Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management in the Pacific...8 Regional Framework for Action The Framework has an all hazards approach supporting sustainable development. All phases

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Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission

Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster ManagementManagement

in the Pacific in the Pacific

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Background

Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC)

• Intergovernmental regional organisation• 21 member countries (4 associates)• 3 technical work programmes

– Ocean and Islands– Community Lifelines incl water, energy and ICT– Community Risk

• Mandate for the coordination of regional disaster risk reduction and disaster management capacity building in the Pacific

Christmas IslandChristmas IslandChristmas IslandChristmas IslandChristmas IslandChristmas IslandChristmas IslandChristmas IslandChristmas Island

Wake IslandWake IslandWake IslandWake IslandWake IslandWake IslandWake IslandWake IslandWake Island

Federated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaFederated States of MicronesiaPalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalau Marshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall Islands

KiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea TuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvalu

Solomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSamoaSamoaSamoaSamoaSamoaSamoaSamoaSamoaSamoa

American SamoaAmerican SamoaAmerican SamoaAmerican SamoaAmerican SamoaAmerican SamoaAmerican SamoaAmerican SamoaAmerican SamoaVanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatu

French PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFrench PolynesiaFijiFijiFijiFijiFijiFijiFijiFijiFiji NiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiue Cook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsNew CaledoniaNew CaledoniaNew CaledoniaNew CaledoniaNew CaledoniaNew CaledoniaNew CaledoniaNew CaledoniaNew Caledonia TongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTonga

AustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustralia

New ZealandNew ZealandNew ZealandNew ZealandNew ZealandNew ZealandNew ZealandNew ZealandNew Zealand

Norfolk IslandNorfolk IslandNorfolk IslandNorfolk IslandNorfolk IslandNorfolk IslandNorfolk IslandNorfolk IslandNorfolk Island

GuamGuamGuamGuamGuamGuamGuamGuamGuam

NauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauru

HawaiiHawaiiHawaiiHawaiiHawaiiHawaiiHawaiiHawaiiHawaii

TokelauTokelauTokelauTokelauTokelauTokelauTokelauTokelauTokelauKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribati

KiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribati

PitcairnPitcairnPitcairnPitcairnPitcairnPitcairnPitcairnPitcairnPitcairn

Johnston AtollJohnston AtollJohnston AtollJohnston AtollJohnston AtollJohnston AtollJohnston AtollJohnston AtollJohnston Atoll

3Setting the SceneSetting the Scene

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DRM Investment into Future

• Disasters are a development issue, affects– Economic costs

• assets and infrastructure• basic service delivery – water, health, education• opportunity costs

– Government’s capacity to meet National Development Goals

– Capacity of households to meet their basic needs – water, food and shelter (poverty and hardship)

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DRM Challenges

• Disaster treated as environmental and or humanitarian issue

• Sectoral and piece-meal approaches• Weak national institutions and governance

structures• Disaster management seen as government/aid

donor responsibility -> reliance on donor support

• Limited national budget allocated for DRR• Perverse incentive to wait for disaster

management support post disaster

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Setting the Scene

• Ongoing and increasing vulnerability of Pacific Island nations and communities to the impacts of disasters.

• Led to increased national and regional commitments to disaster risk reduction and disaster management on an ‘all hazards’ basis in support of sustainable development

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Regional and International Commitments wrt DRM

• Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World (1994) and the InternationalStrategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).

• Forum Economic Ministers and the Forum Leaders acknowledged disaster as a development issue in 2003

• Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015• Regional Framework for Action for DRR and DM 2005 -2015• Pacific Islands Framework of Action on Climate Change (PIFAC)

2006-2015 • Kalibobo Road Map of the Pacific Plan approved by Forum Leaders

in 2005, called for operationalisation of regional frameworks at the national level to assist member countries to develop national capacity for an integrated DRM approach that focuses on – preventative measures to minimise risks,– preparedness in the event of a hazardous event, – effective and timely post disaster response and rehabilitation

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Regional Framework for Action

The Framework has an all hazards approach supporting sustainabledevelopment. All phases of disaster risk management cycle are reflected in the six thematic areas of the Framework:

1) Governance – Organisational, Institutional, Policy and Decision-making Frameworks

2) Knowledge, Information, Public Awareness and Education3) Analysis And Evaluation Of Hazards, Vulnerabilities and

Elements at Risk4) Effective Preparedness, Response And Recovery5) Effective, Integrated And People-focused Early Warning Systems6) Reduction Of Underlying Risk Factors

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• Established in February 2006 to assist PICs implement the Pacific DRM Framework for Action

• ~ thirty regional and international organisations. • committed to assist and support PICs to develop and to implement their

DRM National Action Plans (NAP), which will seek to identify and address national DRM priority needs.

