Differences Networking

8/8/2019 Differences Networking

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M & N Virani Science College

Differences of Networking Concept (BCA-4)

Client/Server Peer-to-Peer

Server- fulfills the request.Client-Makes a Request.

PeerActs as a Client can make a request to otherpeer and As a Server can fulfill the request of the

other peer.

Server has Higher Authority than Client No one has Higher Authority, All PCs have Equal

LevelDedicates Servers are there Non-Dedicated Servers are there.

Centralized File storage Distributed File Storage

Strong Centralized Security Weak Security due to Scattered Data and Resources

Centralized Services Services are not Centralized

Good for Large Network (Greater Than 10 PCs) Good for Small Network (Less Than 10 PCs)

Expansive Hardware required for Dedicated Server Additional Expansive Hardware is not required

Dedicated Network Administrator is required No Network Administrator is required

Any Problem with Server may cause network togoes down

Any problem with Peer man not cause network togoes down

It is Expansive in compare to peer-to-peer It is Inexpensive in compare to Client/Server.

Factor LAN MAN WAN

Full Form Local Area Network Metropolitan AreaNetwork

Wide Are Network

Range Within 10 km 10 km-100 km Unlimited

Media Coaxial and Twisted Pair Fiber Optics Wireless Media

Cost Least Expansive Expansive Most Expansive

Type ----- ------ 1)Enterprise WAN

2)Global WAN

Area Building Entire City Unlimited

Example Computers areConnected in a Branch of

Bank

Different Branches areconnected in Entire City.

All Branches areconnected together.

Dedicated Server Non Dedicated Server

It performs only single duty It performs double duty/

It only fulfills request of n/w Client It fulfills request of n/w client and makes a request

to others

It is used in Client/Server Environment It is used in Peer-to-Peer Environment

When Server fails, Entire network fails When server fails, Entire network is not affected

Easy of Upgration---Centralized Upgration Upgration is not EasyIndividual UpgrationRequired

Easy File Management: Centralized File storage File Management is not Easy: Distributed File

storage

Prepared By: Rupal Parekh 1


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Centralized Database Server Distributed Database Server

Database is stored Centrally is called Centralized

Database server

Database is distributed over several server of PCs is

called Distributed Database server

Good for small organization Good for large organization

Data fragmentation and Replica are not there Data Fragmentation and Replica are there

Different applications for both client and server Same application for client and server

Easily Manageable Difficult to manage

Inexpensive Expensive

De Facto De Jurie

This is Proprietary Standard This is Non Proprietary Standard

It usually remain Unpublished to outside vendors It usually remain published to outside vendors

A Single Company creates it and owns rights to it. No single company owns rights to it.

It is Closed System Standard It is Open System Standard

For Ex. Novells Netware Network OS For Ex. IEEE,IETF and TCP/IP

SLIP PPP

Serial Line Internet Protocol Point to Point Protocol

It is Simple Protocol used at Physical Layer It is an enhanced protocol that work at Physical and

Data Link Layer

Windows NTs Client supports SLIP But Windows

NTs Remote Access Server (RAS) does not supportSLIP

Windows NTs Client and RAS both can support PPP

SLIP Supports Single protocol. PPP supports Multiple Protocol over single link

SLIP supports TCP/IP only PPP supports TCP/IP, NetBEUI, AppleTalk, DECnet,

etc.SLIP requires Static IP Address PPP requires Dynamic IP Address

DHCP protocol is not used DHCP is used for Dynamic IP Address

It can not Directly assign DNS or WINS server It can Directly assign DNS or WINS server

Physical Address Logical Address

Physical Addressing is Burnt on to NIC It will provided at time of Configuration of Network

It is Used at Data Link Layer of OSI Model It is Used at Network Layer of OSI Model

It is provided by the Network Adapter Card It is provided by Network Layer Protocols

For ex. ARP

It is used by MAC Sub layer of Data Link Layer It is used by Packet Routing Protocol at Network

Layer

It is Provided By IEEE standard It is Provided by Network Administrator



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FDM TDM

Abbreviation is Frequency Division Multiplexing Abbreviation is Time Division Multiplexing

It does not divide channel in to Time slots It divides channel into time slots

It is used in Broadband It is used in Base band

It is Bidirectional communication It is Unidirectional Communication

Carrier which is used to carry frequency is known as

Carrier Frequency

Wastage of bandwidth is not possible Sometimes wastage of bandwidth is possible

Broadcast radio and television, cable television, and

the AMPS cellular phone systems use frequencydivision multiplexing.

