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Different ideas of space
A1. What are the different perspectives of Earth and space, from different cultures and science?
A8. What predictions and evidence about the motion, alignment and collision of bodies in space are there?
First Nations of the Pacific Northwest –
Believed the night sky was a pattern on a great blanket overhead, which was held up by a spinning 'world pole' resting on the chest of a
woman named Stone Ribs.
In England they set up megaliths, in concentric circles, at Stonehenge to mark the winter and summer solstices. Built around 3000-2000BC The main axis lines up with sunrise on
longest morning of the year
The Ancient Egyptians built many pyramids and other monuments to align with the seasonal position of certain stars.
1) Solsticeo Represents the shortest and longest
periods of daylight for non-equator areas Winter solstice - shortest period of
daylight (Northern hemisphere - Dec. 21) ▪ Farthest from sun=least direct sunlight
Summer solstice - longest period of daylight (Northern hemisphere - June 21)▪ Closest to sun=most direct sunlight
2. Equinox - represents periods of equal day and night Autumnal equinox - occurs in the fall (Northern hemisphere - Sept. 22) Vernal equinox - occurs in the spring (Northern hemisphere - Mar. 21)
Awesome animation of whole year!
3) Eclipse – a time when the moon or sun is blocked completely
Solar eclipse – when the sun is blocked by the moon
Lunar eclipse – the moon appears completely dark; no light is reflecting from Sun to the moon
Research the following qs.:1)How do we predict eclipses?2)How do we predict meteor showers?
What would be the problems in deciding what orbited – the Sun around the Earth or the Earth around the Sun?
Could you figure this out just from observing the Sun?
Does it appear to move or does the Earth appear to move?
1) Geocentric Model (O AD – 1600 AD)o Proposed by Aristotleo Was an Earth-centered model of
planetary motion where the Sun, Moon and Planets moved around the Earth
o No telescopes – only used mathematicso This model explained the Sun’s
movement in the sky BUT did not explain other planet movements
Support for his hypothesis:1)Stars seemed to move in the night sky2)Earth did not feel/appear that it was moving
2) Heliocentric Model (1600AD)o Proposed by Copernicuso Sun-centered where Earth and planets
moved in circles around Suno Supported by Galileo’s observations with
a telescopeo Keppler added that pathways were
elipses NOT circles o Animation #1
A3. What matter is in space? (e.g., stars, star systems, galaxies, nebulae)
A1. What are the different perspectives of Earth and space, from different cultures and science?
Solar system – contains a star and the planets that revolve it
Universe- everything/body that we know exists
Galaxy – contains many solar systems within it Ex. Milky Way galaxy contains over 500 solar
systems
Solar system < Galaxy < Universe
A hot glowing ball of gas Ex. The Sun
Gives off light energy, through fusion (hydrogen
helium) Temperature = color
Hotter stars are blue while colder stars are red.
Birth of a Star
Stars form from nebulae (aka star nursery) Nebulae -large accumulations of gas and
dust; created from exploding stars
Each star is made of: -75% hydrogen- 23% helium -2% oxygen, nitrogen, carbon & silicate
Note: any gas/dust in space is called interstellar matter
-break down this word; what could it mean?
Steps to Star Formation 1. Gas and dust start rotating due to
gravity between each other.
2. Core size increases and temperature increases begins to glow
3. Hydrogen is heats and converts to helium – releases energy and radiation.
This is called fusion.
The Life and Death of Stars Either is “Sun-like” (smaller) or
“massive” (larger) in size Spend their lifetime (main
sequence) converting from hydrogen to helium
Nebulae
Red Supergiant
Red Giant White Dwarf
Black Dwarf
Supernova (explosion)
Completely destroyed
Neutron StarBlack Hole
DEATH PHASELIFE PHASE(main sequence) H He
Sun-like
Massive
In main sequence, stars convert H He (fusion) Death phase: Helium becomes fused to other elements in star, expanding outer
layers
Supernova – explosion of a star – sends out extreme energy in the form of shockwaves
Neutron Star: a rapidly spinning object about 30 km in diameter
Black HoleDense remainder
of star with extremely strong gravity that pulls light inward
Star Groups Constellations – the 88 groupings of
stars we see as patterns n the sky. Ex. Ursa Major Asterisms – star groups that are not
officially recognized Ex. Big Dipper
Ursa Major constellation – contains Big Dipper asterism
Groupings of billions of stars, gas and dust
Three main types of galaxies currently exist:
1. Spiral - similar to a flattened pinwheel Ex. Milky Way (our galaxy)
2. Irregular – no definite shape3. EllipticalElliptical – similar in shape to a
football
Other Bodies in Solar System
A3. What matter is in space? (e.g., stars, star systems, galaxies, nebulae)
A4. What evidence is there of bodies in the solar system? What are they like?
