Disaster Management Williams

8/6/2019 Disaster Management Williams

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Williams - SHELTER


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INDIASVULNERABILITY TO DISASTERS

57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these,

12% is vulnerable to severe earthquakes.

68% land is vulnerable to drought.

12% land is vulnerable to floods. 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.

Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India

are also vulnerable to chemical and industrial

disasters and man-made disasters. Coastal States, particularly on the East coast and

Gujarat are vulnerable to cyclones

Sub-Himalayan sector and western ghats are

vulnerable to landslides


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MAN MADE DISASTER

Structural collapses buildings, mines, bridges

Road, rail, air accidents, fires, deaths due to severe heat or

cold

Communal riots BabriMasjid demolition was not a one

time disaster. It is still having its effects, this event isbeing used for militant activities

Naxal activities due to oppressions of the tribal population

Illicit Liquor, food poisoning, adulteration of drugs, medical

supplies and food items are very common

Poor implementation of safety norms in the factories

Poor civic sense of the citizens at large.

Poor, old, women and children are more vulnerable to all

kinds of natural or man-made disasters


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FROM OUR HISTORY

Disaster Year Result Remarks

Super Cyclone 1999 9,000 Gujarat

Earthquake 2001 14,000 Bhuj

Tsunami 2004 15,000 South India

Gas Tragedy 1984 15,000 Bhopal (2 decades)


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WHATS IS IT

Disaster -A serious disruption of the functioning of a

society, causing widespread human, material, or

environmental losses which exceed the ability of the

affected society to cope using its own resources.

The term disaster is ofFrench origin combination oftwo words des meaning bad or evil and astre meaning

star. The combined meaning is Bad or Evil Star.

Hazard - is a natural or man-made event, while the

disaster is its consequence.

Risk - the probability that a particular system or

population will be affected by the hazard.

Risk = Vulnerability x Hazard


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DISASTER CYCLE

Or Disaster cycle is development crisis disaster relief recovery

development.


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

Prevention, mitigation and preparedness form pre-

disaster activities in the disaster management cycle

Response, comprising relief, recovery and rehabilitation

are post-disaster management activities The complete cycle of disaster management, therefore is

the complete realm of activities and situations that

occur

Before

During, and

After disasters

This documentation is a learning process to reduce the

vulnerability and to increase the effectives of

preparedness and relief. It is a holistic approach.


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DEVELOPMENTVS. ENVIRONMENT

Development activities compound effects of

natural calamities

Industries close to habitation and without proper

treatment of contamination affluence hasincreased health hazards through water, air,

noise pollution

Large scale urbanization is beyond the natures

bearing capacity excessive use of natural

resources, particularly water- as in Jaipur

Flooding ofMumbai due to water logging


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DEVELOPMENTVS. ENVIRONMENT

Deforestation to meet development needs have

increased the vulnerability of the hill people

reduced rain fall, increased land-slides, and

floods in the plains

Destruction of mangroves and coral reefs has

increased the vulnerability of coastal areas

Commercialization of coastal areas, particularly

for tourism, has increased disaster potential as

witnessed during Tsunami in December 2004 and

again inMarch 2011 in Japan.

With the increase in vehicular traffic, accidents

have become the top cause of human casualties


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DISASTERVS DEVELOPMENTEconomic Development Social Development

Disaster

limits

development

Destruction of fixed assets

Damage to transport system,

communication, infrastructure,

Erosion of livelihood

Destruction of health or education

infrastructure and personnel.

Death, migration, of key social actors

leading to an erosion of social capital

Developmentcauses

disaster risk

Unstable development practicesthat create wealth for some at the

expense of unsafe working and

living conditions of others or

degrade the environment

Development path generating culturalnorms that promote social isolation or

political exclusion

Development

reduces

disaster risk

Access to adequate drinking water,

food, waste management and a

secure dwelling increases peoplesresilience. Trade and technology can

reduce poverty. Investing in

financial mechanism and social

security can cushion against

vulnerability.

