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TTC-0161 SAND-80-23D2
Unlimited Release Pn-ted poundjb -wry 1981
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPEPTIES OF CAST 17-4 PH STAINLESS STEEL
H J Rack Mechanical Metallurgy Division 5835
Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque New Mexico
The physical and mechanical properties of an overaged 17-4 PH stainless steel casting have been examined The tensile and compressive properties of cast 17-4 PH are only Influenced to a slight degree by changing test temperature and strain rate However both the Charpy impact energy and dynamic fracture toughness exhibit a tough-to-brittle transition with decreasing temperaturemdashthis transition being relatcti to a change in fracture mode from ductile dimple to cleavage-like Finally although the overaged 17-4 PH casting had a relatively low room temperature Charpy impact energy when compared to wrought 17-4 Ph its fracture toughness was at least comparable to that of wrought 17-4 PH This observation suggests that prior correlations between Charpy impact energies and fracture toughness as derived from wrought materials must be approached with caution when applied to cast alloys
This work sponsored by the U S Department of Energy under Contract DE-ACO4-76-DP00789 A U S Department of Energy facility
DISCI AIM - I
bull bull -^ - - bdquo bull bull BRTIilEUiiMi CF ThiS DOCUMENT IS UNU^Tti
3 A
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes ~-o acknowledge the assMtan^c i bull r iJovc-
I J Mose and A Sturm in trio mechanical t e s t in Kannirlaquo c-ie~tr
bullbullosco-Y portions of th i s program
CONTENTS
Page INTRODUCTION 7 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 9
Physical Properties 9 Mechanical Behavior 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13 General 13 Physical Properties 17 Mechanical Behavior 2 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 41 REFERENCES 4 2 APPEKDl X A 4 5 PPEKD1X B 47 APPENDIX C 55
5
This Pago Intentionally Loft Blank
6
INTRODUCTION
Prior Ftudirs of 17-4 PH stainless steel (1-11) have generally bullonsidered the mechanical and physical properties of wrought product forms that is rc-lled plate forcings etc There are however many is varices where because of econorr - -considerations 17-4 PH stainless bull LX 1 castings in gnu be an attrac i ve alternative Unf crfjr^telv j u Jc informatirn exi sts on the mechanical and physical properties of J 7-4 pi stainless steel castings This report presents the results of eva 1 uation of such a casting Where availatolc direct compar iscn MJ data obtained from wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel is also i ncluned
Puio ] Top and Side Views of 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Seal Castiiq
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure i shows the 17-4 raquoH stainless steel casting evu uatec in
us study This casting was selected since it is currently being
considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breedpj
irKtor spent f uel sh ipping container As such the sea must operate
it temperatures between 2JJ and 4 7 3K In addition it nist JJO JI - to
w J t hstand appl i ed strin rates approach ng 1 0 sec
hysi_ca I Properties
Phvrs ical proper t nc-su rerents f th 17-4 PU stdinlcsF -ultgtoI
i-t I rg in vol od detcrminations of the 1 nen r uxpans ] on spec bull heat
in LcrrH ] di f fus ivi ty a^ a in rt op o 1 nmpera tine di HO
bull I -u pushrod Ticta d i 1 -ifvvi lt opr at bull- in i r ltbull eripo it n
v rf-nroi was ulaquo=ed oilur lirrat f-Xf-irHion n-isriTcrlaquo in bull
i i-rpri itiM rrgc 28 t -i llMr (12) MCltltSUWPI- bulltwerr 2H f 21 V
v ltbullraquo r- made with a sinnk f iiso-i bull 1 ) ca [-ushroi d i ]- 11 ri-t or m u n n-m
urni in a room temperature environment 1inullv the linear oxptns- gt gtn
ltbullbull I or 2^4 nn in orqth bull 2 rgt4 mn soim i wet gt bull egt i I I Jri t od 1 i -M-
bullbullN1- aL each Lest tempei at ltrr trior tn expansion rc -s roriont -bull
fvociri heit dotoi mi nit on^ ciliec i iv gtbull in life -kiM -
bull ct in scanning Iuurirvicr -laquonnlt ct elt - i bullbull r bull--irr-u or-
rLi CJ j ) t al data acLn s 11 ion sv = Lcn 11 bullltbull he m a 1 d L -s v i l bull
r--SMlts were obtained us rig a cor t er coril rr bull lisor flis di -
-bullbullbull_ UMi-c j Fr-v I r t bull -cv bullbull bullbullbull AI tt t M ~ bull I
I fbdquos s v i ty the thermal conduct t y ^is lt_ -ilcalato- i bullbull
- no re i s t lie dens i ty cor reel ed for changes I n temperature relat ivc
U room temperature (298K)
The dilatometer was calibrated usinn standard fused silica and platinum samples
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes ~-o acknowledge the assMtan^c i bull r iJovc-
I J Mose and A Sturm in trio mechanical t e s t in Kannirlaquo c-ie~tr
bullbullosco-Y portions of th i s program
CONTENTS
Page INTRODUCTION 7 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 9
Physical Properties 9 Mechanical Behavior 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13 General 13 Physical Properties 17 Mechanical Behavior 2 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 41 REFERENCES 4 2 APPEKDl X A 4 5 PPEKD1X B 47 APPENDIX C 55
5
