LITERATURE:

Filipović, Rudolf 1990: Anglicizmi u hrvatskom ili srpskom jeziku, Zagreb

Radovanović, Milorad 1997: Sociolingvistika, Sarajevo

Bugarski, Ranko 2009: Nova lica jezika : sociolingvističke teme, Beograd

Ivir, Vladimir 1985: Teorija i tehnika prevođenja, Novi Sad

Ivić, Milka 1978: Pravci u linvistici, Ljubljana

Škiljan, Dubravko 1980: Pogled u lingvistiku, Zagreb

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Sociolinguistics

1.2. Languages in contact

1.3. Foreign words and loanwords

1.4. Anglicisms and pseudo-anglicisms

2. CORPUS ANALYSIS

2.1. Anglicisms and pseudo-anglicisms

2.2. Collocations

2.3. Analysis Summary

3. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES SECTION

EXTRACTS:

1

Sociolinguistics

Microsociolinguistcs, as a subbranch of sociolinguistics, aims to analyze the language

behaviour of an individual in different social settings.

Macrosociolinguistics, on the other hand, brings light to the relation of language and

society in general, through covering the complicated issues of language development,

interlanguage crossing etc. (Ivić 1978: p. 262)

Sociolinguistcs does not separate the standard language from the other forms of verbal

communication – equal attention is paid to cultural expressions, professional jargons as well

as vernacular speeches. (Ivić 1978: p. 264)

Examining the ways in which a person uses language to communicate with other

persons has revealed a number of linguistically relevant details. It has been confirmed that

there are situations which demand certain language templates as well as others which permit

individualistic language creativity.

Both changeable and unchangeable categories such as age, sex, affective state, roles

taken in the profession and community, and reputation highly impact the language behaviour.

This can be visible from the language interaction between e.g. a judge and prosecuted, a

seller and buyer, a father and son, a professor and student, an author and reader etc. (Ivić

1978: p. 265)

Languages in contact

Before, the languages in contact implied the impacts two neighbouring languages had on each

other, but today, due to the expanded and intertwined communication on very vast areas, the

languages do not need to be geografically adjoining. This especially applies to the impacts of

the languages of big civilizations on those languages spoken in less developed environments.

(Škiljan 1980: p. 140)

Interrelations of the languages in contact can be noticed on all linguistic levels:

Phonology, Morphology, Lexics, Syntax, and Semantics.

2

Language units taken from another language system are called foreign words or

loanwords.

Phonological loanwords are never incorporated into the new system (for example the German

ü is transponed into u), morphologhical loanwords are quite rare, while the lexical loanwords

are those which are most common (intervju, kompjuter, bar, dokumenti).

Syntactic loanwords, where a syntactic structure of one system is faithfully transponed to

another language, belong to calques (complete transposition of all elements of the language

content with the search of equivalents on the level of expression (e.g.skyscraper>neboder).

(Škiljan 1980: p. 141-142)

Knowing two or more language systems inevitably leads to interference of languages.

Intereference of systems can be achieved through:

a) Substitution (complete replacement of the part of the system with the other)

b) Commutation (alternating use of both systems), or

c) Amalgam (two languages merge ino the new system; loanwords and calques are the

consequence of interference)

They can be considered as the elementary mode of translation – ad literam translation

(word-per-word or morpheme-per-morpheme translated and found the closest equivalent).

The example for this mode would be “What's the big idea?“ translated as “Što je velika

ideja?“ instead of the more convenient “Šta ti pada na pamet?“.

Another mode of translation is non-literal translation which includes the following

methods: transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation.

(Škiljan 1980: p. 143-144)

Foreign words and loanwords

Borrowing words from another language is the simplest and the most common

procedure because with the introduction of an idea from one civilization its name is also

taken.

These foreign words are then adapted and integrated in the target language, with the purpose

to fill the gap in the vocabulary of the target-language through existing as loanwords.

3

The difference between the terms “foreign words“ and “loanwords“ lies in the

following: the word is considered foreign before the process of conventionalization during

which the word gradually adopts sounds and characteristics of the target language and

becomes widely spread and familiar in the target language community. After the

conventionalization, the word receives the status of a loanword.

Anglicisms and Pseudo-anglicisms

Anglicisms are words taken from English and adapted according to the target

language system which thus behave as domestic words.

Secondary Anglicisms or Pseudoanglicisms are words consisting of elements of

English origin, but the ensemble hasn't been taken from English because it does not exist as

such.

Pseudoanglicisms are formed by three modes:

a) Composition – Anglicism + man (golman)

b) Derivation - Anglicism + suffix (er, ist) (džezer, teniser)

c) Elipse – Erasing suffix (e.g. -ing) or some other part of Anglicism (hepiend, boks)

(Filipović 1990: p.20)

CORPUS ANALYSIS

This diploma thesis is based on the analysis of (number x) units which were analyzed on the

(orthographic, lexical, syntactic) level.

Anglicisms:

Example number x:

Punk me!

This example would be tricky to translate to Bosnian. The closest translation would be: Učini

me punkerom/punkericom! Punk is a genre of music that implies a certain (rebelious) lifestyle

and choice of clothes and accessories.

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Example x:bob frizura, pixie frizuraIt can be noticed that these examples have the original English orthography.

Collocations:

English noun + Bosnian noun:

Example x:

street style fotografije

*fotografije uličnog stila

It is clear that these are hybrid multipart units in which English nouns have the role of an

adjective.

English adjective + Bosnian noun:

Example x:

online prodavnica

The term “online“ has been so widely accepted and deeply incorporated in everyday

vocabulary that it would be quite weird to use a literal translation: “prodavnica na liniji“.

Thus, this is a loanword.

English abbreviation + Bosnian noun:

Example 40:

XXL košulja, (Extra Large)

*vrlo velika košulja

The abbreviation “XXL“ is commonly used in Bosnian language to name a large size.

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