Digitizing the Video Signal

8/7/2019 Digitizing the Video Signal

1/18

Digitizing the Video SignalPage 1 of 2

There are two basic approaches to delivering video on a computer screen analogue and digital video.

Analogue video is essentially a product of the television industry andtherefore conforms to television standards.

Digital video is a product of the computing industry and thereforeconforms to digital data standards.

Video, like audio. Is usually recorded and played as an analog signal. It musttherefore be digitized in order to be incorporated into a multimedia title.

Figure below shows the process for digitizing an analog video signal.

Click to enlarge

A video source, such as video camera, VCR, TV, or videodisc, is connected to avideo capture card in a computer. As the video source is played, the analogsignal is sent to the video card and converted into a digital file that is stored onthe hard drive. At the same time, the sound from the video source is alsodigitized.
http://www.ctl.utm.my/publications/manuals/imedia/media/video/digitiz2.htm


2/18

Digitizing the Video SignalPage 2 of 2

PAL (Phase Alternating Line) and NTSC (National TelevisionSystem Committee) are the two video standards of most

importance for analogue video.

PAL is the standard for most of Europe and theCommonwealth, NTSC for North and South America. Thestandards are inter-convertible, but conversion normally has tobe performed by a facilities house and some quality loss mayoccur.

Analogue video can be delivered into the computing interfacefrom any compatible video source (video recorder, videodiscplayer, live television) providing the computer is equipped with

a special overlay board, which synchronizes video andcomputer signals and displays computer-generated text andgraphics over the video.

the problem with sending composite video is that NTSC or PAL encoding interleaves 4 channels of

information, sync, luma, i and q chroma on one cable. it is nearly impossible to decode a composite

analog with any quality without employing very expensive electronic processing, and the results can still

be poor. In fact in the traditional analog TV station, once the camera encodes video, it is never decoded

but passes through the chain unmodified until it gets to the transmitter. then it becomes the problem of the

consumer's TV set to try and untangle this mess.

A slight improvement can be had with s-video using 2 channels, one for sync and luma, the other for i and

q chroma but all of this can be avoided by having the camera encode the video digitally. then the decode

process, if needed, will produce a near perfect regeneration of analog components. and a computer of

course can use the camera encoded digital product directly.
http://www.ctl.utm.my/publications/manuals/imedia/media/video/digitiz1.htm


3/18

and this is just for standard definition. HD absolutely requires digital encoding at the camera. at the

television station, camera HD output is SDI (serial digital interface). This is the broadcast equivalent of

HDMI except it is not MPEG2 compressed. Consumer gear, HDTVs, camcorders and computers are

limited to compressed versions of digital HD, full bandwidth is not possible.

Digital videoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeDigital video (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification.Please helpimprove this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(January 2010)

Digital video is a type ofvideorecording system that works by using a digital rather than ananalog video

signal. The terms camera, video camera, and camcorderare used interchangeably in this article.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Overview of basic properties

o 2.1 Regarding Interlacing

o 2.2 Properties of compressed video

o 2.3 More on bit rate and BPP

2.3.1 Constant bit rate versus variable

bit rate

3 Technical overview

o 3.1 Poster frame

4 Interfaces and cables

5 Storage formats

o 5.1 Encoding

o 5.2 Tapes

o 5.3 Discs

6 See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Overview_of_basic_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Regarding_Interlacinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Properties_of_compressed_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#More_on_bit_rate_and_BPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Constant_bit_rate_versus_variable_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Constant_bit_rate_versus_variable_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Technical_overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Poster_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Interfaces_and_cableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Encodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Tapeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Discshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Overview_of_basic_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Regarding_Interlacinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Properties_of_compressed_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#More_on_bit_rate_and_BPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Constant_bit_rate_versus_variable_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Constant_bit_rate_versus_variable_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Technical_overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Poster_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Interfaces_and_cableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Encodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Tapeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Discshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_(disambiguation)


4/18

7 References

8 External links

[edit]History

Starting in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, several types of video production equipment- such as time base

correctors(TBC) and digital video effects (DVE) units (two of the latter being theAmpex ADO, and

the NEC DVE) were introduced that operated by taking a standard analog video input and digitizing it internally.

