f il I .-" 1-r I, :I It..._.-l-r I I ; \ L, t-) l. ; I !I ll. i..-AVISUALDICT-IONARYOF ARCH ITECTURE r I_a

FRANCISD.K.CHING

( if you need this book purchase the original copyDigitally signed by Arch. Francis V. Fernandez DN: cn=Arch. Francis V. Fernandez, o=SpiralArchitect, ou=Architecture, email=archfrancisfernandez@ymail.com, c=PH Date: 2009.06.06 05:53:27 +08'00'i i I-f J A VISUALDICTIONARY OF ARCH ITECTU RE JII III III FRANCISD.K. CHING AVNRBOOK JOHN WILEY & SONS,INC NEW YORKCHICHESTERWEINHEIMBRISBANESINGAPORETORONTO if you need this book purchase the original copyThis bookisprintedonacidfreepaper. 8 CopYright @1995 'ry JohnWiley &Sons,Inc.All rights reserved. Publishedin Canada. Nopart of thispublicationmaybereproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted inarry formor by arTymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocop-yinq, recording,scanning or otherwise, except asunder Sectionsl(J7 or 108 of the 1976 United States CoPJlight Act, without either the prior written pemission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Cenw, 222 RosewoodDrive, Danvere, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. RequesUi to the Publisha for pennisslon should beto the f'enni55loos Department, John & Sons,Inc .. 605 Third Avenue,New York,NY 1015U012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@W1lEY.COM. This publication is designed to proMe accurate and authoritative information inregard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the underetanding that the publisher is not enqagedIn rende:ingprofessiot131servius. If professional adviCt or other expert assist...anu is required, the services of a competent professional person should beoought. of Congre% Cataloging-irH'uuncatlon Data: ISBN 0-471-28451-3 Printed in Unitedof America. 20191817 16 151413 12 L: L L if you need this book purchase the original copy(ONTENTS PREFACE7 ARCHITECTURE9 FORCE96PLASTIC192 ARCH12FORTIFICATION98PLATE194 BEAM15FOUNDATION100PLUMBING196 BRICIalJ1nq. At nelltra/axls of the section. only shar stresses exist and these canInW ;mil compre55leat 45" mgfe.s to the neutnl1Xl5, For 217 lrrU:rrnedim element sut;ect to botb be:nJlng x.J she3r 5tre55eS. the prlnctp.al stresses h3re 3n InclinztJcn ktemI/neJ by the magnitudes 5tre55e5. tension I= " I 1 i L L L J L r I L if you need this book purchase the original copyr l f t r i r r fF i .t..'lilt +111. L.-L -.-t, .- T1-,I,:;:t' : BEAM 5imple beam ArestlC\3 0.1i atends, whleh are free tc and have no moment reslst4nce. As with any st.otlwfly detennlnate structure, the values of an reactions, shears, andmoments for a simple beamare Independent of Its cress sectlonal shape and Illllllllll').I, li'l:1 A graphic representation of the variation InIII ! ( III I! ,'I!magnitude of the external shears present In... ! ! . . . .I a structure for a given set of transverse-'- cantilever peam loads and support con.:fitlons.Concentrated loads produceUniformly distribtJud loads produce line3ri):.": veat:ns,u pPPfted.momentdi.1gram______ :.,,'''''.I., ...... . '::: .:;I: Concentr.lted loads produce bending whichvary hne;;rfy between loads. cantilever Uniformly distribrMd loads produce parabciJc311ymcments. Iouls andsupport condItions. The overall dd1ected shape of a structure sul>ject to Pendlngcan often Inferred from the shape of its moment diagram. positive shear- '. . ...of. shearforcesth3tacts r the left part of the Jstructure !:>efrig ccnsldere.d. 'r negativeshear------------------1 ..nt. of.s.. hearforcesthatacts ,"e:rtIC3l!:tthe left pol rt of the IstructUrl: l>elrig'consl.:lered,positive moment....,.... _. ____________ A !:>endingrT1eam A slmple beam extending beyond one Its supports, The overhangrl:duces the positlve moment at mldspan while developing a moment at the Inse of the cantllever over the support. Assuming 3 lJI1/formly dTstrWvW l03d,tJ;e projection for wltfch thethe 5I.:pport Is eqwf ind opposlU ta the morr.t:rt 3t midspan is approxlmMy% of the 5f!41 flIt,l, J.,L L,l. J.,L 1.L i,LM I' As5l.ifT1ir., 3uniformly distri/7r.rW l;;;J. the projections for .,.,nlchthe mommts om-the supportseqlJ3/ md oppo$'U to the momer.t 3t midsp71 ;;re approximately '/, IJf the sp:m. 5u'pended-5pan A sImplesupporW by the cantllevers of two spans with plnneJ constructlonJoints at polnts of zero moment. Also calWeffective length Thel>etween Inflection points In thea flxedend or continuousquiIl3ie.-: innature to the 3simp!]'eam. tr..nsfer !:>endingthe rlgldlty of the andIts maxlmum defIect1on. ccrttinuou5 pe4m. be3m" ordu tc aevelOprlgfdttyaiid smaller moments than aof simple havingsimilar spans and loading. Both fIXed end and contlnuous !:>eams are Indetamlnate structures for whichthe values of all reactions, shears, and moments are dependent not only or. span and loaJlng but also on cross sectlonal 3'1dmaterial. 17 if you need this book purchase the original copy,lJJ.!UKi Am3SOf1f)' unit of clay. formed into rectar.gwr prism while plastic and lurdened Py drying in the sun or

Brict made for general Pulkllng purposes and :let treated for color and Also C311eabuilding br/clt_... _........ - .. - -mingl1rict' Brlcl:a wall, often treate4 to produce theana 5\Jrfau text-ure. Also calrea fa c't" In-Ick.:., .. --: !scft-mud process.Theprocess of formingprickl:>y molding relatively wet clay C$Ywt- Jt ..... j5.1ndstruck brick Bricl: formed In the soft-mud process3 mold lined with sand to prevent stlckln9. producing a matte'texturedrwaterstruck hick 1 prick_type! A Indicating the pennlssll7le Insize, color. ch Ippage "d dJst.ortk)n albwed In a facingunit. rexBriel: formed In the soft-mud process with 3 mold lulnicated with water to preventproducing a smooth, dense surface. "trrt-mud! Theprocess of fonnlng prick and structur.il tile F.ang I1ricl::sulta171e for use where a !I'1inlmum V3tiatlon In size. narrow color rAand high degree of l.T1echanlcal pafectlon arerea.ulred. FB5 kick sultJple foruse where a wider colorgreater variation Insize art' than for type FBX. FDA I1ricl:: sulta\7le for use where p,rtlcubr effects are desired resultlng frotn lIOIIurJformlty In size. color. ana texture of the Individual units. ,A Indlcatlng the aura!7i11ty of a !:>rid:untt wfIen exposed to weathering. The U..5.ls dIv1ka three weathering - serer!, moderAte, and negllgll7le -...to annual winter rainfall ana the number of freezing-cycle days. Brick is pJd for use Ineach /'e9lon accoralngto strength. maximum water . coefl'.clent. t .A ImCk gradefor exposure to-' ,moder'3te as whenused grade on surfaces unlikely to l7e penneated liiltn WlltelIii subfreezing temperatures. j5W , A !nick gradefor exposure to \severe whenIncontact with..... the ground or uSMon surfar.es Ukely to permeated with water Intemperatures..__ extruding stiff l:>utplastic clay having a moisture content ofl2t to 151 through a ana cuttlng the extrusion to length with w'res l:>eforefiring. 1drrprcss processi The process of fonnlngprickmotdlng relatively dry clay having a moisture of 51 Wunder high pressure, resulting in sbrp-edged, smooth-surfacea pricks. 1 b1n) f..fumau or oven for Pumll1g, I:1aklng, or esp. one for firing pottery,17a\:ir-3 .m=ks, or tlml:>er. ,------__--.:Plfing luiCk with too much or too httle air to vary their face COlOr. !cuU,..1 A !nicI: or rejected as being Infer':r quality .

The Py. claL I"'.lSOlllj' unit whenImmersed In either cold or boIIIn4I'I7ter for a st3 ted length of time. a percent3ge of the weIght of

NW..................... , .......... -.........Jfi!e.l7ridcr .. : A brick gradefor toAGT{mUle of fire cl3y ana used for coefficient Theweight of water absorPed Dille hf!fflersta In cotr IIt7ter to the weight aDsor\:1ed when In water, Indicating the reslstJnce of the brick to the #etlan of and thawing.

