DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO 1763: THE AMERICAN COLONIES

What were some of the common characteristics of the natives when Columbus and subsequent Europeans arrived in the Americas? It is very hard to say because pre-Columbian America was such a diverse set of cultures, languages, and tribes. Thus, the political and linguistic differences of natives HURT their ability to unite in opposition to the Europeans.

What was the Columbian Exchange? It was the movement of plants and animals and foods between Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America and South America after 1492, when Columbus discovered the continent.

What was the Great Awakening and its significance? The Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals which occurred in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. The movement led to increased church attendance, the founding of American universities like Brown, and, some scholars think, a decline in respect for traditional authority, specifically England.

What was the Halfway Covenant and its significance?The Halfway Covenant was adopted in 1662 by the Puritans, in response to declining church attendance. It allowed for the baptism of children of baptized, but unconverted Puritans, in an attempt to shore up church membership. It signaled, to a degree, the beginning of Puritan decline.

What was the effect of indentured labor used in the colonial period? Indentured servants had their transportation to the New World paid for, and in return they agreed to work for a period of time (2-7 years) under contract. Indentured servitude enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America.

Why were Harvard and Yale founded?Harvard was the first university founded in America. It was established in 1636 and its stated goal was to train ministers in the Christian religion. Yale and other universities were founded for similar reasons.

Settling the colonies - what was the purpose?New England - religious freedom and Puritan exampleMiddle most were royal charters or proprietorships and thus were to make moneySouthern were royal charters or joint stock companies also to make money

Describe the status of women in the colonial era.Generally they were not equal to men. They lost control of their property, for example, upon marrying. Still, they were probably as free, if not more so, than anywhere else in the western world in the 18th century.

Describe the status of slavery in the American colonies.It existed in ALL thirteen colonies, although it became more important in the south. Slavery did not increase rapidly until after 1650 and on into the 18th century. Before then, colonists primarily relied on indentured servitude to solve labor shortage problems.

What did settlers in Virginia and Massachusetts have in common in the 17th century?To some extent both colonies were supposed to make a profit for the investors, although this was perhaps more true for Virginia than Massachusetts. They also had continuing conflicts with Native Americans, high mortality rates, problems with starvation, and disease.

What was the Puritan idea of the covenant? God/Church and Government/Governed?Puritans believed that there was a covenant between themselves and God. If they obeyed Him and His laws, they would be rewarded and prosper. Similarly, they thought that was a covenant between the governed and their government. The governed had a responsibility to obey the government, while the government had a responsibility to care for its citizens or community.

Why did religious toleration develop in the American colonies?Partly it developed as a result of the Great Awakening, which resulted in the strengthening of several new denominations in the colonies. But, religious toleration also developed because no single group or church could dominate throughout the thirteen colonies.

Describe political theory in the colonies and what did it have to do with the concept of deference and aristocracy, democracy and monarchy?The colonists thought the ideal government was a mixture which contained elements of aristocracy, democracy, and monarchy. They glue that held this all together, they believed, was popular sovereignty, or the idea that the people had the final authority or say in all matters.

What was the major purpose of Englands mercantilist policy towards the colonies?Mercantilism was the economic philosophy that colonies should provide the mother country with raw materials and a market for surplus products. Thus, the purpose of the American colonies was TO INCREASE ENGLANDS PROSPERITY.

What was salutary neglect and what was its impact in the colonies?Salutary neglect was the English policy of winking at colonial smuggling and bribery to acquire needed products from countries other than England. When England cracked down on this after 1763 colonists were angry, upset.

THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA

What were the results of the French and Indian War?The French and Indian War may be the most consequential war in American history. Its results included the following:1. France lost Canada and virtually all her North American holdings. 2. Great Britain incurred high war costs and consequently, more debt.3. Great Britain saw a need to tighten its administrative system in the Empire.4. Great Britain was going to take a greater role in the American colonies and even declared it would reinvigorate its mercantile system.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?The Proclamation of 1763 set a boundary along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains beyond which the English colonists (e.g. Americans) were forbidden to settle. It was an attempt by Parliament to forestall problems with Native-Americans and the colonists. It failed, as the colonists were upset over the prohibition and moved west anyway.

