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IDTEN/fl'IKTI'?l'
Learnabcaut three fascinating
prehistoricplant-eaters
ERACGPELTA 1801
mmsecgsroa 1394
O S A U R U S 18135
IPkg!-ZllS'l‘ORlC’THE VERY LAST
Q S A U R S 1806
Ice-Age cave dwellers in
COLD COMFORT 1814
An interviewwith ourexpert
Br IitaviziNormanand find out
haw to BECQIVLE A
'.I‘I1\£E} I)E'.I‘EC'I“IVE 1816
f’ramTtoU
David Norman of Cambridge
University answers more of your
dinosaur queries BACKCOVER
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DRAOOPELTA
Plant-eatingDracopelta had lots of
bony armour to protect it from
hungry predators.
ortugal Was the home ofseveral types ofplant-eatingdinosaur during the Late
Jurassic andEarly CretaceousPeriods.
The fossil remains ofHypsilophodon,Camptosaurus and Iguanodonhave been
found there.Among the 150-million-year-old rocks,experts also discovered a smallarmoured dinosaur which, in 1980,was
given the nameDracopelta.
RIBCLUE
The only part ofDracopelta that Was foundwas its
ribcage,but this Was
enoughfor
experts to see that it Was probably relatedto another,much bigger, armoureddinosaur called Sauropelta.Dracopeltawas a nodosaur, a member of the
ankylosaur familywhich didnot have a tail club for
protection.
TEMPTINGMEAL
Dracopeltawas only as long as a wolf of _
today, andmust have appeared a temptingmeal to savage carnosaurs and theropodslarge and small.
NOT SO SPEEDY
Dracopelta searched for food among low-
growingplants and probably dawdled
alongat a slow pace. Occasionally,
Dracopelta broke into a trot, but its heavy
body and short, stocky legsmeant that
speedy predators could easily outrun it.
CONES AND STUDS
Dracopelta Was built for survival. Its bodywas like a tank, with several different
types ofarmour plating. Across its backwere lines of raised,
bonyconeswhich
were set amonghundreds of smaller studs.The back ofDracopelta’sneck was
protectedby bony plates.Like ,
Sauropelta, it probably also had a/ g
‘' "
I
line of spikes along theV sides of its body.
1801
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Bony platesprotected its neck
spines ran down
Dracopelta’s back
Hundreds of
small studs‘°"e"ed its bcck
A row of sharp spikesprobably ran alongeach side of its body
Dracopelta’s back was heavily armoured but itssoft underbelly was vulnerable to attack.
1 _
WE
L
1
.
il
armour. The soft underside of its body hadno protection at all. If this was exposed toa predator’s sharp claws, it had little hopeof survival. But expertsthink’
V
nodosaurs probably had a cleverdealingwith this danger.
'
BELLY FLOP
As a giant predator came near, Dracoprobably flopped on to its belly
its arms and legs beneath its itt
body. It clutched the groundwith its
stubby claws so that it could not beflipped over on to its back.
'.NAME:Dracope/ta (E-oh-g3_el-ta)means ’armoured dragon’ 5p"(y pRo1'Ec-"ON.GROUP:dinosaur.SIZE: 2m long.FOOD: plants.LIVED: about l5Omillionyears ago in the
LateJurassic Period inPortugal
All around its body a line of spikesQ_.g»1tf‘t..i“e(a’lout like a deadly fringe.Dracgpefiifis yenemy risked a nastyWound if it came tiidfiinear, so it probablywandered off tofind’an easier victim.
1802
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SLABS OF BONE
Dracopelta’s small headwas protected byslabs ofbone. It snapped offshoots from
low-growing plants With its toothlessbeak and munched them with its small,
grinding teeth.
EASY BREATHERLike other nodosaurs,Dracopelta probablyhada bony plate which separated its nasal
passages from its mouth. This meant thatit was able to breathe and chew at the
same time.
that a noclosaur has
(C/J
Romania has been known by ten differentnames. Nodosaurs are not very well known
dinosaurs and the original Fossils atStruthiosauruswere very poor. Every time new ankylosaur tossils
were Found in southern Europe, a new name was
given to them because they could not be properlyidentified as Struthiosaurus. Now experts realisethat all these names are wrong and they now planto re-describe Struthiosaurus.
been given different names?
Yes. Struthiosaurus from Austria and
Dracopelta slowly plocldledialong in
search of low-growing plants, which it
would biteoffwith its toothless beak.