3weight of water absorPea iTl3S011f'y unit when partIally Immersed for croeminute, expressedgrams or ounces pminute. AlsocalleJ mlt/al rau of 18 whenused as aamaGtts and flreplaces. 113Gb,'" orin Itfterlor ma son ry.-

A Wctry clay used In the making of aria otHer objects exposed to high tempentlJres. A material havingthe a17i1lty to Its physical shape ana cliemlCal WnE' suPjected to high temperatures. l, u u I l.i I U if you need this book purchase the original copyr r r r f r i r r rnoml,,' dim ",.Ion.3 courses = 8 in.(20.3 mm) I A Lvgerthan thel actual to account for the .thicl:ness rf 3:nortar Joint. -r---'h . .jumbo urick. Any of "'3 r100J 5 C'1erslzed17ricks h3vlng nomlnJl establJshed Dythe

seal'I-'i A brd or tl.e i-.3Yingnormal face" dlmensloos 2 nominal thickness of

ht-J A !mel:: cut t... rsversely so asto leave TaChipar rJC> stones or 1nicks to a certainc-rsl1ape. 5 COU."'5ts = 16 In. (406 mm)4 coursts = 8 In. (20.3 mm) See mJSOnry for types of mortJr pr.:s BRICK moduL-lr brick A 17rld:h.wingnominal dimensions of 4 x 21,.'3 x3 in.(102 x68 x 203111m). NormJn brick APricl:h.wing nominal dimensions at 4 x 21,'3x 12in.(102 x 68 x 305 mm) ... SCRurick Briel:: h3';119nominal dimensions of 6 x 2113 x 12In.(102 x 68 x 305 mm) . engineered brick A Inicl:h.wlng nominal dimensions of (I02x81x203mm). Norwegian I1rick A 17M nominal dimensions of 4 x 3'/s x 12 in. (102 x81x 305 mm). Roman BrickncminJI dimensions of 4x2x 12 in. (102x51 x 305 mm). ecanomy Prick Avrick having nominal dimensIons of 4x 4 x 5 in.(102 x 102 x 203 mm). stret:.cMr A l?rlcl: or other m3sonry untt laid hortzoot..fIy Ina wallwith theor parallel to tne$lJri:ou. :'''.. A 17rld: or other m3sonry u,nlt /;lid horlzonta ily 1(1 a wall with the shorter end or parallel to the surface. -., .. A I7rld:lakl horizontally onthe longer edge with the shorter end exposed.

A I7rld:laid vertically with the longer face edge. .itorl l;ikl vertically with the I1read

, ... '.' 7shineri 'AbrIcki3J h==:;;::- successive courses of stretchers with all head Joints al1g ned vert lea Ily. Also. I1ond.! :Englishcros5 Pond-ODDDCJDDD.A rnodJfJed EnglJshbond Inwhich the heaa Jolnts!n the stretching courses are offSP,t .by half the length of a stretcher. Also called ODDDDDDDDCDc::=Jt=Jt=JDT ODDDDDDDDC c=J c:::Ic::Jc:=Jf ODDDDDDDDC Dc=Jr==Jr==:JO( ODDDDDDDDC c=Jr::=:JDDc==J[ Flemish Pond A mod1f1ed flemish bona having courses of altel'Tl3te headers aM stretchers with stretching. -.. - flare header A brick h3vlng a damr end exposed as a heac.ier In pattemed brlcl:won:. larden-wall Ponel Ffor lightly loaded rounaary walls, having aof a poheader and thru stretchers In eachcourse, with eachheac.ier ilelng centered over a t=header Inalternate courses. Ii Ij JJI i 6 L L L L J f L if you need this book purchase the original copyA Is A sheltb' from r3in,SUn,and wind. This mpIks a and Waifswsupport It. If the emtmy m;Jose 5pau WIthin, xt for access. 3I1d WlndCW$ for t- Ro:7fs and waDs,door5 and WIndows fe3tures (J( buffdl"95. Roof5 T/U'j b.: f!.it:.sloping.or curved. A roo f with slope Is C3iW a Lan-to.Whentwo roofs upa! p3r.l1ld w;Jn5 and le.in they meet In a hor/zorrt.31 rlJge.ltform a G3t>1e atIf two rQ/Jsaprojectingtheir rwfs 1n3n It1cIiMJ lint called a fip. If the rr;;aIl:;me&t;, a reentulngthe ItIcfJr,d ile of IrrtersectSon Is calfed a Valley. Orcul.r JlQIJs C3rrf ca1Id or dcmlc31 roofs.. If thae Is me dwI tX7e 5tcry, the fL1t; roof qf the stcry b.:comes the Floor (J( the stQry fYX!f extenJs b.:yond the wall tJrzt suppa-ts It, the projection 15 called the &;es. If the W31al5oto suppon the (J(the roof.the projection is calJtJ ;/ ComJce.The principal member (J( a ccmice. JIIhJch a 5heJ f and crO'Nr15 the IQI, is c;tIIeJ ;/ Corona. Wans 3rC ger.er;Hiy I1I3de }U5ta t the bottom 5. I_L 1,!' piloti_:._ .. i ---- Any of a serIes of columns supportIng a arove an open ground level Ah3V!r-qlittle width ..., respect to its length 3na hetqht. A wIng at right angles to the length of a pUllding.Also. ef. wing Apart of a buildIng from a TId sul10rdlnate to auntral or mainpart. ' I J I

-'V I open to the sky and mostly orI,.._entlrely surrounclea by walls or I7ulldlngs. patuza A large. Imposing puplic priV3':.e residence. esp.InIt31y' atrium A skiit. central court Ina esp. a farge Interior one a glass roof and -Jed by sevml Stories of galb'es. atrium " L.fi Anopen. skylit court around whicha house or bultdlng Is D i courtyard. /' A court adjacent to or wlthfn a building. esp. one enclosed onall four sIdes. patio A courtyard, esp. of a house. enclosedby low I1Ulldlngs. arcades. or walls.. L y L i L I if you need this book purchase the original copyr j r-! t r i r r i r r I' f i '-I r r i I ( i: f I [ f t I \..; I, I I I CABLESTRUCTURE structure A structure of cal7ies suspended and prestressed !letween compression meml7ers to directly support applied loads. suspension 17ridge A Imdge having a d,e.c.I:suspended from cables raised ontowers and securely anchored to abutments at the ends. single-curvature structure A suspension structurea parallel ... '.'.'series of ca17les to support surface-forming .._l7eams or pl3tes. A structure Is susuptlule to flutter Induced .by the aerodynamic effects of wind. This lia17i1ity canl7ereduced by Increasing the dead load on the structure or anchoring the primary ca17les to the ground with

..... . .. r

component of thrust In a suspension orcal:>le-stayed structure and..n.v,-_.........transferring the forceto a ground foundation. Avertical or inclined compression rneml7er In a suspenslon or cable-stayed structure. supportlng the sum of vert.ical force components In the primary aM gfl'J caPles. Incnning the mast enal:ks It to pIcl:up some of the hortzootal cal:>le thrust and reduces the foru In guyca!rles. double-cable structure- .--.- - -.. A suspensionhavingupper and lower sets of cables of different curvattlres, pm.ensloned by tles or compresslon struts to make the system more rlgk:l2nd reslst3nt to flutter. I I primary cable One of the pretenslooed cables directly supportlng the load on 3 suspension structure. i------------ -- .-.- ... - secondary cable L ..bound2rycable 011e of the pretensloned cables used for stal:rillzln a 5uspenslof'l5tructlire against flutter, uS1J311y having a cumture oppo$fte to tha t of the primary cables. Acable for a set of secondJr)' cables In a suspenslonS""....JCture. C3ule-stayed structure A structurevertical or Inclined masts fromwhich cables extend to suppcrt horizontally spannIngmembers arrangedirI a parallel or radial pattern.' douule-curvature structure Asuspension structure composed of a field of crossed C41l>leS of different and often reverse curvatureS. Each set of caufes h3s a different natu:"31 ofvlur3tlon, thus form log a self- system that Is more resistant to flutter. 29 if you need this book purchase the original copy.,(ElLING The overhead interior surface or Iini"4 of. room. often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above. 30 o plafona, !?eam ceiling The unac:rslde of a ftoor showing ~ supporting I1eams arid finished to forma ceiling. jcoffer1 One of a number of recessed. USUoiilysquare or octagonal panels in..ceiling. ~ .or vault. Also called c.alsscn.i.1curur. ';bcunar/ .A ceiling. soffit. orv.ult aOorred Mt.h .. pattern of recessed p:onel$. Aflat or vaulted ceiling of decorative character. l if you need this book purchase the original copyl_ r t e._ .-f L i-_ L r i L ] L r f iL [ I L r-I cbim To assert or dema nd or possesstcn. merge To comlnr.e. !knd. or unite by stages so as to I1lur identity or distinctions. pL1Z3 A pul7llc 5qU.3re or apenspace Ina city or town. 'luadrangfe--- .. --.--.--.----.--......... . Aor 'tU3arangular space or court surrounded ;,y 3 bui!d1119Or llultdlngs. as on 3 college CJmpus. Also called quad. 941lleria A spaclo!J5 promenade, court, or Indoor maR,usuar1y having a vaulted roof and lined with comrr.erci;;ll establishments.

