Dimension Stones of the Historical City Wall of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

8/13/2019 Dimension Stones of the Historical City Wall of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

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Dimension ston

of the Historical City W

of Cluj-Napoca, Roman

Construction, Weathering, Damag

Dr. Paul Calin RCTIA

Bausteine der historichen Stadtma

von Cluj-Napoca, Rumn

Konstruktion, Verwitterung, Schd


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History

Technical description

Mapping

Weathering and damages

Conclusions


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History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

new fortress45 ha

walls with loop-holes

20 towers and gates built

the Handmaids Brotherho

used for defence

the city used to pay local

inhabitants for limestone

mining2

3 4


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A. The sketch map documenting the occurrence of Eocene limestones in the vicinity of Cluj-Napoca.

Legend: 1 - Metamorphic rocks, 2Upper Cretaceous deposits, 3Paleogene deposits, 4Miocene

deposits, 5Quarry (from Koch et al., 2008, based on Sndulescu et al., 1978);

B. Panoramic view of the Baci Quarry.

Baci quarry, near Cluj-Napoca where the basal strata of the Eocene limestone (Cluj Limestone)

The limestones were deposited on a shallow tropical carbonate platform in the Transylvanian Basin during th

Late Eocene - Early Oligocene.


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Compact packstone with red algae

fragments, lamellobranchiate fragments

and other common miliolids.

Compact bioclastic packstone with

foraminifera and red algae in sparitic

cement

Compact weckstone with miliolids in

micritic cement. Fractures paralel to th

surface of the stone.

Porous packstone with ooids,

foraminifera, moluscs fragments and

Porous packstone with

lamellobranchiate fragments, red algae and

asto odes in micritic cement.

Compact bioclastic

Mudstone/Weckstone with planctonic


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A

B

C

D

Litho (Facies)-Type Clash-Test(Sonic velocity)

Moisture(GANN-hydrometer)



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A

B

C

D

Litho (Facies)-Type



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Porous and fractured oolitic packstone-grainstone with cores of ooids formed by

common miliolids, other foraminifera, and detrital quartz grains.

Relics of isopacheous cement rims and micrite (commonly re-crystallised to microspar) are visible.

A predominant result of weathering is the formation of fractures parallel to the surface of the stone

(variable thermal expansion or insolation).



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Highly porous foraminiferal wackestone-packstone.

The micrite is heavily altered to microsparite and pseudosparite or

completely dissolved. The fossil fragments are commonly re-crystallised. Abundant biomolds

and vugs are visible.


Hi t T h i l d i ti M i W th i d d C l i


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Loss of material Fissures/Deformations Discoloration/DepositsDetachments

Hi t T h i l d i ti M i W th i d d C l i


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Sample Calcite Dolomite Gypsum Quartz Clay Minerals

L1 23 13 32 20 12

L2 65 14 8 4 9

L3 67 24 5 4 2

L4 76 22 0 1 2

XRD Analysis

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

L1 L2 L3 L4

Calcite Dolomite Gypsum Quartz Clay Minerals

The dissolution of carbonate, growthof gypsum and relative increase of

clay and quartz (due to dissolution

of limestone) can be documented

from the inner unaltered limestone

to the outer crust.



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Invasion of moisture + SO2 pollutants original rock is

partly dissolved

In dry periods the solutions are transported towards the

surface by evaporitic forces and form crusts whichare composed of gypsum and occur on the heavily weathered z

In the heavily weathered zone the carbonate are intensively

dissolved and the insoluble residue of the original limestone

(composed of clay minerals, quartz and feldspar) are relatively

enriched.

The outer crusts can be pigmented by black particles of for

example,burning take up more heat an increased thermexpansion.

Organic compounds can settle of the outer and inner crusts.



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1

2

3

1 - detrital fragments of quartz (Q) bound in matrix

(Ma). Inside the matrix, portlandite (Por) with micro-

granular aspect is visible. Microcrystalline silica (Si)

present inside a pore lined with portlandite (Por). N+

2 - detrital fragments of quartz (Q), limonitized

quartzite (Qlim), muscovite (Mu), bioclastic relicts (B

bound inside the matrix (50-55%) (Ma). The texture is

bioclastic psammitic and the structure is massive. N+

3 - concrete mortar as a mineral aggregate compose

of quartz (Q) (app. 30%) and microcrystalline matrix

(Ma) (70%)




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A B C

Mortar types:

A - lime mortars

B - hydraulic mortar (natural)

C - cement mortars


Sample vp E-ModulusCompressive

strenght

D

[km/s] [kN/mm] [N/mm]

A3 1,9 5,5 < 2,5

C2 1,3 0,6 < 2,5

C3 1,8 4,7 < 2,5

F1 1,8 4,7 < 2,5

L4 B1 1,9 5,5 < 2,5

C1 2,4 9,6 > 2,5, < 5,0

D3 2,0 6,3 > 2,5, < 5,0

E4 2,1 7,1 > 2,5, < 5,0

E7 2,0 6,3 > 2,5, < 5,0 E8 2,1 7,1 > 2,5, < 5,0

B1 2,8 12,8 > 5,0 < 10,0

D4 2,6 11,2 > 5,0 < 10,0

E9 2,5 10,4 > 5,0 < 10,0

A2 3,0 14,5 ~ 10

L3 A1 3,6 19,4 > 10,0, < 20,0

L3 C4 3,5 18,5 > 10,0, < 20,0

L3 D1 3,1 15,3 > 10,0, < 20,0

P4 3,8 21,0 ~ 20

P4 N 1 3,6 19,4 ~ 20

A

B

C



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The Old City Wall of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, is part of the former Clujs

fortifications from the 16th century.

Eocene limestone was used as building stone.

The analyses revealed remarkable damages due to the intensive weatherin

The presence of these complex processes required macroscopic and

microfacies analyses of the building stones combined with mineralogicalinvestigations.

All the building stones used were indexed together with their complex

damages by mappings and database models, which allow additional

calculation of all the necessary costs for the restoration of the wall.

Large parts of the wall need special attention and urgent restorations.


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Documents

Dimension Stones of the Historical City Wall of Cluj-Napoca, Romania