This Pago Intentionally Loft Blank
6
INTRODUCTION
Prior Ftudirs of 17-4 PH stainless steel (1-11) have generally bullonsidered the mechanical and physical properties of wrought product forms that is rc-lled plate forcings etc There are however many is varices where because of econorr - -considerations 17-4 PH stainless bull LX 1 castings in gnu be an attrac i ve alternative Unf crfjr^telv j u Jc informatirn exi sts on the mechanical and physical properties of J 7-4 pi stainless steel castings This report presents the results of eva 1 uation of such a casting Where availatolc direct compar iscn MJ data obtained from wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel is also i ncluned
Puio ] Top and Side Views of 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Seal Castiiq
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure i shows the 17-4 raquoH stainless steel casting evu uatec in
us study This casting was selected since it is currently being
considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breedpj
irKtor spent f uel sh ipping container As such the sea must operate
it temperatures between 2JJ and 4 7 3K In addition it nist JJO JI - to
w J t hstand appl i ed strin rates approach ng 1 0 sec
hysi_ca I Properties
Phvrs ical proper t nc-su rerents f th 17-4 PU stdinlcsF -ultgtoI
i-t I rg in vol od detcrminations of the 1 nen r uxpans ] on spec bull heat
in LcrrH ] di f fus ivi ty a^ a in rt op o 1 nmpera tine di HO
bull I -u pushrod Ticta d i 1 -ifvvi lt opr at bull- in i r ltbull eripo it n
v rf-nroi was ulaquo=ed oilur lirrat f-Xf-irHion n-isriTcrlaquo in bull
i i-rpri itiM rrgc 28 t -i llMr (12) MCltltSUWPI- bulltwerr 2H f 21 V
v ltbullraquo r- made with a sinnk f iiso-i bull 1 ) ca [-ushroi d i ]- 11 ri-t or m u n n-m
urni in a room temperature environment 1inullv the linear oxptns- gt gtn
ltbullbull I or 2^4 nn in orqth bull 2 rgt4 mn soim i wet gt bull egt i I I Jri t od 1 i -M-
bullbullN1- aL each Lest tempei at ltrr trior tn expansion rc -s roriont -bull
fvociri heit dotoi mi nit on^ ciliec i iv gtbull in life -kiM -
bull ct in scanning Iuurirvicr -laquonnlt ct elt - i bullbull r bull--irr-u or-
rLi CJ j ) t al data acLn s 11 ion sv = Lcn 11 bullltbull he m a 1 d L -s v i l bull
r--SMlts were obtained us rig a cor t er coril rr bull lisor flis di -
-bullbullbull_ UMi-c j Fr-v I r t bull -cv bullbull bullbullbull AI tt t M ~ bull I
I fbdquos s v i ty the thermal conduct t y ^is lt_ -ilcalato- i bullbull
- no re i s t lie dens i ty cor reel ed for changes I n temperature relat ivc
U room temperature (298K)
The dilatometer was calibrated usinn standard fused silica and platinum samples
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
CONTENTS
Page INTRODUCTION 7 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 9
Physical Properties 9 Mechanical Behavior 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13 General 13 Physical Properties 17 Mechanical Behavior 2 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 41 REFERENCES 4 2 APPEKDl X A 4 5 PPEKD1X B 47 APPENDIX C 55
5
This Pago Intentionally Loft Blank
6
INTRODUCTION
Prior Ftudirs of 17-4 PH stainless steel (1-11) have generally bullonsidered the mechanical and physical properties of wrought product forms that is rc-lled plate forcings etc There are however many is varices where because of econorr - -considerations 17-4 PH stainless bull LX 1 castings in gnu be an attrac i ve alternative Unf crfjr^telv j u Jc informatirn exi sts on the mechanical and physical properties of J 7-4 pi stainless steel castings This report presents the results of eva 1 uation of such a casting Where availatolc direct compar iscn MJ data obtained from wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel is also i ncluned
Puio ] Top and Side Views of 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Seal Castiiq
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure i shows the 17-4 raquoH stainless steel casting evu uatec in
us study This casting was selected since it is currently being
considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breedpj
irKtor spent f uel sh ipping container As such the sea must operate
it temperatures between 2JJ and 4 7 3K In addition it nist JJO JI - to
w J t hstand appl i ed strin rates approach ng 1 0 sec
hysi_ca I Properties
Phvrs ical proper t nc-su rerents f th 17-4 PU stdinlcsF -ultgtoI
i-t I rg in vol od detcrminations of the 1 nen r uxpans ] on spec bull heat
in LcrrH ] di f fus ivi ty a^ a in rt op o 1 nmpera tine di HO
bull I -u pushrod Ticta d i 1 -ifvvi lt opr at bull- in i r ltbull eripo it n
v rf-nroi was ulaquo=ed oilur lirrat f-Xf-irHion n-isriTcrlaquo in bull
i i-rpri itiM rrgc 28 t -i llMr (12) MCltltSUWPI- bulltwerr 2H f 21 V
v ltbullraquo r- made with a sinnk f iiso-i bull 1 ) ca [-ushroi d i ]- 11 ri-t or m u n n-m
urni in a room temperature environment 1inullv the linear oxptns- gt gtn
ltbullbull I or 2^4 nn in orqth bull 2 rgt4 mn soim i wet gt bull egt i I I Jri t od 1 i -M-
bullbullN1- aL each Lest tempei at ltrr trior tn expansion rc -s roriont -bull
fvociri heit dotoi mi nit on^ ciliec i iv gtbull in life -kiM -
bull ct in scanning Iuurirvicr -laquonnlt ct elt - i bullbull r bull--irr-u or-