An aro;I useJfora stroHa pul7llc p!xe.lS for or dlsp!ay. JlleeJ French tern for a broad ;,walkplanteJ ",ith trees.,I .'Pfront To face In a specific direction or look out upon. ari?or_ .... - ..... -.. -.-.--- ..........'._"' .. '_ A shelta c.f shruPs and 17r.lllches or of bWcewor1:Irrtmwlnea with. d flowers... uellis A fume supportlng apen latticework, used 3S a screen or 3support for growing vines or plants I.3ttice A Structure of crossulstrlps arranged to form a rt:.3JiJ r p3 ttem of openspaces. pergola. A structure of parallel colonnades supporting an open roof of Peilms and cr05s1119raftus or trelliswork. (NU wHich cllml1lngplants are trained to grow. orientation The position of a on a site In relation to true north, to points on the compass, to a sPeGlfiG place or feature, or to local conditions of sunlight,and :_.;":. ."..: BUILDING folly A whimSical or extravagant Structure built to serve as a conversation piece, lend Interest to a view, or com memoratea person or event. pavilion Asmall,often ornamental In a garden. gazebo A freestanding roofed structure, usually open on the sides.shade and rest In a garden or pari::. ::::::::=====rrrr=n:=T'r==rr:n==:rr===rI[J[ Ifafd0Rf-H ... -.-.A l7ultdlng, or architectural feature of a 1lullJlng. Qesi9ned and situated to look out upon 3 pleasing scene. tapi3ry Clipped or trimmed Into ornamental arlO fantastic shapes. or the work or art of such clipping._. DO' 27 if you need this book purchase the original copy(ABLESTRUCTURE A structural system utilizing the caHe as the principal means of support ..

A flexIple structural meml1er. as wire rope orhaving high tensile strength / Put offering no nee to com presslon i ! funicularslupe... j The shape assumed Vi a fruly cleformlng C3P\e In direct response to the magnitude , ,., ., and location of external forces. Acaple alw-ays adapts Its sh3pe so that It 15 Inpure tension under the action of an applled load. funicular polygon.,._ ...................... / The wpe assumed Vi a freely cleformlngn-----------,-,o In direct I'tSf'On5e to a set of ........,,-' concentrated loads.\\'.......... ",' l\ \""-,''" -+-.',------,-- /' -1ading. t- t--r-t--r-r-.-_. 1 r-r-: r-\-: r-r-r-r-: r-r-: IIIII : IIJJI I- r-l-t--I- r-I .. I- r-r-f--+--I-r-1- ...... IIIiI j .L.L_LJ! thln-l7ed A tllesettlng process In which ceramic tlle Is bonded to a contInuous. stable backIng with 3 thin coat of dlj'-set mortar. latex-portland cement mortar. ep : chapel \Asepa rately dedica ted pa rt of a chu rchfor \private prayer, meditation, or small ",religious services. The space al10ut the a!tar of a church for the clergy and choir, often elevated aDove the nave and separated from It________ _4chevet thuman or animal esp. OM with lin open mouth that serves 35 A spout arJ projects froma gutter to throw rainwaterciear of a

- .. ----------------- .... -...Acfrcub;-Wfr,Jow. usu311y of stained 913ss...and dae.cor.ltedtrn;ery sym met rica I ataoot t}.e center. by h3v1ng blIW onto Its surface or by V;1riousoxldes fused Into It'I !:,-whik:lt1 JIl'1Often statL ;------------:------------1' j the !tHe arches anJ ana corresponding to the 5f3U Petween the, V"3U ttir.,pr.a the roof of anaisle.I by a ralhng or screen . '-"" chantry A chapel enclowed for the saying of Masses and prayers for the souls of thefounders or of persons named by them . ----------lapyrinth------Apattern the pavtment of a church. p""hlnJrl.;!pbce. esp. one beneath the main floorchapel for penitents at the of. cntJrGh.west end of sorne med1eval E.n9l1sh churches. Also. .g3l1lee porch. rood--.- .. -.------- .. ------ -- -. ----- ------- --------.--- -------7. A crucrfb: symbolizlr14 the cross onwhichi Christ .,...3S crucified. esp. a large one set. + Oiroveentrance to the choir or chancel of achurch. rood.... -.----- ._- ---"-A SCru::1. often etlborately adorned and $Urn1ounted by a rood, separating the c ha or choir from the nave of a meaie-;31 church. The rounded east end of a Gothic cathedral. Including the apse and ambulatory . .-- Anaisle enCircling the end of the choir or chancel of a church. Also called deambul3tory. -.. -....... choir The part of a church occupied by the slnqers of a choir, usually part of the chanul ret roc hair A separate division behind the cholror high altar of a I3rge church. :---. lady clupel ;A chapel dedicated to the VIrgin Mary. :usually located behirJ the high altar of a .cathedral at the extremity of the apse. high 2tbr The main altar of a church. .... -. The part of a churchreserved for the clergy.

An enclosed place. esp. the tarJ or beside a ,.-------- 51ype ,/A covered passage. esp. onektween the transept and chapter house X a cathedral. Also. slip. ch4p'Ur hoU5t: The pl3ce where the chapter of OJcathedral or monastery meets, usually a attached to or a hall forming part of the cathedra! or rnon2stery. ch4pter An assembly of the mon(s In a monastery. or the rnemrers of a ",,_.religious house or order. "- "--paradise garth_ A courtya rd or quadrangle enclosed by a cloister. Also called cloister garth. alure A walkor passage. as along a cloister or behind the parapets of a castle. Also. allure. Anatrium or cloister Dc:skJe a church. ...cloi,ter A covered walkhaving ;;n arcade or colonnade on one side opening onto a courtyard. 37 if you need this book purchase the original copyCOLOR .. , A phenomenon of light and visu.al perctptlon that m.aydescribed in turns of an indivldU.arS perctption of hue, satur;ation, and for objects, and hut, s.aturation, and In-ightness for light sources.

spectrum The distribution of energy emitted by3 r3dlant source, In order of wavelengths, esp. the pand of colors produced whensunlight Is refracted and dispersed Py a prism, comprising red, orange, yellow, green,plue,lndlga, and violet. ,"---. pale Deslgnatir..ga color having and low sa';;Jratlon. I d.ark.J color h.ivfng low iy which an axis deviates frompml!el axis-pdelta effect__ ... _..... ___ ... __ .. _....... _ An aJdltlol13l moment In a strocturalas Itsaxis! dev13tes fromnne of actlon of a equal to the product ofi the load andrr.emPer dtfl.ectlon at any. point. ___ MJle______. ____ ...... The proposition th3t a load'.COLUMN ..

