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DIRTY WAR IN CHILE
2/17/2010
Ending the Dirty War
The failure of the FMLN The “hearts and minds” strategy
The decline of U.S. support End of the Cold War 16 Nov 1989 Jesuit killings
The 1991 Peace Agreement Reconciliation, Amnesty, Reintegration 1992 the peace agreement takes effect, UN
verifies weapons decommissioning 1993 Peace and Reconciliation
Commission 1994 Presidential elections
Ending the Dirty War
The Civil War lasted for 12 years: 1980-1992 Roughly 70,000 people died
State-related forces were responsible for 80% of all deaths
four-fifths or more of these deaths were peasants and workers
1979 population 4.5 million 500,000 – 750,000 people fled the country 500,000 – 1,000,000 IDPs
10% reduction in per capita economic production
El Salvador Today
Social Indicators Median age: 22 years Education: average of 5.5 years of schooling Religion: 55% Catholic
Underemployment: 40-50% Homicide rate: 55.3 per 100,000
Higher than during the war Gangs
Eighteenth Street Mara Salvatrucha
Before the War
Salvador Allende Elected: 1970 Socialist leader of the
Popular Unity coalition Social unrest
March, 1973 Parliamentary Elections The Popular Unity gained seats
11 September, 1973 Military Coup
"One improbable fact must be grasped about South America at the time of our story: radical social revolution was a real possibility for millions of people, coloring everyday life with hope or dread depending upon the circumstances and political views of each individual.” –Dinges, 2004
Dirty War in Chile: Statistical Picture
1,300 detention centers 6 concentration camps 29,000 people tortured 2,279 political killings
Another 1,598 killings under unclear circumstances
National Trauma 200,000 situations of
extreme trauma
Dirty War in Chile
Ideology Anti-Communism Traditional Christian ValuesPlayers Pinochet National Intelligence Directorate (DINA)
Gen. Manuel Contreras Sepulveda Col. Pedro Espinoza
Strategies Suspension of politics as normal Shock and Awe Detention Torture Executions
Dirty War in Chile
Operation Condor Organized in response to the formation of the
JCR Operational Structures
Intelligence sharing network Communications Networking and trust Stationing personnel
Cross-Border Activities tracking, surveillance, kidnappings, rendition, torture,
interrogation, and assassination of opponents. Opponents were not only leftist militants, but also
opposition political and social figures.Participants: Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay,
Uruguay, Brazil
Dirty War in Chile
Exploiting the Crisis: the role of the US and neolibearlism Milton Freedman and The Chicago BoysPinochet’s Market Reforms Removal of trade barriers Return to export-led growth Privatization, including social security Creation of an independent Central Bank Wage reductionsEconomic growth was accompanied by growing
inequality1972: 5% of population receives 25% of national income1975: 5% of population receives 50% of national income
Ending the War
Negotiated Transition 1980: a new Constitution is written and put
in place by Pinochet in a shift towards managed democracy
1988: Plebiscite refuses to allow Pinochet to run for another term as President
1989: Pinochet’s man is defeated in the Presidential election; Patricio Aylwin, a centrist Christian Democrat, is elected.
1990: Aylwin establishes the National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation
1991: Pinochet stages military maneuvers
Ending the War: the price of impunityBenefits End of violence Democratic transitionCosts the continuation or reactivation of repressive
networks and institutions the distortion of political culture the destruction of social capital the ultimate delegitimation of the democratic
institutions that reconciliation is designed to stabilize
Chile Today
1998: Pinochet resigns as Commander in Chief; becomes Senator for life.
1998: Pinochet is arrested in London 2000: Pinochet is released by the UK
government 2000: criminal proceedings begin in Chile 10 Dec. 2006: Pinochet dies 2006: Michelle Bachelet elected President 2010: President-elect Sebastian Piñera Today
3,000 remain disappeared The military has been reduced to 40,000 and is all
volunteer
Questions
Why do states engage in “Dirty War”? Which Dirty War do you feel had more
profound impact Political Social Economic
What role does the global political context play?
Policy Papers
Issue: The state faces a rise in leftist political opposition seeking the violent overthrow of the state.
Alternatives: to engage in dirty war or not. MUST be written to decision-makers within
the state.