ISDN telephone lines are common examples of Time

division multiplexing.

TDM STDM

Stands for Time Division Multiplexing Stands for Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

Each signal has fixed time division slots Each signal has varying time division slots accordingto length of signal

Sometimes wastage of bandwidth is possible Wastage of bandwidth is not possible

Good for high bandwidth lines Good for low bandwidth linesIf a workstation is not active, then space is wasted

on the multiplexed stream.

If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on

the multiplexed stream.

Also known as Synchronous time divisionmultiplexing

Also known as Asynchronous time divisionmultiplexing

Factor Thinnet Coaixal Thicknet Coaxial

Diameter 0.25 inch or 6mm 0.50 inch of 13mm

Bandwidth Up to 2.5 Mbps Up to 10 Mbps

Attenuation 185 mtr 500 mtr

Cost Inexpensive in compare to Thicknet Expensive in compare to Thinnet

Connector T-connector N connector with BNC connectorStandard ARCNet and Ethernet Pure Ethernet Standard

Factor STP UTP

Full Form Shielded Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair

Cost Expensive in compare to UTP andThinnet, but less Expensive than

Thicknet

Very Inexpensive in compare to allother media

Use Normally used in Token Ring LAN Used in Bus Topology

EMI Less Effective to EMI in compare to UTP More Effective to EMI in Compare toall other Media

Types It is known as IBM Cable Different 5 categories are thereBandwidth 16Mbps to 100 Mbps Depends upon Category used

Generally 4Mbps-100Mbps

Connector DB-9 connector of IBM RJ-11(4pins) and RJ-45(8pins)

Installation Hard Easy



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Characteristics Twisted Pair Optical Fiber

Construction Two insulated copper wire twisted

together in a helical shape. The copperconductors are of typically of the size

1mm thick

Made up of tiny threads of glass or

plastics. The core is about the size ofhair i.e. 8-10 microns in single mode

fiber and 50 microns diameter inmultimode fibers

Principle ofTransmission

Transmission of electro magnetic energyalone the wires

Transmission of optical energy alongthe fiber.

Cost Least Expensive It is very expensive

Bandwidth Low. Depends on the thickness of thewire and the length of the cable.

Several Mbps can be achieved for a few

meters

Very High. Data rates of the order of100 Mbps to 2Gbps is available A

common multimode installation can

support 100 Mbps over several km.length

Attenuation High. Because of the EMI effect Low. Because of Light signals

Chromatic Dispersion It is not there Fiber is affected by Chromatic

dispersion and causes error in thesignal by shifting a bit value in

multimode type of fibers.Mode of Data

Transmission

Full Duplex Half Duplex

Effect of the damage

in cable

Only a part of the network will be

affected

The Whole system containing many

channels will suffer total damage

Use Can be used for both analog and digital

data

Used Mainly for digital data

NetworkCharacteristics

Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable

Cost Less Expensive than Coaxial Cable Expensive than Twisted Pair

Installation Easy Hard

Attenuation Up to 100mtr Up to 185mtr to 500mtr

EMI More Effective to EMI Less Effective to EMI

Connector DB9,RJ-11,RJ-45 T-connector, BNC, N-Connector

Use Generally used in Telecommunication Generally used in Ethernet Standard

Single Mode Fiber Optics Multimode Fiber Optics

Base band Fiber optics Broadband Fiber Optics

Laser Beam is Used for signal transmission Light Emitting Diode(LED) is used for Signal

Transmission

Multiplexing is not used for transmission Multiplexing is used for transmissionMore Expensive than Multimode fiber optics Less expansive than Single Mode Fiber Optics

