Digestive System

Bellwork

• Define (use the glossary in the back of

small books)

• Peristalsis

• Chyme

• Mastication

Anatomy & Physiology

State Standard

• 44) Trace food from the time it enters the

body until it is released, outlining the major

organs involved and the digestive processes

that occur.

Anatomy & Physiology

Objectives

• Students will be able to trace food as it

enters the body until it is released outlining

all of the major digestive organs.

• Students will be able to describe the

function of each digestive organ.

Diagnostic Medicine

State Standard

• 12) Outline the in-depth normal structure and function of the

musculoskeletal, digestive, and cardio-respiratory systems, specifically

as they relate to diagnostic medical imaging.

• Review directions, planes, and sections of the body in order to perform

diagnostic imaging procedures.

• Summarize appropriate medical text(s) in order to list signs and

symptoms of common diseases and disorders associated with each

system.

Objectives

• Outline the normal structure and function of

the digestive system and the appropriate

section each organ resides in through a

group lab activity.

Structures of the Digestive

System

Digestive system

– Also known as:» Alimentary Canal

» Digestive Tract

» Gastrointestinal Tract

• Upper GI (esophagus, stomach, small intestine)

• Lower GI (large intestine, rectum)

• Approximately 30’ in length from mouth to anus

Structures of the Digestive

System

Primary structures– Mouth

– Esophagus

– Stomach

– Small intestines

– Large intestines

Accessory structures

– Tongue

– Teeth

– Salivary glands

– Pancreas

– Liver

– Gall bladder

The Mouth

Mouth

• (buccal cavity)

• Function: physical breakdown of food or (bolus); ingestion and mastication

• Also called mechanical digestion

• accessory organs-

– Tongue (taste)

– Teeth (mastication)

– Salivary Glands

(Produce enzymes)

– Palate (hard and soft)

– Uvula (keeps food from going up our nose)

Pharynx (Throat)

• Pharynx (throat)

– Nasopharynx

– Oropharynx

– Hypopharynx

– When we swallow what

closes off the trachea?

– Function: passageway for

food bolus and air

– What other body system

relates to this?

Esophagus

• Esophagus– Muscular tube, 10”

long

– Connects the pharynx and stomach

– Peristalsis occurs here

• Esophageal wall layers

– Mucosa

– Submucosa

– Muscular

– External serous Is the esophagus anterior or

posterior to the trachea?

Stomach

• Stomach» Upper left quadrant

of the of the abdominal cavity

» Fundus

» Body

» Pylorus

– Cardiac Sphincter (b/t esophagus & stomach)

– Pyloric Sphincter (b/t stomach & small intestine)

– Rugae (folds which expand when stomach

fills)

Function:

Chemical digestion of food to

the end products of fat,

carbohydrates, and protein

Which is the distal sphincter?

Small Intestines (Bowels)

• Small intestines

– Duodenum» First segment

» 12” long

» Common target for

feeding tubes

– Jejunum» Second segment

» 8’ long

– Ileum» Third segment

» 10-12’ long

Function:

Absorption of nutrients into the

blood capillaries

Does the small intestine reside in

lateral or medial portion of the

abdomen?

Large Intestines (Colon)

• Large intestines– Approximately 2” in diameter &

5’ long

– Cecum

– Ascending, Transverse,

Descending Colon

– Sigmoid and Rectum

– Hepatic and Splenic flexures

– Function: eliminates

waste products through

excretion and

defecation Label the parts of the colon listed to the left.

Group Activity

• Click on the

Digestive System

lab activities,

• Work with your

small group to

complete Station 2.

• You will be

provided with

string and tape to

complete this

activity.

Fecal Transplant for

Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff.)

• Bacteria found

all around us.

• Remember

normal flora?

• Triggered by

abundant use of

antibiotics.

• Good bacteria

killed off.

EXIT TICKET

• NAME EACH PART OF THE DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM AS A BOLUS PASSES

THROUGH IT (BEGINNING TO END)!!

Day 2 Bell Work

Draw the schematic diagram to the right of the

image.

Objectives Day 2

• Students will be able to label the accessory

organs of the digestive system and describe

their functions.

• Students will investigate further the phases,

processes, and possible complications of the

digestive system through a group research

project.

Accessory Organs:

Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder

Based on previous lessons, what is the function of the ducts shown?

The Liver

• The LIVER (prefix hepa)

• produces bile

• produces heparin (a blood

thinner which prevents

clots)

• and produces antibodies

• removes poisons from the

body

• stores vitamins

Cirrhosis

• Chronic progressive

disease of the liver

• As the liver is damaged it

tries to heal itself, scarring

and turning into fibrous

tissue

• Bleed and bruise easily,

itchy skin, jaundice,

nausea, and fluid build up

• 75% caused by excessive

alcohol consumption

-Condition associated with Hepatitis B and C

-Also occurs in those with fatty liver disease

**Treated through weight loss, medications,

paracentesis, alcohol cessation.

Discussion

• Applying what you

know about the

way the liver

normally

functions. What

would a liver with

cirrhosis be

impaired doing?

• What color would

these patients skin

be?

What is a paracentesis? (2 min)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9npNQM8ANds

The Pancreas

• The PANCREAS

• helps chemically

break down food

• manufactures

insulin which

regulates the

amount of sugar or

glucose used by the

body

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

The Gall Bladder

• The GALLBLADDER

(prefix chole)

• stores bile for the liver

• sends bile to the

duodenum to help

chemically break

down chyme.

Cholelithiasis

• The medical term

for….Gallstones

WHAT ABOUT THE APPENDIX??

• A sac attached to the cecum and has no known function.

• Appendix can become infected by trapped fecal matter

• If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can spread to peritoneal cavity.

• Symptoms- RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting

• RX – surgical appendectomy-What does that mean?

Possible theory for its purpose…

• Click on the following link…

• https://www.webmd.com/digestive-

disorders/news/20071012/appendix-may-

have-purpose#1

• What is suggested as a possible purpose and

function for the appendix?

• Consider past lessons on normal flora? Do

you agree with the possibility?

Group Activity:

Create a Digital Presentation

• Briefly describe the

following

diseases/disorders related

to the digestive system:

• Stomach Ulcer

• Diverticulitis

• Colon Cancer

• Chron Disease

• Hepatitis (A, B, C)

• Diabetes (Type I and II)

• Describe/Explain in

each:

• Signs/symptoms

• Diagnostic tools

• Possible treatments

• Prevention methods

• Include appropriate

pictures

Additional Activities

• Research the following feeding tubes.

• DOBHOFF

• PEG tube

• G-tube

• GJ-tube

• What are the differences?

• Where are they placed?

• What are some reasons a patient would need a

feeding tube?

Individual Activity

• Go to the class website and choose the link:

Evaluation of Dysphagia Directed Reading.

• 1st read the article and answer the directed

reading questions.

• 2nd go to the class website again and choose

the extended learning for directed reading

tab. Complete the extended learning

assignments for Dysphagia.

Exit Ticket

• Where does peristalsis begin in the digestive

system?

• Which is larger in diameter? Large or small

intestine?

• Which organ absorbs nutrients?

• Which organ produces bile, heparin, and

antibodies?

• Which organ manufactures insulin and regulates

blood sugar?