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[email protected]@AOL.COMM
RE: Safety SeminarsRE: Safety SeminarsConstructive Constructive Criticism.Criticism.
SHOW ME A PILOTSHOW ME A PILOTTHAT CAN’T PERFORMTHAT CAN’T PERFORMA GIVEN TASK, & I’LLA GIVEN TASK, & I’LLSHOW YOU A PILOT SHOW YOU A PILOT
THAT DOESN’T THAT DOESN’T ““UNDERSTAND”UNDERSTAND” WHAT WHAT
HE/SHE IS HE/SHE IS TRYING TO DO.TRYING TO DO.
AVOIDING THE SOLO ACCIDENTS.
PRVENTION THROUGH UNDERSTANDING
By DIEGO M. ALFONSO SR.
How long before I can solo?
Max Immelman.
Why is that question always asked?
Pilots are different people?
What is the main reason to solo a student?
To convince them that they to can fly.
Confidence buildingSoloing, is 90% psychological.
Areas required to inspire confidence?
PIC responsibilities.Proficiency.Psychological.Abnormal situations.
BEFORE THE FIRST SOLO.
THE PROBLEM AREAS.
THE FIRST SOLO.AFTER THE FIRST SOLO.
BEFORETHE
FIRST SOLO.
When should instructors begin teaching about PIC responsibilities?
After the second flight.The veto power.
PROCEDURES AND MANEUVERS.
SLOW FLIGHT.GROUND REF. MANEUVERS.TAKEOFFS.LANDINGS.
THINGS THAT MAY HAPPENAT ANY AIRPORT THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A SOLOLANDING ACCIDENT.
Electrical failure.Engine failure.Door opening.Two way radio failure.
EMERGENCIES TO CONSIDER.
Runway change.Wind change.Emergency in progress.Airport closure.Does the pilot knowswhere to go?
THINGS THAT MAY HAPPENAT A TOWERED AIRPORTTHAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TOA SOLO LANDING ACCIDENT.
Two way radio, failure.The controller may not answer.360° turn for separation.270° back to final.Extend downwind.Extend upwind.
HOW DOES THE INSTRUCTOR KNOWS IF THE STUDENT IS READY TO SOLO, PROFICIENCY
WISE?
Performing 3 takeoffs and landings within PTS standards.The first one may be luck.The second one may be coincidence.The third one should be the product of knowledge and proficiency.
HOW DOES THE INSTRUCTOR
DETERMINES THAT THE STUDENT IS READY TO
SOLO PSYCHOLOGICALLY?
If the instructor asks the applicant for instance, You think you can do a couple takeoffs and landings while I watch from the ground? Or something to that effect. If the student’s response is kind of weak, most likely the student is not ready to solo psychologically. (I try not to use the word solo) STRESS, STRONGER,STARING
THE IMPORTANT THING HERE IS WHAT THE STUDENT THINKS.
NOT NECESSARILY WHAT THE INSTRUCTOR THINKS.
FIRST SOLO PHASE CHECK
The second opinion. It should be standard.In similar conditions to prior experience. Only to verify normal and light crosswind takeoffs and landings. Unless something comes up.
Freelance flight instructor.
Most large schools do this.
The PTS standards should apply.
Instructing in a small schoolbring this to their attention.
THE DAY OF THE FIRST SOLO
WHAT IS A SUPERVISED
SOLO?
The instructor must be observing from the ground or from the tower.Full stop landings, taxi back.The instructor may stop after any landing.
The student may stop whenever they feel like it.Make sure the student understand the program in detail.
WHY SHOULD THE INSTRUCTOR FLY WITH THE STUDENT RIGHT BEFORE THE SUPERVISED SOLO?
Check the airplane mechanically.
Allows an accurate assessment of the students attitude towards the solo.
Strike while the iron is hot.
WHEN SHOULD THE INSTRUCTOR TELL THE STUDENT HE/SHE IS READY FOR SUPERVISED SOLO?
The same day, just moments before the first solo. Not the previous day.Endorsements, right after student agrees to solo.Take as little time as possible writing the endorsements
WHAT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS MUST EXIST?
Preferably calm winds.Wind speed 5-8 knots.Cross wind 20-30 degrees.Visibility at least five miles.Ceilings at least 2,000 feet.
WHY?
AT WHICH AIRPORT SHOULD THE STUDENT BE SOLOED?Familiar airport. Very little traffic in the pattern.No distractions, such as sky diving, sail planes, hand gliders etc.
RunwayMultiple runways.No snow/ice/slush.No water puddles.Level runway
Grass surfaceExperience required.Recently cut grass.No water puddles.
AirplaneNo known problems.No intermitting
problems.Good radios.Extra mike or
headset.Handheld if possible.Plenty fuel.
CommunicationsAlways advise first
solo student.