rLi CJ j ) t al data acLn s 11 ion sv = Lcn 11 bullltbull he m a 1 d L -s v i l bull
r--SMlts were obtained us rig a cor t er coril rr bull lisor flis di -
-bullbullbull_ UMi-c j Fr-v I r t bull -cv bullbull bullbullbull AI tt t M ~ bull I
I fbdquos s v i ty the thermal conduct t y ^is lt_ -ilcalato- i bullbull
- no re i s t lie dens i ty cor reel ed for changes I n temperature relat ivc
U room temperature (298K)
The dilatometer was calibrated usinn standard fused silica and platinum samples
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
This Pago Intentionally Loft Blank
6
INTRODUCTION
Prior Ftudirs of 17-4 PH stainless steel (1-11) have generally bullonsidered the mechanical and physical properties of wrought product forms that is rc-lled plate forcings etc There are however many is varices where because of econorr - -considerations 17-4 PH stainless bull LX 1 castings in gnu be an attrac i ve alternative Unf crfjr^telv j u Jc informatirn exi sts on the mechanical and physical properties of J 7-4 pi stainless steel castings This report presents the results of eva 1 uation of such a casting Where availatolc direct compar iscn MJ data obtained from wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel is also i ncluned
Puio ] Top and Side Views of 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Seal Castiiq
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure i shows the 17-4 raquoH stainless steel casting evu uatec in
us study This casting was selected since it is currently being
considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breedpj
irKtor spent f uel sh ipping container As such the sea must operate
it temperatures between 2JJ and 4 7 3K In addition it nist JJO JI - to
w J t hstand appl i ed strin rates approach ng 1 0 sec
hysi_ca I Properties
Phvrs ical proper t nc-su rerents f th 17-4 PU stdinlcsF -ultgtoI
i-t I rg in vol od detcrminations of the 1 nen r uxpans ] on spec bull heat
in LcrrH ] di f fus ivi ty a^ a in rt op o 1 nmpera tine di HO
bull I -u pushrod Ticta d i 1 -ifvvi lt opr at bull- in i r ltbull eripo it n
v rf-nroi was ulaquo=ed oilur lirrat f-Xf-irHion n-isriTcrlaquo in bull
i i-rpri itiM rrgc 28 t -i llMr (12) MCltltSUWPI- bulltwerr 2H f 21 V
v ltbullraquo r- made with a sinnk f iiso-i bull 1 ) ca [-ushroi d i ]- 11 ri-t or m u n n-m
urni in a room temperature environment 1inullv the linear oxptns- gt gtn
ltbullbull I or 2^4 nn in orqth bull 2 rgt4 mn soim i wet gt bull egt i I I Jri t od 1 i -M-
bullbullN1- aL each Lest tempei at ltrr trior tn expansion rc -s roriont -bull
fvociri heit dotoi mi nit on^ ciliec i iv gtbull in life -kiM -
bull ct in scanning Iuurirvicr -laquonnlt ct elt - i bullbull r bull--irr-u or-
rLi CJ j ) t al data acLn s 11 ion sv = Lcn 11 bullltbull he m a 1 d L -s v i l bull
r--SMlts were obtained us rig a cor t er coril rr bull lisor flis di -
-bullbullbull_ UMi-c j Fr-v I r t bull -cv bullbull bullbullbull AI tt t M ~ bull I
I fbdquos s v i ty the thermal conduct t y ^is lt_ -ilcalato- i bullbull
- no re i s t lie dens i ty cor reel ed for changes I n temperature relat ivc
U room temperature (298K)
The dilatometer was calibrated usinn standard fused silica and platinum samples
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
INTRODUCTION
Prior Ftudirs of 17-4 PH stainless steel (1-11) have generally bullonsidered the mechanical and physical properties of wrought product forms that is rc-lled plate forcings etc There are however many is varices where because of econorr - -considerations 17-4 PH stainless bull LX 1 castings in gnu be an attrac i ve alternative Unf crfjr^telv j u Jc informatirn exi sts on the mechanical and physical properties of J 7-4 pi stainless steel castings This report presents the results of eva 1 uation of such a casting Where availatolc direct compar iscn MJ data obtained from wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel is also i ncluned
Puio ] Top and Side Views of 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Seal Castiiq
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure i shows the 17-4 raquoH stainless steel casting evu uatec in
us study This casting was selected since it is currently being
considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breedpj
irKtor spent f uel sh ipping container As such the sea must operate
it temperatures between 2JJ and 4 7 3K In addition it nist JJO JI - to
w J t hstand appl i ed strin rates approach ng 1 0 sec
hysi_ca I Properties
Phvrs ical proper t nc-su rerents f th 17-4 PU stdinlcsF -ultgtoI
i-t I rg in vol od detcrminations of the 1 nen r uxpans ] on spec bull heat
in LcrrH ] di f fus ivi ty a^ a in rt op o 1 nmpera tine di HO
bull I -u pushrod Ticta d i 1 -ifvvi lt opr at bull- in i r ltbull eripo it n
v rf-nroi was ulaquo=ed oilur lirrat f-Xf-irHion n-isriTcrlaquo in bull
i i-rpri itiM rrgc 28 t -i llMr (12) MCltltSUWPI- bulltwerr 2H f 21 V
v ltbullraquo r- made with a sinnk f iiso-i bull 1 ) ca [-ushroi d i ]- 11 ri-t or m u n n-m
urni in a room temperature environment 1inullv the linear oxptns- gt gtn
ltbullbull I or 2^4 nn in orqth bull 2 rgt4 mn soim i wet gt bull egt i I I Jri t od 1 i -M-
bullbullN1- aL each Lest tempei at ltrr trior tn expansion rc -s roriont -bull
