Discussed the Planning and Design Considerations for Compatibility Between the Planning and Design Product and Its Content for the Landscape Architecture Operations

7/28/2019 Discussed the Planning and Design Considerations for Compatibility Between the Planning and Design Product and Its Content for the Landscape Architect

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Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Urban Planning

Research PaperIn

Landscape Design / Planning

By

Eng. Sarah El Sayed Abdel Rasheed

Under the supervision of

Prof. Dr. Mohammed El BarmelgiProfessor of Urban Planning


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February - 2010

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CONTENTS

Abstract

Introduction

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

LANDSCAPE PLANNING

Definition

The objectives of Landscape Planning

Affective Elements on Landscape Planning

Other considerations in landscape planning:

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Definition

The Basic Principles of Landscape Design

Aesthetic Basis

Functional Basis

Basis for Achieving Sustainability

SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS

Mission Dolores Park

Seoul Forest Park

Conclusion

References

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Discuss the planning and design considerations forcompatibility between the planning and design product and itscontent for the Landscape Architecture operations

1-AbstractThis paper intends to give an overview ofthe relationship between different levels of

landscape (Architecture, planning and design) and their considerations to achieve balance

and sustainability between the final product and the surrounding environment.To reach this goal first, I will introduce the general definitions of landscape levels and the relation

between them then identify the factors affecting the landscape planning process, which

should be considerwhen selecting the site, Basic principles for landscape design and

finally how to achieve sustainability of landscape final product, through the presentation

of some experience in planning and design of public parks and analysis to identify factors

which helped in the success of these projects

Keywords: Landscape Architecture Landscape Design Landscape Planning -Sustainability

2-Introduction

Landscape is not only appealing to the eye or aspiring cerebrally to be fine art; landscape

is and must be much more than this. Landscape comprises the visible features of an area

of land, including physical elements such aslandforms, living elements of flora and

fauna, abstract elements such as lighting and weather conditions, and human elements, for

instance human activity or thebuilt environment.1

In order to achieve the balance between landscape designing and planning, first, we need

to stop asking, is it affordable? Is it beautiful? Is it what the client wants? Is it art? Will

my colleagues approve? And instead start asking, first and foremost, is it sustainable?

3-Landscape Architecture

Landscape architecture is about making places which are biologically wholesome,

socially just and spiritually rewarding

Landscape architecture came into being as an art concerned with designing a particular

type of building. Later in the nineteenth century, it took on its present meaning. The

organized profession extended its sphere of involvement from private gardens to public

parks and then to a broad spectrum of relationships involving landscapes and architecture,

including town planning, transport, parks, forestry, agriculture and mineral extraction

Landscape architecture can be defined with regard to its aims and methods. The aim is to

make and conserve good outdoor space with the word good defined operationally.

A good landscape is useful, beautiful and sustainable2.

4-Landscape Planning

4-1Definition

1 www.gardenvisit.com2John Benson and Maggie Roe, Landscape and sustainability, Spon Press,London,2005

4
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landformhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landformhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Built_environmenthttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Built_environmenthttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Built_environmenthttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landform


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Landscape planningis a branch oflandscape architecture. Urbanpark systems and

greenwaysof the type planned byFrederick Law Olmsted are key examples of urban

landscape planning.1

Landscape planningmeans "forward-looking action to enhance, restore or re-create

Landscapes, through a process of plan-making, design and construction".Landscape Planningis about landscape enhancement and is suitable for areas which

have been left derelict from past industrialization, degraded by intensive agriculture or

subjected to a whole range of pressures in pre-urban areas. Landscape planning is a

conscious investment in landscape enhancement for future generations.

Landscape planningshould couple consideration of land suitability for urban uses with

consideration of community goals and projected growth. Project plan designs should

conserve natural areas to the extent possible, maximize natural water storage and

infiltration opportunities, and protect slopes and channels2.

