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DISCRIMINATION
denying opportunities or rights because of prejudice (stemming from
racism, sexism, homophobia, etc.)
How much discrimination
actually occurs?
What story do you tell yourself about these numbers?
White - 8.7 percentBlack - 14.7 percentHispanic - 12.2 percentAsian - 8.4 percentNative Amer. -
highest
Unemployment RateJune 2009
Researchers sent out 5,000 resumes that were identical except for the name.
Group One
• Marianne• Brett• Greg• Jill• Anne• Emily• Amanda• Neil
Group Two
• Tamika• Ebony• Aisha• Rasheed• Kareem• Julio• Malika• Sharnise
First Study
Those resumes with white sounding names elicited 50 percent more responses than resumes with black/brown sounding names:
1:10 vs. 1:15
What response would people receive who are named Ahmed, Ali, Reza, Abdullah, Maryam, or Nura?
“The Mark of a Criminal Record”
Issue:– Over 2 million people are currently incarcerated in U.S.– 95% of all inmates are eventually released– Over 12 million ex-felons live in the U.S.
• Roughly 8% of the working-age population
Research QuestionWhat are the employment outcomes of black
and white men when they have a criminal record?
Second Study
“The Mark of a Criminal Record”
Methodology– matched pairs of individuals (“testers”) applied for real
jobs – test whether employers respond differently to applicants
on the basis of race and criminal record
Four Testers: two black - two white– 23 years old– matched exactly on appearance, style of presentation, and
personal background
“The Mark of a Criminal Record”
The white and black men took turns claiming to have a criminal record– Felony drug charge (possession with intent to distribute
cocaine)– 18 months in prison
Out of 350 job possibilities, which group (white or black) received the most call backs?
“The Mark of a Criminal”Percent Receiving Callbacks
In a replicated study using the same controls, Hispanics
received less favorable treatment than whites 20 percent of the time.
Mortgage Discrimination-2005
Tester studies regularly reveal that blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans routinely receive:
- Less loan product information from banks- Less time with bank loan officers- Higher interest rate quotes
Mortgage Discrimination-2005
THEY ALSO REVEAL THAT:• Blacks were twice as likely as whites to be
denied a 30 year loan• Latinos were 1.5 times as likely as whites to be
denied a 30 year loan• Blacks, Latinos and Asians routinely pay higher
mortgage rates than whites with equal income, status, wealth, education, etc.
60-80% of the black/brown housing testers faced discrimination when they go to a landlord or an apartment manager looking for rental housing compared to the white-paired partner. - According to research by Joe Feagin - 2004
Percentage of Americans holding strong anti-Jewish attitudes.
• 1966: 33% of Americans felt that Jews had “too much power”
• 2010: 12% of Americans felt that Jews had “too much power”
Home Ownership and Race
• White – 75.8%• Black – 48.2• Asian/PI – 60.1• Hispanic – 49.5• American Indian – 58.2• Other – 59.2
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau (2005)
Latent Discrimination and Prejudice
“Latent Prejudice” occurs when:
people endorse egalitarian values and consider themselves non-prejudiced
but…
1. harbor unconscious negative feelingsabout other groups
2. discriminate in subtle ways that people don’t even see or can easily rationalize away
This is the first layer of “latent prejudice”
You send out an email in which you refer to a given black man as a “banana-eating jungle monkey”…it’s pretty certain that you cannot say (with a straight face): "I have so many friends of every type of culture and race you can name. I am not a racist.”
“But I am a banana eating jungle
monkey”
– Officer Justin Barrett, Boston City Police Department, who referred to Henry Louis Gates in this way in a mass email
However, few people ever have to justify latent
prejudice because they never see it.
If my partner and I could not have children and we were going to adopt, I would be willing to adopt a child with racial ancestry other than my own (or
that of my partner).
• Strongly Agree• Agree• Neutral• Disagree• Strongly Disagree
If my partner and I could not have children and we were going to use the sperm or the egg of another person, I
would be willing to use the sperm or egg of a person with racial ancestry other than my own (or that of my partner).
• Strongly Agree• Agree• Neutral• Disagree• Strongly Disagree
How could you consider yourself to be free of racism and still NOT
answer “strongly agree” to either of these statements?
Next to whom are they most likely to sit?
a. White womanb. Black womanc. Asian womand. Muslim woman
How could we ever control for the many things that are going through the minds of people as they do this
exercise?
Will white people offer assistance to people of color as readily as they assist other white people – and vice versa?
• White subjects thought themselves to be bystanders or witnesses an emergency
• The victims were either black/brown or white• As solo bystanders, the race of victim did not matter• But what happened when there were other
bystanders present? • They all asked themselves the following questions:– Will they help or should I? If they don’t help,
does that mean it’s not really an emergency? If they all help, perhaps I don’t have to?
