DINOFLAGELLATES

I) PHYLOGENY

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

“ALVEOLATES”

Dinoflagellates

ALVEOLATES

Alveoli

“Amphiesma”

PHYLOGENY MODEL I

PHYLOGENY MODEL II

II) NATURAL HISTORY

713HABITAT

Karenia37

PeridiniumCeratium

Symbiodinium Pfiesteria

16

17ENDOSYMBIONTS: “ZOOXANTHELLAE”

Symbiodinium

NUTRITIONAutotrophy Heterotrophy

22

23

PISCIVORES

Pfiesteria

6 Red Tide Neurotoxic ShellfishPoisoning

Projectiles

15

BIOLUMINESCENCE

Light Detection

40

III) ARCHITECTURE

2

“Shells”

5

Desmokont Dinokont

Dinoflagellate Growth Forms

3

“Grooves”: Cingulum and Sulcus

Flagellae: Transverse and Longitudinal

Transverse Flagellum(Axoneme, Striated Filament = Centrin Filament)

Fig. 7.8 in Lee 1999

Longitudinal Flagellum(Axoneme, R-Fiber)

Fig. 7.6 in Lee 1999

Fig. 11-1 Graham and Wilcox 2000

Alveolus(Including Thecal Plates)

Amphiesma

4Thecal Plates, Sutures

Thecate vs. Non-Thecate Dinoflagellates

Growth in Thecate Dinoflagellates

Fig. 7.10 in Lee 1999

Pusule

Function: (?)

Fig. 11-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Fig. 7.14 in Lee 1999

“Ejectiles”: Trichocysts

“Ejectiles”: Mucocysts

Fig. 11.15 in Graham et al. 2008

“Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”)

Fig. 11.16 in Graham et al. 200949

Eyespot: Unbound by Dedicated Membrane42

Katodinium

43

Woloszynskia

Figs. 11.35, 11.36 in Graham et al. 2008

(Cytoplasmic) (Within Plastid)

Peridinium

Eyespot: Bound by Three Membranes

Fig. 11-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

40

Ocellus

Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup)

Fig. 11.38 in Graham et al. 2008

(Hyalosome surrounded byMitochondria, Fibers thatChange shape of “Lens”)

Bioluminescence

Fig. 11.32 in Graham et al. 2008

44

Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource

Day NightDaily Migration of Scintillons

Pyrocystis

Daily Destruction/Nightly Synthesis

Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource

Lingulodinium

Day Night

“Dinokaryon”: Nucleus

Fig. 11.24, 11.26 in Graham et al. 2008

“Dinokaryon”: Chromosomes

Figs. 11.21 in Wilcox et al. 2008

24

25

26

27

28

NUTRITION

Heterotrophy: Phagocytosis / Engulfment

45Noctiluna

Figs. 11-29, 11-30 in Wilcox et al. 2008

Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes(Phagopods)

Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes(Peduncle)

Fig. 11.28 in Wilcox et al. 2008

Heterotrophy: Feeding Veils (Pallium)

Fig. 3.5 in Wilcox et al. 2008

46 Autotrophy: Plastids, Pigments

Fig. 11.34 in Wilcox et al. 2008 47

“Peridinin Plastid”

Peridinin

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll c

Peridinin Plastids: Pigments

Peridinin Plastids: Rubisco

“Normal” Rubisco Rubisco in PeridininPlastid

Origin of Peridinin Plastid?Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2

Rhodophyte (Red Alga) Stramenopile (Brown Alga)

47

Other Stable and/or Temporary Plastids

Cryptomonad Diatom

Haptophyte Chlorophyte (Green Alga)

                                                     

             

                                                                      

             

                                                                    

             

Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like

structure). © Mona Hoppenrath 

Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen  

Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. ©

Gert Hansen

Pyrenoids, Storage Products

Nutrition: Mixotrophy

Particulate Carbon(POC)

Dissolved Carbon(DOC)

Heterotrophy Autotrophy

• Phagotrophy • Feeding Tubes

• Osmotrophy • Photosynthesis

Asexual Reproduction

Prorocentrum

Fig. 8-2, 11-31 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Mitosis/ Cytokinesis

Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Figs. 11-34, 11-36 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Fig. 11-40 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Sexual Reproduction(Planozygote, Hypnozygote)

Fig. 11-41 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Importance of Cysts (Dormant Forms)

A Typical (?) Dinoflagellate Life Cycle

Adnatosphaeridium

29 30

Hystrichosphaeridium

Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres

Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA)

Moldowan et al. 1996. Hemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors. Geology: 159-162.