Why was the Stamp Act crisis so important? What was the primary purpose of the Stamp Act?The primary purpose of the Stamp Act was to raise revenues to support the stationing of British troops in North America. Patriot leaders felt the act denied them their British birthrights. The Stamp Act crisis was the first of a series of crises between England and its colonies that eventually led to war.

Define virtual representation and no taxation without representation. Virtual Representation was the idea that Parliament represented all people in the empire, whether or not they had specific representatives was irrelevant.No taxation was the cry of colonists after the Stamp Act that only their colonial assemblies should be able to tax them, since they had no representatives in Parliament.

Describe the violence used in the Boston Tea Party, Shays Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion?Generally, the violence was directed at outsiders, or those who represented the distant authority of England. Later the distant authority, of course, was the new central government under the new Constitution.

Declaration of Independence what it accomplishedIt appealed to the philosophy of natural rightsIt appealed to the sympathies of the English peopleIt contained the phrase all men are created equalIt accused George III of tyranny

Why did the Americans seek foreign help during the War for Independence?Because they were losing the war. Washington endured several losses in and around New York during 1776 and even though he won important battles at Trenton and Princeton, Patriots believed French military and financial assistance was crucial to winning the war. They signed a treaty with France in 1778 which remained in effect until 1800.

What single factor contributed the most to American victory in the War for Independence?Quite simply, the military and financial aid that France provided after the Battle of Saratoga. You could argue that George Washington was perhaps as important to American success, but French aid was most crucial. After what battle did the French decide to recognize the United States and go to war with Britain? SARATOGA!

What battle convinced the British government to commence peace negotiations with the United States?YORKTOWN!

Preamble to the Declaration of Independence whats in it?Governments exist to protect rights of citizensWhen a government is oppressive, then people have the right to revoltThe government is the servant to the people, not the masterGovernments are based on the consent of the people

Where did the founding generation locate sovereignty? How did they divide it when they wrote the U.S. Constitution?

The founding fathers broke new ground when they located sovereignty in the PEOPLE. They divided sovereignty between the Federal government and state government (the term for this is FEDERALISM).

What was the principal reason for drafting the Bill of Rights? In order to get the Constitution ratified James Madison promised various anti-Federalists that he would press for a Bill of Rights in the first Congress. Madison wrote the Bill of Rights to protect rights that were not specified in the Constitution.

How many amendments are included in the Bill of Rights? TEN!

What was the attitude of the Founding Fathers toward political parties?The founding generation thought that parties were vehicles of ambition and selfish interests. They thought that parties threatened the very existence of republican government in the new United States of America.

What were the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions and what was their significance?Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), these resolutions claimed that the authority of state governments included the power to decide whether or not an act of Congress was unconstitutional.

List some of the acts of the First U.S. Congress.To make the new government viable, the U.S. Congress: 1. Organized a federal court system under the Supreme Court.2. Drafted a Bill of Rights and sent them to the states for ratification.3. Passed a tariff for the purposes of raising revenue and protecting infant American industries.4. Established four Departments, Justice, State, Treasury, and War, to assist and advise the president.

Why did Jefferson want to purchase Louisiana from France?Jefferson was concerned about Napoleons ambitions in America. Originally, Jefferson only wanted New Orleans as a port to provide an outlet for western crops. But, when offered all of Louisiana, Jefferson hoped to create or preserve an agricultural society by making abundant lands available to future generations. Hence, Jefferson thought in purchasing Louisiana he was creating an Empire for Liberty on the American continent.

Why did the British continue to hold forts in the U.S. after 1783?This actually became one of the causes of the War of 1812. They continued to hold forts in North America because the United States, after the War for Independence, violated treaty clauses dealing with restoration of Loyalist property.

Why was the election of 1800 another revolution?The election of 1796 was important in that George Washington surrendered power VOLUNTARILY to John Adams. But, they were of similar political persuasions. In the election of 1800, however, there was a PEACEFUL transfer of power from one political party (John Adams and the Federalists) to another (Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans).

