Differences in frontotemporal dysfunction during social and non-

social cognition tasks between patients with autism spectrum

disorder and schizophrenia

30 3

1

1. 2

2. 2

3. 3

4.

(1) 3

(2) 4

(3) NIRS 4

(4) 5

5.

(1) 5

(2) fNIRS 6

6. 7

7. 9

8. 9

9. 10

10. 14

2

1.

n = 13 n = 15 n = 18

2.

5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fifth edition; DSM-5 1

1

2-4

2

5-12

8

10

13-15

3

functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI

13

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy; fNIRSfNIRS

fMRI

fNIRS 16-18 19-23

fNIRS16-18

fNIRS 19-21

22,33

fNIRS

22,23

3.fNIRS

fMRI fNIRS

4.(1)

28 13 15 181 intelligence quotient; IQ

Japanese version of the National Reading Test; JART 24

25

22,23 3 Institutional Review Board

DSM-5

Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview M.I.N.I. 26

4

5 12

21

M.I.N.I.

2

27

Autism Spectrum Quotient; AQ 28

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PANSS 29

AQ 31

(2)

30 20 7030, 31

22

12

32 33

fNIRS

300 12 160

(mean reaction time; MRT)

(3) NIRSfNIRS ETG-4000

fNIRS 22,23,34 [oxy-Hb]0.1

5

3×517 16 3cm

52 2a 10-20Fp1-Fp2 30

5

19

fNIRS(K.M.) integral mode

Integral mode10 [oxy-Hb]

10 [oxy-Hb] 2

fNIRS 19, 22, 23, 35 3122 52 2a

automated anatomical labelling36

54 NIRS 37 31fNIRS 19,30

25-28 36-38 46-4922-24 32-35 43-45 29-31 39-42

50-52 2a

(4)Kruskal-Wallis

2

methodfNIRS [oxy-

Hb]55 38 [oxy-Hb] [oxy-Hb]19 Kruskal-Wallis 3

[oxy-Hb]2 2

[oxy-Hb]

[oxy-Hb] 3 FisherLR + LR

Diagnostic odds ratio; DOR

5.(1)

IQ1

6

( 2 df p 2 3 2( 2

df p 2 ( 2 df 2

( 2 df p 2

3 2 MRT 3: 2 = 22.2, df = 2, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.49

2 = 24.8, df = 2, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.55MRT

( 2 = 20.8, df = 1, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.69 2 = 4.43, df = 1, p = 0.04, 2 = 0.14)

( 2 = 9.94, df = 1, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.31 2 = 14.1, df = 1, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.44)

( 2 = 2.67, df = 1, p = 0.10, 2 = 0.102 = 0.58, df = 1, p = 0.45, 2 = 0.02)

IQ27

AQ PANSS

MRTMRT PANSS

rho = 0.59 p = 0.02 IQrho = -0.56 p = 0.029 Bonferroni

MRT

(2) fNIRS 2 b c

[oxy-Hb][oxy-Hb] 3

(Fig. 2b) ( 2 = 18.3, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.36), ( 2 = 9.1, p = 0.01, 2 = 0.20) ( 2 = 13.6, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.30)

3 [oxy-Hb]

3 [oxy-Hb]3

3 ( 2 =6.40, p = 0.04, 2 = 0.14) (Fig. 2c)

[oxy-Hb]3

fNIRS[oxy-

Hb] AQ (rho = 0.62, p = 0.03 rho = 0.75, p < 0.01) 3(a) (b)

Bonferroni [oxy-Hb]

7

AQ[oxy-Hb] PANSS

rho = 0.56, p = 0.03 rho = 0.68, p < 0.01) (Fig. 3c and 3d) Bonferroni

[oxy-Hb]

[oxy-Hb]