AT WHAT TIME OF DAY SHOULD THE FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SUPERVISED SOLO TAKE PLACE?Anytime as long as conditions are right. Preferably in the morning.
Minimum of 3 supervised solos.
Warn about lighter airplane. Just like when ½ or ¾ fuel on board.It doesn’t have to be 3 takeoffs and landings.
AFTER THE THIRD
SUPERVISED SOLO
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE THIRD SUPERVISED SOLO?The student should not be allowed to solo without the instructors coaching before the next flight. This flight the student may start from the tie down.
What meteorological conditions must exist?
What should be the limitations imposed on a student to solo, after the third supervised solo?
THE PROBLEM
AREAS
SEATING ARRANGEMENTS.
THE GO-AROUND.
THE TOUCH AND GO.
WIND AWARENESS.APPROACH AND
LANDING ERRORS.
PROPER SEATING.
LINE OF SIGHT CONCEPT.
LINE OF SIGHT CONCEPT.
Sitting position.
27
SITTING POSITION.
27
The instructor’s picture is notThe instructor’s picture is notNesseceraly the student’s picture.Nesseceraly the student’s picture.
27
HOW MANY HOURS ON AVERAGE YOU THINK A STUDENT SPENDS ON
LANDINGS?
THETHETOUCHTOUCHAND AND GO.GO.
THETHEGO GO
AROUND.AROUND.
THE LANDING MIND SETTHE LANDING MIND SETVSVS
THE GO-AROUND MIND THE GO-AROUND MIND SET.SET.
AVERAGE GO-AROUND AT AVERAGE GO-AROUND AT ALL LEVELS.ALL LEVELS.
THETHEEFFECT EFFECT
OFOFWIND.WIND.
WHICH WAY WILL THE AIRPLANE
WEATHERVANE IN A RIGHT CROSSWIND?
THE AIRPLANE DOESN’T KNOW WHERE THE WIND
IS COMING FROM.
APPROACH AND
LANDING ERRORS
The following errors and the corrective
action required should be
demonstrated by the instructor before
solo.
Low Final ApproachHigh Final ApproachSlow Final ApproachFast Final ApproachHigh Roundout (Flare)Rapid Roundout (Flare)Ballooning During RoundoutFloating During Roundout
The following errors and the corrective action required should be EXPLAINED by the
instructor before solo.
Late Roundout (Flare)WheelbarrowingHard Landing Bouncing During TouchdownPorpoisingDrifting during Roundout. Touchdown while DriftingTouch down while CrabbingGround LoopWing Rising After Touchdown
THEEND.
The mechanics of a normal
landing.
THE 40 HOUR SYNDROME.
WE’VE BEEN CALLED STUDENTS FOR TO LONG.
FINAL FINAL APPROACHAPPROACH
GLIDE ATTITUDE.GLIDE ATTITUDE.POWER SETTING.POWER SETTING.
CONFIGURATION.CONFIGURATION.
CONSTANT AIRSPEED.CONSTANT AIRSPEED.
NO FLAPS LANDINGS?NO FLAPS LANDINGS?
FLIGHT PATH.FLIGHT PATH.WHERE SHOULD WE TEACH THESE?.WHERE SHOULD WE TEACH THESE?.
PITCH/POWER VS. ALTITUDE/AIRSPEED.PITCH/POWER VS. ALTITUDE/AIRSPEED.WHICH APPROACH AIRSPEED?.WHICH APPROACH AIRSPEED?.
How does the pilot know where to select the aim
point?
IMAGINARY SLIDE
NORMAL GLIDEPOWER OFF
STABILIZED APPROACH
TOUCH DOWN POINT1000’ MARKER
AIMING LINE
AIMING POINT
HOW DOES THE PILOT KNOWS WHEN THE SLIDE
HAS BEEN REACHED?
1 FINAL APPROACHSTRAIGHT AND LEVEL
TO LOWX
2
TO HIGH
X
3
ON THE SLIDE
X
4 INITIAL DESCENT
ON GLIDE SLOPE
XX
5
ON GLIDE SLOPE
X
6
ON GLIDE SLOPE
X
7
ON GLIDE SLOPE
X
8
ON GLIDE SLOPE
X
9
ON GLIDE SLOPE
X
TRANSITION POINT
NORMAL GLIDEPOWER OFF
STABILIZED APPROACH
TRANSITIONPOINT
TRANSITIONBREAKING THE GLIDE
STABILIZED LANDING
ELEMENTSDISREGARD THE AIM SPOTATTITUDEAPPROACH SPEED?DESCENT RATETRANSITION
POINT
10
ON GLIDE SLOPE
X
TRANSITION POINT
11 STRAIGHT AND LEVEL
12 LANDING ATTITUDENORMAL LANDING
Proper directional control while on final, transition and touchdown. POWER APPLICATIONPITCH CONTROLAILERON CONTROLRUDDER CONTROLProper positioning of the feet on the pedals.Proper approach attitude and airspeed. (light or heavy)
TOUCH DOWN/GROUND TOUCH DOWN/GROUND ROLLROLLImproper application of control inputs at
touch down and during the roll out.Diverting attention from control of the airplane on the roll out by attending other chores that should be address after exiting the runway.Maintain center line (white line) until picking up the yellow taxiway line.Slow down to taxi speed before turning onto a taxiway.Taxi across the hold line, as far up as you can.After landing checklist completed, before talking.
