Directions of the Human Body

8/8/2019 Directions of the Human Body

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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

AnatomyAnatomy the study of the structure ofbody parts and their relationships to oneanother

Gross or macroscopic

Microscopic

Developmental

PhysiologyPhysiology the study of the function of the

body s structural machinery



Gross Anatomy

RegionalRegional all structures in one part of thebody (such as the abdomen or leg)

SystemicSystemic gross anatomy of the body

studied by systemSurfaceSurface study of internal structures asthey relate to the overlying skin



Microscopic Anatomy

CytologyCytology study of the cell

HistologyHistology study of tissues





Specialized Branches of

Anatomy

Pathological anatomyPathological anatomy study ofstructural changes caused by disease

Radiographic anatomyRadiographic anatomy study of internalstructures visualized by X ray

Molecular biologyMolecular biology study of anatomicalstructures at a sub-cellular level



Physiology

Considers the operation of specificConsiders the operation of specific

organ systemsorgan systems

Renal kidney function

Neurophysiology workings of the nervoussystem

Cardiovascular operation of the heart andblood vessels

Focuses on the functions of the body,Focuses on the functions of the body,often at the cellular or molecular leveloften at the cellular or molecular level





Principle of Complementarity

Function always reflects structure

What a structure can do depends on its

specific form





Levels of Structural Organization

ChemicalChemical atoms combined to form moleculesCellular Cellular cells are made of molecules

TissueTissue consists of similar types of cells

OrganOrgan made up of different types of tissuesOrgan systemOrgan system consists of different organsthat work closely together

OrganismalOrganismal made up of the organ systems



Homeostasis

HomeostasisHomeostasis is the ability to maintain arelatively stable internal environment in anever-changing outside world

The internal environment of the body is ina dynamic state of equilibriuma dynamic state of equilibrium

Chemical, thermal, and neural factorsinteract to maintain homeostasis



Homeostatic Imbalance

Disturbance of homeostasis or theDisturbance of homeostasis or the

bodys normal equilibriumbodys normal equilibrium

Overwhelming of negative feedback

mechanisms allowing destructive positivefeedback mechanisms to take over



Anatomical Position

Body erect

Feet slightly apart

Palms facing forward

Thumbs point away

from body

Figure 1.7a



Directional Terms

Superior and inferior Superior and inferior toward and awayfrom the head, respectively

Anterior and posterior Anterior and posterior toward the front

and back of the bodyMedial, lateral,Medial, lateral, and intermediateand intermediate

toward the midline, away from the midline,and between a more medial and lateralstructure



Directional Terms

Proximal and distalProximal and distal closer to andfarther from the origin of the body

Superficial and deepSuperficial and deep toward and awayfrom the body surface



Directional Terms Table 1.1



Directional Terms Table 1.1



Regional Terms: Anterior View

AxialAxial head,neck, andtrunk

Appendicular Appendicular appendages

or limbs

SpecificSpecific

regionalregional

terminologyterminology

Figure 1.7a



Regional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b



Body Planes

SagittalSagittal divides the body into right and

left parts

Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial sagittal plane thatlies on the midline

Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal divides the body intoanterior and posterior parts

Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section)divides the body into superior and

inferior parts

Oblique sectionOblique section cuts made diagonally



Body Planes Figure 1.8





Body Cavities

Figure 1.9a



Body Cavities

Dorsal cavityDorsal cavity protects the nervous system,

and is divided into two subdivisionsCranial cavity is within the skull andencases the brain

Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebralcolumn and encases the spinal cord

Ventral cavityVentral cavity houses the internal organs(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions:

- Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities



Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b



Body Cavities

Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleuralcavities, the mediastinum, and thepericardial cavity

Pleural cavities each houses a lungMediastinum contains the pericardialcavity, and surrounds the remainingthoracic organs

Pericardial cavity encloses the heart



Body Cavities

The abdominopelvic cavity is separatedThe abdominopelvic cavity is separatedfrom the superior thoracic cavity by thefrom the superior thoracic cavity by the

domedome--shaped diaphragmshaped diaphragm

It is composed of two subdivisions

Abdominal cavity contains thestomach, intestines, spleen, liver, andother organs

Pelvic cavity lies within the pelvis andcontains the bladder, reproductiveorgans, and rectum



Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Parietal serosaParietal serosa lines internal body walls

Visceral serosaVisceral serosa covers the internal

organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae





Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10b



Other Body Cavities

Oral and digestiveOral and digestive mouth and cavitiesof the digestive organs

NasalNasal located within and posterior to the

noseOrbitalOrbital house the eyes

Middle ear Middle ear contain bones (ossicles) thattransmit sound vibrations

SynovialSynovial joint cavities



Abdominopelvic Regions

Umbilical

Epigastric

Hypogastric

Right and left iliacor inguinal

Right and left

lumbarRight and lefthypochondriac

Figure 1.11a



Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11b



Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right upper (RUQ)

Left upper (LUQ)

Right lower (RLQ)

Left lower (LLQ)

Figure 1.12



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Directions of the Human Body