X win-dows display. Can run on an X terminal, aMacintosh or a PC running Windows.

X terminal An intelligent terminal or work-station which operates as an X server on a net-work, usually Ethernet.

X window bitmap graphic A bitmap graphic

file format for X windows. The file extension is‘.xbm’.

X windows A windowing system based onTCP/IP networking and originally developed atMIT, widely used on Unix systems. May run ona dedicated X terminal or some other system,e.g. a Macintosh or a PC under Windows, run-ning an X server. The process uses a client-server X protocol. The X client, an applicationprogram, issues a request to the X-server, whichgenerates the bitmapped display. Motif, nowthe standard graphical user interface (GUI) forUnix systems, is based on X windows. Notethat in this case it is the screen/keyboard whichis acting as the server (of the display), while theX clients run on the main file server system.This can lead to some confusion.

xx Mark indicating retree.xxx Mark indicating broke.XXX See Triple-X.x-y co-ordinates Horizontal (x) and vertical (y)

alignments used by computers for siting pixelsin screen displays or output.

YYahoo A hierarchical index of the World Wide

Web. Allows searches in specific subject areas.Other widely used search utilities are AltaVistaand Lycos, but there are a large number ofsearch engines available.

yankee dryer Steam-heated paper-drying cylindergenerating a glazed finish to the paper so treated.

yankee machine A papermaking machine thatcontains a glazing cylinder.

yapp cover Binding material edges which over-lap the case boards to provide a ‘fringed’ effect.Often used on bibles.

Yellow Book A CD-ROM format, compliantwith ISO 9660. Disks in this format can beplayed on most drives and are suitable for mostmultimedia applications for PCs.

yellow cable The cabling defined in the originalthick Ethernet specification.

Ymodem An asynchronous file transfer proto-col, which is an enhancement of Xmodem. Itprovides a greater block size and allows batch-es of files to be transferred, while Xmodemallows only transfer of single files. (Seecommunications.) Ymodem-g is a non-stopversion, i.e. not batch, which is much faster but

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if there is an error, the transfer will abort. (Seealso Zmodem.)

Ymodem-g See Ymodem, Zmodem.Ytalk A multi-user Chat program, running under

X windows, that supports multiple connections.

ZZ39.50 An ANSI standard for information

retrieval. It is a network protocol, working on aclient-server basis, giving a set of rules govern-ing the formats and also providing a query syn-tax. It is intended to be user-friendly, so that theuser does not need to be aware of the communi-cation between the computers, in much the sameway as with tools such as WAIS, but it has theadvantage that it is session-oriented so that crite-ria and the results of previous searches can bereused. There is now, however, a gateway to theWorld Wide Web. Z39.50 is mainly used bylibrarians and information scientists.

Zapf dingbats A typeface designed by HermannZapf, which includes common dingbats. It isusually provided as one of the standard fontswith a PostScript laser printer.

ZDNet (Formerly called Ziffnet.) An electronicinformation service provided by Ziff-Davis, thepublisher of computer magazines, givingaccess to electronic versions of these maga-zines, as well as much other information. Thereis a complementary CompuServe version,which also provides a software archive.

Ziffnet (Formerly the name of ZDNet.) An infor-mation service associated with the Wall StreetJournal.

zinc engraving Relief engraving made on zincand often used for short-run blocking in prefer-ence to a chemac. Also called zinco.

zinco or zincograph Letterpress line block madeof zinc.

zip A file format widely used for data compres-sion, e.g. in transferring programs and otherlarge files on floppy disk or over the Internet.The files used to compress and decompress arePKZIP and PKUNZIP. There is also now aWindows version, WinZip. Note that PKZIP isshareware and not public domain software,although the supplier, PKWare, provides run-time licences for PKUNZIP.

Zip-a-tone Proprietary name for patterned lineor dot effects applied as rub-down film ontoartwork. (See also Letraset, transfer type.)

zip drive A type of super-floppy drive withmuch higher capacity and operating at a muchhigher speed.

Zmac The former name of the World Wide Website of the Ziff-Davis Macintosh magazines.Now part of ZDNet.

Zmodem A File Transfer Protocol that is a devel-opment of Xmodem and Ymodem, but whichincludes error checking and crash recovery, sothat if a transfer is interrupted, it can be contin-ued later, rather than completely repeated. Thetransfer rate is similar to that of Ymodem-g asit runs continuously, rather than in batch mode.

zoom In analogy with a photographic lens, tomake what appears in a screen window (in agraphical user interface) larger (zoom in) sothat a smaller area is seen, or smaller (zoomout), so that a larger area is seen. Depending onthe application, either the magnification maybe selected from a menu or, for zooming in, thecursor changes (usually to a magnifying glass)and the area to be zoomed in on is marqueeselected. If zooming in is performed by the lat-ter method, zooming out is usually achieved byclicking an icon which has the effect of undo-ing the last zoom in (marquee selection itselfcannot be used because the desired area ofviewing is larger than what can currently beseen on the screen).