What did Jefferson mean when he said We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists in his first inaugural address?Jefferson was probably trying to be generous to his political opponents. He also was asserting that the principles of American self-government were above party politics. It was an attempt at conciliation.

What was George Washingtons neutrality proclamation, when was it issued, and why was it issued?George Washington issued this Neutrality Proclamation in 1793 in response to French diplomatic overtures to invoke the Franco-American Alliance of 1778 due to war between Britain and France.

Which of the following is actually a part of the U.S. Constitution?1. Political Parties2. A Presidential Cabinet3. Direct election of senators4. Electoral College to select the president5. Two-Term presidential limitSee next slide!

Which of the following is actually a part of the U.S. Constitution?1. Political Parties2. A Presidential Cabinet3. Direct election of senators4. Electoral College to select the president5. Two-Term presidential limit

What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison, Gibbons v. Ogden, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Dartmouth College v. Woodward? Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court can review Congressional enactments (e.g. JUDICIAL REVIEW)Gibbons v. Ogden Only Congress, not the states, may regulate interstate commerce. McCulloch v. Maryland A state may not tax a federal institution.Dartmouth v. Woodward Contracts are sacred.All these decisions ENHANCED the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. They were made by John Marshall, who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years and a staunch nationalist in a Jeffersonian era.

Describe Alexander Hamiltons financial program and the opposition it engendered.HAMILTONS PROGRAM:1. Fund the national debt at par.2. Excise Tax on Whiskey, or distilled liquor.3. Establish a Bank of the United States (B.U.S.)4. Federal Government will assume the debts of the states.All of this was very controversial and led to the establishment of the first political parties in America, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

What was the greatest achievement of the Articles of Confederation? Historians think the greatest achievement of the Articles of Confederation was to provide for the orderly settlement of the western territories. This was done through two laws, the Land Ordinance of 1785, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

What were the opponents of the ratification of the Constitution called? 1. Federalists2. Anti-Federalists3. Which is it?4. Anti-Federalists!

Explain the rise and development of political parties in the new nation Political parties developed in response to Alexander Hamiltons financial program. Differing ideologies and viewpoints accented by disagreements over the establishment of a national bank, the payment of the foreign, national, and state debts, foreign policies, and the Alien and Sedition Acts, all led to the rise of political parties in the 1790s.

Define loose v. strict interpretation of the Constitution.Strict Interpretation Proposed by Jefferson. If the Constitution does not allow it, then it is prohibited by the federal government and the power reverts to the states (see 10th Amendment). Loose Interpretation Proposed by Hamilton. If the Constitution does not forbid it, it is allowed (see elastic clause).These interpretations arose over Hamiltons proposal to create a Bank of the United States. Letters written by Hamilton and Jefferson to Washington outlined the above views.

Which of the following is NOT true about George Washington?1. He was General of the Continental Army during the War for Independence.2. He was president of the Constitutional Convention.3. He was a Federalist and a supporter of Hamiltons financial program4. Silly Goose! All of the above are true!

Which of the following is NOT true about Thomas Jefferson?1. He was the architect and founder of the University of Virginia.2. He was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence.3. He authorized the purchase of Louisiana in 1803.4. Silly Goose! All of the above are true!

THE AGE OF NATIONALISM AND JACKSON

How did the election of James Monroe reflect nationalist sentiment/felling in America?Monroe ran as a Democratic Republican, which was the only political party in existence after the War of 1812. Federalists, remember, were viewed as disloyal and no longer existed.

Who was Nathaniel Hawthorne and what themes did he address in his work?He studied Puritanism because one of his 17th century ancestors played a role in the Salem Witch Trials. In The Scarlet Letter he satirized Puritanism through his tale of Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth, and Hester Prynne.

Most immigrants to the U.S. came from where? When did the largest immigration occur?Germany and Ireland1840s and 1850s

Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson and what themes did he address in his work?Ralph Waldo Emerson was a transcendentalist essayist from Concord, Massachusetts. He stressed themes of individual inspiration, self-reliance, the importance of dissent, and non-conformity, among others.

