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Dirac Spectra in QCD
Jacobus Verbaarschot
Stony Brook University
Miami 2013, December 2013
Dirac Spectra – p. 1/40
Acknowledgments
Collaborators: Gernot Akemann (Bielefeld)Poul Damgaard (NBIA)Mario Kieburg (Bielefeld)Kim Splittorff (NBI)Savvas Zafeiropoulos (Stony Brook)
Dirac Spectra – p. 2/40
Relevant Papers
J. J. M. Verbaarschot, QCD, Chiral Random Matrix Theory and Integrability, hep-th/0502029.
J. J. M. Verbaarschot and T. Wettig, Random Matrix Theory and Chiral Symmetry in QCD,hep-ph/0003017
M. Stephanov, J. J. M. Verbaarschot and T. Wettig, Random Matrices, hep-ph/0509286.
M. Kieburg, K. Splittorff and J. J. M. Verbaarschot, QCD Dirac Spectra in Two Dimensions, arXiv
(2013).
Dirac Spectra – p. 3/40
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Chiral Symmetry and Dirac Spectra
III. Chiral Random Matrix Theory
IV. Dirac Spectra in Two Dimensions
V. Conformal Dirac Spectra
VI. Conclusions
Dirac Spectra – p. 4/40
I. Introduction
Dirac Spectra in QCD
Free Dirac Spectra
Banks-Casher Relation
Dirac Spectra – p. 5/40
QCD Partition Function and Dirac Eigenvalues
Euclidean QCD partition function
ZQCD = 〈det(D + m + µγ0)〉YM = 〈∏
k
(iλk + m)〉YM.
Dirac operator
D = γµ(dµ + iAµ).
Eigenvalues Dφk = λkφk.
Axial symmetry {γ5, D} = 0.
Eigenvalues are zero or occur in pairs ±λ .
Dirac eigenvalues are gauge invariant and the eigenvalue number isrenormalization group invariant. Giusti-Luscher-2008
Dirac Spectra – p. 6/40
The Free Dirac Spectrum
The eigenvalues of the free Dirac operator are given by
λnk= ±(
d∑
k=1
π2n2k
L2)1/2.
The total number of eigenvalues < λ is equal to
N(λ) ∼(
λL
π
)d
.
Then the eigenvalue density is
ρ(λ) =dN(λ)
dλ∼ V λd−1.
Dirac Spectra – p. 7/40
Free Dirac Spectrum
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7Λ0
1
2
3
4
5ΡHΛL
d = 4
d = 2
The free Dirac spectrum in 2 and 4 dimensions for N = 1000 and 100,respectively.
Dirac Spectra – p. 8/40
Chiral Condensate
Chiral condensate:
Σ(m) ≡ −|〈q̄q〉| =1
V∂m log Z =
1
V
∑
k
1
m + λk.
m
l
−m
I
dsΣ(s) = il(Σ(m) − Σ(−m))
= 2πilρ(0)/V
eigenvalue density
Σ(m) =πρ(0)
V. Banks − Casher formula
Spacing of the eigenvalues: ∆λ = 1ρ(0) = π
ΣV .
Experimentally: 〈q̄q〉 = (−230MeV )3
Dirac Spectra – p. 9/40
Picture of the Dirac Spectrum
Zero Modes
λ
V Σπ
∼ V λ3
ρ( )λ
� Because of asymptotic freedom, the Dirac spectrum shouldapproximate the free one for λ ≫ ΛQCD .
� What is the origin of the small eigenvalues?
Dirac Spectra – p. 10/40
Instanton Picture of Dirac Spectrum
� Instantons have an exact zero mode.
� A band of low-lying modes is obtained from weakly interactinginstantons and anti-instantons.
� For a finite topological susceptibility, the number of these modesscale with the volume.
Dirac Spectra – p. 11/40
Disorder Picture of the Dirac Spectrum
� In the presence of gauge fields the eigenmodes of the free Diracoperator become coupled resulting in a repulsing of theeigenvalues.
� The eigenvalues move to the place where there are noeigenvalues, i.e. to zero.
� Since the free density is proportional to the volume, we expect thatthe interacting density is also proportional to the volume.
Dirac Spectra – p. 12/40
Microscopic Spectral Density
Since the smallest eigenvalue scale as 1/V we can can define themicroscopic spectral density Shuryak-JV-1993, JV-1994
ρS(z) = limV →∞
1
ΣVρ
( z
ΣV
)
.
This is a double scaling limit of the spectral density which is universal.
The surprising result is that this quantity can be obtained analyticallyfor a strongly interacting field theory such as QCD.