This made it easier to either correct or enhance the video signal, as in the case of a TBC, or to manipulate and

add effects to the video, in the case of a DVE unit. The digitized and processed clip from these units would then

be converted back to standard analog video.

Later on in the 1970s, manufacturers of professional video broadcast equipment, such as Bosch (through

theirFernseh division), RCA, andAmpex developed prototype digital videotape recorders in theirresearch and

developmentlabs. Bosch's machine used a modified 1" Type Btransport, and recorded an early form ofCCIR

601 digital video. None of these machines from these manufacturers were ever marketed commercially,

however.

Digital video was first introduced commercially in 1986 with the SonyD-1 format, which recorded an

uncompressed standard definitioncomponent video signal in digital form instead of the high-band analog forms

that had been commonplace until then. Due to its expense, D-1 was used primarily by large television

networks. It would eventually be replaced by cheaper systems using compressed data, most notably

Sony's Digital Betacam(still heavily used as a field recording format by professional television producers) thatwere introduced into the network's studios.

One of the first digital video products to run on personal computers was PACo: The PICS Animation

Compilerfrom The Company of Science & Art in Providence, RI, which was developed starting in 1990 and first

shipped in May 1991.[1]PACo could stream unlimited-length video with synchronized sound from a single file on

CD-ROM. Creation required a Mac; playback was possible on Macs, PCs, and Sun Sparcstations. In 1992,

Bernard Luskin, Philips Interactive Media, and Eric Doctorow, Paramount Worldwide Video, successfully put

the first fifty videos in digital MPEG 1 on CD, developed the packaging and launched movies on CD, leading to

advancing versions of MPEG, and to DVD.

QuickTime,Apple Computer's architecture for time-based and streaming data formats appeared in June, 1991.

Initial consumer-level content creation tools were crude, requiring an analog video source to be digitized to a

computer-readable format. While low-quality at first, consumer digital video increased rapidly in quality, first

with the introduction of playback standards such asMPEG-1 andMPEG-2 (adopted for use in television

transmission andDVDmedia), and then the introduction of the DVtape format allowing recording direct to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_base_correctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_base_correctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_base_correctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_inch_type_B_videotapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_601http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_601http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_(Sony)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_(Sony)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_base_correctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_base_correctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_inch_type_B_videotapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_601http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_601http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_(Sony)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV


5/18

digital data and simplifying the editing process, allowing non-linear editing systemsto be deployed cheaply and

widely on desktop computers with no external playback/recording equipment needed. The widespread adoption

of digital video has also drastically reduced the bandwidth needed for a high definition television signal

(with HDV and AVCHD, as well as several commercial variants such asDVCPRO-HD, all using less bandwidth

than a standard definition analog signal) and Tapeless camcordersbased on flash memory and often a variant

ofMPEG-4.

[edit]Overview of basic properties

Digital video comprises a series of orthogonal bitmapdigital images displayed in rapid succession at a constant

rate. In the context of video these images are calledframes.[2]We measure the rate at which frames are

displayed in frames per second (FPS).

Since every frame is an orthogonal bitmap digital image it comprises a raster ofpixels. If it has a width

ofW pixels and a height ofH pixels we say that the frame size is WxH.

Pixels have only one property, their color. The color of a pixel is represented by a fixed number of bits. The

more bits the more subtle variations of colors can be reproduced. This is called thecolor depth (CD) of the

video.

An example video can have a duration (T) of 1 hour (3600sec), a frame size of 640x480 (WxH) at a color

depth of 24bits and a frame rate of 25fps. This example video has the following properties:

pixels per frame = 640 * 480 = 307,200

bits per frame = 307,200 * 24 = 7,372,800 = 7.37Mbits

bit rate (BR) = 7.37 * 25 = 184.25Mbits/sec

video size (VS)[3]= 184Mbits/sec* 3600sec= 662,400Mbits = 82,800Mbytes = 82.8Gbytes

The most important properties are bit rate and video size. The formulas relating those two with all other

properties are:

BR = W * H * CD * FPS

VS = BR * T = W * H * CD * FPS * T

(units are: BR in bit/s, W and H in pixels, CD in bits, VS in bits, T

in seconds)

while some secondary formulas are:

pixels_per_frame = W * H

pixels_per_second = W * H * FPS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeless_camcorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeless_camcorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeless_camcorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-2


6/18

bits_per_frame = W * H * CD

[edit]Regarding Interlacing

In interlaced video each frame is composed of two halves of an image. The first half contains only the odd-

numbered lines of a full frame. The second half contains only the even-numbered lines. Those halves are

referred to individually as fields. Two consecutive fields compose a full frame. If an interlaced video has a frame

rate of 15 frames per second the field rate is 30 fields per second. All the properties and formulas discussed

here apply equally to interlaced video but one should be careful not to confuse the fields per second rate with

the frames per second rate.