fvociri heit dotoi mi nit on^ ciliec i iv gtbull in life -kiM -
bull ct in scanning Iuurirvicr -laquonnlt ct elt - i bullbull r bull--irr-u or-
rLi CJ j ) t al data acLn s 11 ion sv = Lcn 11 bullltbull he m a 1 d L -s v i l bull
r--SMlts were obtained us rig a cor t er coril rr bull lisor flis di -
-bullbullbull_ UMi-c j Fr-v I r t bull -cv bullbull bullbullbull AI tt t M ~ bull I
I fbdquos s v i ty the thermal conduct t y ^is lt_ -ilcalato- i bullbull
- no re i s t lie dens i ty cor reel ed for changes I n temperature relat ivc
U room temperature (298K)
The dilatometer was calibrated usinn standard fused silica and platinum samples
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
Puio ] Top and Side Views of 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Seal Castiiq
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure i shows the 17-4 raquoH stainless steel casting evu uatec in
us study This casting was selected since it is currently being
considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breedpj
irKtor spent f uel sh ipping container As such the sea must operate
it temperatures between 2JJ and 4 7 3K In addition it nist JJO JI - to
w J t hstand appl i ed strin rates approach ng 1 0 sec
hysi_ca I Properties
Phvrs ical proper t nc-su rerents f th 17-4 PU stdinlcsF -ultgtoI
i-t I rg in vol od detcrminations of the 1 nen r uxpans ] on spec bull heat
in LcrrH ] di f fus ivi ty a^ a in rt op o 1 nmpera tine di HO
bull I -u pushrod Ticta d i 1 -ifvvi lt opr at bull- in i r ltbull eripo it n
v rf-nroi was ulaquo=ed oilur lirrat f-Xf-irHion n-isriTcrlaquo in bull
i i-rpri itiM rrgc 28 t -i llMr (12) MCltltSUWPI- bulltwerr 2H f 21 V
v ltbullraquo r- made with a sinnk f iiso-i bull 1 ) ca [-ushroi d i ]- 11 ri-t or m u n n-m
urni in a room temperature environment 1inullv the linear oxptns- gt gtn
ltbullbull I or 2^4 nn in orqth bull 2 rgt4 mn soim i wet gt bull egt i I I Jri t od 1 i -M-
bullbullN1- aL each Lest tempei at ltrr trior tn expansion rc -s roriont -bull
fvociri heit dotoi mi nit on^ ciliec i iv gtbull in life -kiM -
bull ct in scanning Iuurirvicr -laquonnlt ct elt - i bullbull r bull--irr-u or-
rLi CJ j ) t al data acLn s 11 ion sv = Lcn 11 bullltbull he m a 1 d L -s v i l bull
r--SMlts were obtained us rig a cor t er coril rr bull lisor flis di -
-bullbullbull_ UMi-c j Fr-v I r t bull -cv bullbull bullbullbull AI tt t M ~ bull I
I fbdquos s v i ty the thermal conduct t y ^is lt_ -ilcalato- i bullbull
- no re i s t lie dens i ty cor reel ed for changes I n temperature relat ivc
U room temperature (298K)
The dilatometer was calibrated usinn standard fused silica and platinum samples
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure i shows the 17-4 raquoH stainless steel casting evu uatec in
us study This casting was selected since it is currently being
considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breedpj
irKtor spent f uel sh ipping container As such the sea must operate
it temperatures between 2JJ and 4 7 3K In addition it nist JJO JI - to
w J t hstand appl i ed strin rates approach ng 1 0 sec
hysi_ca I Properties
Phvrs ical proper t nc-su rerents f th 17-4 PU stdinlcsF -ultgtoI
i-t I rg in vol od detcrminations of the 1 nen r uxpans ] on spec bull heat
in LcrrH ] di f fus ivi ty a^ a in rt op o 1 nmpera tine di HO
bull I -u pushrod Ticta d i 1 -ifvvi lt opr at bull- in i r ltbull eripo it n
v rf-nroi was ulaquo=ed oilur lirrat f-Xf-irHion n-isriTcrlaquo in bull
i i-rpri itiM rrgc 28 t -i llMr (12) MCltltSUWPI- bulltwerr 2H f 21 V
v ltbullraquo r- made with a sinnk f iiso-i bull 1 ) ca [-ushroi d i ]- 11 ri-t or m u n n-m
urni in a room temperature environment 1inullv the linear oxptns- gt gtn
ltbullbull I or 2^4 nn in orqth bull 2 rgt4 mn soim i wet gt bull egt i I I Jri t od 1 i -M-
bullbullN1- aL each Lest tempei at ltrr trior tn expansion rc -s roriont -bull
fvociri heit dotoi mi nit on^ ciliec i iv gtbull in life -kiM -
bull ct in scanning Iuurirvicr -laquonnlt ct elt - i bullbull r bull--irr-u or-
rLi CJ j ) t al data acLn s 11 ion sv = Lcn 11 bullltbull he m a 1 d L -s v i l bull
r--SMlts were obtained us rig a cor t er coril rr bull lisor flis di -
-bullbullbull_ UMi-c j Fr-v I r t bull -cv bullbull bullbullbull AI tt t M ~ bull I
I fbdquos s v i ty the thermal conduct t y ^is lt_ -ilcalato- i bullbull
- no re i s t lie dens i ty cor reel ed for changes I n temperature relat ivc
U room temperature (298K)
The dilatometer was calibrated usinn standard fused silica and platinum samples
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
Vpjvar ca l B e h a v i c
The e l a s t i c - p r o p e r t m s of t he 17-4 P1- s u i i ~s s t t - o --is r ~ v bull r
-DISLII ed ove r t h e t e n p e r a t u r e r ange 2 3 3 t o I -bull 3- J=raquo rc s irrir] r--i J I t r J -
- - - t echn lques 14) These techr i u r p r^ r e bull bull raquo- bull r I T ] l i r e
bull in u l t r a s o n i c wave t o r - ronaqa te t irouqr ltowr sltc ire- l enc t r
-bull -gt rC a s lti fur c pr -f te r r a t r o rve r~ bull i d t r (bull
r i l t r i pn r c vr lrcr tv i e i r igtrr c bull bull t--v
i bull bull -bull rv -1 i r r i r i
s bull iO r o c r 1 k c i t ltbull- bull