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Appendices

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198

Metric prefixesPrefix Abbreviation Multiplication factor

pico p 0.000000000001nano n 0.000000001micro µ 0.000001milli m 0.001centi c 0.01deci d 0.1

deka (or deca) da 10hecto h 100kilo k 1000myria my 10000mega M 1000000giga G 1000000000tera T 1000000000000

Metric weights and measures

Length 10 ångström = 1 nanometre1000 nanometres = 1 micrometre1000 micrometres = 1 millimetre

10 millimetres = 1 centimetre10 centimetres = 1 decimetre10 decimetres = 1 metre10 metres = 1 dekametre10 dekametres = 1 hectometre10 hectometres = 1 kilometre

1000 kilometres = 1 megametre

Weight 1000 milligrams = 1 gram10 grams = 1 dekagram10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram10 hectograms = 1 kilogram

100 kilograms = 1 quintal10 quintals = 1 tonne

Area 100 sq millimetres = 1 sq centimetre100 sq centimetres = 1 sq decimetre100 sq decimetres = 1 sq metre100 sq metres = 1 are100 ares = 1 hectare100 hectares = 1 sq kilometre

The metric and imperial systems of measurement

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Capacity 10 millilitres = 1 centilitre10 centilitres = 1 decilitre10 decilitres = 1 litre10 litres = 1 dekalitre10 dekalitres = 1 hectolitre10 hectolitres = 1 kilolitre

Volume 1000 cu millimetres = 1 cu centimetre1000 cu centimetres = 1 cu decimetre1000 cu decimetres = 1 cu metre1000 cu metres = 1 cu dekametre1000 cu dekametres = 1 cu hectometre

Imperial weights and measures

Length 12 inches = 1 foot3 feet = 1 yard

22 yards = 1 chain10 chains = 1 furlong

220 yards = 1 furlong8 furlongs = 1 mile

1760 yards = 1 mile5280 feet = 1 mile

Weight 16 ounces = 1 pound14 pounds = 1 stone2 stones = 1 quarter

28 pounds = 1 quarter4 quarters = 1 hundredweight8 stones = 1 hundredweight

20 hundredweights = 1 ton2240 pounds = 1 ton

Area 144 sq inches = 1 sq foot4840 sq yards = 1 acre640 acres = 1 sq mile

Capacity 8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce5 fluid ounces = 1 gill4 gills = 1 pint2 pints = 1 quart4 quarts = 1 gallon2 gallons = 1 peck4 pecks = 1 bushel8 bushels = 1 quarter

36 gallons = 1 bulk barrel

Volume 1728 cu inches = 1 cu foot27 cu feet = 1 cu yard5.8 cu feet = 1 bulk barrel

100 cu feet = 1 register ton (Shipping)

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Conversion of Imperial weights and measures to metric

Imperial Multiplication Metricfactor

Length inches 2.54000 centimetresfeet 0.3048 metresyards 0.9144 metresmiles 1.609344 kilometres

Weight ounces 28.3495 gramspounds 0.45359 kilogramsshort tons (2000 lbs) 0.907185 tonneslong tons (2240 lbs) 1.01605 tonnes

Area sq inches 6.4516 sq centimetressq feet 0.092903 sq metressq yards 0.836127 sq metressq miles 2.58999 sq kilometresacres 0.404686 hectares

Capacity cu inches 16.387064 cu centimetresand volume pints 0.5683 litres

gallons 4.546 litresVelocity miles per hour 1.609344 kilometres per hour

feet per second 0.3048 metres per secondTemperature degrees Fahrenheit (–32) 3 5/9 degrees Celsius

Conversion metric weights and measures to Imperial

Metric Multiplication Imperialfactor

Length centimetres 0.3937 inchesmetres 3.2808 feetmetres 1.0936143 yardskilometres 0.62137 miles

Weight grams 0.03527 ounceskilograms 2.20462 poundstonnes 1.10231 short tons 2000 lbstonnes 0.984207 long tons 2240 lbs

Area sq centimetres 0.155 sq inchessq metres 10.7639 sq feetsq metres 1.9599 sq yardssq kilometres 0.3861 sq mileshectares 2.47101 acres