Building community cohesion,

Recognizing excluded individuals or

social groups,Providing opportunities for greater

involvement in decision-making,

Enhanced educational and health

capacity increases resilience.


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ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY OF DISTRICT

AUTHORITY

Prepare disaster management plan including

district response

Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the

National and State policy Identification of vulnerable areas of the district for

taking preventive as well as relief arrangements

Give directions to the various district authorities

for prevention and mitigation of disasters

Organize special training programs for different

levels to officers, employees, volunteers

Set-up, maintain, review, update early warnings

system and district response mechanism .


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ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY OF DISTRICT

AUTHORITY

Establish stockpiles of relief and rescue materials

Identify buildings and places which could be used in

the event of a threat or actual disaster

Involve NGOs and other social-welfare institutionsworking at grass-roots level in the district for

disaster management

Ensure the efficient working of communication

system and devise an alternative system of

communication

Carry out periodical drills involving authorities,

NGOs and the general public.


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IN THE EVENT OF THREAT OR DISASTER

Work for directions for the release and use of resources

available with any department of the government and the

local authority in the district.

Control and restrict the vehicular traffic to, from within,

the vulnerable, or affected area. Control and restrict the entry of any person, his

movement within and departure from, a vulnerable or

affected area.

Remove debris, conduct search and carry out rescue

operations.

Provide shelter, food, drinking water and essential

provisions, healthcare and services;

Establish emergency communication systems in the

affected area;


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DISASTERMANAGEMENT 4 COMPONENTS

1. Preparedness measures designed to organize

and facilitate timely and effective rescue, relief and

rehabilitation measures at all levels international to

national and local

2. Prevention advance planning and environment

protection

3. Mitigation to reduce both the effect of hazard

and vulnerable conditions through sustainable

development

4. Rehabilitation returning to normal or better life

through well laid out plans.


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PREPAREDNESS, PREVENTION,

MITIGATION AND REHABILITATION

Prevention is better than cure

Preparedness is the first initiative of prevention

Preparedness for disasters done meticulously

means half of the problem is solved In developed countries preparedness and

prevention help them in minimizing loss to life

and property

In developing countries like India .?


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DISASTER EVENT

Real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting the

elements at risk

The duration may be a few seconds, like an earthquake;

tsunami a few minutes, cloud burst a few hours, floods a

few days and drought a couple of months.

The suffering of lives and property may differ in similar

events

Economically weaker sections of society, women,

children, handicapped, old people suffer more becausethey have lesser capability to fight the natural & man-

made hazards.

Each event may require different response


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DISASTER RESPONSE

Disaster response rescue, medical aid, food,

shelter temporary, intermediate, and long

range, restoration of communications, affected

infrastructure, means of livelihood etc. defects in

planning may be noticed during this period,

highlighting procedural, systems flaws or failures

in implementing the plan.

In 2001 high velocity hurricane hit Cuba, but

only five people died due to near perfect disastermanagement plan in design and execution

700,000 people were evacuated from Havana and

other threatened areas.

About 80 % of disasters are classified as natural


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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Disaster preparedness is a continuous process

It involves the following steps:

1. Identification of disaster prone areas and regions

2. Establishing communication, information, and warning

system

3. Designing coordination and response mechanism

4. Planning for financial and other resources for increased

readiness which can be mobilized in disaster situations

5. Public education and involvement of civil societyorganizations

6. Regular drills to check the responses of the various systems,

authorities and organizations

7. Identification of existing and/ or building infrastructure

required for sheltering the people at the time of threat orafter the disaster has struck


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PREVENTION A culture of prevention is to be installed in all communities

and among disaster managers.

Principles of disaster prevention management are

1. Risk assessment is necessary for adoption of adequate and

effective disaster reduction policies2. Disaster prevention & preparedness are of primary

importance in reducing the need for disaster relief

3. It should be apart of development policy and planning at

the national, regional, bilateral, multilateral and

international levels4. Early warning system and effective communication

system are a must

5. Participation of local communities and CSOs and NGOs

6. International community to share necessary technology to

prevent, reduce and mitigate disasters.


