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7/29/2019 Disaster Management 2007
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Principles of DisasterManagement
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Learn the Lingo
Emergency - an exceptional event that exceeds thecapacity of normal resources and organization tocope with it but does not deplete local resources.
Four Levels Heart attack in a public arena
Incidents - can be handled by a single municipality
Major incidents - requires mutual-aid response, regional, orinter-jurisdictional resources
National or international disaster - requires nationalgovernment involvement
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Learn the Lingo
Disasters - same as a catastrophe
Definition is limited due to the diversity of
variables involved
E.g. assets of victims
Disasters cannot take place independent of
human impact
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Types of Disasters
Natural
Geological
Earthquakes
Meteorological
Tornados, ice storms,
drought
Oceanographic
Hurricanes, tsunamis
Hydrological
Flooding
Biological
Wildfire, Insect infestationMay 5: Greensburg, Kan., city officials say a
deadly tornado damaged about 95 percent
of the town.
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Types of Disasters
Technological
Hazardous materials and
processes
Hazardous materials and
processes
Dangerous processes
Structure failure
Devices and machines
Explosives, trains, aircraft
Installations and plants
Dams, mines, power plants
Chernobyl Nuclear Station
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Types of Disasters
Social
Terrorism
Bombings,
hostage,shootings
Crowds
Riots,
demonstrations
May 6, Youths riot in France following conservative
presidential election victory
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Learn the Lingo
Hazard Natural, technological, or social phenomenon that
threatens human life, and is usually a reoccurring event
Vulnerability Susceptibility to loss, damage, destruction, or casualty
from potential disasters
Risk
The probability and frequency of a hazard occurring Involves human life and assets
Completely hypothetical
Constantly evolving
Assets change constantly
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Overview of DisasterManagement
Disaster management
is the management of
risk so that societies
can live withenvironmental and
technical hazards and
deal with disasters that
they cause
(Waugh, 2000).Downtown Biloxi, Mississippi
Post Hurricane Katrina
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History of Disaster Managementin the U.S.
Mixed organization
Military
Private
Bureaucracy Government officials
(local, State, and
Federal)
Based on ad hoclegislation and piecemeal
approaches (Sick care) Hurricane Andrew 1992
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Disaster Management prior toWWI
The first modern government emergencymanagement efforts focused on fire hazards: 1803 - New Hampshire town fire
First example of federal response to a disaster
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871
Boston fire of 1872
Prior to WWI government programs to address
hazards and respond to disasters were unknown Salvation Army and Red Cross provided the
majority of disaster response
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The Cold War and Civil Defense
Focus was on nuclear war and fallout
Limited environmental mitigation
Natural disasters:
1954 - Hurricane Hazel 1955 - Hurricane Diane
1957 - Hurricane Audrey
1962 - Ash Wednesday Storm - $300 million in
damages 1965 - Hurricane Betsy
Response to disasters: Ad hoc with little to no prevention
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National Focus: 1970s
Over 100 federal agencies involved in disaster
management.
All-hazards approach was created
Major Disaster:
Three Mile Island Power Plant
Identified the lack of preparedness and the role of the federal
governments response to disasters
Creation of FEMA
Consolidated emergency preparedness, mitigation, and
response activities into one federal organization
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FEMA in Chaos1980s - 1990s
FEMA lacked leadership,
funding, and
Congressional support
Local officials did notunderstand the disaster
response system
Disasters:
1989 - Loma Prieta
Earthquake
1992 - Hurricane Andrew
and Hurricane Iniki Hurricane Andrew, 1992
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FEMAs Revival: 1993-2001
All-hazards
approach
implemented
Effectively respondedto:
1993 - Midwest floods
1995 - Oklahoma City
bombing
More than 50,000 homes were damaged or
destroyed in nine Midwest states.
Photo courtesy of FEMA.