.. I :: I! '--t-

moment = load (P) x eccentricity (e)

A set of tensile ana compressive stresses resulting from the superpos1t!on ofaxlal and benalng stresses at a cross section of a structural metT1uer, acting In the same direction and equal it arry point to their 3lgel7ralc sum. shc1JtalocaW wlthln middle third of a horizontal sec':1o!1 of a cofumn or wall to prevent tensilefrom developing In t,1esection. "'ir= ------- -T - of '"Y ho",,,,,,I,octlo, .!i'/of a calumn or wallwithin which the -----..... -(:' of all compressive loads must ;:,/P3SS If only compressive stresses are to be r--@-.---- effectlye :The dlstanceIrtflectlon points In. ,column su17ject to l?uci:Ill14- The effective kmgth of a column detennir.es Its crttlc31 load.this port!oo of a column

\ \ \ \ -oJ -l \ C c\ ....:C\i \ II 1 ..J \ I fixedfixtJl I :t/present In the section. A compressive load I/applied beyond this area will cause tensile

/stresses to develop In the section. Also d/.:called kern area. lamaet'4i . 1/ ... - .... - kern point A point on either side of the untroldal axis -- -.. t!..- of a horizontal column or wall section 1 idefining the limits of the kern area. J k=O.5 ..... k = 0.7- .... ; pinned k=I.0l=2.0 4-i 1 effective length DcU:lr A cufflclent modifyingactual of a column acccrdlr.g to Its end ccMtlons In order to determine Its effxtive Iengt!1. Fixing rot., enas of acolumnreduces Its length t>y h.;:f J.,d increases rts load-carT)ing capacity by 38ctor of 4. P&14 I' /1/1 11II 11 II II II II II II II ./ laurall7racing__. __ .. ___ I' The uraclng of a column or other compression rr.emPer to reduce Its effective Iength.13teral uraclng Is most effective whenthe braCingpattern occurs Inmorethan plane. unl1racea length The distance uetween the points at which3 structural memper Is!n-aud against uudling Ina direction normalto Its length 41 if you need this book purchase the original copyCONCRETE Art 2rtffici2lstcnelike building material nude l7ycement ana various mineralwith sufficient water tc cause the cement to set ana pinel the entire ITI3SS. rutural cement A naturally occurring clayey nmesUlne which. when calclnea and ftnely pulverized. produces a hydraulic cement. pczzoL-in A sll1ceousmaterial. as fly ash. that reacts chemically withslakedlime Inthe presence of moisture to forma slow-hardening cement.named after a natural cement frcm Pozzuoll. anancient Romantawnnear Vesuvius.Also.pozzoIona. pcnuol3 na. siliceous Containingsillc. or oil silicate. fly ash Flne particles of ash recovered fromthe waste gases of.3 sollcHuel furnace. t.a-----...... ........... .... .. ___ ........... ......... e ......... - ..... ,t._._ ..eo.e.1... Le- ..a... J._....,ItA.AiL.....II0A. IlLm\II G it.9Q It0.. M A calcJne.d II'1lxtu re of clay anai filely pulverized a nd used asi anIn concrete and mortar.1 The term Is rnquently used Incorrectly! . ! i tnc.lcium sirute ---.-.--... -----1 halfj the voilr.e of pa1tind c:eme1Tt and; h.rdenlng or early pin ill of the cemelTt. I J"glcwnuOic&............. -. t AWlStltutlng aDoift one- l quarter of volume of nd: cement ana rtSpOMSl\7Ie for the aging. or long.tM\ g3ln inof the U'II1erIt. tricJlcium ,lumffUt.e.-.--.... -...l A constituting arout one-tenth of t volume of ;x>rtland ana responslUle for the Initial r:J die cement. portland cement A hydraulic cement /I13def;ly a mixture of clay and limestone In a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker Into a very fine powdef. named for Its to a limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland. England. hydraulic cement Cement of settlng and hardeningf;ly a reac'tlon with water.

":,.," . ....R.3w m2terla/sof coml1inations of clay. 5hz/e. oyster-sheDs. sHlca ...S3IIJ. JJlronore. ;"I?>wmzUrl;/s""IfWI'JtopowJer m' '/blended.. 1r 8urnlng Inki1n chAnges r;lW mixture jlnto cemerrt dlnket-. clinker Qlcine To SGPstance to a high temperatare Mwithout melting or fusl/14 r.o ive off volatile matter or to reduction. 4l A fused mass of Incomlnlstll7le /I13tttr resultIng from heating In a kiln or the InImlng of coal. Gypsum Is added toto ---? , C/lnkerlsgroundlnto."".;i' port/3nd cement . . -- "..,f-: . L------Acgrorsupportlng topIn a

bolsur -----------... A chairforsupportlng and spacing rottom!r.rs in a concrete beamor slab. A form that can r31-sed vertically for lifts of concrete during the constructlon of a multistory bulk/lng. lift-. -.... -... -.-... -. -.-- -'"-. Thea qU3ntlty of concrete placed Ina form .t onetlme. slipform.................. -'- ... A form th4t canbemovedslowly and contlnuously as concrete Is beingplaced during the construction of a concrete pavement Of" DuJtdlng. strip A strip of wood or other material attached to the Inside face of a form to produce a groove In the surface of a concrete member. .A brau. usually of wooJ. for spacing andwall or footing forms apart. Also calledspacer. .-'.- wale A horizontal timber or steel beamfor relnfon:;ing various vertical members. as In formwori: or she--tpiling. or for retaining earth at the edge of an emlr.lr.l::nent. Also called In-east timper. ran9er. waler. /" "';trongmk A vertlc31 support for aligning and relnfon:;lng wales.Also called Istlffitack. The kmpor.ilry structureto support newly pl4ced concrete. Including forms and annecessarymembers. \7raclng.and hardware. form Boarding or sheeting of wood,meta I. pi3st1c. or ftberglass for ccntalning and giving a desired shape to newly placed concrete until it sets and gains sufficient strength to be selfsupportlng. form tie A metalt!e for I:eep:ngwall forms from spreading underthefluiclpressure of newly pi3ced concrete. :'--":-.-.- ..... snaptie i: iA formtie having notches or crimps which II allow its end5 to snapped off below the 1====r=t1.concrete surface after stripping of the :ii forms. :i'-L __ .'I.... !.. -.--- COI'.ePott II I' A form tie ha,1ng cones at eachend Insicle iithe forms which altow it to also serve as a I:, II spreader. tor:: .. '-"-'-.'.-'!.i ''--T-'trul1C3teacone of wood, steel. or form to Indicate the top of a ccncrete lift..'". ...:.plastlG attached to a form tie to sp2ce and -.uo,./A _______ _____ __ ._ _____ ._.'.. Iispread w.1I forms.leaving a neatly finished depr"essloo IntM concrete surface toAny of. varety of slotted d...ovlces forfilled or!rlt exposed. tightening formwori: ana transferring the:;! I :....-. "--r"""of waler rods which ....'. "'_" are ir.serted through the form and threaded iontotheenasofan inner rod. After ..:."?.:II Jistripping. the water rods are remcvedwhile .__Inner rod remains Inthe concrek. flyingform A lar formthat canbemovedby 3 Cr3ne. used Inconstructingthe floors androofs of multiStcry Duildings. 45 if you need this book purchase the original copyC:ONCRETE concrete Ccncrete &eposItcd, fonr.ed. cured. and flnlshed In Its flnal position as part of a structure. Also calledconcr'eU. ."...... . . ... -! piau me nt: The process of and consolidatIng fi-eshly mixed concrete In a form or In the finalposition where It Is to harden. i ./ time of haul The period from first contact Petwun mixing water and cement to completlon of discharge of the freshly mixed concrete from a. truck mixer. agitator iruclc A truck eqUipped with a rotating drum to prevent 5egrt9t1on or loss of plasticity of the readymlxed concrete !icIng delivered to a construction site. tn.Jclcmiur Atruck eqUipped with a rotating drum and a separate water tank for mlxl"!! concrete enroute to a construction site. .concrete mixer direct pl3cement The a'rsch3rglng-of freshly mixed concrete dIrectly Into a fann from a concrete mixer. or crane l1ucl:et. free fait The descent of freshly mixed concrete Into a for:nthe aid of a drop chute. drop chuu:....... -..--.. -........ -.... -.-A chute foranda falling stream of freshly mixed concrete SO 3S not to cause chute AnIncSned trough or tube for conveying freefIowing materials to a lower level !1y

consolwt1on The process ofvoids other than entralne.d air withinnewfy placed concrete and ensurinf close conbct of the concrete with fonn surfaces and eml1edded A machine havl"!! a revolving drum. often motor-drIven. for mixIng cement. aggregate. and water to produce concrete. ...buggy ....A cart. often motor-driven. for transportlng heavy materials. 415freshly mixed concrete. for snort distances at a construction site. . ...A0 t-4'.1I ..;.. ',.'V'"Q0illI! . 0.4 01'1..... -,.,::'''''.::0, - "4 ilL1:1 : .... 0t1,:r 1" ::. '0 "'l...-,4 .. ---.------.------.. ---.. --- ',,\.-'!r'"..... 4:0... . "--:J '-II..qf:.........Consorldatlon of newly placed concrete!1y;4.:/1"..dI....., . 0.0":/1;..1>':110._ the repeated Insertions and withrawas of'....4'..4.:. contractors. construction manager A person ororganlut\ol1 that contracts with an owner to advise on and coordinate allof a prqect, from evaluatIng the constructlon cost and of designdecisions to managing theaward, and construction phases of the project. design-l1uiIJ Of or pertaInIng to an amngement under which a person or organlutlon contracts dIrectly with an owner to design ana constnJGt a or project. turn-leey Of or pertaining to an amngement under which a person or organlz3tlon designs and constructs a lnJlldlng for sale or lease when ready for occupancy. Architect Subcontractor Subcontractor Subcontractor \ \ I \)' \ /