Dirac Spectra – p. 13/40
II. Chiral Symmetry and Dirac Spectra
Resolvent
Chiral Lagrangian
Thouless Energy
Scales in the Dirac Spectrum
Dirac Spectra – p. 14/40
Resolvent
A useful way to study spectra is by means of the resolvent
G(z) =1
V
∑
k
1
λk + z,
with z complex. The spectral density is given by
ρ(λ) =1
πReG(iλ + ǫ)
Note that the resolvent lives outside of the theory. It cannot beobtained from derivatives of the partition function. To find the resolventwe have to introduce additional valence quarks
G(z) = limn→0
1
n
d
dz〈det(D + m)detn(D + z)〉
Dirac Spectra – p. 15/40
Chiral Lagrangian
For M ≪ ΛQCD the QCD partition function is equivalent to a chiralLagrangian with the same transformation properties.
If the pion Compton wavelength is much larger than the size of the box,the static modes factorize from the partition function so that the massdependence of the QCD partition function is given by
Z(M) =
∫
U∈SU(Nf )
dUe1
2ΣTr(M†U+MU†).
The mass of the pseudo Goldstone bosons corresponding to z , theargument of the resolvent, is given by
m2π =
2zΣ
F 2π
.
For the partition function of the resolvent, the quark mass z can bechosen as small as we like.
Dirac Spectra – p. 16/40
Gell-Mann–Oakes–Renner Relation
� Therefore we can always find a range of z for which thecorresponding pion Compton wavelength is much larger than thesize of the box and the z -dependence of the resolvent is given bya unitary matrix integral. This integral is completely determined bythe pattern of chiral symmetry breaking.
� The energy scale for which the Compton wave length is equal tothe size of the box is known as the Thouless energy
zTh =F 2
π
2Σ√
V.
We conclude that because of the spontaneous breaking of chiralsymmetry, eigenvalue fluctuations for z < zTh are universal anddepend only on the global symmetries. The same correlations arefound in any theory with same pattern of chiral symmetry breaking anda mass gap. The simplest such theory is chiral random matrix theory.
Dirac Spectra – p. 17/40
Scales in the Dirac Spectrum
PT
V1 Fπ
V1/2 FFFπ0 λ
Microscopic Domain Chiral Domain Macroscopic Domain
chRMT
χ
ΣΣ
χ PT
� Eigenvalue spacing: ∆λ = πΣV .
� Thouless energy in units of the eigenvalues spacing
Eth
∆λ=
~D
ΣL2−d.
No separation of scales takes place for d = 2 . The reason is theabsence of spontaneous symmetry breaking and Goldstone bosons.
Dirac Spectra – p. 18/40
The Resolvent in Lattice QCD
Analytical result for the resolventG(z)V Σ = x(I0(x)K0(x) + I1(x)K1(x)), z = xV Σ
The resolvent of quenched QCD. The points represent lat-
tice data obtained by the Columbia group, and the theo-
retical prediction is given by the solid curve.
JV-1995
Dirac Spectra – p. 19/40
III. Chiral Random Matrix Theory
Chiral Random Matrix Theories
Other Symmetry Classes
Anti-Unitary Symmetries
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in DifferentDimensions
Dirac Spectra – p. 20/40
Chiral Random Matrix Theory
This is a theory with the global symmetries of QCD, but matrixelements. of the Dirac operator replaced by random numbers(JV-1994, Shuryak-JV-1992). In the sector of topological charge ν
the random matrix Dirac operator is given by
D =
m iW
iW † m
, P (W ) ∼ e−NTrW †W
where W a n × (n + ν) matrix so that D has exactly ν zeromodes.
The chRMT partition function is given by
ZνchRMT =
∫
dWdetNf (D + m)P (W ).
The theory simplifies because it has a large invariance group.
Dirac Spectra – p. 21/40
Flavor Topology Duality
chRMT prediction:
In the chiral limit, the averageposition of the small Diraceigenvalues only depends onthe combination Nf + Q.
JV-2000
P (λ) ∼ λ2Nf λ2Q+1
fermiondeterminant
JacobianDkl → λk
CERN COURIER, June 2007Lattice simulations: Fukaya-et al-2007
Based on work by: Giusti-Lüscher-Weisz-Wittig-2003
Dirac Spectra – p. 22/40
Other Symmetry Classes
In addition to an ensemble of complex matrices (Dyson index βD = 2
), we can also have an ensemble of real matrices ( βD = 1 ) or anensemble of quarternion real matrices ( βD = 4 ). This corresponds toQCD with two colors with quarks in the fundamental representation,and QCD with two or more colors and quarks in the adjointrepresentation, respectively.
The reality of the matrix elements is determined by the anti-unitarysymmetries of the Dirac operator.
[AK, D] = 0.
with A unitary and K the complex conjugation operator.