bull bull t h lt bull--bull i - L C K i -
bull m i Tr bullbull l e i- c
n r i H o laquo o f I s bull 1 ir
- laquo r - | --s
] | s t r i p s t k
2 so bull r v c i J IM 1 I f f 1 1
Tilt- d r l u n l s a m p l e f o r bull r e -i i ve r n ri bull t k-i -gt I
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
$8gt
070MA ePi
I 1
TENSH-ECOMPRESSIVE AXIS
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
The Charpy i - p a c t s a r p l e s were t e s t e d xr e t h c r t he - notched r
f a t i q u e precrackeC c o n d i t i o n F a t i g u e precr-icV ing u t i J i z e c methods 15
where t h e f i n a l s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g p r e c r a c k i r n K a s a lways
i r - le n t l e s s han one -ha If of t h e riynar cr f r ic t i iL L oughnefi s
- - -bull t he no tched and f a t r c p r ^ c r a c k a d sarin Les were t e s t e d u s i n g
bull r e n t e d -bull r-t m c no bullbull i bull 0 1111 K t ve In-- bull bullbull ijcirv
osr v-a-- lt iil ro f r^1
T
-- 2rii
1K t l-o- i s t bull I [
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
leneral The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel cjstin-i
examined in this study is given in Table 1 Before machining this bull Line had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at -7K rinal aging involvec a four hour exposure at 922K Optica - bull oroscopy indicated that the- casting possessed an igc-d irorvrns- itrigt rfith pound-ferrite stringers r inure 3 High magnification c-xi i on of the i-martensite matrix Figure 1 indicate- that the rt-i-
bullis iii t)ic overaged heat treatment condition that it conliinoii = rthci coarHe dispersion of the primary strengthening phase rpiiraquoT i -1 r- centered cubic u pa i i bull] er )-irt her oa i nat irraquoi bullbull)bull i iJed Lhe presence o I rod-shiiped bull rurip iatis W t r t lt -bullbull r bull n-iqirs X-ray energy dispersive iiiivs ]iii-c ltbull t i bull i bull i bull n bull ]articles uere relatively rich in u whir -omparci to i n iVrritc matrix The appearance of these rod-shncl IU rlaquoi pi bull bulltliin the -lerrite stringers seems to be restricted ti- bull-bull ainlosa steel castings sine their presence has not L bull r bullbull laquo previous studies of wrought 17-4 Pl stainless steel i ] -
Table 1 Chemical Composition of i 7- 4 PH ltaUt
bull boT^^ L- ight Percent Cr 1694 Ni 40 Cu 1 - 0 Mn R j C 00 44 F 0 )2 2
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
Optica] Micrograph o l 1-7-4 Pil Stainless Steel Casting White Areas -Fcrrile Strinqers Darker Matrix Aged i-Ma rtensi to Orir-inal Magnification 100X
Figure 4 Transmission Electron Micrograph of ujed j-Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castin Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates Original Magnification 40000X
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
Figure 5 Transmission Electron Micrograph of e-Ferrito Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Pich Precipitate Original Magnification 52000X
15
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
r u r r i t n gt fi ha ton Lr
-iy D i s p e r s i v e S p e c t r a Fron (a) i t r i x and lb) Rnrj-Shar-od ^r t i cl o
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
bull bullgtbull _ bull bull ] t f l - S I J I
- i I l l r U U n l - bullbull - bull
I H 1 - A
t L i l b t
-bull 1
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
i i n o r I xr j ins i cir o f ) - - bull ii r I-n- S t o n Cast i p--
-T bullbullbull _J_K_ L L n l i t
2 79 - n 1 M
bull bull 0 0 0 0
bull1 bull 1 o i o -1
bull1 bull n I i i rgt(-r 0 3
12 k C i 7 i
127 C 72
gt4 ) 0 40 )
7 7 0 5 4 6
TH 0 5 6 2
bull 3 - 0 S r r
3 7 t l T U
- lt i o f 7
J 2 5 0 0 3
O M 0 8 2 4
212 1 107
IB
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
T-iblp
S p e c i f i c Heat of 17-4 I S t a r l e s s S t e e l Cas
Tempera tu re (Ki Spc-cif ic i icat U s e c qnt 350 0 4750 37 04884 400 0 4073 425 0 054 450 05147 460 05220 475 0 5228 500 0 5 ) 3 0 525 05396 550 054 7 7 575 0 5548 600 056 36 625 0 5 2 6 650 0 5805 675 n sp T
700 0 5978 725 O608O 750 n r H l 775 06534 795 r 6812 800 06i7 r) 825 0 2 4 850 0740J S75 07576 100 07672 925 07 7 3
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
Table 4
3] j-i f f us vity cf 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
T o n o r a t i e 1 r P i f f u s i v i tv 1 err s e c
Tgt 4
e 1 r 004 58
4ftl 0 0452 fgt2 7 0 0457
764 004 20
462 0 0475
1 2 7 0 0548
Table 5
] Crviit-t vi ty of 17-4 PM Stciinlcss Steel Castinn
crppraturc tK) 294 4 61 f27 704
Conductivity (w 0 152 0180 0 199 0 20C 028]
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14C TEMPERATURE (K)
r i I I R M I M H - I H I ]bull - c-n ^ K - - 1 IM St 31 r J i---i tf n i if r t s r m n i ] - 4 Pll ^ i i h i M i ^ s h o u bull-)bull u
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
200 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
S Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function of Temperature Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting Dashed iine an Averaqe Obtained from vrouqht 17-4 Pjl Stainless Steel (211
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
060
20C 400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