Capacity cu centimetres 0.06102 cu inchesand volume litres 1.7598 pints

litres 0.2200 gallonsVelocity kilometres p. hour 0.62137 miles per hour

metres per second 3.2808 feet per secondTemperature degrees Celsius 3 5/9 (+32) degrees Fahrenheit

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Metric units and symbols relating to paper production

Unit of measure Abbreviation/Ssmbol

Area square metre m2

Dimensions millimetre mmcentimetre cm (1cm=10mm)metre m (1m=100cm=1000mm)

Grammage grams per square metre g/m2 or gsm

Mass gram gkilogram kg (1kg=1000g)tonne t (1t=1000kg=1000000g)

Thickness micrometre, micron µmmillimetre mm (1mm=1000µm)

Bursting strength kilopascal kPa

Internal tearing millinewton mNstrength

Temperature degrees Celsius ˚C

Relative humidity percentage %

Sheet count standard ream 500 sheets

Machine direction indicated by symbol (m)e.g. 640 3 900(m) long grain sheet

640(m) 3 900 short grain sheet

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Points and Picas (Anglo-American standard)/Didots and Ciceros (European standard)

Inches Millimetres

Anglo-American point .013837 0.351Pica .166044 4.218Didot point .0148 0.376Cicero .1776 4.511

Conversion factor Picas to Ciceros

1.069596 (1.0696)

Conversion factor Ciceros to Picas

0.9349324 (0.9349)

Conversion table: points to inches and millimetres

Anglo-American Didot___________________ _________________Point size Inches Millimetres Inches Millimetres

1 .013837 .351 .0148 .3763 .041511 1.054 .0444 1.1286 .083022 2.109 .0888 2.2567 .096859 2.460 .1036 2.6318 .110696 2.812 .1184 3.0079 .124533 3.163 .1332 3.383

10 .138370 3.515 .1480 3.75911 .152207 3.866 .1628 4.13512 .166044 4.218 .1776 4.51114 .193718 4.920 .2072 5.26318 .249066 6.326 .2664 6.76724 .332088 8.435 .3552 9.022

Letterpress type – height to paper

0.7870 20.000mm Denmark0.9180 23.317mm UK, Australia, Canada, India, Mexico,

New Zealand, South Africa, South America, USA0.9280 23.567mm France, Germany, Switzerland0.9320 23.670mm Austria, Belgium, Hungary0.9770 24.820mm Holland0.9880 25.100mm USSR

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Typographical measurementsand screen rulings

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Screen rulings

Lines per inch Nearest standard equivalent Paper surfacelines per cm

65 26 newsprint85 34 newsprint

100 40 MF120 48 MF/matt coated133 54 MF/matt coated/art150 60 matt coated/art175 70 art200 80 art

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Name Point size

Minikin 3.5Brilliant 4Diamond 4.5Pearl 5Agate (or Ruby) 5.5Nonpareil 6Emerald 7Brevier 8Bourgeois 9Long primer 10Small pica 11Pica 12English 14

Name Point size

Two-line brevier 16Great primer 18Paragon 20Two-line small pica 22Two-line pica 24Two-line English 28Four-line brevier 32Two-line great primer 36Two-line paragon 40Two-line double pica 44Canon (or four-line pica) 48Five-line pica 60Six-line pica 72

Old Anglo-American names for type bodies and their approximate point sizes

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SRA paper sizes – for bleed and trim work

