Differences between States of Differences between States of MatterMatter

PropertyProperty SolidSolid LiquidLiquid GasGas

ShapeShape DefiniteDefinite VariableVariable VariableVariable

VolumeVolume DefiniteDefinite DefiniteDefinite VariableVariable

Expands Expands w/heatingw/heating

Very Very SlightlySlightly

ModerateModeratelyly

GreatlyGreatly

CompressibleCompressible??

NoNo NoNo YesYes

Organic FlavorCarbon can bond and form long chains

Like in soap molecules

Carbon can form rings Like in sugar molecule

Carbon can form huge networks of carbon atoms Like in diamonds

Carbon is always bonded to 4 things. Carbons unique size (atomic radius) and electronegativity (we’ll get to that in a minute) means that it can form very strong COVALENT (that means SHARE) bonds between itself and H and O and N and other atoms

Loose Ends—Chapter 14Periodic Trends

Atomic RadiusDecreases from left to right in period (because

of increased shielding)Increases as you go down a group (because

you are going to higher energy levels, which are further away from the nucleus).

Ionic RadiusSame as atomic radiusBig change in size between groups 14 and 15,

where you shift from cation to anion.

Cations and AnionsCation = positive ionCations are smaller than atoms

because they LOST electrons

Anion = negative ion

Anions are LARGER than atoms because they GAIN electrons

Loose Ends—Chapter 14Periodic Trends

Ionization EnergyIncreases from left to right in period (OPPOSITE

from atomic radius and ionic radius)Decreases as you go down a group (because it

gets easier to remove the electron the further away it is from the nucleus.

Electronegativity (how strong an atom attracts electrons to itself).Same as ionization energy in terms of trends.

DRAW ARROWS on your periodic table to represent trends!

Other Loose Ends…Vapor Other Loose Ends…Vapor vs Gasvs Gas

http://www.onlygowns.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/perfume-bottles.jpghttp://www.onlygowns.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/perfume-bottles.jpghttp://www.piratecove.com.ph/Images/diveSchool/Scuba-Diver-01.jpghttp://www.piratecove.com.ph/Images/diveSchool/Scuba-Diver-01.jpg

Vapors and Gases are both Vapors and Gases are both gasesgases

A VAPOR describes molecules A VAPOR describes molecules in the gaseous state of a in the gaseous state of a substance that is NORMALLY substance that is NORMALLY liquid or solid at room liquid or solid at room temperature and normal temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. atmospheric pressure. When you smell perfume, you When you smell perfume, you

smell the vapor molecules in the smell the vapor molecules in the air.air.

A GAS is a substance that is A GAS is a substance that is in the gaseous state at room in the gaseous state at room temperature and normal temperature and normal atmospheric pressure.atmospheric pressure.

You smell the perfume’s vapors

MixturesMixtureshttp://www.iwu.edu/~wellness/salad.jpg , http://ipl.pipnet.com/eggs/koolaid-large.jpghttp://www.iwu.edu/~wellness/salad.jpg , http://ipl.pipnet.com/eggs/koolaid-large.jpg

2 types of mixtures2 types of mixtures HeterogeneousHeterogeneous

Two or More PhasesTwo or More Phases HomogeneousHomogeneous

One PhaseOne Phase

Phase = any part of a Phase = any part of a chemical system with a chemical system with a uniform composition and uniform composition and properties.properties.

Homogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions are also called solutions (Chap 18).(Chap 18).

Types of solutionsTypes of solutionshttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.htmlhttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html

Koolaid, Koolaid,

Alloys (solutions of metals like Alloys (solutions of metals like brass or steel) brass or steel)

Air (solution of gases) are Air (solution of gases) are solutions you might know.solutions you might know.

Heterogeneous mixtures are Heterogeneous mixtures are things like a salad or a pepperoni things like a salad or a pepperoni pizza. You can easily see the pizza. You can easily see the different phases and easily different phases and easily separate them.separate them.