Speed is high in compare to Multimode Speed is low in compare to single mode

Problem of Chromatic Dispersion is not there Problem of Chromatic Dispersion is there

They have core of 8.3 microns They have core of 62.4 microns

Rarely used Fiber Optics Mostly used Fiber Optics



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Factor UTP STP Coaxial Fiber Optics

Cost Lowest Moderate Moderate Highest

Installation Easy Fairly Easy Fairly Easy Difficult

Bandwidth

Capacity

Typically up to 10

Mbps

Typically up to 16

Mbps

Typically up to 10

Mbps

Typical 100 Mbps

and up to 2Gbps

Attenuation High High Lower Lowest

EMI Most Effective Less Effective thanUTP

Less Effective thanUTP

Not Affected byEMI

Characteristics Terrestrial Microwave Satellite Microwave

Construction Consists of directional parabolicantennas. Both antennas are on the

ground.

Uses directional antennas, with oneantenna on the ground and other is on a

satellite. The satellite is in geo-synchronous orbit (36,000 km) above the

equator

Range of

Operation

Relay tower are used to extend the

range.

Range is quite high. A transponder is used

in the satellite which transforms thereceived weak signal from the earth station

in to high power signal at a different downlink frequency to reach the receiving earth

station

Frequency

Range

4 to 6 GHz and 21 to 23 GHz 4 to 6 GHz and 11 to 14 GHz

Cost Compared to satellite communication

the cost is low

Very High

Bandwidth 1 to 10 Mbps 1 to 10 Mbps

Range ofOperation

Within Line of Sight. Repeaters areneeded for higher range of

communication.

Communication can be established aroundthe earth because the range of satellite is

very high

CSMA/CD CSMA/CA

Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision

Detection

Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision

Avoidance

It limits size of network up to 2500 meters It does not limit the network

At longer distance the broadcast sensing methodsdont work.

At longer distance this method works

No additional Warning Broadcast messages arethere

Additional Warning Broadcast messages are therefor collision Avoidance

It does not increase network traffic It increases network traffic

It is most popular access control method on LAN It is not so popular due to the additional networktraffic creation

It is Pure Ethernet Standard It is not standard



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Asynchronous Modem Synchronous Modem

Start Bit and Stop Bit is used to send data Clocking mechanism is there to send data.

Most frequently used for character data Wide variety of data types can be transmitted

Messages are in short size Multiple characters and long series of bits can betransmitted continuously in single frame.

It is Simple and Inexpensive It is Complex and ExpensiveIdeally suited for small frames at irregular intervals. Ideally suited for large frames

Parity bit is used to check data CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check) is used to checkdata

More Overheads bits are there. Overheads bits are smaller portion of a frame

Error Detection is not there Error Detection is there

Acknowledgement is not there Acknowledgement is there

Router Bridge

Router is a device that is used to route a packet

over intranet

Bridge is a device that is used to join to sub

network or used to divide a large network into smallones

Used at Network Layer of OSI Reference Model Used at Data Link Layer of OSI Reference Model

It uses Logical Addressing for routing a packet It is uses Physical Addressing for sending a

message to destination

It is very intelligent than Bridge It is not so intelligent than Router

It is slower than Bridge. It is faster than Router

Types: Static Router

Dynamic Router

Types: Manual Bridge

Learning/Transparent Bridge

Table is maintained by Router is known as Routing

Table

Table is maintained by Bridge is known as Address

Table

When Multiple path is exist data duplication is not

done

When Multiple path is exist data duplication is done

Best Path is Chosen by router Provision of Best path chosen is not there

ISDN B-ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

A standard for transmitting voice, video and data at

the same time over Copper Wire telephone lines

A standard for transmitting voice, video and data at

the same time over Fiber Optic telephone lines.

ISDN can support data rates of 64 Kilo bits per

second (Kbps).

Broadband ISDN can support data rates of 51 Mbps,

155 Mbps, 622 Mbps.

Support of other protocols like ATM, Frame Relay

and SONET are not required

Support of other protocols like ATM, Frame Relay

and SONET are required

ISDN is referred to as a network it is to beconsidered a telephone network, not a computer

network

Broadband ISDN allows its users to communicateover high speed, high quality digital channels,

including Telex, fax, voice telephone, video

telephone, audio, high definition TV and computernetworking.