,; I: j l10.J I) ! II I n 1 I U I t b if you need this book purchase the original copy L./

fe.1swility study A detailed InvestIgAtion and analysis conalJCf'.ea to determine theflnanclal. technical or other advIsaDllity of a proposed construction project . top out ToInstall the highest structural member In .a construction or complete the uppermost course Ina masonry wall .. :... ................. - .. ""-" ........ falsework The tempora ry fra mewon: for supporting a structure under construction that Is not yet capable of supporting ttseff. scaffold A temporary structure or platform for supporting workers andmaterials at a height aDove the floor or ground during the construction or repair of a building. Also calledstaging. CONSTRUCTION Theprocess of pUilding. from site preparation through erection. assembly. and finishing operations. ......... .i> .. .................... ...................... ......... . i1iddin9 l"l,e compt:Utlve process of offering tv perform the wan: described In;;1 contract for a specH'ied sum. award A fOnTl3lauevtance of a Did or a negotla ted prof1QS.ll ccntnct A enforuable agtUment. usually In written form. between or more parties to do or not to do something specified. notice to procee;l A written communication Issued Uy an owner authorizing 3 contractor to proceed with the won: and establ1shlng the date of commencement of the work. l7uilding permit A written author!zatlan to p.-oceeJ wtth construction of a building project In accordance with approved clr.lwlngs and speciflcatlons.lssued Uy the local. government agency havlngJurisdlGtion after p!;:ns have been flied and reviewed. buildi"9 offICial A person designated Uya governmental authorlty to adm Inlster ancl enforce the provisions of a building code. erect To construct boy the raising. positioning. fittlng together. and fasteningof materials or parts. ----- ----_._._----, certificate ofoccupanq A c:Iocument Issued Uy a official certffylng that all or a designated portion of a building compiles wtth the provisions of the bUildingandpermltUng occupancy for Its designated p05U1ccupancy tnluation The process ofthe technical. functional and I1ehavlonl aspects of a completed l7ultdlng Into accumulate Informatlon for tuwre programming and design activities. QDesign fast-track......................................................... j .................... j ................. +....... -..-...... --...... Occupancy .....) Of or pertaining to project scheduling In:::: which the design and construction phasesJ IIAr-------::---""'T ': COnstructlonphase4U .... I _______---' the total time required for completion.I: Iphase3OC--========_________..J CPM Critical PathMethod; a method for punnIng. scheduling. andmanaging a project. combining all relevant Information Into a flow chart. Including the optimum sequence and duration of activities. the relative significance of eachevent. andthe coordinationrequired for timely completion cf the prOject II II Construction phase2 6c=---------..., I I Construction phase1 0 I'--________....J49 if you need this book purchase the original copy(ONSTRUcnON Themanner in whIch IUterials are ordered. assemlkd. 3M united into Jwhole. 3Sconstruction. ,ysttm,A constnsctlon prcuss U5ln9a highof pref.l!nic4tlon In t1Ie nunufacture of standardlztd units or components to speed and /:rectlon of alnJlldlng. Also called Industrialized Puitding. panel A pref.ll7riciW sectlon a floor.wall. cein"40 or roof. h4nkJ as a single unit In theand erectlon of a pullding. prefal1ricm r0 fabricate or manufacture 17eforehand. esp.ln standardized units or components for qUid assem171y and erection. fabricate r0 construct l7y assembling diverse and usually standardized parts. ,.,n.:iwich-------.../ A stnsctural p3nel CQ1S!stlngof a core of rebUvei)' mterial ent;\osed Petween two sheru a material. re5lIltlng In a high stlffness-to-weight ratio. we,5ed-5kin pandAstructural p3nel cooslstlng offacings to lum!ler stringers. used as roof. or WAil memw $\.IbJect to Dendlng. The plywood bclngs and stringers act as a of 1-beams with the plywood resistingall of the M1dlng stresses. Crossrruy support the edges of the skin and to Idp distribute ccnc.entrne.d loads. ....... f'lwr.mngal'lJ design at!prefa lnic3teJ Il"()(lyles or rroaubrcoordlnatlon forof flexJbleam"f11ent. orvarie

module--- .. -.. ----.-- .. -- ._.-. ---- - .--Arty In a of standard1zea, frequently components used In untts size. orfunalon. modularcooraiutiYn_....... --- .. - the dimensions of a structure and PIe unit sizes Its cocnponents, with alJ of a planning grid l7ased ona +Jnchmodule. lift-,Llb AofmultiStory !7ulldings In...mich aA horizontal stabs are C3St ,t ground b-ef and. wnen cured. are raised Into position Vyhydraullc Jacks. 50 tilt-up construction A method ofcastlng relnforua concrete --wall panels on site In a horizontal position. then tilting them up Into their flnal position. . ---". .... =:-..r:; ........". contract documents The Ieq;I documents comprising a construction contr;lct.lncludlng the owner-contractor agreement. conditions of the contr3ct. and the construction drawings andfor the proJect. Including all addenda. modifications, and any ather Items stipulated as beingspecifically Included. construction documents The ccnstructlon drawings and speciflcatlons setting forth In detail the I't

...........-.............. -....-......... . ..... -----/-+[!]

Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms which resem!?le oremplcythe simple rectilinear or dements of geometry.

syntPo,-", Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms having an Intellectual and affective content solely ontheir Intrinsic lines. cofors. and relatlonshlp to one another. \A unified compostlon of two-dimensional shapes or Rtru-dlrnenslonal volumes. esp. one 1:hat ftls or sffi the Impression of dcnsfty. and Pul. 52 t 7.... .... _ .. ......... Characterized or producedby addtUOn. accumulation. or uniting. often resuftinq in a new Identity. 5ulrtractive.. - ................ . Characterized or produced byremmi cf. part or portion without destroying ;; of the whole. --+X Something th3t st;a nds for or represents sornethlr.gDy3ssoclatlon. resemPbnce. or Its I meaning chiefly fromthe structure Inwhich ltappe3rs. I'flgu:-t h3v!r.g aI .meaning and used Inpuce of a word or ____----JI to exprtss 3 complex notion. .J artJcubtio n I A metf1CJOflhanr.er of jointing that mJtes the united parts cIQr. distinct. and Inrelation to e3Ch other,..."'---.'.. -.--,'-'.'GJ">,;,/ .. ,... " if you need this book purchase the original copy

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-\ AnInaiV1dual. minute, or subordinate p3rt of whole. .11 "".II i... I(IIIl1li II jtature Thestructure given to ;a surfJCe orthe stze, and prcportlons a' the parts. . f4l>Mc. pattern' An or decorative design, esp. cne hf I!-/.--'\ntervenlngspaceorstance. qUJl1ty. or distinction. , To or attention of. "." "To rttrut ana hold fast Py Influet\a or powu. The act or power ofthat which will or may come to be. I Th'e faculty-ofsetllng things In their tnJe relations or of evaluating their relative significance.