1803
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PALAE0049TORPalaeocasforwas an early beaverwith amazing burrowing skills.
eologists were puzzled for
many years by strange, spiralholes discovered in fossil soils
in Nebraska, USA.These ran up to 2.5minto the ground. The mysterywas solvedwhen
expertsdiscovered that a
tinyprehistoric beaver, Palaeocastor, hadmadethese passages to its undergroundhome.
SCRATCH MATCHPalaeocastor hadburrowed through thesoilusing its long front teeth. Expertswere able to match the marks they found
with the shape ofPalaeocastor’s teeth.This extraordinary little mammal could
diga burrow
that was ten times its ownlength. It knew how tobuild itselfacomfortable
home, justi
like thedam-
buildingbeaver of
today.7
1804
g——25cm —;——>i
MONSTMFACTSNAME: Pa/aeocastor “Ll-ee-o-ka_s-tor)
*
means ’ancient beaver’GROUP: mammalSIZE: 25cm longFOOD: plantsLIVED: about 30million years ago inthe
Oligocene andMiocene Epochs
SAFE HOME
Palaeocastor was as small as a babyrabbit. It was covered with fur andhadstrong, clawed hands and feet. As itscratched out its burrow,Palaeocastorused its long feet to kick back the soil.It was in danger from flesh-eaters,and its tunnelling skills helpeditto survive.At the bottom ofthe burrow,Palaeocastor kept
i
safe andwarm—away fromA
bigpredators.
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WANIVANOSAl/RI/SLittleWannanosaurus was one of the 1'A"_ up AND RUNN|NGsmallest of all the dinosaurs. Peace-lovingWannanosaurus browsed on
low-growing plants and shredded upleaveswith the curved, jagged edges of its
bout as big as a chicken, tiny teeth. If disturbed, it Would put itsWannanosauruswas a bone— head down, its tail up and scuttle away on
headed dinosaur. Its skull was two strong,thick and protected its small brain.Unlike slender
most of its relatives, it did nothave any legs.
bony knobs behind each eye, and the roof
of its skull was smooth.
THE BIG PUSH
Although small, Wannanosaurus was
probably quite competitive. Like
bigger pachycephalosaurs,males may have pushed _ 3%their thick heads ._ ~against each ..,-‘I? ~'33other in
‘‘Li
'
trials of~ I. - / I ‘I
-trength. ( 1 ! .,..
Lix“ .
I4-60cm-1»
, if :
NAME: Wannanosaurus (wan-gn-oh-saw-rus)means ’reptile trom Wannan’GROUP: dinosaur
FOOD: plants-
LIVED: about 70 millionyears ago in theLateCretaceous Period inChina
O
OO SIZE: about 60cm longOO
1805
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The very last
dinosaursWhich dinosaurswere left at the veryend of the Age of Dinosaurs?
Tyrannosaurusrex
uring the lastpart of the Age of
A
the Dinosaurs the worlds
T gradually changed. Mountainsappeared and shallow seas began to divide
up the land. Earlier, during the Jurassic
Period, dinosaurs roamed over most ofthe world. But, as the continents drifted
apart, different groups ofdinosaurswere left on different continents. Albertosaurus
END OFTHE CRETACEOUS
By the end of the Cretaceous Period,changes had taken place in the world of
the dinosaurs: huge carnivores hadmet Nanofyrannus
theirmatch in tank-like plant-eaters;toothless bird-like dinosaurs had NORTH AMERICAN TERRORS
appeared; large sauropodswere Themost famous of all the meat—eaters,outnumbered by the great Tyrannosaurus rex terrorised its
smaller horned peacefulNorthAmerican neighboursand duckbilled
V during the Cretaceous Period. It was notdinosaurs. “ E
‘-E the only fearsome predator.Nanotyrannus
' A‘ andAlbertosaurus, smaller relatives of
T rex, prowled the plains too.
,-_ saurolophus
NOISY NIGHTSThe duckbillsAnatotitan andEdmontosaurus livedon swampy lowland
plains near large, twisting rivers. The
quiet of the Late Cretaceous eveningwasprobably shattered by the bellowing noiseof these hadrosaurs calling to each otheracross the plains.
Anafotita “T
Edmontosaurus
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HEADSABOVE THE REST
Triceratops, the last of the short—frilled
ceratopid dinosaurs, lived in North
America, too. It lived beside long-frilledTorosaurus.Another survivorwith an
amazinghead, Parasaurolophus,had acrest that grew to be as long as a tallhuman.Bone-headedPachycephalosaurushad a smaller, but immensely thick skullto protect its tiny brain.
chycephalosaurusTriceratops
CONSTANT THREAT
The lives of these dinosaurswere fraughtwith danger.All around them volcanoesWere a constant threat. Huge graveyardsofdinosaurs, such as Hypacrosaurus, showthat thousandswere killed in one go whenvolcanoes erupted and spewed poisonousgases and burningash into the air.