The historic role of landscape planning is to exercise the social and environmental

responsibility of reconciling the publics needs with natural systems. Althoughtechnological developments continue to be important forlandscape planning, the

Landscape/Land Use Planning attempts to balance high-tech developments with

conservation and innovative planning.3

4-2 The objectives of Landscape Planning are similar to those of Landscape Design but

planning projects tend to be:4

More concerned with public goods than private goods

Larger in scale

Longer in duration

Implemented by many contracts, rather than one contract

4-3 Affective Elements on Landscape Planning

There are three main elements which affective on construction of the environment, these

elements are nature elements, social aspects, manmade elements and each one of these

elements contains a set of secondary elements.5

Frederick Law Olmsted )April 26, 1822 August 28, 1903) was anAmericanjournalist, landscape

designer and father of American landscape architecture, famous for designing many well-known urbanparks, including Central Parkand Prospect Parkin New York City. Other projects include the country's

oldest coordinated system of public parks and parkways in Buffalo, New York.1 www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landscape2John Benson and Maggie Roe, Landscape and sustainability, Spon Press,London,20053 www.asla.org4

www.gardenvisit.com5 Nilly Mohamed Alaa, Global trends of the Landscape and its implication of the regional and local reality,Master thesis, Faculty of engineering , Cairo university,2008

5

OPEN SPACES

Natural Elements

Landform - Climate -Water - Vegetation

Social Aspects

Population

Social and cultural lifePsychological and behavioral LifeEconomic life and the place

Political Life

Man Made Elements

Activities and uses

Mobility transport and traffic

Construction and BuildingMaterials

Perception of the place

Life and death of the place

Figure 1: Affective Elements on Landscape Planning

Source: Global trends of the Landscape 2008
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landscape_architecturehttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Park_systemhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Park_systemhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Greenwayshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Greenwayshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Frederick_Law_Olmstedhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Frederick_Law_Olmstedhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landscape_architecturehttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Central_Parkhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Central_Parkhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Buffalo%2C_New_Yorkhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Buffalo%2C_New_Yorkhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Buffalo%2C_New_Yorkhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/United_Stateshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landscape_architecturehttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Central_Parkhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Buffalo%2C_New_Yorkhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Landscape_architecturehttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Park_systemhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Greenwayshttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Frederick_Law_Olmsted


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4-3-1 Natural Elements

- Landform

The topography of the city is constantly changing and is often buried by buildings and

covered by pavements. we need to protect existing positive landform features and identifythe potential for the creation of new landscapes of green space, hill space, valley space,

river space, quarry space, wild space, marsh space and beach space as well as respond to

the geology, topography and soils in order to understand the resources and hazards of an

urban area. Too often, cities degrade or destroy the geological resources on which they

depend (Figure 1).1

Figure 2: Landform plans could show where change is possible, desirable and undesirable.

Source: Landscape and Sustainability - 2005

Sustainable land form plans should therefore do the following: Exploit distinctive geological and topographical character;

Protect potential resources;

Provide opportunities for new integrated landform;

Plan for secondary and tertiary land uses.

- Climate2

It's important to know all the surrounded natural elements, for example when the area is

typically wet and dry, Soil's ability to allow water to percolate through is essential to

good drainage. After a heavy rain, Note the location of irrigation lines, heads, and spigots.

1 John Benson and Maggie Roe, Landscape and sustainability, Spon Press,London,20052 www.bhg.com

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http://www.bhg.com/topics/home-improvement/roofing/drainage.htmhttp://www.bhg.com/topics/home-improvement/roofing/drainage.htm


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Also note the number of hours of sun exposure received by each part of the property,

identify the prevailing wind directions in the area. Notice how existing plantings or

structures work for or against channeling breezes where you want them to go.

- Water

Planning for sustainability in city regions requires the compilation of water plans that

review urban water resources in relation to inputs and outputs. River and drainageauthorities normally examine these issues on a catchment basis rather than within urban

boundaries, where detailed decisions on paving and roofing and outdoor design have a

cumulative impact on the overall water balance.1

- Vegetation

Select plants for your home landscape based on environmental requirements (hardiness

level, heat zone tolerance, light, moisture, and soil requirements) and aesthetic qualities

(form, texture, seasonal foliage color, flowers, fruit, bark, and mature size).