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MITIGATION

Mitigation is the measures taken to reduce both the

effect of the hazard itself and the vulnerable

conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a

future disaster

Examples water management in drought prone

areas, building of dams/ bunds and other such

measures to reduce the chances of floods, early and

correct warning systems for the people and

fishermen on the coastal areas, regular inspectionof infrastructure to avoid their collapse, building

bunkers for citizens in case of war, adequate pre-

storage of necessities required for use after a

disaster.


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PRINCIPLES OFMITIGATION

1. Integrating disaster mitigation with development plans

2. Effective communication systems

3. Use of latest IT technology

4. Insurance in all relevant sectors

5. Extensive public awareness and education campaigns in

urban and rural areas

6. Legal and legislative support

7. Greater involvement of NGOs/private sector

8. Allocating separate funds for disaster relief in normal budget9. Strict review of housing, drainage, pollution control measures.


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TYPES OF DISASTERS

1. Natural Disasters

Wind-related: Storm, cyclone, tornado, hurricane, tidal waves

Water-related: floods, cloud burst, flash floods, excessive rains,

drought, communicable diseases etc.

Earth-related: earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches, landslides,volcanic eruptions

2. Man-made Disasters

Wars, battles, hostile enemy actions

Arson, sabotage, internal disturbances, riots

Accidents of vehicles, trains, aircraft, ships, forest and urban firesetc.

Ethnic conflicts, terrorism etc.

Biological disasters: epidemics, pest attacks, food poisoning etc.


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IMPACT OF DISASTERS

1. People loss of life in large numbers

2. Property --Damage, destruction of property

3. Infrastructure, Services --Damage, destruction of

infrastructure, public service system

4. Environment -- Damage, destruction of environment

5. Crops -- Damage, destruction of crops

6. Productivity -- Disruption, loss of production

7. Economy -- Loss to national, local economies

8. Life-style --Disruption, loss of community or lifestyle

9. Social & Psychological -- Sociological and

psychological consequences


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NODALAGENCIES FOR DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Floods :Ministry ofWater Resources, CWC

Cyclones : IndianMeteorological Department

Earthquakes : IndianMeteorological Department

Epidemics :Ministry of Health and FamilyWelfare

Avian Flu:Ministry of Health,Ministry of Environment,

Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Chemical Disasters :Ministry of Environment and Forests

Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labor

Rail Accidents :Ministry of Railways Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation

Fire :Ministry of Home Affairs

Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy

Mine Disasters : Department ofMines


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AREAS OF CONCERN

Activating an Early Warning System network

and its close monitoring

Mechanisms for integrating the scientific,technological and administrative agencies for

effective disaster management

Terrestrial communication links which collapse

in the event of a rapid onset disaster

Vulnerability of critical infrastructures (power

supply, communication, water supply, transport,

etc.) to disaster events


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FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks

Mobilize and train disaster volunteers for more

effective preparedness, mitigation and response

(NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, NYK, CivilDefense, Home guards)

Increased capacity building leads to faster

vulnerability reduction.

Learn from best practices in disaster

preparedness, mitigation and disaster response


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FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Mobilizing stakeholder participation of Self Help

Groups,Women Groups, Youth Groups,

Panchayati Raj Institutions

Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises,

Mock drills and Scenario Analysis

Indigenous knowledge systems and coping

practices

Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster

RiskManagement


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FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child

friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly

disaster management

Technology driven but people owned

KnowledgeManagement: Documentation and

dissemination of good practices

Public Private Partnership


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INVEST IN PREPAREDNESS

Investments in Preparedness and Prevention

(Mitigation) will yield sustainable results, rather

than spending money on relief after a disaster.

Most disasters are predictable, especially in their

seasonality and the disaster-prone areas which

are vulnerable.