75.0% 84.6% 66.7% LR+ 2.54 LR 0.23 DOR 11.0

83.9% 92.3% 77.8% LR+ 4.15 LR 0.10 DOR 42.054.5%

66.7% 55.6% LR+ 1.50 LR 0.60 DOR 2.50

6.1

2

3

PANSS

fMRI39

fMRI

40 Suda fNIRSface-to-face AQ

42

41

41

8

42 /43

44

45, 46

fMRI 47

fMRI 48

fMRI

fNIRS 19, 30, 31

12 fNIRS

49

3 fNIRS3cm 1 41 fMRI

34

32

5n = 8

n = 5fNIRS

[oxy-Hb] ( U = 21.0, p < 0.01) (U = 35.0, p = 0.04) (U = 26.0, p = 0.01)

[oxy-Hb] (U = 29.0, p = 0.02) (U = 34.0, p = 0.04)

(U = 21.5, p = 0.013)

9

[oxy-Hb] 3 (, U = 10.0, p = 0.02; , U = 10.0, p = 0.02; , U = 10.0,

p = 0.02) (U = 4.0, p = 0.02)

fNIRS

fNIRS fNIRSfNIRS 50, 51

fNIRS

6 Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule -Second Edition

7

IQ

52, 53 IQ 8

9AQ

PANSSAQ PANSS

fNIRS 30

31

fNIRS54, 55 fNIRS

7.

2

8.

10

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13

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14

10.

1.

(n = 13) (n = 15) (n = 18) p

( ) 30 [23.3 38.5]

36 [29 47]

34.5 [28 38.5] 0.18a

( / ) 12/1 12/3 13/5 0.38b

IQ 106.0 [99.5 115.9]

100.0 [91.3 109.6]

102.9 [94.9 107.9] 0.32a

AQ

8 [5 9] - - - 8 [5 9] - - - 5 [3 7] - - -

6 [4 8] - - -

5 [4 6] - - -

31 [25 34.5] - - -

PANSS

- 9 [7 10] - -

- 14 [12 21] - -

- 21 [19 24] - -

- 45 [41 53] - -

(mg)0 [0 75] 800 [489.4 1300] - < 0.01c

(mg) 38 [6.3 12.5] 0 [0 0] - < 0.01c

( ) - 11 [8 23] -

AQ, autism spectrum quotient PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scalea, Kruskal-Wallis b, Pearson 2 c, Mann-Whitney U

15

2.

ap < 0.01 by Kruskal-Wallis Test bp < 0.05 vs. cp< 0.01 vs. dp < 0.01 vs. MRT, mean reaction time

a 16 [10.5 19]b

10 [8 14]

11.5 [8.8 16]

(%) 100 [100 100]

100 [100 100]

100 [100 100]

MRT (ms)a1483.1

[1431.41614.8]c

1079.2 [900.81593.4]d

852.1 [779.4 1006.6]

(%) 100 [91.7 100]

100 [91.7 100]

100 [100 100]

MRT (ms)a 2001.7 [1784.8 2231.7]c

1946.5 [1472.52270.3]d

1251.5 [1076.6

1426.7]

16

3. fNIRS

vs.

2 = 7.86, p < 0.01,

2 = 0.26

2 = 14.5, p < 0.01,

2 = 0.48

2 = 12.7, p < 0.01,

2 = 0.42

vs. 2 = 0.63,

p = 0.43, 2 = 0.02

2 = 4.70, p =0.03,

2 = 0.15

2 = 3.81, p = 0.05,

2 = 0.12

vs.

2 = 5.41, p = 0.20,

2 = 0.20

2 = 5.20, p = 0.02,

2 = 0.19

2 = 3.66, p = 0.06,

2 = 0.14

vs.

2 = 5.77, p = 0.02,

2 = 0.19- -

vs. 2 = 3.40,

p = 0.07, 2 = 0.11

- -

vs.

2 = 0.06, p =0.80,

2 = 0.02- -

Kruskal Wallis

17

1.

ìè ­ ìè ­ ìè ­ ìè ­ ìè ­

18

2. fNIRS[oxy-Hb]

a fNIRS

25-28 36-38 46-49

19

22-24 32-35 43-45 29-31 39-42 50-52b c

3[oxy-Hb]

Kruskal-Wallis ASD(SCZ) (Healthy) [oxy-Hb]

20

3. [oxy-Hb]AQ

[oxy-Hb] :(a)(b) (

[oxy-Hb] PANSS (c) (d)rho Spearman rho