What led to the War of 1812? What was the principal issue of disagreement between the U.S. and Great Britain that led to the war? What was the Hartford Convention and why was it significant?1. The major issue between Britain and the U.S. was over impressment and/or freedom of the seas and the rights of neutral nations. In his war address to Congress, Madison mentioned these, along with the blockading of American ports by British ships. 2. The Hartford Convention was seen as disloyal and it contributed to the demise of the Federalist Party after the War.

Why was the Erie Canal important?

The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River and, therefore, New York City. It helped make New York City the preeminent city in the U.S. and it strengthened ties between the eastern manufacturing region of the country and western agricultural interests. It was, therefore, of NATIONAL importance.

What were Eli Whitneys two major contributions to American technology?1. Cotton Gin which led to the Cotton Empire of the Southwest and southern dependence on slavery. 2. Interchangeable parts, which contributed, in part, to the industrialization of the North prior to, and after, the Civil War.

Describe the Lowell System.

The Lowell System (so named after the city of Lowell, Mass. in which it was first attempted) involved a plan to promote and expand textile and manufacturing activities in New England in a humane way that was consistent with republicanism. The majority of workers in the Lowell System were YOUNG UNMARRIED WOMEN from rural New England.

Describe Cherokee efforts to retain their tribal lands. Who supported them? Who opposed them?The Cherokee Indians lived in the Southwest (e.g. Georgia) and their was increasing desire for the lands as the cotton kingdom spread westward and gold was discovered. They received support from the U.S. Supreme Court and John Marshall.

What was Henry Clays American System?Henry Clays American System was an attempt to knit the country together economically so that America would be more self sufficient (not so dependent on England). Clays System included several ideas:1. A tariff for the protection of industry.2. Internal improvements (e.g. canals, roads, bridges) at FEDERAL EXPENSE.3. Establishment of a Bank of the U.S. (B.U.S.)4. This would lead to increased trade among the various sections of the United States.

Describe the relationship of Andrew Jackson and banks.Jackson detested the NATIONAL BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. He saw it as a bastion of wealth and privilege and thought it needed to be destroyed to save democracy. He did this in the Bank War of 1832-33. He eventually removed federal deposits from the BUS and distributed them to state or pet banks.

What major issues/ideas did Andrew Jackson support while president of the U.S.? 1. Spoils system or rotation in office.2. Majority rule.3. Destruction of the Bank of the U.S. He viewed the Bank as a bastion of privilege and elitism in opposition to democracy.4. Removal of federal deposits from the BUS and placed in pet banks.5. Indian Removal to SAVE the Cherokees. 6. He thought political parties were expressions of the popular will. So, he viewed parties much differently than the founding generation. 7. Union was more important than states rights (e.g. nullification crisis).

List the major provisions or facets of the Monroe Doctrine. Why was it significant?1. It was written by John Quincy Adams, Monroes Secretary of State.2. It stressed that the Western Hemisphere had essentially different and incompatible political systems (Democracy v. Monarchy) and was, therefore, no longer open to colonization by European nations.3. It was largely ignored at the time, but, like the Declaration of Independence, it assumed greater importance as the century progressed.

What was the Tariff of Abominations and what did it lead to?The Tariff was deemed unacceptable by Southerners and led to John C. Calhouns Exposition and Protest, which argued that states could NULLIFY federal law. Hence the Nullification Crisis in 1832 and 1833 when South Carolina threatened secession but found itself with no allies.

What were the major concerns of the educational reformers like Horace Mann?EDUCATIONAL REFORMERS AND THEIR GOALS INCLUDED:1. Compulsory school-attendance laws.2. Use state and local tax money $ to finance public education.3. A standardized school year.4. Teacher training schools.*You can see the influence of these reformers in todays schools.

Who was Samuel Slater and why was he significant?In essence, Slater was the founder of the industrial revolution in America. He brought plans back from England (in his brain) and founded the first factory here.

Pre-Civil War, Civil War, and Reconstruction Era

How did the South pay for the Civil War?Primarily the South paid for the Civil War by printing paper currency. They printed too much and consequently the money was virtually worthless by the end of the conflict.