SURPRISING SOUTH AMERICAThe fossils ofAntarctosaurus and
Saltasaurus, two of the Very last
sauropods, were found in Argentina.Saltasaurus had unusual,bony armour on
, its back. It . ’ A
‘
Thescelosaurus would Sit on “aé» 1
, , : v
i riverbanks andC W $ § U $ § ¢ 0 U & E O 3 U § O O 0 C . C C O O O munchonthe
mg [A juicy leaves fromthe tops oftrees.
NORTHAMERICAN VARIETYThe greatest varietyofdinosaurs lived inNorthAmerica at the end oftheAge ofDinosaurs. There were predators,
duckbills, horned and trilled dinosaurs,small dinosaurs such as Thesce/osaurus,and ostrich dinosaurs such as
Ornithomimus.
Ornithomimus
Antarctosaurus
Saltasaurus
§ @ $ 8 § $ % ‘ @ 9 C § § ¢ § G $ ¥ § fi f fi i f fi fi i
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A HARD LIFE IN ASIAThe last dinosaurs to live in
China and Mongolia had a
harsher life than their NorthAmerican relatives.They lived
in dry lowlands surrounded by
highmountains. At anymoment, a flash flood crashingdown from the mountainsmightdrown a whole herdof dinosaurs.
Desert sandstorms and sliding sand
dunes were yet more dangers for the
last survivingdinosaurs in this partof the World.
LAST ASIAN PREDATOR .
Tarbosaurus Was one of the last
predators in China andMongolia. ItWas related to Tyrannosaurus rex but
it had a larger headand a lighterbody.Meat-eatingTarbosaurusthundered alongon two powerful legs.
It probably ambushedhadrosaurs such asTsintaosaurus and
Saurolophus,which livedat the same time.
Gullimimus
GOOD SURVIVOR
Another ofTarbosaurus’
possible victims, lumberingNemegtosaurus,may havebeen the only diplodocid to
survive until the end of the
Age of the Dinosaurs.
Suurolopjaiisp
FAST RUNNER
Tarbosaurus Wouldhave found the
ornithomimosaur,Gallimimus, harder
Tsinfaosaurus to Catch than
slow-movingNemegtosaurus.
Gallimimus ran fast on
long, slender legs, andWatchedfor
dangerwith
sharp eyes.
1808
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ISLAND INDIA
By the end of the
Cretaceous, India had
separated fromAfricaand drifted
awayas an
island.The ‘Indian
crocodile’,Indosuchus, was a big meat-
eating dinosaur that managed tosurvive to the end. It may have fed on
tiny J ubbulpuria, or even themassive
sauropod Titanosaurus,which
I‘
ypselosagrii
probably had an armoured back.
STILL JOINED TOGETHER
Hgthat therewere
3; Antarctica andAustralia were still
'»
/ no dinosaursin Africa
joined together 65 millionyears ago. @at the end of the Cretaceous?
Most of the dinosaur fossils found in .
Australia date from EarlyCretaceous Experts are not sure yet. There is little evidence
tjmcS_ But recent discoveries in Antarctica to show that dinosaurs were still living in Africa
of an ankylosaur and a hypsolophodontid years O90. MOSI Ol: the fOS$llS found 50
may Show that some dinosaurs existed for date from Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times.
later in this part ofthe However, it is possible that Kangnasaurus and
W01,1dsail-backed Spinosaurus survived to the end.
\ Indosuchus Titanosaurus.
’
«
.,/r cal
EUROPEANSURVIVORS
Dinosaurs left in Europeat the end of the Cretaceous
lived on a chain of islands
that stretched from Spain,through southern France, and
up towards Austria andRomania.The sauropodHypselosaurus laid its hugeeggs in France and“Spain.Its relative, Titanosaurus,survived in Europe as Well asin India and SouthAmerica.
Magyarosaurus, another
sauropod, lived in Romania.
1809
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In LateCretaceousMongolia,two Velociraptor and a groupof Sauromithoides attack an
unprotectednest of
Protoceratops young,squabbling over whowill
take awaythe
easy pickings.Themother rushes to thedefence ofheryoung, but shewill be no match for the fivevicious predator.