Dirac Spectra – p. 23/40
Anti-Unitary Symmetry for QCD withFundamental Quarks
For three or more colors, QCD in the fundamental representation doesnot have any anti-unitary symmetries and βD = 2 . QCD with twocolors is exceptional. The reason is the pseudo-reality of SU(2) .
[KCγ5τ2, D] = 0
with C = γ2γ4 and K the complex conjugation operator. Because(KCγ5τ2)
2 = 1, we can construct a basis such that the Dirac matrix isreal for any Aµ denoted by βD = 1
Dirac Spectra – p. 24/40
Anti-Unitary Symmetry for QCD with AdjointQuarks
For QCD with gauge fields in the adjoint representation the anti-unitarysymmetry of the Dirac operator is given by
[Cγ5K, D] = 0.
Because
(Cγ5K)2 = −1,
the eigenvalues of D are doubly degenerate (Kramers degeneracy).This corresponds to the case βD = 4 , so that it is possible to organizethe matrix elements of the Dirac operator into real quaternions.
Dirac Spectra – p. 25/40
Anti-Unitary Symmetry and Chiral Symmetry
For QCD in four dimensions we have that
[γ5, KCγ5τ2] = 0, [γ5, Cγ5K] = 0,
so that the chiral block structure is not affected is when we change thebasis to make the Dirac operator real or quaternion real.
In two dimensions,
γ5 → σ3 and γ2γ4 → iσ2
so that the anti-unitary symmetry and the axial symmetry do notcommute, and it is not possible to to make the Dirac operator real orquaternion real while maintaining the chiral block structure.
In three dimensions, there is no axial symmetry, and the Dirac operatoris a Hermitian real, complex or quaternion real matrix.
Dirac Spectra – p. 26/40
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking andDimensionality
D Theory βD Symmetry Breaking Pattern RMT
2 Nc = 2 fund. 1 USp(2Nf ) × USp(2Nf ) → USp(2Nf ) (CI)
2 Nc ≥ 3 fund. 2 U(Nf ) × U(Nf ) → U(Nf ) chGUE (AIII)
2 Nc ≥ 2 adj. 4 O(2Nf ) × O(2Nf ) → O(2Nf ) (DIII)
3 Nc = 2 fund. 1 USp(4Nf ) → USp(2Nf ) × USp(2Nf ) GOE
3 Nc ≥ 3 fund. 2 U(2Nf ) → U(Nf ) × U(Nf ) GUE
3 Nc ≥ 2 fund. 4 O(2Nf ) → O(Nf ) × O(Nf ) GSE
4 Nc = 2 fund. 1 U(2Nf )/Sp(2Nf ) chGOE
4 Nc ≥ 3 fund. 2 U(Nf ) × U(Nf ) → U(Nf ) chGUE (AIII)
4 Nc ≥ 2 adj.. 4 U(2Nf )/O(2Nf ) chGSEChiral symmetry breaking in two, three and four dimensions for different values
of the Dyson index βD. Also indicated is the random matrix theory with the
same breaking pattern and the corresponding symmetric space.
Kieburg-Zafeiropoulos-JV-2013Dirac Spectra – p. 27/40
Dirac Spectra in Two Dimensions
Dirac Spectra of Lattice QCD in Two Dimensions
Dirac Spectra of the Schwinger Model
The Mermin-Wagner-Coleman Theorem
Possible Solutions
Dirac Spectra – p. 28/40
Two and Four Dimensional Dirac Spectra forβD = 1
Microscopic spectral density of
quenched staggered Dirac opera-
tor in 4 dimensions for QCD with
two colors and quarks in the adjoint
representation. Edwards-Heller-
Narayanan-1999
Microscopic spectral density of the
quenched QCD Dirac operator in 2
dimensions for QCD with three col-
ors and adjoint quarks ( β = ∞ ).
Kieburg-JV-Zafeiropoulos-2013
Dirac Spectra – p. 29/40
Two and Four Dimensional Dirac Spectra forβD = 2
Microscopic spectral density of
quenched staggered Dirac operator
in 4 dimensions for QCD with three
colors. Wettig-etal-1999
Microscopic spectral density of the
quenched QCD Dirac operator in 2 di-
mensions for QCD with three colors
and fundamental quarks ( β = ∞ ).
Kieburg-JV-Zafeiropoulos-2013
Dirac Spectra – p. 30/40
Two and Four Dimensional Dirac Spectra forβD = 4
Microscopic spectral density of
quenched staggered Dirac opera-
tor in 4 dimensions for QCD with
two colors and fundamental quarks.
Wettig-JV-etal-1999
Microscopic spectral density of the
quenched QCD Dirac operator in 2
dimensions for QCD with two colors
and fundamental quarks ( β = ∞ ).