[edit]Properties of compressed video

The above are accurate for uncompressed video. Because of the relatively high bit rate of uncompressed

video, video compressionis extensively used. In the case of compressed video each frame requires a smallpercentage of the original bits. Assuming acompression algorithm that shrinks the input data by a factor ofCF,

the bit rate and video size would equal to:

BR = W * H * CD * FPS / CF

VS = BR * T / CF

Please note that it is not necessary that all frames are equally compressed by a factor of CF. In practice they

are not, so CF is the averagefactor of compression forallthe frames taken together.

The above equation for the bit rate can be rewritten by combining the compression factor and the color depth

like this:

BR = W * H * ( CD / CF ) * FPS

The value (CD / CF) represents the average bits per pixel (BPP). As an example, if we have a color depth of

12bits/pixel and an algorithm that compresses at 40x, then BPP equals 0.3 (12/40). So in the case of

compressed video the formula for bit rate is:

BR = W * H * BPP * FPS

In fact the same formula is valid for uncompressed video because in that case one can assume that the

"compression" factor is 1 and that the average bits per pixel equal the color depth.

[edit]More on bit rate and BPP
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=5


7/18

As is obvious by its definition bit rate is a measure of the rate of information content of the digital video stream.

In the case of uncompressed video, bit rate corresponds directly to the quality of the video (remember that bit

rate is proportional to every property that affects the video quality). Bit rate is an important property when

transmitting video because the transmission link must be capable of supporting that bit rate. Bit rate is also

important when dealing with the storage of video because, as shown above, the video size is proportional to

the bit rate and the duration. Bit rate of uncompressed video is too high for most practical applications.Video

compression is used to greatly reduce the bit rate.

BPP is a measure of the efficiency of compression. A true-color video with no compression at all may have a

BPP of 24 bits/pixel. Chroma subsamplingcan reduce the BPP to 16 or 12 bits/pixel.

Applyingjpeg compression on every frame can reduce the BPP to 8 or even 1 bits/pixel. Applying video

compression algorithms like MPEG1,MPEG2 orMPEG4 allows for fractional BPP values.

[edit]Constant bit rate versus variable bit rate

As noted above BPP represents the average bits per pixel. There are compression algorithms that keep the

BPP almost constant throughout the entire duration of the video. In this case we also get video output with

a constant bit rate (CBR). This CBR video is suitable for real-time, non-buffered, fixed bandwidth video

streaming (e.g. in videoconferencing).

Noting that not all frames can be compressed at the same level because quality is more severely impacted for

scenes of high complexity some algorithms try to constantly adjust the BPP. They keep it high while

compressing complex scenes and low for less demanding scenes. This way one gets the best quality at the

smallest average bit rate (and the smallest file size accordingly). Of course when using this method the bit rate

is variable because it tracks the variations of the BPP.

[edit]Technical overview

Standardfilm stocks such as16 mm and 35 mm record at 24 frames per second. For video, there are two

frame rate standards: NTSC, which shoot at 30/1.001 (about 29.97) frames per second or 59.94 fields per

second, andPAL, 25 frames per second or 50 fields per second.

Digital video cameras come in two different image capture formats:interlaced and progressive scan.

Interlaced cameras record the image in alternating sets of lines: the odd-numbered lines are scanned, and then

the even-numbered lines are scanned, then the odd-numbered lines are scanned again, and so on. One set of

odd or even lines is referred to as a "field", and a consecutive pairing of two fields of opposite parity is called

a frame.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsamplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsamplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_bitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Bit_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Bit_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaced_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaced_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsamplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_bitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Bit_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Bit_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaced_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_scan


8/18

A progressive scan video camera records each frame as distinct, with all scan lines being captured at the same

moment in time. Thus, interlaced video captures samples the scene motion twice as often as progressive video

does, for the same number offrames per second.