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The Threat of Terrorism:2001 to Present
September 11, 2001
Creation of DHS
Reorganization of
departments and disaster
management
Focus is on national
security
Expansion of Disaster
Management field inacademic institutions
Disaster Events:
2005 - Hurricane Katrina
WTC Attack
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Principles of Disaster Management
All-Hazards Approach
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Mitigation = Prevention
Sustained action to reduce or eliminate risk
to people and property from hazards and
their effects (Bullock & Haddow, 2006)
The examination of long-term solutions to
reduce risk
Mitigation programs are most successful at
the local level
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Mitigation Process
Gather Information
Data collection
Diversify input
Examine historical events
Assess Vulnerability in relation to hazards
Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA)
Produce policy, protocols, and codes
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Mitigation Tools
Hazard Identification
mapping
HVA
Design and construction Building codes
Land-use planning
Flood plain management
Incentives Grants
Insurance National Flood
Insurance Plan
Structural Controls Levee
Education Public (self-
responsibility) Early warning systems
Tornado sirens
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Indian Ocean TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Indonesia post Tsunami
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Planning = Prevention
The leadership, training, readiness,
exercise support, technical and financial
assistance to strengthen citizens,
communities, state, local, tribal
governments and professional emergency
workers as they prepare for disasters,
mitigate the effects of disasters, respond tocommunity needs after a disaster, and
launch effective recovery efforts - FEMA
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Planning Approach
Systematic approach (continued cycle):
Identify type of disasters, threats, jurisdictions, or any
other entity
Assess current vulnerability and level of preparedness Exercise, train, and test plans
Key Elements:
Plans, protocols, and policies must be adaptable
Volunteer organizations and general public must be
involved in exercises and training
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Exercise and Test the Plan
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Implement Practice Drills withPublic
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Response
Prior to, during and postdisaster event
Begins with Alerts orEarly Warnings
Mitigation Phase I:
Policies, procedures,and protocols thatdirects response andrecovery activities
Evacuation
Evacuation Centers Hotels, Schools..
Medical care,food, clothing,communication
9/11 Response
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Potential Responders
Local first responders and volunteers are the initial SAR team
Action is usually dictated by established protocols
Government
Local, Regional, and National
Role is defined by policy, political environment, and available resources
NGOs and PVOs
Volunteer organizations that operate independently, with focused missionsand limited resources
Role is defined by local, regional, and national policies and law
International Organizations (IOs)
Organizations with an international presence and influence but notindependent from government influence
Vast resources available
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Search and Rescue
Survival rates fallexponentially within24 hours after impact
Mutual aids andfederal governmentassistance may takedays to respond
Initial SAR and firstresponding is theresponsibility of thelocal community
C i i i h K
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Communication is the Key toSAR Success
Incident Command Systems (ICS)
Central IC and Field IC - delegates
responsibilities as needed
Five major Management Systems of ICS
Command Section
Operations
Planning Logistics
Finance
T t f SAR
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Two types of SAR:Urban and Rural
Phases of SAR
Systematic Search
Aerial
Ground andunderground based
Advanced search -trained dogs, sensingdevices..
Location of victims Extraction or recovery
Stabilization andtransport
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Creating a SAR Full-Scale Unit
Leader (2)
Search Team - manager (2), dog handler (4),technical search specialist (2)
Rescue Team - manager (2), rescue-squad officer(4), rescuers (20)
Medical Team - doctors (2), paramedics or nurses(4)
Technical Team - manager (2), heavy equipmentand rigging specialists (2), hazardous-materialsspecialist (2), communications specialist (2),logistics specialist (2), documentation specialist
(2)
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Major Challenges with SAR
Safety
Secondary disasters
Convergence
Media, spectators,
volunteers, first
responders
The vast majority of
SAR volunteers are
untrained
H i K t i
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Hurricane KatrinaSearch and Rescue
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Recovery
Recovery involves decisions and
actions relative to rebuilding homes,
replacing property, resumingemployment, restoring businesses, and
permanently rebuilding infrastructure
(Bullock & Haddow)
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Recovery Phase
Mitigation II (long-
term solutions)
Review and make
policies on zoning,early-warning systems,
structural codes,
insurance
Rebuild or Relocate?
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Recovery Phase
Crisis Counseling
Legal Assistance
Employment Assistance
Housing Programs Business Assistance Programs
Health and Medical Services
Programs for Economic Recovery Construction
Mitig ti
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MitigationStage II
Disaster Management in
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Disaster Management inDeveloping Countries
The greatest incidence of natural disasters
occurs within developing countries, with 90
percent of disaster related injuries and
deaths are sustained in countries with per-
capita income levels that are below $760
per year (UNICEF)
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The Developing World
Accident of
Geography
Many developing
countries are in
regions prone to
severe hazards
Poverty is a major
cause of
vulnerability
Disaster Management in
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Disaster Management inDeveloping Countries
All-hazards
approach
Prevention is the key:
Cross-culturalcommunications and
education
Structural mitigation
Create Maps
Create a Plan
Bamboo house is reinforced against a typhoon
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Making it Practical
Just like in medicine
prevention is the key.
Healthcare
professionals need tobe involved in all
elements of disaster
management.