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DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH AND SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE METHOD. DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES - FREQUENCY - NATURAL HISTORY - POSSIBLE DETERMINANTS (HYPOTHESIS) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 OR MORE VARIABLES NO COMPARISON GROUP NO ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCHAND
SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE METHOD
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES- FREQUENCY
- NATURAL HISTORY
- POSSIBLE DETERMINANTS
(HYPOTHESIS)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 OR MORE VARIABLES
NO COMPARISON GROUP
NO ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
(SANP SHOT)
FREQUENCY SURVEY
PREVALENCE STUDY
RECORD OUTCOME
RECORD EXPOSURE
ARTHRITIS >>> OBESITY?
OBESITY >>> ARTHRITIS?
CASE-CONTROL STUDY
THE OUTCOME
RELATED TO
THE EXPOSUREMISUNDERSTOOD BECAUSE OF THE DIRECTION
RARE
TAKE TIME TO DEVELOP
COHORT STUDIESWHAT IS A COHORT?
TYPES OF COHORT?- CROSS-SECTIONAL
- LONGITUDINAL
- PROSPECTIVE
- RETROSPECTIVE
- COMBINED PROSPECTIVE-RETROSPECTIVE
+ EXPOSURE PRECEEDS OUTCOME
+ LESSER RECALL BIAS
+ INCIDENCE / RELATIVE RISK / ATTRIBUTABLE RISK
- LONG DURATION
- EXPENSIVE
R. C. T.
RANDOMIZATION
DELIBERATE PROCESS
IT IS WHAT WE WANTNOT ANYTHING WE GET
REMEMBER…
NO COMPARISON GROUP
NO ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION
OUTCOME
EXPOSURE
OUTCOME related to
PREVALENCE OF EXPOSURE
ARTHRITIS >>> OBESITYOBESITY >>> ARTHRITIS
EVIDENCE FROM
I LEAST ONE PROPERLY DESIGNED R. C. T.
II-1 WELL-DESIGNED CONTROLLED TRIAL
WITHOUT RANDIMIZATION
II-2 WELL-DESIGNED COHORT /CASE-CONTROL
STUDY (FROM > ONE RESEARCH)
II-3 MULTIPLE TIME SERIES, WITH OR WITHOUT
INTERVENTION OR CONTROLS
III OPINIONS OF RESPECTED AUTHORIIES BASED
ON EXPERIENCE, DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES,
REPORTS, EXPERT COMMITTEES
USPSTF
• CASE STUDIES• CASE SERIES• OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES• ANALYTICAL STUDIES
ECOLOGICAL / CORRELATIONAL
CROSS-SECTIONAL / PREVALENCE
CASE-CONTROL
COHORT
• EXPERIMENTALR. C. T.
FIELD TRIALS
COMMUNITY TRIALS
OUTCOME MEASURES
• RATE = EVENTS OCCURING PER UNIT TIME
• RATIO = RELATIVE SIZE
• PROPORTION = HOW MANY OUT OF
HOW MANY
QUESTION - ANSWER
RELATIONSHIP OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
A) DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
C) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
Q:
A:
RELATIONSHIP OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
C) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
Q:
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS FROM STUDIES THAT HAVE NO COMPARISON GROUP.
TRUE
FALSE
A:
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS FROM STUDIES THAT HAVE NO COMPARISON GROUP.
FALSE
Q:
Dr. GAUTAM ROY’S HYPOTHESIS:
THE EARTH IS FLAT
IS THAT A “GOOD” HYPOTHESIS?
YES
NO
A:
Dr. GAUTAM ROY’S HYPOTHESIS:
THE EARTH IS FLAT
IS THAT A “GOOD” HYPOTHESIS?
YES, IT IS!
Q:
ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
A) DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
C) COHORT STUDIES
A:
ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
Q:
CHOOSING THE LAST NUMBER FROM A WAD OF CURRENCY NOTES IN A WALLET IS A RANDOMIZED PROCESS.
CORRECT
NOT CORRECT
A:
CHOOSING THE LAST NUMBER FROM A WAD OF CURRENCY NOTES IN A WALLET IS A RANDOMIZED PROCESS.
NOT CORRECT
Q:
Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS WHETHER V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.–
AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD.
Q:
Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS WHETHER V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.–
AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD.
IS THIS INCIDENCE?
IS THIS PREVALENCE?
A:
Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.–
AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD.
IT IS A PROPORTION
Q:IN A FACTORY, EVERY YEAR 4 MEN
AND 6 WOMEN RESIGN FROM WORK.
CALCULATE:
RATE OF RESIGNATIONS
RATIO OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGINING
PROPORTION OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGING
A:IN A FACTORY, EVERY YEAR 4 MEN
AND 6 WOMEN RESIGN FROM WORK.
CALCULATE:
RATE OF RESIGNATIONS
= 10 PER YEAR
RATIO OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGINING
= 2:3
PROPORTION OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGING
= CANNOT SAY
Q:
DISTRIBUTING EARPLUGS TO ALL
WORKERS IN A NOISY FACTORY IS AN
EXAMPLE OF:
NON-RANDIMIZED TRIAL
FIELD TRIAL
COMMUNITY TRIAL
A:
DISTRIBUTING EARPLUGS TO ALL
WORKERS IN A NOISY FACTORY IS AN
EXAMPLE OF:
COMMUNITY TRIAL