DistillationDistillation/activity/distil.htm/activity/distil.htm

Distillation Distillation can be used to can be used to separate a separate a mixture of mixture of liquids based liquids based on boiling on boiling points.points.

This is a This is a distillation distillation setup.setup.

Solutions or NOT Solutions or NOT solutions?solutions?

http://www.indcjournal.com/archives/mayo.jpghttp://www.indcjournal.com/archives/mayo.jpg

There are some heterogeneous mixtures There are some heterogeneous mixtures that APPEAR to be solutions, but they are that APPEAR to be solutions, but they are not.not.

Suspensions and Colloids have solid Suspensions and Colloids have solid particles which are small enough to particles which are small enough to float in the liquid. The only difference float in the liquid. The only difference is that the particles in a suspension are is that the particles in a suspension are larger than those in a colloid. The larger than those in a colloid. The particles in a suspension will eventually particles in a suspension will eventually settle out due to gravity. A colloid settle out due to gravity. A colloid won’t do that.won’t do that.

Emulsions are liquid droplets Emulsions are liquid droplets suspended in another liquid.suspended in another liquid.

Mayo = Emulsion and a very tasty one!

Solutions or NOT solutions?Solutions or NOT solutions?http://articles.mercola.com/ImageServer/public/2007/07--july/7.5milk.jpghttp://articles.mercola.com/ImageServer/public/2007/07--july/7.5milk.jpg

http://xamplified.com/colloids/colloidal-solution-true-solution-and-suspension/http://xamplified.com/colloids/colloidal-solution-true-solution-and-suspension/

Muddy water is a suspensionMuddy water is a suspension

Milk is a colloidMilk is a colloid

You know that oil and water don’t You know that oil and water don’t mix. However, if you add a special mix. However, if you add a special type of chemical called a type of chemical called a “surfactant” (soap is one type of “surfactant” (soap is one type of surfactant), you can form an surfactant), you can form an emulsion in which the soap bonds emulsion in which the soap bonds to the oil molecules, and then that to the oil molecules, and then that complex can be dissolved in water. complex can be dissolved in water. The soapy bubbles are an The soapy bubbles are an emulsion. emulsion.

Got Colloid?

A suspension eventually settles out.

AllotropesAllotropeshttp://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Element-Photo-Gallery.--98http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Element-Photo-Gallery.--98

Allotropes = Allotropes = different forms of different forms of the same element. the same element. Different structures Different structures with different with different properties.properties.Diamond and Diamond and

graphite are both graphite are both forms of carbon.forms of carbon.

Oxygen (OOxygen (O22) and ) and ozone (Oozone (O33) are ) are both allotropes of both allotropes of oxygen.oxygen.

l

Diamond and graphite are both allotropes of carbon.

HONClBrIFHONClBrIFhttp://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter02/compounds_molecules.jpghttp://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter02/compounds_molecules.jpg

The top row are The top row are diatomic diatomic elements. elements.

Diatomic means 2 Diatomic means 2 atoms.atoms.

HONClBrIF tells HONClBrIF tells you the identity you the identity of the 7 diatomic of the 7 diatomic elements.elements.

All other elements All other elements can exist as can exist as single atoms.single atoms.

Shorthand electron configurations

Use the NOBEL GAS which precedes the element.

Remove the electron configuration for the Nobel gas from your configuration and replace it with [NG] where NG = the symbol for the specific Noble gas.

Let’s do a few examples…

More examples

Exceptions to the Rules for electron

configurationsCopper and Chromium do not follow the rules. By

not following the rules, copper and chromium form a more stable configuration than would be predicted by the rules.

A half full set of p or d orbitals is a stable configuration. A full set of p or d orbitals is even MORE stable.

This is why the Nobel gases are completely unreactive. They have a full set of valence electrons and don’t want or need yours.

It also explains WHY Zinc only has a charge of +2.

Here’s why…