‘r
3 .‘.
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)sPott£n'ssum:
In the bitter cold of the IceAge some
animals took to living in caves.
magine the IceAge. Think of
the chillwinds blasting downA the Valleys and the bitingblizzards
Whistling throughthe
glaciers.Think ofbeing chilled right to the bone.
/\ ' \ \
COSY CAVENow think of a cosymountainside cave,
away from the howlingwinterWinds. Here,you can huddle togetherWith your friendsand family andbuild up a fug ofbody heatand W a r m breath. It is littleWonder that
many Ice—Age animals lived in caves.
DISCOVERYOF BONESWeknow they lived in caves becausescientists have discovered the bones ofseveral different animals on the floors of
caves, especially in Europe.
oooooooooooooooouioooooooor
E31796 EZél@9f
CAVE APE
Bears and lionswere not the only animalsthat lived in caves. Gigantopithecuswas
a giant ape, which stood about3mhigh. lts fossils have been Found
in caves inChina. Itlived about onemillionyears ago.
omforGREAT BEAR
The great cave bearlived during thePleistocene IceAge, ‘~
‘
which ended about0
10,000 years ago,and Was about oneand a half timesthe size of today’sbrown bear.Thecave bear was a
plant-eater. It
probably fed when it could,building up its fat reservesto keep it goingwhen food W a s
scarce.WhentheWeathergot colder it
hibernated
insidethecaves ,5,
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SPO'l"I'EIl'S GUIDE
CAVE BEAR CLAN
Many cave bears hibernated
together in one cave. Some died
during their winter sleep. Therewas one cave in Austria which
contained the remains of over30,000 cave bears. The bears didnot all die at the same time—hecave was the refuge of cave bearsfor hundreds ofyears, and the
bones built up over the centuries.
L|TI'LE BEAR
The fossils ofsmaller bears
have been foundin the HarzMountains of
Since the Ice Age, caveshave provided
shelter for many
°f"im°!5' , Germany. TheseIncluding lions, bears lived Verybears and h._»; ighup where
[43bats’
food was
probably scarce.This man is
lookingThe bears Were
forme small because a
smaller bodyneeded less foodthan a large one.
i
thesis of some
ccvtve-dwellingbirds.
CAVE RELATIVEOther animals lived in Ice—Age caves.
The cave lionwas a Very close relative of
today’s lion—they may evenbe the same
species. The cave lion lived in caves
in Europe. It was the biggestbitingcat that ever lived, farbigger than today’s lion.
LONDON LIONS
The fossils of cave lions have beenfound where Trafalgar Square now
stands in London. Theyprobably lived in
caves in the surroundinghills,but came0 0
down todrink from and l}i11flt711'93I.5.theri . 7
River Thames.‘
’ E'
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/I
looking for fossils along the
How do you become Cl-ilaeontologisi?We talk toour expert, DrDavid
Norman.
avid Normanhas
been involved in many.
'
important recent dinosaurfinds. He is an expert on Iguanodon.Weasked himhowhe became interested in
palaeontology, andwhat it’s like to be adinosaur detective.
l
l \\.
Tools of the trade.
HOW DIDYOU BECOMEINTERESTED IN FOSSILS?‘When I was 11or 12, I began
ledges ofKimmeridgeBay in Dorset,England.The first I foundwereammonites. I got interested in fossils
againwhen I Was at university studyingmicrobiology and zoology. I did a project on
how very earlymammals used their jaws, WHAT
and I studied tiny fossil teeth. After three QUALITIES DO
years at university, I began a research . YOU NEED TO
project on dinosaurs. And that was when / BEA GOOD
my interest in dinosaurs really started.’ PALAEONTOLOGIST?‘Youneed to be Verydetermined. And youmust
be able to ask “Why?” all
the time. Youmustn’t takeanything for granted.Working on fossils cantake a Very long time, so
youmustbe patient.Youcanmiss things easily if
you are impatient.Another important qualityis having an extremely
goodeye for detail.’
IT'SAFACT. DOWN TO EARTH
The best fossil hunters take their time. Get
clown on your hands and knees andlook carefully at each spot you are
interested in.Then you may tinol a
valuable clue.
1816
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WHAT QUALIFICATTONS DO HOW CAN YOU JOIN A DIG?
YOU NEEDTOBECOMEA ‘Youcan become a member of a
/PALAEONTOLOGIST?