rlinr
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
J_ _L 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1000
bull i - i l v O Il-A bull Tompcrai uro
basiled iiro ] -4 PU S t a i n i o s
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
I bull i e s t
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
Table 6
Younq s Modulus and Poi s s o n s Pat i o of 17-4 PM C a s t i n g
T c r ^ c r a t j j r c (Ki Young s Modulus (GPa) i o i s s u n s H a t t c 2 4 8 2 1 1 0 f 2 8 3
29 7 2 0 4 2 0 2 9 1
29 8 2 0 4 1 0 2 9
3 0 2 0 2 8 ( 2 8 h
I l l 1 1 4 6 0 2 9 5
5 0) 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 6
5 8 0 1 8 6 7 0 2 9 6
6 3 2 1 8 6 2 0 2 9 4
6 50 1 8 2 2 0 3Or
6 5 0 1 8 1 9 0 3 0 4
7 2 8 1 7 6 3 C 316
7 4 2 1 7 4 0 0 3 0 7
7 D 8 1 6 7 8 0 309
8 1 7 1 6 4 7 0 1 2 1
8 8 5 1 5 3 3 0 122
1 5 7 1 4 2 3 0 3 3
1 0 ) 1 1 4 0 0 4 J
1 0 6 7 1 2 8 8 0 LIB
1 1 5 1 1 1 B 0 0 359
116 2 1 1 7 3 0 3 6 1
26
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
220
200
O 180 -
- ^ I I I B bull
cf^-v^
- I ^ gt -bull i X -
I I - REF 22-24
-O - THIS INVESTIGATION
bull
bull
I I I I -
400 600 800 TEMPERATURE (K)
1000 1200
Figure II Elastic Properties of Overayed 17-4 PH Stajniess Steel Casting (a) Youngs Modulus (fc) shear Modulus and (c) Poissons Ratio
28
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
90
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TEMPERATURE (K)
Figure 11 (Contd)
29
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
1 1 1 1 1 1
[3 I - REF 25 O - THIS INVESTIGATION
-
-
-o
O y o -
8^ 0
i^___^_^gt-8
i i i gt 1 1 _ 1
200 600 800
TEMPERATURE (K)
1200
ij-qure 1 1 (con t d )
JO
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
TmdashI 1mdashImdashI I I I (21
200
TlmdashTT - mdashlmdashimdashImdashr - 1mdashimdashimdashrmdashr
ULTIMATE TENS ILL STRENGTH I H
02 PCT YIELD STRENGTH
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
O bull 16X 10~ 4 S _ 1
bull bull 12 S 1
l I I I L J _ I I l_J I I I l I I I I I
250 300 350 TEMPERATURE (K)
400 450
Figure 12 Influence oT Test Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile -operties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PM Stainless St 1
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
m
bull 2 i
i2)
RV IK
bull I U J 450
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
1200
1000
800 -
K 600
200 -
200
TT T 1 | 1 T 1 | 1 T | 1 1 1
(2)omdash ^ sect
1 1
1 INITIAL STRAIN RATES
o 13 x 10 4 S _ 1
D 12 S 1
-
i i bull i i i
250 300 350
TEMPERATURE (Kgt
400 450
13 Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Yield Strength of Overoqed Cast 17-4 PH Stainless steel
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
ri ijj-o Jti-J strain rate Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform jt ion decreased with both increasing test terpcrflturc arr st Ths fiTurc further indicates that except at the IOVUF1- st
ID---
1 7 - J 1
bull rgat io - as independent of test temperature and decreased LTOUS r =Lra in rate Fi nal ly f ractogranhic examination showec - rersile failure node was in all cases characterized by the
- trarisnranular dimples with the larger dimples beinq bull_poundbull with v-jrious inclusions and -ferrite Fioure 14 is1- cal ]y tte fracture tougness behavior of low strength bull bull I ] f bullbull s -ins boon examined by consider ing the influence of test bull-bull rn the energy absorbed during imps fracture of a standn - bull -I rh sroci man These investigations hTc- typically sho^n
-ltbull -(eels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition vith decreasing bullbull)bull that is there is a large reduction in absorbed energy elntively small temperature region Figure 15 shows that the -bull cl cneruy of the overaged 17mdash4 PH stainless steel casting
bull bull idogt- study also underwent such an energy related transition -bull gtit- the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy with dec-reasing temperature were less than those normally
bullbullbull(- lower strength alloys (26) If a typical 20 joule absorr-ei bull -i-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to
bull - ~-A P the T_ T transition temperature would have beer bull (bull -jr- ie well above room temperature Finally com-
bull bullgt -h rccr temperature Charny impact ererqy obtained for the ltbullbulllt cast 17-4 P n~ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17--1 bull at hbullbull bull - 37 jcules) suggests that cast 17-4 Pll w 11 two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought
Ithough the dynamic fracture toughness measurementsmdashas shown in 16mdashalso exhih-ed such a tough-tq-brittle transition behavior
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PI Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at
0 a-1 16 16
10 10 bull4 bdquo-l
(a (b) (c) L = 12 s-1 T = 4J3K Original Magnification 400X
233K 423K and
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
fo (2)
gta ^ o (a
o(2)
0 L i i i i I i i i i_l L _l I I _ I I I 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE ( K )
i I i i i
450 500
iqjrlaquo 15 Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in ds- 17-4PH Stainless Steel
36
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
50