Sheet size Millimetres Inches A4 pages to view A4 pages from sheet

SRA0 900 3 1280 35⅜ 3 50⅜ 16 32SRA1 640 3 900 25¼ 3 35⅜ 8 16SRA2 450 3 640 17³⁄₄ 3 25¼ 4 8

RA paper sizes – for normal trim work

Sheet size Millimetres Inches A4 pages to view A4 pages from sheet

RA0 860 3 1220 33⅞ 3 48 16 32RA1 610 3 860 24 3 33⅞ 8 16RA2 430 3 610 16⅞ 3 24 4 8

A series sheet sizes

Sheet size Millimetres Inches

4A 1682 3 2378 66¼ 3 93⅝

2A 1189 3 1682 46³⁄₄ 3 66¼

A0 841 3 1189 33⅛ 3 46³⁄₄

A1 594 3 841 23⅜ 3 33⅛

A2 420 3 594 16½ 3 23⅜

A3 297 3 420 11³⁄₄ 3 16½

A4 210 3 297 8¼ 3 11³⁄₄

A5 148 3 210 5⅞ 3 8¼

A6 105 3 148 4⅛ 3 5⅞

A7 74 3 105 2⅞ 3 4⅛

A8 52 3 74 2 3 2⅞

A9 37 3 52 1½ 3 2A10 26 3 37 1 3 1½

B series for posters

Sheet size Millimetres Inches

4B 2000 3 2828 78³⁄₄ 3 111⅜

2B 1414 3 2000 55⅝ 3 78³⁄₄

B0 1000 3 1414 39⅜ 3 55⅝

B1 707 3 1000 27⅞ 3 39⅜

B2 500 3 707 19⅝ 3 27⅞

B3 353 3 500 13⅞ 3 19⅝

B4 250 3 353 9⅞ 3 13⅞

B5 176 3 250 7 3 9⅞

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Paper and book sizes

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205

A series size relationshipsThe digram on the left below shows the progressive reductions down from A0 to A5: each sizeis half the previous one. In the diagram on the right it is clear that each size has its sides inthe same ratio of 1:√2.

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

841 mm

594 mm

420 mm

297 mm

148 mm

84

1m

m

59

4m

m42

0m

m29

7m

m

21

0m

m

11

89

mm

210 mm

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A0

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C series for envelopes

Sheet size Millimetres Inches Common use

4A 1682 3 2378 66¼ 3 93⅝

C0 917 3 1297 36⅛ 3 51C1 648 3 917 25½ 3 36⅛

C2 458 3 648 18 3 25½

C3 324 3 458 12³⁄₄ 3 18C4 229 3 324 9 3 12³⁄₄ takes A4 sheet flatC5 162 3 229 6⅜ 3 9 takes A5 sheet flatC6 114 3 162 4½ 3 6⅜ takes A5 folded onceC7/6 81 3 162 3¼ 3 6⅜ takes A5 folded twiceC7 81 3 114 3¼ 3 4½

DL 110 3 220 4⅜ 3 8⅝ takes A4 folded twice

Metric book and sheet sizes (quad sheets)

Trimmed Untrimmed Quad sheet Pages PagesName page (mm) page (mm) (mm) to view irom

sheet

Crown 8vo 186 3 123 192 3 126 768(m) 3 1008 32 64Metric Crown 4to 246 3 189 252 3 192 768 3 1008(m) 16 32Metric Large Crown 8vo 198 3 129 204 3 132 816(m) 3 1056 32 64Metric Demy 8vo 216 3 138 222 3 141 888(m) 3 1128 32 64Metric Demy 4to 276 3 219 282 3 222 888 3 1128(m) 16 32Metric Royal 8vo 234 3 156 240 3 159 960(m) 3 1272 32 64Metric Royal 4to 312 3 237 318 3 240 960 3 1272(m) 16 32

Imperial book and sheet sizes (quad sheets)

Trimmed page Quad sheet Pages __________________________ ____________________________ from

Name (mm) (inches) (mm) (inches) sheet

Crown 8vo 184 3 124 7¼ 3 4⅞ 762(m) 3 1016 30 3 40 64Crown 4to 248 3 187 9³⁄₄ 3 7⅜ 762 3 1016(m) 30 3 40 32Large Crown 8vo 197 3 130 7³⁄₄ 3 5⅛ 813(m) 3 1067 32 3 42 64Demy 8vo 216 3 140 8½ 3 5½ 889(m) 3 1143 32 3 42 64Demy 4to 279 3 219 11 3 8⅝ 889 3 1143(m) 35 3 45 32Royal 8vo 248 3 156 9³⁄₄ 3 6⅛ 1016(m) 3 1272 40 3 50 64Royal 4to 311 3 251 12¼ 3 9⅞ 1016 3 1272(m) 40 3 50 32

Other Imperial book and sheet sizes

Trimmed octavo Trimmed quarto Quad sheet size______________ ________________ ______________

mm inches mm inches mm inches

Foolscap 165 3 105 6½ 3 4⅛ 210 3 168 8¼ 3 6⅝ 686 3 864 27 3 34Largepost 203 3 130 8 3 5⅛ 260 3 206 10¼ 3 8⅛ 838 3 1067 33 3 42Medium 222 3 143 8³⁄₄ 3 5⅝ 286 3 225 11¼ 3 8⅞ 914 3 1168 36 3 46Imperial 273 3 187 10³⁄₄ 3 7⅜ 375 3 276 14³⁄₄ 3 10⅞1118 3 1524 44 3 60

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Recommendations for printer’s board and covers

BS4000 recommends the following for printer’s board and cover paper:

Printer’s board Cover paperSheet size untrimmed stock sizes (mm) untrimmed stock sizes (mm)

SRA2 450 3 640 485 3 640Royal 520 3 640 520 3 780Postal 570 3 730 640 3 970SRA1 640 3 900

American measurement

The American system of paper measurement and calculation retains much in common withBritain’s old Imperial system. Thus standard units of measurement for weight are: pounds, hun-dredweights (100 lbs) and tons (2000 lbs). Paper size is measured in inches and quantity in reams(500 sheets) or sheets. Specific grades of paper are cut to its basic size. Substance is identified bybasis weight. Basis weight = weight (lbs) of a ream of paper cut to its basic size.