ANSWER: They helped victims of color half as often as they helped white victims.
Does this mean they’re racist?
QUESTION: How about the helping behavior of People of Color?
They helped white victims almost as often as they helped victims of color.
Learning from the Findings
1. Helping behavior increases when the victim is most like us or when we relate to the victim in some way
2. It also increases when we expect to see the victim again
3. People who are most likely to help others of different groups are people who have had greater contact with those groups- they saw “victims” as being like them
Who do you feel is more “comfortable in their body”?
a.My sisterb.My brotherc. They’re equally comfortable
Muslims in the U.S.
Is the glass half full or half empty?
Is the glass half full or half empty?
What do you take from this video?
this is what we’re
arguing about.
How will their lives be affected by the backgrounds of their friends?
How about these kids?
Or these?
Residents of the White House
“Latent Prejudice” occurs when:
people endorse egalitarian values and consider themselves non-prejudiced
but…
1. harbor unconscious negative feelingsabout other groups
2. discriminate in subtle ways that people don’t even see or can easily rationalize away
What is the education of your parents?
a. Both are high school graduates (or less)b. One or both went to college but never
graduatedc. One has graduated from a 4-year colleged. Both have graduated from a 4-year collegee. At least one has earned more than a 4-year
college degree
What about poor white people?
Of the 43.6 million people living below the poverty line in the U.S. in 2010, what
percentage are white?
a. 12 percentb. 20 percentc. 34 percentd. 47 percente. 58 percent
Poverty in the U.S. (2010)
White = 20.5 million
People of Color = 22.8 million
** In 2000, white people outnumbered people of color in terms of total poverty
Discussion QuestionsFor Students of Color:• What do you think white people expect people of
color to say about Tammy?• What do you think white people want to hear people
of color say about Tammy?For White Students:• What do you think people of color will say about
Tammy?• What would you like to hear people of color say
about Tammy?
PEOPLE OF COLORI feel compassion for Tammy.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. Disagreed. Strongly Disagreee. Disagree because I’m a psychopath and I don’t
feel compassion for anybody.
I might feel MORE compassion for Tammy if she was of my race/ethnicity.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. Disagreed. Strongly Disagreee. Disagree because I’m a psychopath and I don’t
feel compassion for anybody.
I might feel LESS compassion for Tammy if she was of my race/ethnicity.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. Disagreed. Strongly Disagreee. Disagree because I’m a psychopath and I don’t
feel compassion for anybody.
WHITE PEOPLEI feel compassion for Tammy.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. Disagreed. Strongly Disagreee. Disagree because I’m a psychopath and I don’t
feel compassion for anybody.
I might feel MORE compassion for Tammy if she was black or brown.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. Disagreed. Strongly Disagreee. Disagree because I’m a psychopath and I don’t
feel compassion for anybody.
I might feel LESS compassion for Tammy if she was black or brown.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. Disagreed. Strongly Disagreee. Disagree because I’m a psychopath and I don’t
feel compassion for anybody.
I feel uncomfortable because I feel pressured to give money.
a. Strongly Agreeb. Agreec. c. Disagreed. Strongly Disagree
I am open to marriage (or lifetime commitment) with someone from another racial group.
• Strongly Agree – 35.2%• Agree – 37.6%• Neutral – 18.1%• Disagree – 8.0%• Strongly Disagree – 0.9%
DISCRIMINATION
denying opportunities or rights because of prejudice (and racism,
sexism, homophobia, etc.)
White House
Plantation Slaves
Whipped Slave
Work – Picking Cotton
Percentage of White students who described blacks as “ignorant”:
• 1933 – 38%• 1951 – 24%• 1967 – 11%• 1982 – 10%• 1988 – 6%• 1990 – 5%• 1996 – 2%
Residents of the White House
Remember this?
Affirmative Action for Whites?
• New York – New Jersey area:– 67,000 low interest (GI Bill) mortgages were given to WWII
Vets– Virtually no proof of eligibility was needed aside from
being a vet– Virtually no down payment was needed
• 100 of these went to veterans of color– 12 percent of veterans were of color– That is, about 7,000 loans were not received by people
who should have received them in a fair world
How could the Obama presidency possibly alter this cycle?
Prison vs. Dorms
• More then three times as many Black people live in prison cells as in college dorms
• 2.7 times as many Hispanics live in prison cells as in college dorms
• Twice as many Whites are living in college housing as in a prison or jail.
Data: Bureau of the Census
Aren’t we all just a little bit racist?
How do you explain why more black, Latina, and Native American teens
have babies out of wedlock than white teens?
How do you explain why more poor teens have children out of wedlock
than wealthier teens?
How do you explain why more black, Latina, and Native American teens
have babies out of wedlock than white teens?
How do you explain why more poor teens have children out of wedlock
than wealthier teens?