Why did the North go to war in 1861?The North went to war in 1861, after Fort Sumter, in order to preserve the Union. Lincoln was not going to make ending slavery a war goal yet since he thought slavery was protected by the Constitution and the Border States of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri might join the Confederacy if he did so.

Define popular sovereignty.

Popular sovereignty was first introduced in the 1840s and popularized by Stephen Douglas from Illinois in the 1850s. It was the idea that settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there. Opposed by Free-Soilers, Lincoln, and the Republicans. A failure in Kansas in the 1850s. Bleeding Kansas.

What was the biggest threat to the Union in 1861-1863?The biggest threat to the Union between 1861 and 1863 was possible British recognition (French recognition would have followed) of the Confederacy. The British, for example, could have broken the Union blockade of the South and Lincoln wanted to avoid British recognition of the Confederacy at all costs.

Why did the Reconstruction era end in 1877?Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the contested presidential election of 1876, which led to the Compromise of 1877. In return for pulling all Union troops out of the South, Republicans gained the presidency and gave the South $ for RR and improvement to levees along their rivers.

Describe the social networks of slaves and slavery in the South.Despite forced separation from their families and friends, slaves maintained social networks throughout the South. These networks were especially helpful when slaves escaped from their masters.

How was the North different than the South in the 1850s?In short, the North had a better developed transportation system (Canals, RR), a better educated population, more industry, more people, more immigrants especially from Germany and Ireland and more cities.

What were the Black Codes? Who designed them and why?The Black Codes were written and passed by Southern legislatures in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War. They regulated the lives of the freedmen and were designed to place limits on the social and economic opportunities open to African-Americans.

What were the Reconstruction amendments?13th Amendment Abolished Slavery14th Amendment Gave African-Americans citizenship and was, in a sense, an equal rights amendment.15th Amendment Gave the freedmen (males only) the right to vote. The South accepted the 13th Amendment as a result of the war, but fought tooth and nail against the 14th and 15th Amendments.

Why did the slave labor force in the south increase between 1810 and 1860 when the slave trade had been abolished in 1808?NATURAL REPRODUCTION. As a result, Upper Southern states provided Lower Southern states with thousands of slaves between 1808 and the Civil War. It was a thriving and profitable business.

Who called for immediate and uncompensated emancipation of the slaves?

Abolitionists. William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, Wendell Phillips, and others called for an immediate end to slavery in the nineteenth-century with no compensation for slave owners. They were a despised minority.

Define/describe the Dred Scott decision.The Dred Scott decision was handed down by Chief Justice Roger Taney in 1857. He and president James Buchanan thought it would solve the growing problem of slavery in the territories. Taney ruled that blacks were NOT citizens of the United States, they had no rights which the white man is bound to respect, and it declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. This meant slavery could no spread into any American territory. It galvanized the Republican party and is considered by many scholars one of the worst decisions in the history of the Supreme Court.

What was the impact of the Civil War on the economy of the United States?1. Pacific Railway Act 1862 allowed for the building of a transcontinental railroad.2. Created a more uniform and central banking system.3. Southern economy was destroyed as cotton exports to England were disrupted, infrastructure was ruined, and runaway inflation occurred.

Describe relations between Texas and Mexico before 1850.

The Mexican government encouraged American settlement in the 1820s and early 1830s, then changed policy and forbade further immigration. The Texas Revolution was never seen as legitimate by Mexico and the Lone Star Republic/State was not conceded to be independent until after the Mexican War.

What was the primary objective of the Know-Nothing party?

The Know-Nothing movement was quite popular in the 1850s and mainly favored restriction of the rights of immigrants in the United States. They were also called the American Party and many gravitated in the late 1850s to the Republicans.

Who or what groups would have opposed Manifest Destiny?

Remember, Manifest Destiny was the belief of Americans in the nineteenth century that the United States was destined, by God, to spread its ideals and institutions from coast to coast. Thus, the Whigs, in opposition to the Mexican War, were the group MOST LIKELY to oppose this concept. Why? Because they thought the Mexican War was launched by Polk as an attempt to spread slavery in the United States and that, they did not favor.

What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation?