Communities must be involved in disaster

preparedness.


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INVEST IN PREPAREDNESS

IMD (IndiaMeteorological Department)early

warning capacity through Doppler radar

Infrastructure creation and restoration

y Floods drains & embankments

y Road restoration

y Storm shelters

y Electricity transmission and distribution


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COMMUNICATION

Communications

Each health care facility should have its own

communications plan (including the designation

of a well trained spokesperson) to deal with thecommunity at large and with the media. This

should be compatible

with local or community communications

planning.

The plan should include training, not just for

designated spokespersons but for all staff who

may need to communicate with media, relatives,

and patients.


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DEFINITION

Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning

of a community or a society causing widespread

human, material, economic or environmental

losses which exceed the ability of the affected

community or society to cope using its own

resources.

Mass Casualty Incident - An incident which

generates more patients at one time than locally

available resources can manage using routineprocedures. It requires exceptional emergency

arrangements and additional or extraordinary

assistance.


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TRAINING AND EXERCISES

Training and exercises

Each health care facility must plan to build its own capacity to deal with mass

casualty incidents, based on a detailed plan of training and continuing education

for all staff. This plan must be based on an initial analysis of existing capacity,

and adequately funded to ensure its sustainability over time.

While identified gaps in knowledge may need to be filled with help from outside

trainers, where possible the facility should aim to use local and especially

internal personnel to carry out these activities. This should also help ensure thatthe training will correspond to the needs and condition in the facility.

Although existing training materials (manuals and audio-visual materials) can be

purchased or borrowed, and should be consulted in the planning process,

whenever possible training materials specific to the facility should be developed,

preferably with the participation of key staff.

In addition to enhancing skills in clinical management, training should aim tomaintain the integrity of the organizational structure against the panic that

may ensue when an incident first arises. As with preparedness at other levels,

drills and exercises are the most effective means of capacity building, and should

be built into the plan. Finally, training should be evaluated at regular intervals,

both to ensure its quality and to adjust the curriculum as necessary.


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MASS CASUALTY EVENT

Any event resulting in a number of victims large

enough to disrupt the normal course of emergency

and health care system and other resources.


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CHALLENGES

Communication network between hospitals is inadequate to

manage mass causalities.

Lack of intra-communication facilities in district / sub district

level hospitals.

No direct communication network exists between hospitalsand police and Fire services

Only a single telephone for external connectivity.

Capacity Building Training module and education

curriculum has to be updated of mass causality management

Mock drill and exercise should also be incorporated. Human Resources Anesthetist, Neurosurgeons, Psychiatrist,

Orthopedic surgeon, Surgeon, Doctors, Nurses, Paramedics

and Technicians.

For handlingMass casualty management Human Resource

can be got from neighboring taluk, district and state.


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CHALLENGES

Identification of Dead bodies and mortuary

services identification of dead bodies and their

disposal is most important with legal,

psychological and ethical perspective. Involving

specialized scientific involving molecular, genetic

and Computer aided technologies,

Inadequate storage facilities in mortuaries and

not adequately equipped, poor maintained,

capacity needs to be increased in highlyvulnerable areas.

Trained Forensic anthropologist are needed to

recover age, sex and stature and anomalies

DNA finger printing analysis


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POST DISASTER PHASE

To brig back normalcy in the shortest possible

time.

No system in rehabilitation, Reconstruction and

recoveryAvailability of food, proper nutrition, adequate

water supply and proper facilities for hygiene and

sanitation are the basics requirement

Special care to vulnerable groups Children,

pregnant women and PLHIV

Mental health services and psychosocial support

PPP


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RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION

Inadequate documentation of disaster and it

scientific analysis Documentation is simple

Research on new treatment modalities has to

meet global standards


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ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OFMEDICINE

Evidence based well proved treatment modalities

may be practices under the supervision of

competent and qualified medical practitioners.