A part'lcular manner or mode of Iocl:lng at orsomething. , A way Inwhicha thll19mayviewed or reelfry.1antern. Or belvedere. It.lml1our 'The vertiCal part of a cupola. .. . ./The space betJeen the Inner and outer shells of a dome. '\ 1 "A dormer window Ina roof or spire. \ \

L,'.. .. -_ ..Whispering gallei'y\ J. space or gallerJ ueneath " dome or i ;1 vault Inwhich low sounds produced Iat any of certain poInts are clearly audIble at certaIn other dIstant band.age.:.. A strap. ring. orchaln placed around a structure to secure andhold Its parts together. asaround the springing of a aome. DOME .................... oculu't ,{Aesp. one at the crown of a dome. semiaome, H3ff a dome formed by a vertical sectIon. as (Ner a semicIrcular apse. cul-de-four; A semldome or'quarter.sphere vault. 3S O'IU an apse or nlc he. pendentive A spherical triangle formingthe transition from the circular plan of a dome to the pLonof Its supportIng structure. ._ ....... - .....,lunettei --: --_.:--......Anarea In the pLone of a wall framedby ,anarch or vault.a wIndow. paintIng. or sculpture. \dome .A spherical dome formed by removfngfour SOthat It merges with Its perJentIves anel sits on " square pLon. /.,,Anarch or cOrl:>eltngpullt across the upper Inside comer of a square tower to support the side of a superimposedstructure. 61 if you need this book purchase the original copyDOOR A hinged, sliding. or foldingDarner of wooa,or glass for opening .nd closing an tntranu to a building. room, or c.1binet. door A000r tunis onhinges or pivots aPout a vertical wncnpushed or pulled. _i___ .___ . pivoteQ door A Xcron andabout on a plvot,fromone hung on hinges. foWtngdoor A door IritJI that canbe fbtone another when 51iJin9 door A door open tes or moves Vy st1dlng on. tnGt. usu4I1Iy to. wall. rolling door A doorconslstlng of horizontal, metal sbts gUided Vy a tnd on Vycolllng about4In Ihm the head of the door DOD DDD DDD DOD 62 :.: :. :.' '... ,l1alanced door Adoor that Is partially courT"...erir.Ilancea for easier opening and c1051 rtg. allU)m.rt:ic door A door that opens automatically at the approach of a person or automobile. door opener A mech3nism that automatically opens a door .... hen actuated Vy a radio tr3nsmltter, electric eye, or other device.

................... _... ,- that permit It to .swing In one direction only. I .........double-acting door A door hung on hinges that permit It to swingIneither direction from a closed position. double doors I,A pair of doors hungInthe same doorframe. I, "

!i.A hinged or sliding section of a dOOr or shutter. ...... j_ .,'''- active leaf ,/ ,. ,..The leaf of a pair of "oulne doors to which the latching or lockingmechanism Is attached. Also called openIngleaf. .........-... - .......Inactive leaf The leaf of a pair of double doors to which the strike plate Is fastened to receive the latch or bolt of the active 1e3f,usuallyflxed In a closed position by bolts at the top and bottom of the door.Also calledstanding leaf. /....astragal ./A molding attached to one or boUlmeeting stiles of a pair of double doors to prevent drafts or the passage of light, nolse, or smoke. mullion - l:rifolddoor A slender vertical memPer dlvidlngthe opening for a p.lr of double doors. sometimes removal7le to permit the passage of large oVjects . -:; r I i I I A folding door that divides Into two parts. the Inner leaf of each part Pelnghung from an overhead tr3ck and the outer ir ucordlon door , jilljpl.otedthe jamb. 1...-_-U.I..I.J..IJ.JJJj;;jjii.LiI.' A multi leafed door that Is hung from an overhead track and opens by foldingb3ck In the manner of an accordion. it-'-"Tl I:I I:I I('f"'-"'" I:I - pocket door A door that slides Into and out of a recess In a doorway wall I'I I1I I:I 1 : I I __ .Ji , / ,/ ,-/ / / / / ,/ ,-.........

.'...."' .' :./' ............" \. \ revolving door An entr3nce aoar for excluding dr.oft.s from the Interior of a i7ullding. COfI$lstlng of four leaves set In the formof a cross and rotatlng about a central vertical pivot within a cylindricallySome revolving doors automatlc3llyfold Pack In the direction of when pressure Is applied. providing a'legal passageway on roth sides of.Ine door pivot. ......wIng One of the leaves of a double or revolving door. r ...... -.-.. sweep overhead door A large door constructed of one or sever31 !eaves. openingVyswinging or roilingup to a horizontal position abovethe aooropenlng. i The flexible weatherstripping alongthe eages of a revolvingdoor. air curtain A stream ofcompresseJ air downward across" doorway so as form a shield t;{l exclude drafts. I I I ! 1 ! I i II ( I \ Y if you need this book purchase the original copy:1 , 1I r j r r I r 1 I r 711r .J I ,.I i I 1 rough opening ---------.., Anopening In a wall Into which a doorframe or window frame 15fitted. pmb Either of the vertlca I sides of an archway. doorway, or window opening. cased opening .K. doorles.s opening finished with trlmworl:. casing________ . ___ L__ s. subca,i/19 A roughcasing for a doorway or wlndol'! opening. ----.---.. -.... -. Asubframe of wood or metal set Ina partltlon to support the finish frame of a door or window.Also called door \1ud, rough puck. doorcle4r311UThe cle3ral1Ce required to prevent\ __DOOR doorframe ".' . .- ",iTheframe of a aoo11Y3Y, consisting of i I. I i I I t ">;':1two Jambs and a head or lintel ':J- head :0.1The uppermosta doorframe .::.::1 or wi ndow frame. . doorjamb ..:Either of the two sidepieces of a ody.or deviceth3t ev"nduct5 heat. sou nd.or electric Ity. .insulator ,A material that Is a poor conductor cf electricity. used for separating or supporting conductors to prevent tr.e undesired flow of current. voltage The minimum applied voltage at whicha given Insulator UreaKS downand permits current to pass. dielectric strength The maximum voltage trut canbe applled to a givenmateri31 without ca using It to !;>red!; down.usually expressed involts or I::i iovor-..s per unit of thlcl:ness. dielectric A nonconductingsubstance. junction box An enclosure forhousing and protect1ng electric wires or cables that are joined together In connecting or circuits. ...... _- Knockout ."Apanel In a casing or boxthat canreadily beremoved. as by punching.ex cutting. to provide an openingInto the Interior. grommet A rul7ber or plastic washer Inserted in;Ihole In a metal part to prevent groundingcf" wire passingthroughthe hole. . Vushing fAnInsulating andprotective Ilning for one Cj')" ","","",,, P"""' "CO",>, 1>0J.c connec".....3 threaud metal ftWr.q for onto the of t ..Oor moreCCflductors. connector Any cfmlous de/a's for tllO or more conductors ',,;:hout 3splice "''--' __ ' --.--_.---. receptacle Afemale fitting connected to a power supply and eqUipped to receive a plug. Also called socket. grounding outlet Anoutlet havlng an acldltlonal contact for a ground conne.ctlon. .. - ..plug A male fitting for making an electrical connection to a circuit by Insertion In a receptacle. grounding plug @ A plug haVIng a Dlade for a ground connection.J, ,. \ polarized I!JlDesigned so that a plugand receptacle canfit together In only one way. 79 if you need this book purchase the original copyELEVATOR ApLotfonn or cage for c..rryir.g passengers or freight from levei of a uui14ingto anothu. rift 6ritIsh tern1 for elevator. elct'rlor Anemtor exclusively fer tne use of pas5el'lf'S. elct'ator An elevJ tor for ca rT)'ingr.e3Y)'cargo. 011 whleh operator ;arJ theneu5S4ry for unloading aM loading the freight are permftttJ to ride. duml>w;after A snuU eb7tor for COI1veying food, dishes, or otherIsDetween tM floors of ;a UullJlng.

A rowofeb7tcrs In a controlled by;a common operating S'jSt.em and responding to 3 Putton.

A structure housing elevator machinery on the roof of .. hulk/lng. top car cle..1rance The vertical distance fromthe top of an el.evator c..r to the nearest overhead obstructlon when the car platform Is with the top landing. pulkhe3d Aroxllke structure on a roof providing access to .. stalrwen or an elevator shaft_ __control panel A panel contain 1"4SWitches, huttons, and other equipment for regulating electrical devices. hoisting machinery The machinery for raising andloweringan elevator car, consisting of a motor-generator set, traction machine, speed governor,hrake. drive shaft. driving sheave. "ana gears, If used. .1 driving ,heave A wheel or dis!: witha groovecJ rim. used as a pulley for hoisting. ....idle 5heave hol,tw;ay----- ------ --- ----- -------- --- ...... A pulley for tightening and guiding the hoistIng cahles of an elevator system. Also called deflector she3ve_ A vertlcal enclosed space for the travel of cne or more elevators. Also called elevatcr shaft.machine beam One ohhe heavy steel Deams supporting the hoisting machinery for an elevator. \hoi5ting cable One of the wire caPles or ropesused for raising and 10 we rl ngan elevator car. .... ----- -- I4Inding.... - ------ -------- ----- ------, guider .. il One of the vertlcal steel tracks centroiling the travel of an elevator car or counterwel!Jht. .----------.--_.--------.-------The aiStanceby ;an Qr fromthe bwes t to the larJings oft'" holstway.Q/bltnvd-e!ectl'1c eIevrtc r ebr3tor system conslstlng of a Qr Is InOUnWon gulde ralls, supporteJ by hoisting and Mven byeb;tric hoisting m-.::hlnery. Also called t.r3ctJon elevrtcr. 80 The portion of floor adjacent toi eIemor holstway, usea for the receJvlng! ;and discharge of passengers or freight. .---------------------------A mechanical Mvlce for slowing aown and stopping an elevatorIn the event of ousslve or free t.n. actuated by a governor and clamping the guide 1'3115by a wedging action. hoi$tW3)' door----------- --- ----- --- -- ----------------A door holstway ;and an elevator landing. no 1"11141 flyclosed except when an elM tor car Is stoppea;at the landing. elevator pit---- ---- ----.-._-----------------.-----.----------The portlon of holstway extendIng from the fevel of the lowest landing to the floor of the holst way_ l>ottom The vertical distance from the floor of an elMtor pit to the lowest part of an eleva tar carwhenthe car rests on fully compressed buffers. -- traveling caple One of the electric cables connecting an elevator car to 3 flxecf electrical outlet In the holstway. counterweight A weight halancl"9 ,mother weight. as the rectangular cast-Iron ulocks mounted Ina steel frame to courtteri1alance the load placea on the holstlng machine by an elevator WI r. limit 5witch A switch that automatically cuts off current to an electric motor when an object moved I1y It. as anelevator car. has passed a given point. buffer A piston or springdevice for a!lsorulng the Impact of a descending elevator car or counterweight at the extreme lower limit of travel. lu