The immediate effect of the Proclamation was to free the slaves in the areas of the country that were in rebellion. It strengthened the moral cause of the Union and hurt the Confederacy. Chaos is perhaps an accurate description of the effect of the Proclamation in the Confederacy.

What was the status of free blacks in the South?

Not very good, obviously. In a number of ways, they endured discrimination (e.g. not being able to vote). But, despite these obstacles, many free blacks in the South did acquire some property and were the nucleus of the leadership that emerged after the Civil War during the Reconstruction era.

List the provisions of the Compromise of 1850? What was the most controversial provision?

POP FACTPOPular Sovereignty for New Mexico and Utah.Fugitive Slave Law that was stronger and called for more federal involvement in the capture of fugitive slaves.Abolition of the Slave trade in Washington, D.C.California enters the Union as a free state.Texas loses territory but gains $ 10 million dollars to pay off its debt in return.What was most controversial?The New Fugitive Slave Law (e.g Anthony Burns, Uncle Toms Cabin)

Why and when did the American Anti-Slavery society split?The American Anti-Slavery Society split into factions in 1840 mostly because William Lloyd Garrisons advocacy of womens rights and pacifism alienated some members.

Frederick Douglass and the Fourth of July. What did he think of it?What, to the American slave, is your fourth of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity. The speech continues in this mode for awhile. Look for it on the test.

Railroads/subsidies

In 1850 the federal government owned 1.4 billion acres of land in the west. Due to the Pacific Railway Act of 1862, passed during the Civil War, the RR received over 223 million acres in land grants over the next thirty years to encourage the building of RR across the U.S. The federal government paid subsidies to the RR companies based on the terrain the RR crossed. $ 16.00 for each mile of track laid across flat terrain, $ 48.00 per mile over mountainous terrain. This is more or less how the West was settled and tamed.

What did the elections of 1848, 1852, and 1856 have in common?In all three of these elections third parties advocating the end of slavery won electoral votes. These parties included the Free-Soilers in 1848 and 1852, and the newly-formed Republican party in 1856.

Describe the attitude of abolitionists toward the political process.Since abolitionists were more or less a despised minority in the United States between 1830 and 1860, they found political action ineffectual. They relied, therefore, on moral persuasion, to advance the idea that slavery should be abolished immediately.

What most influenced the development of antebellum southern culture and economy?

Easy. The development of the peculiar institution of slavery in the South.

Who was Nat Turner and why was he significant?Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831 in which nearly 60 whites were killed. It was the only slave rebellion which ended in white deaths and it actually worsened lives for slaves afterward. Their freedoms were restricted and pro-emancipation sentiment in the South was more or less dead.

Who was exempted from conscription during the Civil War?North People who could afford a substitute. Cost: $ 300.

South A planter that owned more than twenty slaves.

Was it a rich mans war, and poor mans fight? Many thought so!

In what ways was the Civil War a new and second American Revolution?1. Resulted in the end of slavery.2. States Rights weakened, federal power enhanced.3. Creation of a national banking system.4. Promotion of large-scale businesses or corporations (see slide on RR subsidies)5. Power shift from South to North as a result of the war.

What was distinctive about Lincolns plan for Reconstruction?Lincolns plan was a wartime plan and emphasized trying to get southern states back into the Union as quickly as possible, thereby harming the Confederacy. As soon as a southern state abolished slavery and 10 % of its voters in 1860 took an oath of loyalty to the Union, he agreed he would let that state back into the Union.

List the accomplishments of Radical Reconstruction.1. Setting up in the South of state system of public education.2. Rewriting state constitutions, introducing universal male suffrage.3. Repairing some of the damage done during the Civil War (e.g. $ for RR and roads and levees).4. Hospitals and asylums5. Amendments 13, 14, 15.* It was an attempt at interracial democracy. They United States was the only slaveholding country that attempted this.

Do you know the Reconstruction Amendments?13th Abolished Slavery

14th Gave the freedmen citizenship, except for voting rights. Forbade states to deny any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

15th Gave the freedmen the right to vote. Or, no state could deny any one the vote based on race, or previous condition of servitude.

What was the significance of the Freedmens Bureau?It gave medical and legal and educational assistance to the newly freed slaves. It was formally called the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and abandoned lands.