Conversion factors for American basis weights and grammage

Basic size to convert from g/m2 to lb/ream to convert from lb/ream to g/m2

(inches) multiply g/m2 by mutiply lb/ream by173 22 0.266 3.76203 26 (cover boards) 0.370 2.70203 30 0.427 2.34223 38 0.438 2.28

22½ 3 28½ 0.456 2.1925½ 3 30½ 0.553 1.81

233 35 0.573 1.75243 36 (newsprint) 0.614 1.63253 38 (book papers) 0.675 1.48

American book sizes

Note that the American usage is to express the width dimension of the book first. The sizes quotedare not absolute and may vary slightly.

207

Name Size (inches)

Medium 32mo 3 3 4³⁄₄

Medium 24mo 3⅝ 3 5½

Medium 18mo 4 3 6⅔

Cap 8vo 7 3 7¼

12mo 4½ 3 7½

Medium 16mo 4½ 3 6³⁄₄

Crown 8vo 5 3 7½

Post 8vo 5½ 3 7½

Name Size (inches)

Medium 12mo 5⅛ 3 7⅔

Demy 8vo 5½ 3 8Small 4to 7 3 8½

Broad 4to (up to 13 310) 7 3 8½

Medium 8vo 6 3 9½

Royal 8vo 6½ 3 10Super Royal 8vo 7 3 10½

Imperial 8vo 8¼ 3 11½

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Weight (lb) per 1000 sheets of standard American sheet sizes and weights of cover boards

Sheet size Basis weight (lb) 25 3 380 ream)(inches) (Equivalent g/m2)

50 60 65 80 100 130135 162 175 216 270 351

20 3 26 100 120 130 160 200 26023 3 35 155 186 201 248 310 40226 3 40 200 240 260 320 400 52035 3 46 310 392 402 496 620 804

Weight (lb) per 1000 sheets of standard American sheet sizes and weights of book papers

Sheet size Basis weight (lb) 25 3 380 ream)(inches) Equivalent g/m2)

30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 100 12044 52 59 67 74 89 104 118 148 178

17½ 3 22½ 25 29 33 37 41 50 58 66 83 9919 3 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 100 12023 3 29 42 49 56 63 70 84 98 112 140 16923 3 35 51 59 68 76 84 102 118 136 169 20324 3 36 54 64 72 82 90 110 128 146 182 20825 3 38 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 200 24028 3 44 78 90 104 116 130 156 182 208 260 31232 3 44 88 104 118 134 148 178 208 238 296 35635 3 45 100 116 132 150 166 198 232 266 332 39838 3 50 120 140 160 180 200 240 280 320 400 48042 3 58 154 179 205 230 256 308 358 410 512 614

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Accents, alphabets and mathematical symbols

Accents of major European and Scandinavian languages

Cyrillic alphabet

Old English special characters

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Fraktur alphabet

Teaching alphabet

This alphabet is used in teaching children to read. It is based upon the principle of ‘one sound, one letter’. The alphabet is shown here with the equivalent sounds of the letters. The capital letter forms are identical with the lower case.

Greek alphabet

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211

Phonetic alphabet

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212

Mathematical symbols

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213

Proof correction marks

Marginal mark Meaning Corresponding mark in text

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214

Marginal mark Meaning Corresponding mark in text

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215

Marginal mark Meaning Corresponding mark in text

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216

Proof correction marks for scientific setting

Alteration required Marginal mark Corresponding mark in text

Use Greek letter Letter required Through letterfollowed by

Use German (Fraktur letter) Letter required Through letterfollowed by

Use roman Letter required Through letterfollowed by

Use script Letter required Through letterfollowed by

Use superior to superior(e.g. ‘2’ in ya2) Through letter

Showing letter required

Use inferior to inferior(e.g. ‘2’ in ya2) Through letter

Showing letter required

Use superior to inferior(e.g. ‘2’ in ya2) letter required Through letter

Use inferior to inferior(e.g. ‘2’ in ya

2) letter required Through letter

Use figure1/2/etc. Through letter

Use fraction made up two lines deep Circle around fraction

Use text size fractionCircle around fraction

(according to point size)

Use decimal pointWhere required

Space to be hair space or 2 units or either a thick space or 5 units Where requiredas indcated

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