/localgeological group. There
‘The bestway to get started is to are often groups attached to
be good at sciences. If you’re good at these localmuseums or naturalhistory societies,
subjects at school, this will give you the which go out looking for fossils.’chance to go touniversity to study biology,zoology or geology. It’s best to combine WHATWAS YOURMOST
these sciences. That Way,you’ll understand EXCTTINGDIG?
animals as well as the rocks where they / ‘Finding the remains of the
are found.A good palaeontologist needs to first armoured dinosaur in
understand andbe interested in lots of Australia. The discovery was something
different branches of science.’ completely new to science.’
WAS ITA
DIFFICULTMG?‘It Was a longone—hree
months on the edge of the
SimpsonDesert in
Queensland. So it was hot
during the day and
freezing at night.And itWas frustrating because
,
We didn’t find agreat
deal.‘A ‘
.A
' V
» A
If i
W
There was abig dinosaur‘
A
footprint trackway,showing there hadbeenlots ofdinosaurs there. ButWe didn’t find many bones.’
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inding a dinosaur fossil is
rare. So don’t expect to
on your first fossil-hunting expedition.Your first find is muchmore likely to be a
fossil shell. Ittakes time to train
your eyeto spot the rarer fossil bones.
RIGHT ROCKSDinosaurs became fossilized in the first
place by beingburied in sand or mud. So
they are only found in the right kinds of
rock such as sandstone, shales or clays.
They will also only be found in rocks fromtheMesozoic Period.
EAGLE EYE
Many people search for fossils by walkingalong the bottom of cliffs or in Valleys,where rocks of the right age havebeen
exposed. They look for bits of fossilized
bone. Hunting like this needs a lot of
patience and an expert eye. Days can go
pastWithout finding anything. Often this
is because it takes a while to be able to
recognise the signs of a fossil fragment.
1818
it .3. .....z.s... discover a new giant of the past
After a dig, there's still muchwork to be clone
back at the lab.This dig, at Ockley in Surrey,unearlhecl lhe dinosaur Baryonyx walkeri.
MARKINGTHE SPOTGet a good geological map that shows the
differenttypes
of rock. You can then findrocks of the right age. You can also contactlocal people to see if they know anything.
BEWARE!Fossils are often found in dangerous places,such as cliffs and quarries. Sometimes,
they are found on private property. Youcan’t just search for them anywhere. It’s
best to follow the code on the opposite pageand learnhow to fossil hunt
properly.
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F@§§EE.~%i@N?%§@QQQE
0 Neverhunt on your own. GoWith an
adult, or in a
specialgroup.
0 Always get permissionbefore yousearch on private land.0 Respect the countryside. Donot
damage plants or disturbwildlife.
0 Fossils can be damaged if you don’tknowWhat you are doing. If you find
something, take photographs and seekadvice from an expert before attemptingto dig anythingout. Tell the landownerabout your discovery.0 Take the right tools and learnhow touse them safely.You’ll need a hammerand a chisel, a collecting box and a
magnifying glass.A camera is useful to
record the finds. Take a map tomarkwhere you found them. Put your
equipment in a rucksack so yourhands are free.' Wear the right clothes: gloves and
safety goggles to protectyour hands and eyesWhen hammering;hardhat to protect your head; strongshoes or boots.0 Never climb cliffs or rock faces orsearch in quarries—et experiencedadults do that. Be careful not to dislodgerockswhich couldharm others.0 Never collect fossils from Walls orderelict stone buildings—they could
topple down on top of you.
1819
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Fantastic dinosaur
The discovery in i
I427 ofnewPachyrhinosaurus fossilsshowed they had between one and three
straighthorns inthe middle of their frill.Some scientists also believe that the
huge bony mass overthe nose“
suppoiedta rn?a'r.s$l
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35
Answers to the questicbnson inside back cover~
’1823
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TINTINNOPSIS RECENT ~\.Tintinnopsis (tin-tin-gp—sis)was a
T
marine protozoan (first animal)“
that fed on other microscopic sea
creatures. It was shaped like a
bell with a pointed ‘tail’ at its
closed end. Between 0.1 and
0.2mm long, it was almost toosmall to see. Tintinnopsis
propelled itselfthrough the
water with the help offine hairs
which moved with a steadybeat.
TRITYLODONT 200 MYA
The tritylodonts (try-1;i_e-low-donts) were the
last survivingmammal—like reptiles on
Earth.These rodent-likeanimals lived from
the Late Triassic to EarlyJurassic times.Oligokyphus (o-l_i—goh-Q-fus), a typical
tritylodont, lived in Englandand Portugal.