What were the Black Codes?The Black Codes were designed by Southern legislatures immediately after the Civil War to set blacks aside as a separate caste from whites and subject to certain restrictions on their freedom. Very unpopular in the north.

What best describes the role of blacks in the Reconstruction process?They bravely, in the face of violent opposition, took part in the political process for the first time. Over six hundred blacks served in southern state legislatures during reconstruction, though nowhere did they form a majority.

Why did Johnson get impeached?Trigger Event He violated the Tenure of Office Act.

Background Cause He was obstructing Congressional Reconstruction.

Describe the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant.Ulysses S. Grant brought very little political experience or judgment with him to the presidency. He was elected in 1868 with the help of black votes and attempted, despite the resistance of white southerners, to enforce reconstruction legislation. His presidency was marred by corruption and scandal.

Miscellaneous Questions/Topics

What territories did the U.S. between 1783-1853 acquire?

Oregon TerritoryLouisiana TerritoryMexican Cession TerritoryFlorida Territory

What characterized relations between whites and Native Americans? Familiarize yourself with the major military conflicts between these two groups (e.g. the Pequot War, King Philips War, French/Indian War).Mass removals of tribes from one region of the country to another.Occasional political and military alliances between whites and Native Americans (e.g. Rev. War)Widespread efforts to Christianize the Indians.

Who were King Philip, Joseph Brant and Tecumseh? Do they have anything in common?They were all Indian leaders who fought the Americans in battles at one time or another in American history.

Which wars in the U.S. cost the most in terms of casualties? The least?MOST Civil War (that should have been easy)

LEAST War of 1812.

Which presidents served a full two terms in office?George WashingtonThomas JeffersonJames MadisonJames MonroeAndrew JacksonUlysses S. GrantThe others either died in office or were so unpopular, tired, or inept that they did not run again.

Name prominent American politicians for whom the word union would have been a primary concern? For which Americans would it not have been that important?All Americans prior to the Civil War would have thought Union most important. Perhaps not the Federalists at the Hartford Convention, or John C. Calhoun.Obviously, the secessionists in 1860-61 were NOT unionists.

Liberty, Union, Constitution, Equality. What did Americans think of these words prior to the Civil War?Americans would have spoken with great reverence for the first three, not so much for equality. Perhaps the Jacksonians would be an exception to this.

What were some of the major reform movements in America in the nineteenth century? What were some of the major issues of political debate prior to the Civil War?Abolitionism and slaveryWomens rightsEducationInsane AsylumsBuilding of Canals, Roads, and BridgesPerfectionism/Religious Reform

Chronology: Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Uncle Toms Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act

1820 Missouri Compromise1850 Compromise of 18501852 Uncle Toms Cabin1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act (which destroyed the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850)

Chronology: Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, California1803 Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson)1819 Florida (JQA)1846 Oregon (James K. Polk)1850 California (Millard Fillmore)

Chronology: Northwest Ordinance, Constitutional Convention, Jay Treaty, Louisiana Purchase1787 Northwest Ordinance1787 Constitutional Convention1795 Jays Treaty1803 Louisiana Purchase

Chronology: Missouri Compromise, Fugitive Slave Law, Gadsden Purchase, Morrill-Land Grant Act1820 Missouri Compromise1850 New Fugitive Slave Law as part of the Compromise 18501853 Gadsden Purchase1862 Morrill-Land Grant Act (led to creation of Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges in the West)

Chronology: Cotton Gin, Erie Canal, California Gold Rush, Transcontinental Railroad1793 Cotton gin (Eli Whitney)1825 Erie Canal1848 California Gold Rush1869 Transcontinental RR completed. Begun in 1862 under the Pacific Railway Act. Construction delayed during the Civil War.

Chronology: When did the Civil War occur?1861-1865

Chronology: When was the Declaration of Independence written?1776

Chronology: When was the Constitution written?1787

Chronology: When did Radical Reconstruction finally end in the South?1877 with the Compromise of 1877.

Chronology: Federalists, Democrats, Whigs, Know-Nothings1790s Federalists and Democrats arose in response to Hamiltons financial plan.1830s Whigs arose in opposition to Andrew Jackson1850s Know-Nothings arose in response to large-scale immigration from Germany and Ireland.