CROSSWINDCROSSWINDAPPROACH APPROACH
ANDANDLANDINGSLANDINGS
WHILE AIRBORNEWHILE AIRBORNETHE AIRPLANETHE AIRPLANE
DOESN’T KNOWDOESN’T KNOWWHERE THE WINDWHERE THE WINDIS COMING FROM.IS COMING FROM.
AIRPLANE ON FINAL, AIRPLANE ON FINAL, WITH A CROSSWIND FROMWITH A CROSSWIND FROM
THE RIGHT, WHICH WAYTHE RIGHT, WHICH WAYWILL IT WEATHERVANE.WILL IT WEATHERVANE.
THE CROSSWIND PATTERNTHE CROSSWIND PATTERN
HOW MUCH TO CRAB.HOW MUCH TO CRAB.DISTANCE FROM THE RUNWAY.DISTANCE FROM THE RUNWAY.AIRSPEED.AIRSPEED.
DOWNWIND LEG.DOWNWIND LEG.
WHEN TO TURN BASE?.WHEN TO TURN BASE?.
THE CROSSWIND APPROACHTHE CROSSWIND APPROACH
DO NOT CONFUSE WITH THE FORWARD SLIP.DO NOT CONFUSE WITH THE FORWARD SLIP.
THE CRAB/KICK-OUT METHOD.THE CRAB/KICK-OUT METHOD.
THE WING LOW METHOD.THE WING LOW METHOD.CROSSWIND GREATER THAN CONTROL.CROSSWIND GREATER THAN CONTROL.
THE AIRPLANE DOESN’T KNOW WHERE THE AIRPLANE DOESN’T KNOW WHERE THETHEWIND IS COMING FROM.WIND IS COMING FROM.
THE CROSSWIND FLARETHE CROSSWIND FLARELITTLE FASTER THAN NORMALLITTLE FASTER THAN NORMAL
LITTLE FLATTER THAN NORMALLITTLE FLATTER THAN NORMAL
THE CROSSWIND ROLLOUTTHE CROSSWIND ROLLOUT
THE CROSSWIND TAXIING.THE CROSSWIND TAXIING.
THE CROSS WIND LANDING BEGINS AT THE CROSS WIND LANDING BEGINS AT TOUCHDOWN.TOUCHDOWN.
THE CROSSWIND LANDING ENDS WHEN THE CROSSWIND LANDING ENDS WHEN THE AIRPLANE IS TIED DOWN.THE AIRPLANE IS TIED DOWN.
DO YOU HAVE AND DO YOU HAVE AND USE A CROSSWIND USE A CROSSWIND
COMPONENT CHART COMPONENT CHART IN YOUR AIRCRAFT?IN YOUR AIRCRAFT?
wind direction 110°wind direction 110°
wind speed 30 ktswind speed 30 kts
Runway 7Runway 7
crosswind angle 40°crosswind angle 40°
WINDWIND110°110°
77
crosswindcrosswindangle 40°angle 40°
WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS?WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS?4-LAND AT ANOTHER AIRPORT4-LAND AT ANOTHER AIRPORT1-LAND IF YOU THINK YOU CAN HANDLE IT.1-LAND IF YOU THINK YOU CAN HANDLE IT.2-REQUEST ANOTHER RUNWAY.2-REQUEST ANOTHER RUNWAY.9-LAND ON A TAXIWAY.9-LAND ON A TAXIWAY.11-AS A LAST RESORT.LAND ON A LARGE ENOUGH RAMP.11-AS A LAST RESORT.LAND ON A LARGE ENOUGH RAMP.(NO MOVEMENT)(NO MOVEMENT)
8-LAND ON THE GRASS.8-LAND ON THE GRASS.6-DO THE FOLLOWING.6-DO THE FOLLOWING.3-LAND ON ANOTHER RUNWAY. NONTOWERED AIRPORT3-LAND ON ANOTHER RUNWAY. NONTOWERED AIRPORT5-IF NONE OF THOSE WORK. YOU HAVE AN 5-IF NONE OF THOSE WORK. YOU HAVE AN EMERGENCY AND MORE OPTIONS.EMERGENCY AND MORE OPTIONS.