IL. I'

IlA i. .. if you need this book purchase the original copyr ! L I

J machine room A room housl"9 the hoisting machlne1j'. control equlpmcmt. and $haves for ..ising ana Ioweri"'3 aninclined lift A chair or plJtform mounkd on a steel gulde rail and drivenby anelectric motor. used forraising or lowering., person or goodsalonga stairway. Alsocal!ed stair lift. c hydraulic elevator An elevator system COI1s!stlrtg of a car supported by ., piston that Is movedby or moves against a fluid under pressure. r o ELEVATOR elevater car The !oacl-carrylng unit of an consisting of a car frame. platform.cnetal enclosure. and door or 93 teo ---- carframe The structural steel frame of an e!evAtcr car to whichare attached the pIJtfor.rt, gulde shoes. eleVl/torcar safety. hoisting and contrcleqUipment. --' .. -'. -,over the entranu to an .- !elevator on eachfloor of a multistory ,that signals the apprcJcn of:.'1e elevator. i i.. _... annunciator A signaling apparatus in anelev:l t:r W' cr at a landing that displays a VlsU31 \nd1catlo11 of floor landings. _....c.31117uttcn A pushl7uttan for requesting a,i door inter'Uk AIbice for preventing the operatlon of an elevator C3r unle:s$ the hcistway doorls Icd::edInthe clostJ position. door cont.1ct Adevice for prevenU"9 oper;ltlon of an elevate-r car unless its a.x1" or gate Is fullyAlso cal!ed contact. ," newel .1'4 J1 k\'\.-.. --4-. L. .J ." CO m17plate /The toothed portion of the th res hold plate :at roth eMS of an escJlator or mGVIngwall::. '.designed to mesh with the grooved surface \of the steps or treadway. A power-driven stairway conSisting of steps attached to a continuously Circulating Pelt. u$tJ for movl"9 passengers up and dcr'lnPetween fars. Also caned moving staircase. mOYirl.3 stairway. moving sidewalk A power-driYen. continuously moving surf3C'e. slmllJr to a conveyor belt. usd ;:;r carrying pedestrians horizontally c-rakJq lowInclines. peoplemover Any of various forms cf mass3S movlng Or automaud vehicles, used for shuttling people airports or Incongested urban 3reas if you need this book purchase the original copy ortwo or mere parts or members. as by with a mechaniC31 fastener. ry ronding with an adhesive. or Dy welding orr.Jn ;, 5tr.Ii!ht. slender piece of metal having ena pointed ana the other enlarged and forInto wood or other I13terlals 35 a fastener.' cllt nait A a tapering rectangular shank witIt a Wunt point mac:leI1y cuttlng from a rcl1eJ sheet of Iron or steel wire un A mae I1y and shapinga piece of round or elnptlcal wire. ccmmonnan Aa slender shank. a flat hea.d. anJ a point.

Artad havinga fult heaJ ana a shank more a common nail of the same A rta'luvIng a small ccnJca I hea d an.:! a s!gnt than a commonnail of Q-.e Si1I1e le:nth. used In finish won: In whlGh the head mzy remain vlslb1e. fictshing nan A l13.bvill4 a sleMershank and a s:nall, head that 1$ driven slightly surf3ce andwith putty or thelk Pnd Arui!. na iI A113. used In te-mpcr3 ry as scaffolding and formworc. a onIts shari to prevent it frandriven In an the way a-ndto 1e_.nut ,\.:pm'or.lted wr.:ha threadd r.oleto f-: ... '"around arJ secure abort cr screw iThepartontheshankofaboltnextto locl:nut :the head. esp. when It has a speGlal fOI1!1-'"A nutconstructed to prO'Y"\je .. A nut havingr3d1J1slits onl1;s outer fJCeto Olilowalockingpin or wire to!?e Inser-..ea in O Fi--I'both the nut and a hole in lts bolt. Ats-J _dbnut. hex head .\l:J/A nut i1Jvlnga hexa90nal base etween two metal parts to unite them without he3ting the to the melting The JI10Iten sokler flows Into aJoint !1y caplttary mtactton. braze To unite two pieces of metalapplying any of various nonferrous solders. usually a copper-zInc alloy. at a temperature a!love 800'f (427't). filler metal The metal that Is added during a welding. Imzing. or soldering process. haVing a melting point either approximately the same as or weld To unite or fuse two pieces of metal by heating aM allowingmet3ls to few together. sometimes y,;th pressure .nd the addition of an Interme-diate or flib- rr.et31. l g3S wetaing Any of;l group of welding utilIZing the heat produced D:ithe comDustlon of a oxygen and a fuelgas. as acety\el1e. arc welding Any of a 9roup of welJ1ng processes utinzlng the heat of anarc Detwee-n3 n electrode 3nd base metal. -----,. arc A sustained luminous discharge of electricity across a gap Iii;; c!rcuit or between two electrodes. Also called electric arc.mota I, " .......,shielJed metal arc A method of arc weldingusing a consurnaDIe metal electrode that fillet we 14 A wek:f with a triangular cross section joiningsurf3ces that meet In anInterior right angle.- -----o \1ase metal The princIpal met31 to lie welded. Dr3Zed. soldered. or cut. as distinguished from filler metal. .--------- toe "'\1ead A continuous deposit of fused metal. Also called weldweldingrod A wire or rod of filler Iretal used ,,/Thejunctton Detween the in gas-welding and mzing processes. and Inthese arc-wekllng processes Ini'l'hleh the does not rJmish theJI filler metal ,/I7ase metal and the face of a //wekl. --,root "relases an Inert gas to form. shield around the arc. This shield protects the weld are- rimJolst ../AJolst set on wpofthe sill and forming the .'perimeter of a wood-framed fuor, Also c;illled he3aer. -----Imdglng An arrangement of IH-aces or PIoctlng l7etween joists Or rafters to prevent their rotation or lateral dlsplacement. esp. when their depth-to-wktth ratio exceeds 6. Bridging may not requll'tJ when ends of the meml1ers are flxed against rotation and their eJges are held In line by suWlooring orshe:athlng . solid I1rtaglng Bridging consisting of short roaras fixed vertically I1etwun floor or roof Joists. cro"l7rldging Bridging composed of dlagonallmlces set In pairs Pe'tween floor or roof Joists. Il I.,i I 1 l, .: y y LA I if you need this book purchase the original copyI. i1e31T1fig Mattrbl as m3S011ry or concrete. for flIllng the t;.awtenJolsts or Peams In or on top of a m3S011ry wall. stiffening the memrers. andIncreased fire reslst4ra:. AIso.l:>e3m filling. ________ _ beampccket---------------- _____ _ An opening Inthe vertical face of a-'-structunl !T1aT1rer to receive a beam. -------Anangul3rcut at the end of aJolst or beam It enters a masonry wall. allowingthe mem!1er to fan without damaging the wallh' It /roms through somewhere along Its

form duking dectlngas permanent fonnworl:for.areinforced concrete sla b und stlb C3n support Itself. duking Metalccntainlng glass fiber the perf0!'3tea wel1s of ribbed kcl::lng Of" Inthe perforated cells of cellular tkci:lng. used as a sound-al1sorblng ceIling. --------FlOOR deck The structural surface to whleh flooring or roofing Is applied. _.----.decking Self-supporting units of wood.metal. or concrete capable of spanning beams. JOists. rafters. or purllns and serving as a base for flooringor roofing. ......... ---.------ metal decking ____ _7-'-'-_::>"7Sheet steel strengthened for use as floor -'. I composiU decking.,./ Metalservlng.as permanent fOrM1worXand tensile reinforcement for a concrete slap 11on must t;.c, designed as a nut or raft foonaatloo. N:so calledslab ongrade..._..'" ___ '