How are they like Earth
Model for explaining the birth of solar systems
1. A cloud of gas and dust begins swirling
2. 90% of the material accumulates in the center, forming the Sun.
3. Remaining material accumulates in smaller clumps circling the center, forming planets.
The SunThe SunFacts: 110 times wider than the
EarthSurface is 5500oC and the core is 15 000 000oC.Mostly hydrogen helium (fusion) =energy
The Sun Solar wind –charged particles from the
Sun It defines the boundaries of the solar
system i.e. meaning that if you can feel the solar
wind, that body is part of our solar system Earth is protected from solar wind by
its magnetic field
The MoonFacts : Neil Armstrong and Edwin
“Buzz” Aldrin were the first astronauts to walk on the moon and visit a body in space other than Earth
Crater Patterns on MoonAre depressions created from
meteorite and asteroid strikes Occurs because the moon has no
atmosphere = no protection On Earth they are burned up in the
earth’s atmosphere
The PlanetsThe PlanetsAre bodies that revolve around a starMust be massive enough to be
rounded by their own gravityOrder of planets are: Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
Read pgs. 394-396 and fill out the chart in your notes about the planet characteristics
Question: What trend in characteristics do you see of Terrestrial planets compared to Outer planets
-make a list!
The PlanetsCan be split into two groups:
Inner (Terrestrial) Planets
Outer (Jovian) Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
Smaller and rock Larger and gaseous
Contain zero to a few moons
Contain several moons
No ring systems Some ring systems
Hotter in temperature Cooler in temperature
Asteroid – larger pieces of rock in space which drift towards the Sun (called minor planets) Mostly located in asteroid belt between
Mars and Jupiter
o Rocky metallic bodies in space o Found in a narrow area between
Mars and Jupitero Can range in size from a few meters
hundreds of kilometersSmaller than planet, larger than
meteroid (called minor planets)
o Made of ice and dust and orbits the Sun
o Tails and glow appear when comet becomes closer to the Sun
ex. Halley’s comet is seen every 76-77 years
Small metallic rocks in no particular path
Small as a grain for sand or large car
Caused by debris shed by comets when they get close to the Sun OR part of asteroid
when a meteoroid comes into the Earth’s atmosphere causing the rock to give off light due to friction in atmosphere
remains of a meteor that has not been burned by the atmosphere of the Earth
Meteoroids Meteors Meteorites
Is a place where you can describe the position or motion of things
Ex. Viking is 80km northeast of Camrose (Camrose is your reference point)
For space, these frames of reference are equator and prime meridian
1. Azimuth: angle between the most northern point of Earth and the point directly below a celestial body
0o azimuth means the object is north 90o azimuth means that the object is east
of north 180o means that the object is south of
north 270o means that the object is west of the
north
Clock and Fist method -point one arm north -point the other arm to the object
you are positioning > every “hour” on the clock is
around 30o
2. Altitude: angle above the horizon (from 0o to 90o)
How “high” it is
An astrolabe is used to correctly identify the coordinates of an object in space.
137.32 deg E, 34.81 deg N
Zenith – the highest point overheadEllipse – Earth’s shape of path
around the Sun -looks like a squished circle celestial equator- equator of Earth
that is imaginary in the skyastrolabe – device that lets us find
the location of a star
How did they do that?
1. Naked Eye Astronomers would chart observations
2. Early Telescopeo Created by Galileo in 16th centuryo Have helped us realize the distance
between Earth and other bodies in space
3. Radio and Optical Telescopes (later)
A. Astronomical Units (AU) Used to measure distances inside our
galaxy 1 AU = distance from center of Earth to
Sun 1 AU = 149 599 000km
Sun Mercury 0.39 AU Sun Venus 0.72 AU Sun Earth 1.0 AU Sun Mars 1.5 AU Sun Jupiter 5.2 AU Sun Saturn 9.5 AU Sun Uranus 19.2 AU Sun Neptune 30.1 AU
B. Light Year 1 Light Year = distance light
travels in 1 yr
=9.5 trillion kmso Light travels at 3.00 x 106m/so Used to measure distances outside
our galaxies
Sun to Earth = 8 minutes (1 AU or 149 million kms) Pluto to Earth = 5 hoursStars to Earth = 25 000 yrs
Bill Nye – scaling the universe
Red –shifted stars: RecedingBlue shifted stars: Approaching
Stars are measured by observing them every 6 months and determining the difference in parallax