4-3-2 Social Aspects

The imperative to create more sustainable landscapes has focused attention on the need to

engage with social sustainability by addressing the relationships of people to each other,

as well as the relationships of people to landscapes and confirm the importance of public

participation', Concepts of democracy, empowerment, landscape exclusion and social

justice, communities and decision making are discussed under the theme of social

structure and some potentials for more integrated and responsive decision making

structures, concepts of community building, rights and responsibilities, volunteering and

citizenship, cultural diversity, identity and character are examined.

Changing perceptions of the city and city communities, their behavior, attitude and

lifestyles are also affective elements.

4-3-3 Man-made Elements

4-3-4 Other considerations in landscape planning

Each landscape has different environmental and physical characteristics and a variety of

uses. There are many things should be considered before any landscape planning.

- Determine a budget

The cost of a landscaping project is a combination of time and money. For large,

expensive projects you may want to spread the work and cost over 3 to 5 years.

Developing an overall plan for the landscape helps us to focus on completing parts of the

project over that period.2

- Consider maintenance requirementsAll landscapes require maintenance. Knowing how much time and money we are willing

to spend on maintenance will influence our major design decisions.

Thoughtful design combined with low maintenance plants and hardscapes (patios,

walkways, etc.) can greatly reduce time spent on maintenance

5-Landscape Design

5-1Definition

Focus on outdoor spaces and its treatment from aesthetic and technical way by achieving

balance, and choosing the soft design elements of plants, water, and the hard elements of

paving and floor coverings to create places and spaces of aesthetic and functional

1John Benson and Maggie Roe, Landscape and sustainability, Spon Press,London,20052 John Benson and Maggie Roe, Landscape and sustainability, Spon Press,London,2005

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backgrounds, also orders of the natural and man-made site elements.1 One initial purpose

of landscape design is to blend man's technology (house or building) into the natural

surroundings2

5-2 The Basic Principles of Landscape Design

To work toward a desirable landscape design, the landscape designer must have aworking knowledge of design principles and art elements, and we can restrict the most

important of these bases in:

5-2-1 Aesthetic Basis

Source: Researcher

A. Structural Elements

Design principles include line and form; these principles interact to yield the intended

design.

1

Osama Abdel Nabi, The sustainability of residential areas in new urban communities, Phd thesis, Facultyof engineering , Cairo university,20052 www.the-landscape-design-site.com

Basic Principles of Landscape Design

Aesthetic Basis

Functional Basis

Basis for Achieving

Sustainability

Aesthetic Basis

StructuralForm

Line

Visualunity

balance

focalization

rhythm

ScaleNatural

transition

proportion

Artsimplicity

color

texture

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-Line is one of the more structural principles of landscape design. It can mostly be related to the

way beds, walkways, and entryways move and flow. Straight lines are forceful and direct while

curvy lines have a more natural, gentle, flowing effect.1

Figure 3

A permeable pathway made of concrete meanders

through lush water-wise plantings, creating arelaxed and magical throughway in this

Mediterranean garden

The walk from this contemporary front patio the

backyard pool draws visitors through anabundant water-wise planting bed. colorful

groundcover

Source: www.hgtvpro.com

-Form and line are closely related. Line is considered usually in terms of the outline or edge of

objects, whereas form is more encompassing. The concept of form is related also to the size of an

object or area. Form can be discussed in terms of individual plant growth habits or as the planting

arrangement in a landscape.

Form is basically the shape and structure of a plant or mass of plants. Structures also have form

and should be considered as such when designing the area around them.2

B. Visual Elements

-Unity, it may be better understood and applied as consistency and repetition. Repetition creates

unity by repeating alike elements like plants, plant groups, or decor throughout the landscape.

Consistency creates unity in the sense that some or all of the different elements of the landscapefit together to create a whole. 3

Unity can be achieved by the consistency of character of elements in the design (height, size,

texture, color schemes, etc (. of different elements. Using elements to express a main idea through

consistent style and a specific theme is what creates harmony.