It is used in Dial up connection It is used in Permanent Connection.

Inexpensive in compare to B-ISDN Expensive in compare to ISDN



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Factor Infrared Narrow Band Spread Spectrum Microwave

Cost Cheapest of all the

wireless

More Expensive than

Infrared

More expensive than

Narrow Band

Very Expensive

Installation Fairly easy, May

Require Line of Sight

Requires trained

technicians and caninvolve tall radio

towers

Requires trained

technicians and caninvolve tall radio

towers

Requires trained

technicians and caninvolve satellite

dishesDistance Under a kilometer Can span hundreds

of kilometers

Can span hundreds

of kilometers

Can span

thousands ofkilometers

Other Issues Effect of Fog and

Rain are there

Low power devices

can attenuate. Effect

of Fog and Rain arealso there.

Low power devices

can attenuate. Effect

of Fog and Rain arealso there.

Effect of Fog and

Rain are also there

License Not Required May need FCC May need FCC May need FCC

Token Ring FDDI

Token Ring is a ring topology with single loop Fiber Distributed Dual Interface(FDDI) is a ringtopology with double loop

It is IEEE 802.5 or IBM Token Ring standard It is ANSI standard

It is Physically star topology and logically ring

topology

It is physically as well as logically ring topology

Data Rate is 4 to 16 Mbps Data Rate is 100 Mbps to 2Gbps

Segment Length is 250 meters Unlimited Segment Length

Generally Twisted Pair(STP) is used Fiber Optic is used

If a loop fail, whole network will go down If a single loop fail, other will work as back up loop

More chances to failure Less chances of failure

TCP/IP IPX/SPX

Transaction control protocol / Internet Protocol Internet work packet Exchange / Sequenced Packet

Exchange

Developed by United States Department of Defense

(DOD)

Developed by Xerox Network Services

Used with Windows NT Used with Novell Netware

Generally Larger and Slower than IPX/SPX Generally Smaller and Faster than TCP/IP

It operates up to data link layer of OSI model, so it

is not depended up on the hardware devices

It operates down to the Data link layer of OSI

model, so it is depended up on hardware devices

In IP Addressing, Different classification are there toidentify host address and network address

In IPX addressing, Physical address is used toidentify host, and 8 digit hexadecimal number isused for network id

It is good for larger network It is good for smaller network

It is more time Consuming Protocol It is less time Consuming protocol



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Baseband Broadband

Baseband signaling only sends a single signal over

the cable.

Broadband signaling may send multiple signals over

the cable.

Baseband transmissions use digital signaling over a

single wire

Baseband transmissions use analog signaling over a

single wire

Bidirectional Transmission, but not at same time Bidirectional Transmission, at same time. Two

channels are there, one for sending and other forReceiving.

TDM is used for multiplexing FDM is used for Multiplexing

Speed is High Speed is Low

High Cost Low cost

Factor Analog Transmission Digital Transmission

Form It is in the form of Continuous

variable of physical quantitiessuch as electric current

It is in form of discrete quantities

and has binary digits

Cost of transmission Low HighEfficiency Low High

Maintenance cost ofequipment

High Low

Effect of Noise High Low

Attenuation High Low

Example Radio Transmission from Door

Darshan

Data transmission from hard disk

to memory

Factor Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet SwitchingDedicated Path Yes No No

Bandwidth Available Fixed Dynamic Dynamic

Potential Wasted

Bandwidth

Yes No No

Store and Forward

Transmission

No Yes Yes But in Datagram

Packet Switching only

Each Packet Follows

the same Route

Yes No Yes but in Virtual Circuit

Packet Switching

Call Setup Required Not Needed Not Needed

When congestionoccur

At Setup time On every Message One Every Packet

Charging Per Minute Per Message Per Packet

Voice Transmission Good Poor Poor

Cost Inexpensive Expensive Very Expensive

Data Length Not Fixed Not Fixed Fixed Packet Size


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Differences Networking