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HOSPITAL DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

District level hospitals are not equipped to handle

mass casualty events which lacks emergency support

systems including alternative source of electricity,

water, gas supply, fire extinguishing devices or

evacuation plans.

Accreditation process will help in improving the

services for Disaster management.

Lack of Critical care facilities

Lack in Blood Transfusion services and blood safety

in some district needs more attention for Voluntary

blood Donors


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CHEMICAL EMERGENCIES

Can arise either use of misuse of chemical

warfare or industrial toxicants due to chemicals,

poisons and hazardous waste as target as well

source of source by terrorist groups.

Protective masks, equipments

Decontamination process casualties usage of

scanner, Ambulances, etc.

Soiled clothing safe disposal

Dead decontaminated and put in double

causality bags and deep burial procedure.

Universal safety precaution should be practiced.


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CONCLUSION

Prevention

Establishment of early warning system

Rapid health assessment and provision of laboratory

support Preparedness

Mechanism for mergence medical care at the incident

site

Equipping with all material logistics and back upsupport

Prompt provision of evacuation using road, railway,

aerial

Development of container mobile hospital


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CONCLUSION

Capacity Development

Sensitize the role of public, private and corporate

sector for their participation

Human Resource Development

Strengthening medical professionals , paramedics

and other emergency responders

Create a support mechanism to prove short and

long term psychological support and mental

health services.

Education and training

Inclusion of mass casualty management in the

present curriculum of medical under graduate.

Inclusion of Training program / CME


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CONCLUSION Community preparedness Community awareness for first aid and triage

Dos and Don'ts during medical emergency

Role clarity of community

Hospital preparedness

Hospital disaster management plan routine

Identifying, stock piling, supply chain and inventory management of

drugs, equipments and consumables like vaccine, antibiotic and other

drugs

Specialized health care and lab facilities

Trauma care Poison center

Blood banks

Laboratory service network

Specialized facilities for protection, detection, decontamination and de

corporation


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CONCLUSION

Post Disaster medical documentation

R&D mode for pilot studies


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SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL

ISSUES Social effects Loss of human life, health related

long term effects, increase in psychosocial

pathologies in the community, lack of education of

the affected community, temporary and permanent

migration, law and order problem, social disruptionand loss of live stock.

Economic effects loss of housing, damage in

infrastructure, disruption of communication and

power, disruption of transport facilities, loss of

agriculture products, disrupted market and publicdistribution systems and loss of commerce

Destruction of Health Infrastrure Damage in

Hospitals, clinics PHCs buildings, Equipments and

supplies


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ISSUES

Concrete of Epidemics Disrupted potable water supply,

poor sanitation, overcrowding in relief camp, water / food

contamination and Vector proliferation.

Enhanced Health care need of vulnerable groups

Public Health Emergencies with mass causality potential Vector borne disease enabling environment for

mosquitoes breeding due to water collection leading to

increase inMalaria, Dengue, etc.

Water borne disease : contaminated water and poor

sanitation, increases the possibility of cholera


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ISSUES

Droplet infection : Due to adverse living condition,

overcrowding in temporary sheerer (measles, influenza,

meningitis, etc.

Contact disease Lack of personnel hygiene and over

crowding especially in relief camps / temporary shelters Bioterrorism can cause mass casualties leading to public

health emergencies

Prevention measure Water supply

Safe and sufficient drinking water

Protected existing water source from contamination

Chorine tablet sanitation


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ISSUES

Provision of Latrine and Toilet

Waster Disposal

Adequate supply of food and Nutrients

Proper Disposal of Dead bodies and Carcasses

Vector control Spraying of shelter with residual

insecticide, Provision of insecticide treated mosquito nets,

Use of larvicidals

Health Education Promote hygiene practice (e.g.) hand

washing and use of soap, latrine for defecation

Use of safe water (e.g.) boil / add chlorine tablets to water

Safe food Properly cooked food

Safe food handlers.

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Disaster Management Williams