It was about 50cm long, rather rat-like,with
a long tail. It ate plants.
45 MYA
Trogosus (trow-go-sus)
_V was a plant-eaterA
that lived in
NorthAmericain Eocene times.
It looked like a bigbear andWalked on
four, flat feet. Trogosusbroke offplant stems
with chisel-shapedfront teeth and
chewed them with its
wide back teeth.
TROGOSUS
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TYLOSAURUS 70 MYA
Tylosaurus (_’ti_e-low—sa1_W-rus)was a large
mosasaur, almost as long as a double-decker
bus. It lived in seas offNorthAmerica and
NewZealand in the Late CretaceousPeriod.
73/losaurus steered its large body throughwater using its paddle-shaped limbs and a
flattened tail. Its longjawswere lined with sharp
teeth, which it
used to trap
_ fish and other
sea creatures.
UINTATHERIUM 50 MYAUintatherium (oo-w_iI1-tah-fie-ree-um) was
one of the first bigmammals.Named after
the Uintamountains in Colorado,USA,Uintatherium was rhinoceros-sized and lived
in Eocene times. It hadan extraordinaryhead. Along the top of i ts huge skull
were three pairs ofbonyknobs, which expertsbelieve the
animals used injoustingcontests.
MaleUintatheriumhad two fang-like teeth, as
long as your hand,which
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A guide to theWorld’s bestdinosaurcollections inTIMEDETECTIVE.Recent animalextinction in
SPOTTER’SGUIDE.
Keep yourDINOSAURS! safe
Keepyour copies safe and neatwith these
fantastic binders.Your binders havebeen designed to look good at home or at school. Each is
sturdy andhardwearing—t even has a Wipe-clean cover—nd holds 13
issues.You’llwant to use your DINOSAURS! collection again and again—for reference, for school projects,or just for fun. So don’t let your copies go
missing; keep them in your own set of binders,
DINOSAURS!binders are nowavailable and costjust £4.95
(including £1 p&p).Please refer to theinformation on the
inside front coveror telephone 0424755755 for details.
Three fascinatingcreatures in
IDENTIKITand
HISTORY IN PICTURES
3-D GALLERY
GIANTS OF THE PAST
PICTURE CREDITS: Front cover: EdwinaGoldstone/Wildlife Art AgencRobert Harding 1815;Naturai/History Museum,London 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819;NHPA181A
Artwork: Black Hat 1824;Wendy Brclmall/WLAA1814, 1815;RobinBouttell/WLAA1810/1811;RobinCarter/WLAA 1802 T, 1803;EdwinaGoldstone/WLAA 1801, 1803;DeidreMcHa1e:back cover; Graham Rosewarne 1804, 1805; PeterDavidScott/WLAA 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809;SteveWhite 1812/3, 1823; PatWi11iams 1820/1
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Howdoweknow
pterosaurswere hairy?Experts thought that pterosaursmight be covered in hair. But it was
not confirmeduntil an amazing
discovery in 1970.An expert found
pterosaur remains in Kazakhstan that
were so well preserved the hairs on the
skin could still be clearly seen. He named
the pterosaur Sordespilosus (‘hairy devil’).
Wenow believe all pterosaurswere hairy.
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HowdoweknowtheDiinetrodonhad skinbetween itsspines?The spines ofDimetrodon are pitted in
places. This is a sure sign that they had a
good blood supply. It is possible that the
spines pokedup from the back like long
fingers, butmost experts think that the
spineswere joined by a Web of skin. This
meant that the bloodcould passacross the
web between the spines and absorb or
But this is a —
.4 ‘««__-—
DrDavid NormanofCambridge
A
asUniversity answers your 1
F j. dinosaur questionsfife’ l
{ F‘
,3‘.
Could ichthyosaursmake
noises likedolphins?Ichthyosaurs may have usedsound to communicate -
based on low—frequencyvibrations transmitted
through the bones of the
head,rather than the high—pitchedsqueals of dolphins. Ichthyosaurs probablymade dull creaking andboomingnoisesmostly, but they were
certainly not capableof producing sonar-
like noisesin the Way that
dolphins can. ((‘
7 _Didanydinosaurshave long,_sflckytongues, like
cnameleons?I think it very
unlikely that anydinosaur had a long, sticky tongue—hisis only reallyuseful for animals, such as
frogs and chameleons, that feed on smallinsects.We think some dinosaurs ate
insects,but the sort of insects that would
K,
’
haveinterested
7 6
them were farthan