Progressive-scan camcorders generally produce a slightly sharper image. However, motion may not be as

smooth as interlaced video which uses 50 or 59.94 fields per second, particularly if they employ the 24 frames

per second standard of film. (Note that even though the digital video format only allows for 29.97 interlaced

frames per second [or 25 for PAL], 24 frames per second progressive video is possible through a technique

called3:2 pulldown)

Digital video can be copied with no degradation in quality. No matter how many generations of a digital source

is copied, it will still be as clear as the original first generation of digital footage.

Digital video can be manipulated and edited to follow an order or sequence on an NLE, ornon-linear

editing workstation, a computer-based device intended to edit video and audio. More and more, videos areedited on readily available, increasingly affordable consumer-grade computer hardware and software.

However, such editing systems require ample disk space for video footage. Digital video recorded with

standard consumer-grade DV/DVCPRO compression takes up about 250 megabytes per minute or 13

gigabytes per hour.[citation needed]

Digital video has a significantly lower cost than 35 mm film. The tape stock itself is very inexpensive about

$3 for a 60 minute MiniDV tape, in bulk, as of December, 2005. Digital video also allows footage to be viewed

on location without the expensive chemical processing required by film. By comparison, 35 mm film stock costs

about $1000 per minute, including processing.[citation needed]

Digital video is used outside of movie making. Digital television(including higher qualityHDTV) started to

spread in most developed countries in early 2000s. Digital video is also used in modern mobile

phones andvideo conferencing systems. Digital video is also used forInternetdistribution of media,

including streaming videoandpeer-to-peermovie distribution.

Many types ofvideo compression exist for serving digital video over the internet and on optical disks. The file

sizes of digital video used for professional editing are generally not practical for these purposes, and the video

requires further compression with codecs such as the Windows Media format, MPEG2, MPEG4, Real Media,

and more recently H.264. Probably the most widely used formats for delivering video over the internet areMPEG4 and Windows Media, while MPEG2 is used almost exclusively for DVDs, providing an exceptional

image in minimal size but resulting in a high level of CPU consumption to decompress.

While still images can have any number of pixels, the video community defines various standards for

resolution. A path through devices that use incompatible resolutions may require that video be rescaled several

times from capture to ultimate audience display.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine#2:3_pulldownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine#2:3_pulldownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Definition_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Definition_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine#2:3_pulldownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Definition_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compression


9/18

As of 2007, the highest resolution demonstrated for digital video generation is 33megapixels(7680 x 4320) at

60 frames per second ("Ultra High Definition Television"), though this has only been demonstrated in special

laboratory settings. The highest speed is attained in industrial and scientific high speed camerasthat are

capable of filming 1024x1024 video at up to 1 million frames per second for brief periods of recording.

[edit]Poster frame

A poster frame orpreview frame is a selected frame of the video used as a thumbnail.[4]

[edit]Interfaces and cables

Many interfaces have been designed specifically to handle the requirements of uncompressed digital video (at

roughly 400 Mbit/s):

Serial Digital Interface

FireWire

High-Definition Multimedia Interface

Digital Visual Interface

Unified Display Interface

DisplayPort

USB

Digital component video

The following interface has been designed for carrying MPEG-Transport compressed video:

DVB-ASI

Compressed video is also carried usingUDP-IP overEthernet. Two approaches exist for this:

Using RTP as a wrapper for video packets

1-7MPEG Transport Packets are placed directly in theUDPpacket

[edit]Storage formats

[edit]Encoding

All current formats, which are listed below, are PCM based.

CCIR 601 used for broadcast stations

MPEG-4 good for online distribution of large videos and video recorded toflash memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_High_Definition_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_speed_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_speed_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbnailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Digital_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Multimedia_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Display_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_component_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG_transport_streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG_transport_streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_601http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_High_Definition_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_speed_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbnailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Digital_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Multimedia_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Display_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_component_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG_transport_streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_601http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory


10/18

MPEG-2 used for DVDs, Super-VCDs, and many broadcast television formats

MPEG-1 used for video CDs

H.261

H.263

H.264 also known as MPEG-4 Part 10, or asAVC, used forBlu-ray Discsand some broadcast

television formats

Theora used for video on wikipedia

[edit]Tapes

Betacam,BetacamSP,Betacam SX,Betacam IMX,Digital Betacam, or DigiBeta Commercial video

systems by Sony, based on original Betamax technology

HDCAM was introduced by Sony as a high-definition alternative to DigiBeta.