Also, unity can be created by using several different elements repeatedly. This in turn keeps the

design interesting.

Figure 4

Using one element in landscape to create harmony. Using several different elements repeatedly

Source: www.landscapesofflorida.com www.landscape-design-advisor.com

1

www.buroakdesigns.com2 www.the-landscape-design-site.com3 www.landscape-design-advisor.com

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-Balance, There are basically two types of balance in landscape design. Symmetrical and

Asymmetrical.

Symmetrical balance is where there are more or less equally spaced matching elements of the

garden design. With a garden equally divided, both sides could share all or part of the same shape,

form, plant height, plant groupings, colors, bed shapes, theme, etc.

Asymmetrical balance on the other hand is one of the principles of landscape design that's a little

more complex. While textures, forms, colors, etc. may remain constant to create some unity,

shapes and hardscapes may be more random. This form of balance often has separate or different

themes with each having an equal but different type of attraction.

Asymmetrical may be better understood as actually being unbalanced, abstract, or free form while

still creating unity and balance through the repetition of some elements.

Plant height, color, and texture may be varied from one area to the next but each area should stay

consistent within its own theme.

Figure 5

Asymmetrical balanceSymmetrical balance

Source: www.Gardenofpossibilities.com

-Focalization involves the leading of visual observation toward a feature by placement of this

feature at the vanishing point between radial or approaching lines. Straight radial lines, Create a

strong focalization when compared to curved lines. The viewer's eye is quickly forced along

straight lines to a focal point. Generally, weaker or flowing lines of focalization are desirable in

the residential landscape. Transition of plants or other objects along these lines can strengthen or

weaken the focalization. Curved lines are stronger when curved toward each other than when

curved outward. Indirect focalization is created by lines curved in the same direction. Focalization

can be adjusted by plant materials along the lines to create symmetrical or asymmetrical

focalization. Asymmetrical focalization is indirect while symmetrical focalization is more direct,

creating stronger focalization.1

Figure 6: Focalization

Source: www.landscape-design-advisor.com

1 www.the-landscape-design-site.com

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-Rhythm is achieved when the elements of a design create a feeling of motion which leads the

viewer's eye through or even beyond the designed area. Tools like color schemes, line and form

can be repeated to attain rhythm in landscape design. Rhythm reduces confusion in the design.2

Figure 7: Rhythm

Source: www.mocksgreenhouse.com/Images/

C. Scale Elements

-Natural transition is one of the principles of landscape design that can be used to "create

illusions" in the landscape. For example a transition from taller to shorter plants can give a sense

of depth and distance (like in a painting), making the garden seem larger than it really is. A

transition from shorter to taller plants could be used to frame a focal point to make it stand out

and seem closer than it really is.

An example of a good transition would be a stair step effect from large trees to medium trees to

shrubs to bedding plants.

Figure 8: Natural Transition


-Proportion simply refers to the size of elements in relation to each other. Of all the principles of

landscape design, this one is quite obvious but still requires a little thought and planning. Most ofthe elements in landscape design can be intentionally planned to meet the proper proportions. The

goal is to create a pleasing relationship among the three dimensions of length, breadth, and depth

or height.

2 www.the-landscape-design-site.com

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Figure 9: Proportion

Source: www.dargan.com

D. Art Elements

Elements of art are tools which are used in combinations to adjust design principles. It includes

but not limited to Simplicity, color, texture, variety. These elements are never independent of each

other, but we will discuss their individual natures before considering the interactions.1

-Simplicity is actually one of the principles in design and art. Simplicity in planting, for instance,would be to pick two or three colors and repeat them throughout the garden or landscape. Keeping

decor to a minimum and within a specific theme as well as keeping hardscape such as boulders

consistent is also practicing simplicity.

-Color adds the dimension of real life and interest to the landscape. Bright colors like reds,

yellows and oranges seem to advance toward you and can actually make an object seem closer to

you. Cool colors like greens, blues, and pastels seem to move away from you and can make an

object seem farther from you.