Who were Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield and Joseph Smith? What did they have in common?All were religious leaders. Edwards and Whitefield were leaders of the First Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s and Smith was the founder of Mormonism in the nineteenth century.

Who were Thomas Paine, William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Beecher Stowe? What did they have in common?

Thomas Paine Common Sense (called for Independence)William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator (abolitionist paper)Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Toms Cabin (anti Fugitive Slave Law)So, they all published very controversial works.

What did Alexander Hamilton, Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle have in common?All of them favored a national bank of the United States. Hamilton proposed it, Clay wanted it as part of his American System, and Biddle was President of the Bank when Jackson killed it.

What did Winfield Scott, David Farragut and Henry Knox have in common?All of them were military heroes.Knox Revolutionary War. Dragged cannnon back to Boston from Fort Ticonderoga.Scott Mexican War. Entered Mexico City in 1847.Farragut Civil War. Won New Orleans and later Mobile Bay.

Who was Francis Scott Key and why was he significant?Author of the Star-Spangled Banner which later became the National Anthem. This reflected the nationalism that developed after the War of 1812.

When did the three major economic panics prior to the Civil War occur?1819 Caused Moses Austin to lose everything and seek to regain his fortune in Texas.1837 Destroyed Van Burens presidency.1857 Southerners thought it demonstrated the superiority of their economic system since their region was not hurt as badly as the North.

What did Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, Nat Turner and Denmark Vesey have in common?Simple. They were ALL anti-slavery and vigorously so.

What did the Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance 1787 and the Homestead Act 1862 have in common?Simple. They all involved the distribution of LAND in the WEST.

What did Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay have in common?They were all

SECRETARY OF STATE!

What did John Tyler, Millard Fillmore and Andrew Johnson have in common?They were all vice-presidents

WHO BECAME PRESIDENT BECAUSE THE PRESIDENT DIED WHILE IN OFFICE (e.g. Harrison, Taylor, and Lincoln).

Name the treaties the U.S. signed before 1850, which resulted in territorial gains for America?Focus on three:Treaty of Paris 1783 Ended the War for Independence and gained U.S. land all the way to the Mississippi.1819 Adams-Onis Treaty gained the U.S. Florida1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gained the U.S. the Mexican Cession, which included California, NM, Utah.

Which president exercised the most power while in office? The least? MOST Abraham Lincoln. Can you think of an example?

Suspension of Habeaus Corpus; Freeing some of the slaves

LEAST Andrew Johnson. Why?

Johnson was impeached!

CHRONOLOGY

Jamestown, Constitutional Convention, Jay Treaty, Louisiana Purchase. Correct Order?1607 Jamestown

1787 Constitutional Convention

1795 Jays Treaty

1803 Louisiana Purchase

Missouri Compromise, Fugitive Slave Law, Lincolns Election, Morrill-Land Grand Act. Correct Order?1820 Missouri Compromise

1850 New Fugitive Slave Law

1860 Lincolns Election

1862 Morrill-Land Grant Act

Battle of Saratoga, Battle of New Orleans, Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Antietam. Correct Order?Revolutionary War 1777 Saratoga; 1781 Yorktown

War of 1812 1815 Battle of New Orleans (after the War was over)

Civil War 1862 Battle of Antietam

Famous RebellionsBacons Rebellion 1676Pontiacs Rebellion 1763Shays Rebellion 1786Whiskey Rebellion 1794Turners Rebellion 1831

Proclamation of 1763Sugar Act of 1764Quartering Act 1765Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act Congress of 1765Townshend Act of 1767Boston Massacre of 1770Boston Tea Party of 1773Intolerable Acts of 1774Quebec Act of 1774

1st Continental Congress1774Lexington and Concord 17752nd Continental Congress 1775Olive Branch PetitionBunker Hill 1775Declaration of Independence 1776

Review the Amendments summary page on the website any amendment we have covered this semester is potentially an exam question.

Have a great Break from :Ms. Foreman andCoach Herbst!

We appreciate all of your hard work thus far.