D1,D2, D3,D5,D9 (also known as Digital-S) various SMPTEcommercial digital video standards

DV,MiniDV used in most of today's videotape-based consumer camcorders; designed for high

quality and easy editing; can also record high-definition data (HDV) in MPEG-2 format

DVCAM,DVCPRO used in professional broadcast operations; similar to DV but generally

considered more robust; though DV-compatible, these formats have better audio handling.

DVCPRO50, DVCPROHD support higher bandwidths as compared to Panasonic's DVCPRO.

Digital8 DV-format data recorded on Hi8-compatible cassettes; largely a consumer format

MicroMV MPEG-2-format data recorded on a very small, matchbook-sized cassette; obsolete

D-VHS MPEG-2 format data recorded on a tape similar toS-VHS

[edit]Discs

VCD

DVD

Blu-ray Disc

[edit]See also

Digital audio

Digital cinematography

Digital visual interface

DVD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.261http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.263http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam_IMXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam_IMXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam_IMXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_(Sony)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2_(video_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2_(video_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3_(video)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_HDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_HDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_HDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D9_(video)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPTEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPTEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroMVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-VHShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-VHShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-VHShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinematographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_visual_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.261http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.263http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam_IMXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Betacamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_(Sony)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2_(video_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3_(video)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_HDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D9_(video)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPTEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVCPROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroMVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-VHShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-VHShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinematographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_visual_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD


11/18

HDV

HDVSL

ProHD

AVCHD

HD video

Camcorderand Tapeless camcorder

List of video topics

Online media center

Television

Video

Video coding

Video editing software

Video sharing

Video quality

Webcam

[edit]References

1. ^ CoSA Lives: The Story of the Company Behind After

Effects, http://www.motionworks.com.au/2009/11/cosa-lives/, retrieved 11/15/2009.

2. ^ In fact the still images correspond to frames only in the case of progressive scan video. In

interlaced video they correspond to fields. See section about interlacing for clarification

3. ^ we use the term video size instead of just size in order to avoid confusion with the frame size

4. ^ Delivering a reliable Flash video

experience,http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flash/articles/flash_cs3_video_techniques_ch12.pdf, retrieved

14/1/2010

plug inns

[edit]External links

The DV, DVCAM, & DVCPRO Formats -- tech details, FAQ, and links

Standard digital TV and video formats.

[show]vdeDigital systems

[show]vdeVideo storage formats
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeless_camcorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_media_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-0http://www.motionworks.com.au/2009/11/cosa-lives/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-3http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flash/articles/flash_cs3_video_techniques_ch12.pdfhttp://www.adobe.com/devnet/flash/articles/flash_cs3_video_techniques_ch12.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=16http://www.adamwilt.com/DV.htmlhttp://www.equasys.de/videoformats.htmlhttp://www.equasys.de/videoformats.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Digital_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Digital_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Digital_systems&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Digital_systems&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Digital_systems&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Video_storage_formats&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Video_storage_formats&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDVSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeless_camcorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_media_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-0http://www.motionworks.com.au/2009/11/cosa-lives/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video#cite_ref-3http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flash/articles/flash_cs3_video_techniques_ch12.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_video&action=edit&section=16http://www.adamwilt.com/DV.htmlhttp://www.equasys.de/videoformats.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Digital_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Digital_systems&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Video_storage_formats&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video


12/18

Categories:Film and video technology

DigitizingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Digitizer" redirects here. This article covers the general concept of digitization- for other uses,

see Digitizer (disambiguation).

Digitising old slides at home by photographing their projections using a slide projector, tripod, and digital camera

Digitizing ordigitization

[1]

is the representation of an object,image,sound, document or asignal (usuallyananalog signal) by a discrete set of its points orsamples. The result is calleddigitalrepresentation or,

more specifically, adigital image, for the object, and digital form, for the signal. Strictly speaking, digitizing

means simply capturing an analog signal in digital form. For a document the term means to trace the

document image or capture the "corners" where the lines end or change direction.