Grays, blacks, and whites are considered neutral colors and are best used in the background with

bright colors in the foreground.Colors can also be used to direct your attention to a specific area

of the garden.2

It is possible to have varying color schemes in one area of the landscape as the seasons change,

Also colors can be used to visually change distance perspective

-Texture describes the surface quality of an object than can be seen or felt. Surfaces in the

landscape include buildings, walks, patios, groundcovers and plants. The texture of plants differs

as the relationships between the leaves, twigs and branches differ. Coarse, medium or fine could

be used to describe texture but so could smooth, rough, glossy or dull. 3

Figure 10: Texture

1

www.the-landscape-design-site.com2 www.landscape-design-advisor.com3 www.the-landscape-design-site.com

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5-2-2 Functional Basis

Outdoor Landscape Design creates forms of function that merge the boundaries between the

purely aesthetic and the purely practical. Nothing in a site that has been professionally landscaped

ever looks purely functional in nature.Likewise, few things on the landscape, if any, are there for mere decoration. Even deliberately aestheticelements such as fountains and outdoor gardens often serve a very practical purpose as focal points for

gatherings or transition elements from one point of interest to another1

These points could guide us through the process of designing a functional landscape plan. The processincludes many steps, such:

2

- Gather information about the site and who will use it.

- Prioritize needs and wants.

- Consider maintenance requirements.

- Determine a budget.

- Organize the landscape space.

- Determine the shape of the spaces and how they relate to each other.

- Select the plants that will fill the landscape.

5-2-3 Basis for Achieving Sustainability

There are many considerations that can be taken care of when we design sites for landscape andwhich vary between natural, social, and economic in order to achieve sustainability of the final product of

landscape design3

-Use the minimum quantity of resources possible to achieve the required construction.

-Specify re-used and recycled materials, wherever possible.

-Where it is necessary to use virgin materials, renewable materials from sustainable sources

should be selected in preference to non-renewable materials.-Materials should be selected with consideration given to theirpotential environmental and

health impacts during their life cycle; selected on a minimum impact basis, with

consideration given to relative levels of embodied energy.

-Minimize the need for structural and other materials; avoid the over-design of elements,

particularly foundations, structure and cladding.

-Integrate recycling systems into the design and construction.

-The durability of materials.

-The potential for re-use and recycling after decommissioning.

-The health and safety issues associated with the manufacture and use of materials.

-Adverse social and political considerations associated with certain materials, resources,

and companies supplying them.

6- Successful Projects in Landscape planning/design

What makes some places Great ones? Here, we will study some of successful publicprojects to identify the factors that helped to make this success.

6-1 Mission Dolores ParkMission Dolores Park - commonly called Dolores Park- and formerly known as Mission Park is

a San Francisco, California, city park located in the neighborhood ofMission Dolores, at the

western edge of the Mission District, which lies to the east of the park. To the west of the park is a

1

www.goarticles.com2 www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications3 John Benson and Maggie Roe, Landscape and sustainability, Spon Press,London,2005

13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Doloreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Doloreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_District


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hillside referred to as "Dolores Heights" or considered a part of the Castro neighborhood.

Between the Mission and Castro districts San Francisco, CA1

Figure 11: Mission Dolores Park

Source: www.pps.org

What Makes Mission Dolores Park a Great Place? 2

- Location-Access and Linkages: Located directly in between famous Castro Street in The Castro, and

Valencia Street in The Mission, Dolores park is also only a few blocks from the bustling Market

street. Accessible by light rail on the F and J lines, Dolores Park is also walking distance from the

BART, multiple MUNI and bus lines, and the Haight Ashbury neighborhood. Dolores park is

right in the middle of the cultural and social center of San Francisco. Dolores Street, which

borders the park to the east is a 4 lane road but it has a nice grassy median with palm trees. It is

not heavily trafficked, vehicles go slow and it's easy to cross.