a 25 ^JD
200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (K)
f t n m l L S S S t i n
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
the fracture toughness of the overaged 17-4 PH casting even at the lowest test temperature examined was still quite high approximately 60 MPam in addition the room temperature toughness ( -90 MPam J was at least comparable to that observed in wrought overaged 17-tj PH (27) K- - 130 MPam These observations reinforce those of Floreen (28) wherein he concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not applicable to castings that is the latters Charpy impact values are typically quite low even though their fracture toughness properties may be high
Finally fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-cr^cked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions described above could be related to a change in fracture mode At temperatures above 350K failure in both types of samples involved microvoid initiation and growth Figure 17(a) Decreasing the test temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing amounts of cleavage-like failure Figure 17(b)
38
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
bull3ampv NU- ^ 3 1 bullbullbullbullbullbull
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
40
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
= r v e s r i g a t ion has examined trie prys bull c i J bullbull
(-bull= - c in cveraqeci 17-4 Pi s t a i r l e s s s t e e ran i
t rcsv i T o p e r t i C i wnere a v a i l a b l e wi th t L= C-
T i i r l c s i s t e e l The s t u d y has shown th i t - -
TiG i i i ea r e x p a n s i o n b e h a v i o i of c a s t i~-J If LdfnMiv t o t h a t of trie wrought a l l o y
I h- t normal p r o p e r t i e s s p e c i f i c h e a t t hcrr il bull 1 j s t v i tv and the rmal c o n d u c t i v i t y of c i s i --1 VI K taLn los s s t e e l arc- mnre S L I I r v v t T i -rit lie than i bull wrought 17-4 Pll th i t s bull i vir I n i more conpl i cater i fash i en v - bullc- r j f j r e than Jo t h e t h e r m a l p r o p e r t 11 r-Tht 17-4 PH
L c L i t c p r o p e r t i e s Youngs rociul i -lt-bull bull bull I lorn m be h i g h e r in c a s t ~-A bullbull s t r bullbullltbull] tuar bull r t i e wrought a l l o y a l t h o u the -bullbull(-(bulllt isi v i h i r r eas inq t e m p e r a t u r e
i bullbull--sj]t- r bullbull i i r c s s i v i p r o p e l t i e s of bullbull - bull - i-1 r bdquo(bull Sfjru i eqree a f u n c t on of t e s r r bull ( bullbullbullbull jr-i s t r i i n r a t e a l t h o u n h not t o t h e ^in- bullbullbullbull -T5 fgt r lower s t r e n g t h f e r r o u s s t r n l
- bull bullbull 7 - n o t r h impact energy iind t he laquo bull i- r - i j i n n e s s be Mi e x h i b i t e d a i r n r i - i i -
bull bull bull bull iis t i -r bull-bullbull i th - Jcc rcas inq torn totrade r i M I r ans t r n WgtIH r e l n t o d U 1 bull r bull= i bull
bull bull lt bull bull bull bull _ 1 bull bull i r l e bullbull bullbull gtv i -
bullbull bull i-- r i -nr- f( bull- -is -4 i
I i bull -r ic-iil-nosE of LM- bull bull bull - i 1 raquoo re c o n p a r a h l e Th = ^ bullbull bull
i -bull - bull R J T U S I QIS th i t Lharpv ] np-tcl - f rar u 11 ihnops I f r r o l m o n B o b t a i ned for wromht
- t r r rr-t be a p j l i c a b l e t o c a s t i n g
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
REFERENCES
1 K C Antonv Aging Reactions in Precipitation tiardenable Stainless Steel J Metals 15 923 (1963)
2 E Hornbogen and R c Glenn A Metallographic st-jdy c i-rt--it-i tbdquo-tion of Cu from g Fe Trans Met Soc AIMS 218 1064 (1960)
3 E Hornbogen Aging and Plastic Deformation of a re-Q9 d Moy Trans ASM 57 120 (1964)
4 E Hornbogen The Role of Strain Energy During Precini tatioi o Qv and Au from a-Fe Acta Met 10 525 (1962)
5 K c Russell and L M Brown A Dispersion Strengthening Model Based on Differing Elastic Moduli Applied to the Fe-Cu System Acta Met 20 969 (1972)
6 A Youle and B Ralph A Study of the Precipitation of Cc from i-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak Hardness Range of Aging Met 5ci Jn 6 149 (1972)
7 H J Rack and David Kalish The Strength Fracture Toughness a-xi Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Met Trans 5 1595 (1974)
8 G N Goller and N C Clarke Jr Hew Precipi tation-iUraemn-j Stainless Steels Iron Age 165 86 (1950)
9 K J Irvine D T Llewellyn and F B Pickering Controlled-TransformatiQn Stainless Steels J Iron Steel Inst 192 2iS (1959)
10 C s Carter D G Farwick A M Ron and 3 M Ucheda Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Corrosion 27 190 (1971)
11 E A Lauchner The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 Pll and 15-5 PH Stainless Steels J Material 5 129 (1970)
12 Memo J E McCreight to H J Rack November 28 1971 5ii j-t
Thermal Expansion Measurements 23 R E Taylor and H Groot Thermophysical Properties of Alloys
Tpki 19 5 Thermophysical Properties Research Laboratory Purrut - r i versity West Lafayette Indiana August 1979
14 J F Gieske Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli ampf 17-4 PH Staliless Steel and U-2 wt pt M Q from-^Q to 800degC SAK38Q- IKT Tuly 19B0