• Main objectives are to:– Provide regional support for the development and implementation of National

Action Plans – Establish and sustain a regional network of partners working in disaster risk

management to improve regional cooperation, coordination and collaboration.– Strengthen the key thematic areas identified in the Pacific Framework for Action – Monitor and evaluate national progress against the targets of these national

action plans.– Reduce duplication of effort and to ensure that assistance is built on the efforts

and experiences of each other

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National Action Plan (NAP)

• National adaptation of the Regional Framework for Action

• Whole-of-country approach to ensure commitment at national, local and community or village level

• Identify DRR and DM priorities• Develop a 3-year implementation programme

– In line with reporting requirements under the KaliboboRoadmap of the Pacific Plan

• Develop an national indicative programme with specific activities and costs

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Example from Vanuatu• Theme: Information, Information System and Knowledge

Management • Strategy: Understand hazards, vulnerabilities, and

communities at risk (hazard-scape) as a basis for disaster risk reduction and disaster management

• Action: Conduct hazard and vulnerability assessments, including assessment of potential impacts of particular scale of disaster event on ‘at risk’ communities, for input to sector planning for disaster risk reduction and disaster management.

• Result: Understanding the extent and scale of community vulnerability to hazards, to inform decisions related to DRR&DM.

• Indicator: Adaptation and risk reduction measures implemented.

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Samoa - Natural Disasters from 1964 - 2005

��

� � � ��

� �� ! � � � � � " � " # � $ $ � � " � % � � � � � � � � � �

�� &' � � � $ � � � � � # � � " � " # � $ $ � � " � % � �

( ! � � � � � ) # # � % � � � � � � � � � �

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��' � � � $ � � ! � � " * � �

* ReportedSource of data: "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster DatabaseUniversité catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium" / Data version: v06.06

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Samoa – Recent Events

Damage USD??power lines on Savai'IExtensive tidal damage coastal areasFaleolo International Airport closed during and after cyclone

TC Olaf (2005)

~ US$30 million (about 12% of GDP)[World Bank, 2004]

trees, crops and coastal infrastructure damagedPower, water, transport and other services disruptedseveral houses destroyedno fatalities

TC Heta (2004)

~ USD 4 million[Yeo, 2001]

~ 5,000 affectedFlood (2001)

Estimated Economic Costs (Reported)ImpactsDisaster Type

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Flood Modelling and Mapping

Flood hydrology• Records of annual maximum flow• >100 years Rainfall intensity data� Model as peak flow (m3/s)Flood modeling • 1-D model – cross sectionsFloodplain mapping• Flood depths and flood hazard map

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Model of the Vaisigano

River transect across the floodplain using RTK GPS

24.00

23.50

23.00 21.50

21.00

20.00

19.50 18.00

17.00

15.00 13.00

12.00 10.00

8.00

7.00

5.00 4.00

3.00 2.00

0.50

Vaisig 3bridges + 4weirs Plan: 3brdge+4weir 03/08/2006 Cross sections

Leone Bridge

Vaisigano Bridge

Leone Bridge

River flow 1D HEC-RAS

Output of model/CS= water depth, velocity

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Flood Depth Maps1 in 20 year 1 in 100 year

5,470,500mN

726,000mE 726,500mE

5,469,000mN

5,469,500mN

5,470,000mN

FaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuFaatoialemanuLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifi

LelataLelataLelataLelataLelataLelataLelataLelataLelata

LeoneLeoneLeoneLeoneLeoneLeoneLeoneLeoneLeoneLeviliLeviliLeviliLeviliLeviliLeviliLeviliLeviliLevili