Kieburg-JV-Zafeiropoulos-2013
Dirac Spectra – p. 31/40
Schwinger Model
Cumulative eigenvalue density of the two flavor Schwinger model
Bietenholz-Hip-Scheredin-Volkholz-2011Eigenvalues are rescaled by λ → λV 5/8 because the eigenvaluedensity of the two flavor Schwinger model ρ(λ) ∼ V λ3/5.
See also Damgaard-Heller-Narayanan-Svetitsky-2005
Dirac Spectra – p. 32/40
Dirac Spectra in Two and Four Dimensions
� Universal spectral correlations arise as a consequence ofspontaneous symmetry breaking.
� Dirac spectra in two dimensions and four dimensions show thesame degree of agreement with random matrix predictions.
� Yet according to the Mermin-Wagner-Coleman theorem acontinuous symmetry cannot be broken spontaneously in twodimensions.
Dirac Spectra – p. 33/40
Possible Solutions
The generating function for the resolvent is given by
G(z) =d
dz
∣
∣
∣
∣
z′=z
⟨
detNf (D + m)det(D + z)
det(D + z′)
⟩
.
� This partition function has both fermionic and bosonic“ghost”-quarks.
� The flavor group is a supergroup and the boson-boson part to benoncompact. Otherwise the integrals in the partition diverge.
� A trivial ground state cannot exist for a noncompact Goldstonemanifold because the integration over the noncompact group willbe divergent.
Dirac Spectra – p. 34/40
Mermin-Wagner-Coleman Theorem
� We conclude that the Mermin-Wagner-Coleman theorem does notapply to noncompact continuous symmetries and the flavorsymmetry remains spontaneously broken in two dimensions.
Zirnbauer,Niedermaier-Seiler
� Since the compact part of the symmetry group is not brokenspontaneously, one would expect different universal eigenvaluecorrelations. At this moment it is not yet clear what is going on.
Dirac Spectra – p. 35/40
Localization and Correlations
� In two dimensions all states are localized but the localizationlength may be long.
� Eigenvalues of localized state are uncorrelated, but that is not whatwe are seeing for two dimensional Dirac spectral.
� If the localization length, ξ , is sufficiently long, we may be in adomain
a ≪ L ≪ ξ.
This can be tested by studying larger lattices.
Dirac Spectra – p. 36/40
Conformal Dirac Spectra
Conformal Dirac Spectra
Random Matrix Behavior
Dirac Spectra – p. 37/40
Conformal Dirac Spectra
In the conformal limit
ρ(λ) ∼ V λα
Then the mode number
N ∼ Ldλα+1
so that eigenvalues scale as
λk ∼ 1
Ld/(1+α).
Since λ has the anamolous dimension, γ of the quark mass we have
1 + γ =d
1 + α⇒ α =
d − 1 − γ
1 + γ.
The anomalous mass dimension can be determined by the volumescaling of the eigenvalues.
Dirac Spectra – p. 38/40
Dirac Spectra for Large Nf
QCD with three colors and fundamental fermions is not conformal for Nf = 4
and Nf = 8 . Fodor-Holland-Kuti-Nógrádi-Schroeder-2009
Given the results for the Schwinger model, we could have randommatrix behavior in the conformal limit.
For the Nf = 2 Schwinger model we have that α = 1/3 and γ = 1/2 .
Dirac Spectra – p. 39/40
VI. Conclusions
� We have seen that the behavior of the low-lying Dirac eigenvaluescan be understood analytically despite the fact that QCD is astrongly interacting theory.
Dirac Spectra – p. 40/40
VI. Conclusions
� We have seen that the behavior of the low-lying Dirac eigenvaluescan be understood analytically despite the fact that QCD is astrongly interacting theory.
� Dirac spectra are classified according to anti-unitary symmetries,and below the Thouless energy the eigenvalue fluctuations aregiven by the corresponding random matrix theory.
Dirac Spectra – p. 40/40
VI. Conclusions
� We have seen that the behavior of the low-lying Dirac eigenvaluescan be understood analytically despite the fact that QCD is astrongly interacting theory.
� Dirac spectra are classified according to anti-unitary symmetries,and below the Thouless energy the eigenvalue fluctuations aregiven by the corresponding random matrix theory.
� Eigenvalue correlations is two dimensions are similar to eigenvaluecorrelations in four dimensions.
Dirac Spectra – p. 40/40
VI. Conclusions
� We have seen that the behavior of the low-lying Dirac eigenvaluescan be understood analytically despite the fact that QCD is astrongly interacting theory.
� Dirac spectra are classified according to anti-unitary symmetries,and below the Thouless energy the eigenvalue fluctuations aregiven by the corresponding random matrix theory.
� Eigenvalue correlations is two dimensions are similar to eigenvaluecorrelations in four dimensions.
� One possible explanation is that this is due to the fact thatnoncompact symmetries are broken in any dimension.
Dirac Spectra – p. 40/40