10-PRECAUTIONARY LANDING OFF AIRPORT.10-PRECAUTIONARY LANDING OFF AIRPORT.7-DRASTIC MEASURES7-DRASTIC MEASURESDON’TDON’T
DO THISDO THISFORFOR
TAKEOFFTAKEOFFcrosswindcrosswindcomponentcomponent
19 kts19 kts
IF YOU DON’T FEELIF YOU DON’T FEELCOMFORTABLECOMFORTABLE
LANDINGLANDINGIN A CROSSWIND,IN A CROSSWIND,
YOU NEED TO TRAINYOU NEED TO TRAINUNTIL YOU DO.UNTIL YOU DO.
SHORT FIELD SHORT FIELD APPROACH.APPROACH.
NORMAL GLIDEPOWER OFF
SHORT FIELD APPROACH
SHORT FIELD SHORT FIELD LANDING.LANDING.
NORMAL GLIDEPOWER OFF
STABILIZED APPROACH
BREAKING THE GLIDESTABILIZED LANDING
SHORT FIELDNON-STABILIZED APPROACH
IMAGINARY WIRE
SHORT FIELDSTABILIZED APPROACH
AIMING POINT
TOUCH DOWN POINT
DEFINITIONDEFINITIONOF AOF A
LANDINGLANDINGACCIDENTACCIDENT
LANDINGSLANDINGS
TOUCH DOWNTOUCH DOWN
GROUND ROLLGROUND ROLL
FINAL APPROACHFINAL APPROACH
18 15 1218 15 12
ORIGINAL
WIND EFFECTSWIND EFFECTS
FLIGHT CONTROLS APPLICATION EFFECTSFLIGHT CONTROLS APPLICATION EFFECTS
POWER APPLICATION EFFECTSPOWER APPLICATION EFFECTS
TOUCH DOWN EFFECTSTOUCH DOWN EFFECTS
BRAKES APPLICATION EFFECTSBRAKES APPLICATION EFFECTS
WIND EFFECTSWIND EFFECTS
GUSTY WINDSGUSTY WINDSRIGHT CROSSWINDRIGHT CROSSWINDLEFT CROSSWINDLEFT CROSSWINDDIRECT TAILWINDDIRECT TAILWINDRIGHT TAILWINDRIGHT TAILWIND
LEFT TAILWINDLEFT TAILWIND
DIRECT HEADWINDDIRECT HEADWIND
CROSSWINDCROSSWINDAPPROACHAPPROACH
CROSSWINDCROSSWINDLANDINGSLANDINGS
TYPES OFTYPES OFLANDINGLANDING
ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS
CAUSES OR CAUSES OR FACTORS IN FACTORS IN
LANDING LANDING ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS
AIRSPEED AIRSPEED CONTROLCONTROL
WHAT TO WHAT TO DO IF DO IF
HIGH OR HIGH OR LOW?LOW?
APPROACHAPPROACHTO ATO A
LANDINGLANDING
DOWNWINDDOWNWINDBASEBASEFINALFINALFLAREFLARE
THETHETOUCHTOUCHDOWNDOWN
WHEN TOWHEN TOHOW TO?HOW TO?
BEFORE TOUCHDOWNBEFORE TOUCHDOWNCHECKLISTCHECKLISTDUMPING THE PLANEDUMPING THE PLANE
THETHEROLLROLLOUTOUT
LEFT LEFT TURNING TURNING
TENDENCIESTENDENCIESEFFECTEFFECT
WIND WIND EFFECTSEFFECTS
CROSSWINDCROSSWINDAPPROACH APPROACH
ANDANDLANDINGSLANDINGS
LETS NAME SOME LETS NAME SOME FACTORS FACTORS
AFFECTING THE AFFECTING THE LENGTH OF THE LENGTH OF THE
LANDING ROLL? LANDING ROLL?
ILLUSIONSILLUSIONS
GO AROUNDGO AROUND
MULTIENGINE MULTIENGINE APPROACH APPROACH
ANDANDLANDINGSLANDINGS
FINDING THE FINDING THE GLIDE GLIDE
ATTITUDE ATTITUDE AND RANGE.AND RANGE.
THERE ARE TWO THERE ARE TWO CRITICALCRITICAL
AREAS IN EVERYAREAS IN EVERY FLIGHT.FLIGHT.
THE TAKEOFF THE TAKEOFF AND AND
THE LANDING. THE LANDING.
HOW CAN WE AVOID THE SOLO
ACCIDENTS?
WE HOLD A PERFECT WE HOLD A PERFECT RECORD IN AVIATION.RECORD IN AVIATION.
AIMING POINT
IMAGINARY CABLE
NORMALSTABILIZED APPROACH
1,000 " MARKERTOUCH DOWN POINT
IMAGINARY AIMING LINE
O
9
X