McQuail identifies the process of digitization having immense significance to the computing ideals as it

"allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also intermingled"

(2000:28)[2]

Contents[hide]

1 Process

2 Examples

3 Analog signals to digital
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizer_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizer_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(signal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Analog_signals_to_digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digitising_slides_by_photographing_their_projections.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digitising_slides_by_photographing_their_projections.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizer_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(signal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Analog_signals_to_digital


13/18

4 Analog texts to digital

5 Implications of digitization

6 Collaborative digitization

projects

7 Library Preservation

8 Lean philosophy

9 Fiction

10 See also

11 References

[edit]Process

The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, such as text, sound, image or

voice, are converted into a singlebinary code. Digital information exists as one of two digits, either 0 or 1.

These are known asbits (a contraction ofbinary digits) and the sequences of 0s and 1s that constitute

information are calledbytes.[3]

Analog signals are continuously variable, both in the number of possible values of the signal ata

giventime, as well as in the number of points in the signal in a given period of time. However, digital

signals arediscrete in both of those respects generally a finite sequence of integers therefore a

digitization can, in practical terms, only ever be an approximation of the signal it represents.

Digitization occurs in two parts:

Discretization

The reading of an analog signalA, and, at regular time intervals (frequency),samplingthe value of the

signal at the point. Each such reading is called a sample and may be considered to have infinite

precision at this stage;

Quantization

Samples are rounded to a fixed set of numbers (such as integers), a process known asquantization.

In general, these can occur at the same time, though they are conceptually distinct.

A series of digital integers can be transformed into an analog output that approximates the

original analog signal. Such a transformation is called a DA conversion. The sampling

rateand the number of bits used to represent the integers combine to determine how close

such an approximation to the analog signal a digitization will be.

[edit]Examples
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Analog_texts_to_digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Implications_of_digitizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Collaborative_digitization_projectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Collaborative_digitization_projectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Library_Preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Lean_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_(theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DA_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Analog_texts_to_digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Implications_of_digitizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Collaborative_digitization_projectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Collaborative_digitization_projectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Library_Preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Lean_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_(theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DA_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=2


14/18

The term is often used to describe the scanningof analog sources (such as printed photosor

tapedvideos) into computers for editing, but it also can refer to audio (where sampling rate is

often measured in kilohertz) andtexture map transformations. In this last case, as in normal

photos, sampling rate refers to the resolution of the image, often measured in pixelsperinch.

Digitizing is the primary way of storing images in a form suitable

fortransmission andcomputerprocessing, whether scanned from two-dimensional analog

originals or captured using animage sensor-equipped device such as a digital

camera, tomographical instrument such as a CAT scanner, or acquiring precise dimensions

from a real-world object, such as a car, using a 3D scanningdevice.[4]

Digitizing is central to making a digital representations of geographical features, using raster

or vector images, in ageographic information system, i.e., the creation ofelectronic maps,

either from various geographical and satellite imaging (raster) or by digitizing traditional

papermaps (vector).

"Digitization" is also used to describe the process of populatingdatabaseswith files or data.

While this usage is technically inaccurate, it originates with the previously-proper use of the

term to describe that part of the process involving digitization of analog sources such as

printed pictures and brochures before uploading to target databases.

Digitizing may also used in the field of apparel, where an image may be recreated with the

help ofembroidery digitizingsoftware tools and saved asembroidery machine code. This

machine code is fed into an embroidery machine and applied to the fabric. The most

supported format is DST file.[citation needed]

[edit]Analog signals to digital

Analog signals are continuous electrical signals. Digital signals are non-continuous.[5]

Nearly all recorded music has been digitized. About 12 percent of the 500,000+ movies listed

on the Internet Movie Database are digitized onDVD.

Digitization of personal multimedia such as home movies,slides, andphotographsis a

popular method of preserving and sharing older repositories. Slides and photographs may be

scanned using an image scanner, but videos are more difficult.[6] Many companies offer

personal video digitization services.[7][8][9]

[edit]Analog texts to digital

About 5 percent of texts have been digitized as of 2006.[10]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_pipeline#Modeling_transformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_pipeline#Modeling_transformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery#Computerized_machine_embroideryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery#Computerized_machine_embroideryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery#Computerized_machine_embroideryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery#Design_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery#Design_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_movieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_movieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_slidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_slidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_pipeline#Modeling_transformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery#Computerized_machine_embroideryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_embroidery#Design_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_movieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_slidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-9


15/18

Older print books are being scanned andoptical character recognition technologies applied by

academic and public libraries, foundations, and private companies like Google.[11]

Unpublished text documents on paper which have some enduring historical or research value

are being digitized bylibraries and archives, though frequently at a much slower rate than for

books (see digital libraries). In many cases, archiveshave replacedmicrofilming with

digitization as a means of preserving and providing access to unique documents.

