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Fundamentals of Digital Communication
2
Digital communication system
Low Pass Filter
Sampler Quantizer Channel Encoder
Line Encoder
Pulse Shaping
Filters
SourceEncoder
Modulator
MultiplexerInputSignalAnalog/Digital
To Channel
DetectorReceiverFilter
De-ModulatorFrom Channel
Channel Decoder
Digital-to-AnalogConverter
De-Multiplexer
Signalat the user end
Carrier
Carrier Ref.
3
Noiseless Channels and Nyquist Theorem
For a noiseless channel, Nyquist theorem gives the relationship between the channel bandwidth and maximum data rate that can be transmitted over this channel.
mBC 2log2
Nyquist Theorem
C: channel capacity (bps)B: RF bandwidthm: number of finite states in a symbol of transmitted signal
Example: A noiseless channel with 3kHz bandwidth can only transmit a maximum of 6Kbps if the symbols are binary symbols.
4
Nyquist minimum bandwidth requirement
The theoretical minimum bandwidth needed for baseband transmission of Rs symbols per second is Rs/2 hertz ?
t
)/sinc()( Ttth 1
0 T T2TT2
T21
T21
T
)( fH
f0
5
Shannon’s Bound for noisy channels
There is a fundamental upper bound on achievable bandwidth efficiency.
Shannon’s theorem gives the relationship between the channel bandwidth and the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over a noisy channel .
)1(log2max NS
BC
B
Shannon’s Theorem
C: channel capacity (maximum data-rate) (bps)B or W : RF bandwidthS/N: signal-to-noise ratio (no unit)
6
Shannon limit … Shannon theorem puts a limit on
transmission data rate, not on error probability:
Theoretically possible to transmit information at any rate Rb , where Rb C with an arbitrary small error probability by using a sufficiently complicated coding scheme.
For an information rate Rb > C , it is not possible to find a code that can achieve an arbitrary small error probability.
7
Shannon limit …C/W
[bits
/s/H
z]
SNR [dB]
Practical region
Unattainableregion
8
Shannon limit …
There exists a limiting value of below which there can be no error-free communication at any information rate.
By increasing the bandwidth alone, the capacity cannot be increased to any desired value.
WC
NE
WC b
02 1log
WNNCES
NSWC
b
0
2 1log
[dB] 6.1693.0log
1
:get we,0or As
20
eNE
WCW
b
0/ NEb
Shannon limit
9
Shannon limit …
[dB] / 0NEb
W/C [Hz/bits/s] Practical region
Unattainableregion
-1.6 [dB]
10
Bandwidth efficiency plane
R<CPractical region
R>CUnattainable region
R/W
[bits
/s/H
z]
Bandwidth limited
Power limited
R=C
Shannon limit510BP
MPSKMQAMMFSK
M=2
M=4
M=8
M=16
M=64
M=256
M=2M=4
M=8
M=16
[dB] / 0NEb
11
Error probability plane(example for coherent MPSK and MFSK)
[dB] / 0NEb [dB] / 0NEb
Bit
erro
r pro
babi
lity
M-PSK M-FSK
k=1,2
k=3
k=4
k=5
k=5
k=4
k=2
k=1
bandwidth-efficient power-efficient
12
M-ary signaling Bandwidth efficiency:
Assuming Nyquist (ideal rectangular) filtering at baseband, the required passband bandwidth is:
M-PSK and M-QAM (bandwidth-limited systems) Bandwidth efficiency increases as M increases.
MFSK (power-limited systems) Bandwidth efficiency decreases as M increases.
][bits/s/Hz 1log2
bs
b
WTWTM
WR
[Hz] /1 ss RTW
][bits/s/Hz log/ 2 MWRb
][bits/s/Hz /log/ 2 MMWRb
13
Power and bandwidth limited systems
Two major communication resources: Transmit power and channel bandwidth
In many communication systems, one of these resources is more precious than the other. Hence, systems can be classified as:
Power-limited systems: save power at the expense of bandwidth (for example by using coding schemes)
Bandwidth-limited systems: save bandwidth at the expense of power (for example by using spectrally efficient modulation
schemes)
14
Goals in designing a DCS Goals:
Maximizing the transmission bit rate Minimizing probability of bit error Minimizing the required power Minimizing required system
bandwidth Maximizing system utilization Minimize system complexity
15
Limitations in designing a DCS The Nyquist theoretical minimum bandwidth
requirement The Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem (and
the Shannon limit) Government regulations Technological limitations Other system requirements (e.g satellite
orbits)