• New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in

Precambrian (600 MYA) to Cenozoic rock samples.

• Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals

derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates.

Blooms

Neurotoxins

b) Brevetoxinsa) Saxitoxins

Na+

“Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning”

c) Okadaic Acid

Cytotoxins

“Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning”

Moral of the Story

2 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/BOT201/Algae/Dinoflagellate% 20panel%20Hokudai.gif

1 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Mastigophora/Glenodinium/sp_04c.jpg

3 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/dinoflagellate.gif

4 http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/em_unit/images/dino1.jpg

5 http://www.nmnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/highlight/dinos/images/fig_a_bbig.jpg

6 http://www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/Resource%20Images/habitat/ Red%20Tide.jpg

7 http://www.silvercity.org/Page_1/lake_roberts.jpg

8 http://www.preisvergleich.org/pimages/SKULL-CROSSBONES-2_88__ D-828.265_40.jpg

9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Liver_superior.jpg

11 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=21135

10 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/ SynapseIllustration2.png/350px-SynapseIllustration2.png

12 http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/images/courses/s00bis1c/Dinoflagellate.jpg

13 http://eric.boissard.free.fr/Pictures/oceanwaves.jpg

14 http://omp.gso.uri.edu/discovery/biota/Inverts/surfclm1.jpg

15http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-19878430.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BAF833BF1-09C5-4340-8E21-5D1D9566349E%7D

16 http://www.bigelow.org/reefwatch2001/coral_reefs/images/ glossary/symbiotic.jpg

18 http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/png/scans/zooxanth.jpg

17 http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/images/coral/S_Bleaching.jpg

21 http://www.seaslugforum.net/images/zoox1e.jpg

20 http://www.underwater.com.au/content/6154/nudibranch.jpg

22 http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/foodweb/pfiesteriafishsores.jpg

23 http://www.hpl.umces.edu/faculty/roman/biweekly_pfiesteria_picture.JPG

24 http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg

25 http://abacus.bates.edu/people/orgs/running/RunningPhotos/sun-cartoon.gif

27 http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/lucidkeys/ types_of_flagellates/images/tfp_chilomonas2_ugw.jpg

26 http://universe-review.ca/I10-23-chlorella.gif

28 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/diatoms.jpg

29 http://www.phoenix.org.br/images/Dinoflagelado_ Adnatosphaeridium.gif

30 http://www.kingston.ac.uk/geolsci/prg/images/photos/ hystrichosphaeridium.jpg

31 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309051274/html/images/img00037.jpg

32 http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/tcochran/BioImages/ciliate.jpg

33 http://www.palaeos.com/Proterozoic/Images/RoperAcritarchs.jpg

34 http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/contents/4100/4118/fig15.gif

35 http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch08/mimg/01a-pmen810227-11m.jpg

36 http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/manatee/RedTide_Karenia.jpg

37http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Peridinium_Key268.jpg

38 http://cimt.ucsc.edu/images/HAB%20ID/dinoflagellate/Dinos.jpg

39 http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/mme/movies/ProtozoanIngested.jpg

40 http://billeder-billedbasen.emu.dk/annotated/53/5B/9731.jpg

41 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445&usg=__crjTBEMxXApXU3v Hmpr1bD536TM=&h=250&w=471&sz=42&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid= iApAqe-i_JHakM:&tbnh=68&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3 Dtransverse%2Bflagellum%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

42 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/lajistoraporttiarkisto/2002/en_GB/804/_files/12076504320047742/default/1_Gymnodinium_sp._1a40_41.6_x_59.2_um_fp06592002.jpg

43 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/ lajistoraporttiarkisto/2005/en_GB/2528/_files/12076504320052782/default/cf._Scrippsiella_hangoei.jpg

44 http://www.bio.utk.edu/vonarnim/images/BRET.jpg

45 http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/noctiluca.jpg

46 http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/dinochlorotemtol.200a.jpg

47 http://www.pnas.org/content/99/18/11558/F1.large.jpg

48 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445

49 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445

50 http://www.int-res.com/uploads/pics/featureame45_big.jpg