A layer of caarse granularplaced and compacted on undisturbed soil or prepared flOprevent c.pillary rise of -.- _.... --] ! FOUNDATION footing Aconcrete footingextended I. tera Ily to the foun,btlon load CNer' a wtde enough area that the al1ow3tr1e capacity of the soil Isnot exceeded. ...critJc.;J{ 5tCtJon assumed for she3r - she3r .... moisture toa concrete ground sial:>._ .. ___ .. ____.. __ ''' __ .. ______.... __ .... _: 5 Ub-str3tucn r ....- .. ------ ---------.-..........,/Th;footing of a .foundation wall Something thoIt underlies or serves as 3 !:rase or four'4btlon. Also c.alledsu!lstrate. y a tie beam to .mother In order to balance an asymmetrlGallylmpJsed load. as at the perimeter of aAlso called strap foothtg. A rr.3t providing a footing on yielding soil usually for an entire placeJ so that thedisplaced soli exceeds the weight of the construction. ... r ..

.-_ ..... _- ...A relrTfoffiJ iOncrete footing extended to ./support a rowofcolumns. r- ./A relrrforcelconGrete ream a .'superstructure at or neargrouna level arid the Io3a pic:rs. or piles. Also-..

.'A reWoiuj footing for a perln-eter column or foundation wa n o;Unded to support 3n Intercr cclumn k::3J. To ;wid rot'4tion or differentialCOfTtJnuoIJs 1(4/ n P""f'CrlJoneJ tfi:e footing of relnfOf'Ce.d concrete supporting 3of co/umflS or anentire np17ta mat A ITI3t foundationreinforced l7ya gfJ of. ribs abc>.'e or below the sial:>. grillage A framewon:of crossIngfor spreadIngheavy loads over large areas. Also called grid. ullularmat Astructure of relnforceJ slal:>sand lraSlment wails asa mat foundation. 101 if you need this book purchase the original copyFOUNDATION dup founcUtlcn A t:hJt extends do.w11_ soli to transfer !;Jullalng k:laJs to a nn appropriate Uearing stratum kIow superstructure. pi1efourWtion A system ofpks. pile C3pS. and tie l7eams fer transferrfftg !;Julkllngloads dewn to a st,.t;Jm. used esp.when the soil rNSS directlythe Is not suitable for the direct stntum____ J A whleha footll14or to wIlleh a Irolldlng load Is I7y a pile or caisson. pile A slena:r column of wood.steel. or reinforuJ QlftCrete. driven or Into the earth to form part of a foundation system. l1atterpile A pile driven at a specified angle to the vertical In order to provlJe resistance agaInst lateral forces. drive l1and A steelenGlrcling the head of a tlml:>er pile to prevent It from splitting when driven. Also called plfe ring. anvil The component of a pile hammer. located just I:>elowthe ra m,that transfers the driving force to the pile head. cushion A cap for protectlng a pile head as well as the pile hammer durl"1"' driving operation. Also called cushion 17loGk. cushion head. pile driver A machine for driving piles. usually composed of a ta II fra meworl: supporting machinery for lifting 3 pile Inposition !7efo", 3 hammer. and vertical ralls or Ie2ds for guiding the hammer. pile A principally on the reslsbnu of soli or rock Its b:it for support. The soil mass ?rovides a long l1eml>a. Also calleJ pile. pt'1e The NXlnII'I axb! 3nd bteralloads pennfU.eJ on a pile. asby a plefonnub.a static load e!'\ V timber pile A logdrivenusually 3S a friction pite. often fltted with a steel shoe and a drive !nnd to prevent It from spllWng or shattering. '---. shoe The hard. polrUd or rounded foot of a pile or caisson for piercing underlyIng soli. Alsocalltd drive &hoe. preca,t cOncrete pile test.:;r a ,m.echnlcal Investigation of ,'" H \.A precast. often prestressed concrete cclumn. having a round. s-tuare. or polygonal section and sometimes an open core. drivpl the fourW1lon soil.-" pile-.----.--. The of;1 pile from Its pIa n wUoo arm the vertQl. resultlng In 3 reductkrl of Its allowable load. pile to lmrIce fr.e p'rrnlUed devl3tlon of a pile from thefor which a reduction In klad Is netpipe plfe... ---:--------- --- H-pile.. A heavy steel pipe driven with the lower endA steel H-sectlon driven as a pile. etther open or closed by a heavy steel platesometimes ellGasea In concrete to a point or point and filled with concrete. An open- I:>elow the water table to prevent corrosion. eMed pipe pileInspection andH-sectlons can I:>e wekb:/In the ex.ciV3"tlon I:>efore i7elng fliled with COllGrete.driving process to form 3fT'j length of pile. Into the earth by a pile driver until it meets the requlrea resistance. ccmpo,1UA pile constructed of two materia Is. as 3 tlmver pile having a concrete upper SC1Ctlon to prevent the portion of the pile al70ve the water tavle from

A pile dep to 3 given angle. C05eCarrt The function deflned as theof the hypotenuse to the side angl.e.

tr'..,r.."'",',/..., ......"

i\. cherd-'---'" ....... ------.... -, The straight nne segment\ two points on curve. ---... --- through the tn'ofocl of an I'-"ellipse. I . -'.-.--.. - minor axis I/-.---- .....eccentric .- Not havingthe same center Or center L.. _._line . .. /.off-center I/Not centered or attne center point. .-... ---.. -...concentric Havinga commoncenter. asor spheres. ._-- centerline, AnImaginary line that plsects. plane figure. .. , .... _ ...... __ . An arc of or any of the four a,uarterslnto which a plane figure Is dM:Jed by two perpendlcutar lines. numrered counterclockwise from the upper right. (fb"dl"II"". without angles. __.... - ...... __ ... __ ... _._._.concave Curved Inward like the Interior of a circular arc or hollow sphere. ---.. ----.- inflection 'A change of curvature from convex to colIC3Ve or vice vel'S3. ..,_..convex Curved or rounded outward 11I:ethe exterlorof a circle or sphere. ..........cusp :.A ..-'-'A point where two pranches of curve meet. eng. and are tangent . A closed pbne cUrYe generated by a point In such a W7"jth.t the sums of Its dlst.nces from tl'lC flxed points, the fOCi.Is a constant. The axis of an ellipse that Is perpendicular to the :T"-3jar axis ata pointfrom the foci. ----=-.....,:::=--.------ tangent A p!.ne curve 9tnerated ty a point so the difference of the distances (rom two flx&f points In the plane remains constant. 110 ! I i i spiral.. _.............. ___ ._-.1 "---,asymptote A plane curveby. point moving around a fixed point while const4ntly recea:."oJ fromor appl'03c:hl11g It. A stralglr; Onenmiting a curvesuch that the perpenalCular from the curve to theapproaches zero.s the curve Is extended to Infinity. r ouchlng at a single point, as a straight line In relation to a curve. or Incontact along a $lngle hn!:. as a pl3ne witha cylinder. .... --...evolute rhe locus of the centers of curvature of. or the envelope of the nortTUts te. another curve. ..-.-.. ---- Involute A curve traced by a point on a string as It Is l:ept taut and unwound froma stationary cylinder. ... -- ..... --..............helix A three' dimensional curve tr3Ced on a cylinder or cone Py the rota'tIon of'a point crossing Its rightat a constanto!:>llque angle. cycloId A curve generated by a pOint onthe circumference of a circle 3SIt rolls along a straight line. if you need this book purchase the original copy&pherokf A solid geomttrlc3lsimilAr In shape to;a sphere. 3S an ellipsoid. ellipsoid A solkl f1qure all plJne sections of .mth are ell1pses. prolate sphuoid A spheroid generatedby rot3tlng an ellipse about Its major axis. prolate Eklngated along the diameter. cyiinkr -_.... _.. _............... - ........ . A solid I10unded by two parallel plJnes and a surface generated by a hne moving parallel to