[edit]Implications of digitization

This shift to digitization in the contemporary media world has created implications for

traditional mass media products, however these "limitations are still very unclear" (McQuail,

2000:28). The more technology advances, the more converged the realm of mass media will

become with less need for traditional communication technologies. For example, the Internet

has transformed many communication norms, creating more efficiency for not only individuals,

but also for businesses. However, McQuail suggests traditional media have also benefited

greatly from new media, allowing more effective and efficient resources available (2000:28).

[edit]Collaborative digitization projects

There are many collaborative digitization projects throughout the United States. Two of the

earliest projects were theCollaborative Digitization Project in Colorado andNC ECHO - North

Carolina Exploring Cultural Heritage Online, based at the State Library of North Carolina.

These projects establish and publish best practices for digitization and work with regional

partners to digitize cultural heritage materials. Additional criteria for best practice have more

recently been established in the UK, Australia and the European Union.[12]Wisconsin Heritage

Onlineis a collaborative digitization project modeled after the Colorado Collaborative

Digitization Project. Wisconsin uses awikito build and distribute collaborative documentation.

Georgia's collaborative digitization program, the Digital Library of Georgia, presents a

seamless virtual library on the state's history and life, including more than a hundred digital

collections from 60 institutions and 100 agencies of government. The Digital Library of

Georgia is a GALILEO initiative based at the University of Georgia Libraries.

In South-Asia Nanakshahi trust is digitizing manuscripts of Gurmukhi Script.

[edit]Library Preservation

Main article: Digital preservation

Digital preservation in its most basic form is a series of activities maintaining access to digital

materials over time.[13] Digitization in this sense is a means of creating digital surrogates of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microfilming&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microfilming&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=6http://www.cdpheritage.org/http://www.cdpheritage.org/http://www.ncecho.org/http://www.ncecho.org/http://www.ncecho.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-11http://wisconsinheritage.org/http://wisconsinheritage.org/http://wisconsinheritage.org/http://wiheritage.pbwiki.com/http://wiheritage.pbwiki.com/http://wiheritage.pbwiki.com/http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Georgiahttp://www.galileo.usg.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microfilming&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=6http://www.cdpheritage.org/http://www.ncecho.org/http://www.ncecho.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-11http://wisconsinheritage.org/http://wisconsinheritage.org/http://wiheritage.pbwiki.com/http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Georgiahttp://www.galileo.usg.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-12


16/18

analog materials such as books, newspapers, microfilm and videotapes. Digitization can

provide a means of preserving the content of the materials by creating an accessible facsimile

of the object in order to put less strain on already fragile originals. For sounds, digitisation of

legacy analogue recordings is essential insurance against technological obsolescence.[14]

The prevalent Brittle Books[15]issue facing libraries across the world is being addressed with a

digital solution for long term book preservation.[16] For centuries, books were printed on wood-

pulp paper, which turns acidic as it decays. Deterioration may advance to a point where a

book is completely unusable. In theory, if these widely circulated titles are not treated with de-

acidification processes, the materials upon those acid pages will be lost forever. As digital

technology evolves, it is increasingly preferred as a method of preserving these materials,

mainly because it can provide easier access points and significantly reduce the need for

physical storage space.

Google, Inc. has taken steps towards attempting to digitize every title with "Google Book

Search".[17][18]While some academic libraries have been contracted by the service, issues of

copyright law violations threaten to derail the project.[19]However, it does provide - at the very

least - an online consortium for libraries to exchange information and for researchers to

search for titles as well as review the materials.

[edit]Lean philosophy

The broad use of internet and the increasing popularity ofLean philosophy has also increased

the use and meaning of "digitizing" to describe improvements in the efficiency oforganizational processes. This will often involve some kind of Lean process in order to

simplify process activities, with the aim of implementing new "lean and mean" processes by

digitizing data and activities.