-Comfort and Image: Although the park is quite heavily used on sunny days, the grass is in good

shape, and the crowd doesn't feel like a deterrent. There are benches bordering the park and

scattered throughout, but most people prefer to sit on the sloped ground which faces the northeast

with beautiful far reaching views on the San Francisco downtown skyline and the greater Bay

Area beyond.-Uses and activities: Besides the great views, the park features a few basketball and tennis courts

and a playground. There is loads of open space and it is not uncommon to see young people

throwing a Frisbee, or dogs chasing balls. The park is happily shared by families and twenty and

thirty something's at all hours of the day. The park is surrounded by some of the best cafes the

city has to offer and is an excellent place to bring a cup of coffee and a croissant with the morning

paper.

-Sociability: The park generally seems to be heavy on locals but there is no territorial feeling; all

comers are welcome. People visit alone or as couples, with groups or with dogs. Everyone is

generally friendly and sociable.

6-2 Seoul Forest Park

Ttukseom, one of a few large unused sites in Seoul, became home to Seoul Forest Park, which putan end to a controversy over numerous development plans.

The total area of the park is 286 acre. Based on an ecological approach, five zones were created in

2005: Eco-forest, Culture & Art Park, Experience Learning Center, Wetland Ecological Garden,

and Hangang Riverside Park

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Park2 www.pps.org

14
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Figure 12: Seoul Forest Park

Source: www.pps.org

What Makes Seoul Forest Park a Great Place?

- You can easily access by bus, subway, or car. And some years later, a new subway station

will be located at the front of the Park. The Parks two sides are adjacent to Han River and

Jungrang Streams. When you arrive at the parking lot, you may walk up the low hill and drop atthe Insect Garden. You may visit the pedestrian bridge, which connected to Hangang River where

you may see some deer under the bridge. Otherwise, you may rent bicycle at the backside of the

visitor center.

- There is no vehicle in the park except bicycles and in-line skates. It has bicycle trails in the inner

course. The park is managed by partnership with the city government and NGO (Seoul

Green Trust). Volunteers are always welcome for the maintenance of the park. The Park

Rangers regularly go around the park for the safe of the visitors. There are many facilities such as

benches, restrooms, and snack bars around the park.

Bicycle patrol Some sitting equipments


Source: www.pps.org

- The park has many environmental and ecological programs for kids, teens and adults, andhas many events such as rock music, painting exhibitions, and sports programs around the year.

Inside of insect garden Play Ground

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Music Festival


Source: www.pps.org

- The major group of the park users is family members. The pre-school classmates are also main

groups of the park visitors during spring and fall.

7- Conclusion

Through the integration of design elements and planning we can get to a successful scheme to

achieve sustainability and achieve the relative satisfaction of the users, which is discussed through

the presentation of the set of experiments for the design of some major parks in the United States

and Korea

Landscape planning should couple consideration of land suitability for urban uses with

consideration of community goals and projected growth. Project plan designs should conserve

natural areas to the extent possible.

Finally, we can say that the concept of sustainability of landscape contains three major

arguments: an argument for efficiency that still allows for new growth, an argument for

conservation of resources and a third for the restoration of human health and environmentalquality. The three arguments must be woven together.

8- References

John Benson and Maggie Roe, Landscape and sustainability, Spon Press,London,2005

Nilly Mohamed Alaa, Global trends of the Landscape and its implication of the regional

and local reality, Master thesis, Faculty of engineering , Cairo university,2008

Osama Abdel Nabi, The sustainability of residential areas in new urban communities, Phd

thesis, Faculty of engineering , Cairo university,2005

www.asla.org

www.landscapesofflorida.com

www.landscape-design-advisor.com

www.bhg.com www.gardenvisit.com

16
http://www.asla.org/http://www.landscapesofflorida.com/http://www.landscape-design-advisor.com/http://www.bhg.com/http://www.gardenvisit.com/http://www.asla.org/http://www.landscapesofflorida.com/http://www.landscape-design-advisor.com/http://www.bhg.com/http://www.gardenvisit.com/


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www.pps.org

www.goarticles.com

www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications

17
http://www.pps.org/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publicationshttp://www.pps.org/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications

Documents

Discussed the Planning and Design Considerations for Compatibility Between the Planning and Design Product and Its Content for the Landscape Architecture Operations