MalifaMalifaMalifaMalifaMalifaMalifaMalifaMalifaMalifa

MaluafouMaluafouMaluafouMaluafouMaluafouMaluafouMaluafouMaluafouMaluafou

MotootuaMotootuaMotootuaMotootuaMotootuaMotootuaMotootuaMotootuaMotootua

TufuiopaTufuiopaTufuiopaTufuiopaTufuiopaTufuiopaTufuiopaTufuiopaTufuiopa

VaipunaVaipunaVaipunaVaipunaVaipunaVaipunaVaipunaVaipunaVaipuna

VaisiganoVaisiganoVaisiganoVaisiganoVaisiganoVaisiganoVaisiganoVaisiganoVaisigano

Aai o NiueAai o NiueAai o NiueAai o NiueAai o NiueAai o NiueAai o NiueAai o NiueAai o Niue

Matautu UtaMatautu UtaMatautu UtaMatautu UtaMatautu UtaMatautu UtaMatautu UtaMatautu UtaMatautu Uta

Vaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala Tai

5,470,500mN

726,000mE 726,500mE

5,469,000mN

5,469,500mN

5,470,000mN













Depth of Flooding (m)

0 - 0.5

0.5 - 1.0

1.0 - 2.0

> 2.0

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Flood Hazard Maps1 in 20 years 1 in 100 years

5,470,500mN

726,000mE 726,500mE

5,469,000mN

5,469,500mN

5,470,000mN












Vaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala TaiVaiala Tai

5,470,500mN

726,000mE 726,500mE

5,469,000mN

5,469,500mN

5,470,000mN













Degree of Flood Hazard

Low - Caution

Moderate - Dangerous for children

Signif icant - Dangerous for most people

Extreme - Dangerous for all

Vertical MapperCreate TIN:Flood depth (d)Flood velocity (v)

Grid Tools H = d x v

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Assessing Flood Risks

35016341 in 100

34215961 in 50

32915361 in 20

29613821 in 5

24411391 in 2

Buildings @ risk(Pacific Cities)

People @ risk(Census)

Return period

• Estimate impacts to people and infrastructure

• Benefit-Cost Analysis

5,470,500m N

726,000m E 726,500m E

5,469,000m N

5,469,500m N

5,470,000m N

Faatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuFaatoia lem anuLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifiLeifiifi








Vais iganoVais iganoVais iganoVais iganoVais iganoVais iganoVais iganoVais iganoVais igano



Vaia la TaiVaia la TaiVaia la TaiVaia la TaiVaia la TaiVaia la TaiVaia la TaiVaia la TaiVaia la Tai

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Assessing Mitigation Options

• Structural :– Flood walls and

embankments.– By-pass channel.– Upstream flood storage.– Increasing channel

conveyance.– Flood proofing of houses– Improving channel

maintenance.– Pumping.

• Non-Structural– Floodplain zoning &

Development control– Flood forecasting and

warning– Flood insurance– Flood preparedness and

response plans– Public Awareness– Land use change

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Flood proofing of buildings

• design and construction of buildings. • Raised floor levels above a flood with a

specified return period.

1in 50 year flood level (2% chance of occurring in a year)

Raised floor height

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��

44.382.22

8.070.53

Elevated floor heights:

Existing homesNew homes

1.921.72Improved forecasting system

0.090.01Diversion channel

0.640.11Floodwalls

MaximumMinimumFlood measure

E.g. Estimated for every tala invested in constructing homes with raised floor heights, a minimum WST$2.22 and a maximum of WST$44 is avoided in future flood damages

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Wave Impacts of TC Heta2004 at Alofi, Niue

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�Coastal Development Policy

Other activitiesReview of the Niue National Disaster PlanIncluding an operational exercise to testNational, government and village responseplans

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Landslides Solomon Islands 2007Landslides Solomon Islands 2007

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Hazard and vulnerability mappingHazard and vulnerability mapping to support to support Earthquake and Tsunami Earthquake and Tsunami -- Recovery and Rehabilitation effortRecovery and Rehabilitation effort

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Monitoring Coastal Changes

Development planningFeasibility of structural coastal protection,constructing permanent structures near coast

25Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission

Regional DRM Resources Regional DRM Resources

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Resources

• TA for post disaster assessments• TA for hazard mapping/risk assessment• Support of NAP process • GIS, GPS and remote sensing training• High-resolution satellite imagery• Educational resource materials • Pacific Disaster Net

www.pacificdisaster.net• MapServers• Pacific DRM Training

Programme (TAF/OFD)

Documents

Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management in the Pacific...8 Regional Framework for Action The Framework has an all hazards approach supporting sustainable development. All phases