[edit]Fiction

Works of science-fiction often include the term digitize as the act of transforming people into

digital signals and sending them into a computer. When that happens, the people disappear

from the real world and appear in a computer world (as featured in the cult film Tron, the

animated series Code: Lyoko, or the late 1980s live-action series Captain Power and the

Soldiers of the Future). In the video gameBeyond Good and Evil the protagonist's holographic

friend digitizes the player's inventoryitems.

[edit]See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code:_Lyokohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Power_and_the_Soldiers_of_the_Futurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Power_and_the_Soldiers_of_the_Futurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil_(video_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil_(video_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(Game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(Game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(Game)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code:_Lyokohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Power_and_the_Soldiers_of_the_Futurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Power_and_the_Soldiers_of_the_Futurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil_(video_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(Game)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=10


17/18

Look

up digitizingordigitisation in Wiktionary,

the free dictionary.

Analog to digital converter

Book scanning

Digital audio

Digital Library

Digital television

Frame grabber

Graphics tablet

Raster graphics

Raster image

Raster to vector

Vector graphics

Optical character recognition

[edit]References

1. ^ Also known as digitising ordigitisation, digitalizing ordigitalization;

seeAmerican and British English spelling differences. NB

notdigitalising ordigitalisation(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/digitalisation)

2. ^ McQuail, D (2000) McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (4th edition), Sage,

London, pp. 16-34

3. ^ Flew, Terry. 2008. New Media An Introduction. South Melbourne. 3rd Edition.

South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

4. ^ "Digimation for 3D Models, 3D Software and Creative Services".

5. ^ http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR502/page8.htm

6. ^ Paul Heltzel. "Good-Bye, VHS; Hello, DVD".

7. ^ http://www.yesvideo.com/

8. ^ http://www.homemoviedepot.com/

9. ^ http://www.videoconversionexperts.com/

10. ^ New York Times; May 14, 2006; Scan This Book!
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitizinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitizinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_to_digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_scanninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_grabberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_tablethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_tablethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_to_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differenceshttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/digitalisationhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/digitalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-3http://www.digimation.com/home/?Content=digitalcarshome.htmlhttp://www.digimation.com/home/?Content=digitalcarshome.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-4http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR502/page8.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-5http://www.pcworld.com/article/112029/goodbye_vhs_hello_dvd.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-6http://www.yesvideo.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-7http://www.homemoviedepot.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-8http://www.videoconversionexperts.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitizinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_to_digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_scanninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_grabberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_tablethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_to_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizing&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differenceshttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/digitalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-3http://www.digimation.com/home/?Content=digitalcarshome.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-4http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR502/page8.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-5http://www.pcworld.com/article/112029/goodbye_vhs_hello_dvd.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-6http://www.yesvideo.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-7http://www.homemoviedepot.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-8http://www.videoconversionexperts.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times


18/18

11. ^ http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/print_library.html "Google Checks Out

Library Books," Press release, December 14, 2004

12. ^ Digital Libraries: Principles and Practice in a Global Environment, Ariadne April

2005.

13. ^ What is Digital Preservation. Library Technology Reports 44:2 (Feb/March

2008): 5.

14. ^ IASA (2009). Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio

Objects

15. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_Books_Program

16. ^ Cloonan, M.V. and Sanett, S. The Preservation of Digital Content, Libraries

and the Academy. Vol. 5, No. 2 (2005): 213-37.

17. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Book_Search

18. ^ http://books.google.com/

19. ^ Baksik, C. Fair Use or Exploitation? The Google Book Search Controversy,

Libraries and the Academy. Vol. 6, No. 2 (2006): 399-415.

Categories:Video game development | Data transmission
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-10http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/print_library.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-11http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue43/awre-rvw/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-13http://www.iasa-web.org/tc04/audio-preservationhttp://www.iasa-web.org/tc04/audio-preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_Books_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Book_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-17http://books.google.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Video_game_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Video_game_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-10http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/print_library.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-11http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue43/awre-rvw/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-13http://www.iasa-web.org/tc04/audio-preservationhttp://www.iasa-web.org/tc04/audio-preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_Books_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Book_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-17http://books.google.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizing#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Video_game_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Data_transmission

Documents

Digitizing the Video Signal