15 J M Krafft and R A Gray Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure VesscL Sv- lr in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics tn Pressure vassal Technology Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1071 pp 9 3-J02
16 R A Wullaert Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Tgsj Impact Tasting of Metals ASTM STP 466 Am Soc Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA 1970 pp 148-164
42
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
W L- Server and A S Tetelman The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpv Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness Eng Fract Mech 4 367 (1972) V L Server Impact Three-Point Bend Testing for Notched and Precracked Specimens Jn Testing and Evaluation 6_ 29 (1978) V Arp J H Wilson L Winrich and P Sikora Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293K Cryogenics 2_ 230 U962) h F Hoenie and D B Roach New Developments in High-strength Stainless Steels U S Air Force Report DMIC-223 1966 I B Fieldhouse and J I Lang Measurement of Thermal Properties V S Air Force Report KADD-TR-60-904 1961 C L Deel and H Mindlin Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials AFML-TR-72-196 Vol 1 Batteile Ccluirbs Labs September 1972 Anon Armco 17-4 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel 3i and Wire Armco Steel Corp 3-6C LA 10273 January 1974 E G Takacs Armco 17-4 PH Type 410 - Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio Adv Matls Div Armco Steel Corp October l)T( W J Lanning Tursion Properties of 17-4 PII and 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Bars Advanced Matls Div Armco Steel Corp March 1972 J F Knott Mechanics and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Fracshyture in Structural Metals Mat Sci Eng 1_ 1 (1971) [1 J- Rack Unpublished Research Sandia Laboratories Mbviruerltie NM 87185 April 1975 S Floreen The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strergth Steels Jr Eng Mat Tech 99_ 70 (1977)
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
44
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
API TNOIX A 3l Property Sa-ple Configurations
0250plusmn020R 2 PLCS
p 0113 + 0002 10 - 32UNF - 2A
2 PLCS
t I 0020 + 062 i
-000 I
175 + 0030-
J-igure A-I Pub ed Tensile Specimen
r- 0300 plusmn 0002
0900 plusmn OX 10
v]rii j ji Con-prossior Spec
(-bullnmnns in inches
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
U 2 165 plusmn 0 0 2 5 -
1082 plusmn 0025
45 plusmn 1deg
^ - ^ _ 0011 R
0316 0314
Llaquo_-raquoJ 0395 0393
bull 63 ~T 0395
63 j 0393
0009
DETAIL D
Figure A-3 ASTM Standard charpy Impact fjnec-imc-n
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
APPENDIX B
Representative Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for Overaqr-d 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Castirq
Test Temperature (K) strain Rate i )
K-A 233 16 x 10
r-B 233 12
U-C 297 16 x in
is-3 29 7 12
M-E 4 33 16 x 10
Fi-r 433 12
bull 4
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
H
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TEST TEMPERATUHE 233K
i - i 2 s
TRUE STRESS STRAIN
PNG JURiSS-STRAI
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
STRAIN (PCT)
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
I5T rEMPFRATURt 4T3K
nui sRi ss SIHAIN
IMC STfUSS STflAI
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0060 0090 0 100 01 10 0120
- _ r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN 0
TRUE STRESS-STRAW
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
( - 13 K 10 4
0000 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 0080 0090 0100 0110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TRUE STRAIN
- 0 0 0 5 0004 0013 0022 0 0 3 0040 0049 0058 0 0 6 7 007copy 0085 0094 0103 16000
g 6000
_ j _ r r bdquo _ T r r
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
a
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 233K
rr 12 S 1
- 0 00b 0104 0013 0 0 2 0 031 0 0-10 0 04ltJ 0 05B 0 06 OOfR 0 085 0 004 0 103
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TRUE STRAIN
0000 0 020 0040 0060 0080 0100 0120 0140 0 160 0160 16000 1 1 1 I I 1 1
ENG STRESS-STRAW^-mdash
0
^~-~~ TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
^~
-TEST TEMPERATURE 2fiK
( 13 x 10 4 S 1
-
I 1 i I 1 1 i 0000 0020 0040 0060 0080 0100 012D 0140 0160 0 180
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TRUE STRAIN
-0003 0005 00 3 0021 0029 0037 0045 0 053 0 061 0069 007 0065 00B3 16000 | T - bull mdash -i T ] r 1 mdash r i i i~
0
ENG STRESS-STRAtN
TEST TEMPERATURE 297K
( ^ 12 S _ 1
00 -0003 0005 0013 0021 CQ29 0 037 0045 0 053 0 061
ENGINEERING STRAIN
006) 0077 00A5 0 093
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TRUE STRAIN
0090 0 ij0 0 110 01J0 1 rmdash 1 r
m
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
f = 13 x 1 0 4 S 1
OOOC 0010 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070 OOflO 0090 0 100 0 110 0120
ENGINEERING STRAIN
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N
TRUIF STRAIN
ooao o i o o 0120 O M O o i e o o m o 0 2 0 0 0220 0 2 4 0
ENG STRESS-STRAIN
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
TEST TEMPERATURE 433K
12 S -
ra
0000 0020 0 Q 4 0 006Q QOKO 0 100 0 120 n U U 0 160 0 IflO 0 200 0220 i) 240
rNGiNfcEnirjc S T R A I N