Discussion QuestionsThe writer was a Lutheran minister arrested by the Gestapo and sent to the Dachau concentration camp in 1938. Allied forces liberated the camp & freed him 7 years later.

1. What is the author saying?

2. Why didn’t the author “speak up” as he says for the Communists, Jews, trade unionists and Catholics?

3. If he had “spoken up”, what would have happened?

4. Do you think that a bystander is guilty of the crime s/he stands by and lets happen?

http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/bystanders-leave-good-samaritan-die-10469969

Why did passersby leave a Good Samaritan bleeding to death on a New York sidewalk with one person even stopping to snap a photo of the dying?

“Holocaust”

•from the Greek word that means “sacrifice by fire”

What was the Holocaust?

1933- Jewish population of Europe over 9 million.

Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or control during WWII.

By 1945 the Germans & their collaborators killed nearly 2 out of every 3 Jews in Europe as part of the “Final Solution”-the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe.

Map of Europe showing the total Jewish population of each country in 1939.

Joseph Stalin – 25 million killed a killer twice as big as Hitler

• Stalin’s Purges and Forced Famine [1932-1938]• Stalin systematically killed approximately 25 million people

from 1930-1958

• Estimated Death Toll: – 2,000,000 Jews– 5-8 million Ukrainians – 14-15 million Soviet peasants – 10 million political dissidents– The combined tragedy of the Soviet’s political

genocide exceeds even the scope of the Nazi Holocaust.

• Today’s revolts in Chechnya, Georgia and other former republics of the U.S.S.R., have deep roots in the atrocities of the Stalin era.

Rise of the Nazi Party (1918-1933) Nazification (1933-1939)The Ghettos (1939-1941)The Camps (1941-1942)Resistance (1942-1944)Rescue and Liberation (1944-1945) Aftermath (1945-2007)

In total, the Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary between 1939 and 1945.

Jews were not allowed to leave the so-called "Jewish residential districts," under penalty of death.

All ghettos had the most appalling, inhuman living conditions.

The smallest ghetto housed approximately 3,000 people. Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 400,000 people. Lódz, the second largest, held about 160,000.

The Nazis undertook to liquidate the ghettos as they began full implementation of "The Final Solution to the Jewish Question" in 1942. Massive deportations of Jews to concentration and death camps continued until the summer of 1944. By that time, almost all of the ghettos had been liquidated.

There were a)concentration camps, b)forced labor camps, c)extermination or d)death camps, e)transit camps, and f)prisoner-of-war camps. The living conditions of all camps were brutal.

Map of Death Camps & Concentration Camps

• Nazis used mobile killing squads called Einsatzgruppen. • By the time Himmler ordered a halt to the shooting in the fall of 1942, they had murdered approximately 1,500,000 Jews. • The death camps proved to be a better, faster, less personal method for killing

•Wannsee Conference - January 1942

•Reinhard Heydrich held a meeting of Nazi government officials

•Presented the Final Solution, the mass murder plot of 11 million Jews and 30 million Slavs

DEATH TOLLS• Treblinka - 750,000 Jews• Belzec - 550,000 Jews• Sobibór - 200,000 Jews• Chelmno - 150,000Jews• Lublin/Majdanek - 50,000 Jews• Auschwitz - 1 million Jews and 1 million

non-Jews.

• VICTIMS• PERPETRATORS• BYSTANDERS• RESISTERS• RESCUERS• LIBERATORS• SURVIVORS• CHILDREN

• JEWS • Roma (Gypsies)• Poles and other Slavs• Political Dissidents & Clergy• Physical and Mentally handicapped• Jehovah’s Witnesses• Homosexuals• Others

JEWS • Boycotts of Jewish businesses seemed logical• Ghettos – Hitler used these to get Jewish people herded together so he could more easily transport them to the camps• Camps – concentration and death camps where most died a tragic death

ROMA - GYPSIES• Believed they were of an inferior race• did not want them to “breed” with Germans and thus weaken the Aryan race• treated them the same as Jews

JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES• 20,000 in Germany in 1933• would not salute flag, Hitler or join the army• 10,000 sent to concentration camps• 2,500-5,000 died

• Adolf Eichmann- SS LTC, Organized “Final Solution”, escaped after war however found and sentenced to death in 1961

• Hans Frank – Nazi Governor of Poland, sent 85% of Jews to death camps, executed in 1946

•Joseph Goebbels – Propaganda minister – headed the burning of Berlin and Kristallnacht, killed his family & himself

• Herman Goring – Hitler’s successor, CIC Luftwaffe, President of Reichstag, sentenced to death, committed suicide

•Heinrich Himmler- Head of SS & Gestapo, in charge of concentration and death camps

• Joseph Mengele – Auschwitz physician, medical experiments, escaped to Argentina & Paraguay. He was hunted down by Israeli agents and his body was found in 1986 in Brazil.

Most Germans were not soldiersMost Germans were not Jews

Most Germans did not dieMost Germans just watched

Mr. Mulford

The average German citizen watched the Jewish people and others go from being boycotted, to being herded into Ghetto’s and then shipped off to concentration camps. Only at the end did they understand the full impact, and then still some could not believe the Holocaust had actually happened.

Indifference is not so much a gesture of looking away--of choosing to be

passive--as it is an active disinclination to feel. Indifference

shuts down the humane, and does it deliberately, with all the strength

deliberateness demands. Indifference is as determined--and as forcefully

muscular--as any blow.

Cynthia Ozick

First they came for the communists, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a communist.

Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a socialist.

Then they came for the labor leaders, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a labor leader.

Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a Jew.

Then they came for me, and there was no oneleft to speak out for me.

The Reverend Martin Niemöller, a pastor in the German Confessing Church who spent seven years in a concentration camp.

Rescuers are those who, at great personal risk, actively helped members of persecuted groups, primarily Jews, during the Holocaust in defiance of Third Reich policy. They were ordinary people who became extraordinary people because they

acted in accordance with their own belief systems while living in an immoral society. Thousands

survived the Holocaust because of the daring of these rescuers. Although in total their number is

statistically small, rescuers were all colossal people.

RESCUE STEPSFirst, a rescuer had to recognize that a person

was endangered Next, rescuers had to decide whether or not to

assume the responsibility of helping and risk the potential consequences

Lastly they took action!

There are 350,000 survivors of the Holocaust alive today...

There are 350,000 experts who just want to be useful with the remainder of their lives. Please listen to the words and the

echoes and the ghosts. And please teach this in your schools.

--Steven Spielberg, Academy Award acceptance speech

Inner Exile: Life in Hiding Life in hiding from the Nazis was a daily struggle.

Those hidden lived in constant terror of being discovered. People in hiding were

discovered frequently. The consequences of being found for hiders and those hiding them were grave, often resulting in brutal death at

the hands of special police squads.

Exile: Flight in and through EuropeMany survivors either sensed the danger awaiting

them if they stayed in their hometowns across Europe, or were forced to leave their

homes. For those who left, it often meant that they would see their friends and

relatives for the last time. Life in exile was full of fear and uncertainty.

Death Factories and Forced Labor The chances of surviving the war in any of the Nazi

death, concentration, or labor camps were slim to none. Those who did survive are the sole

witnesses to the horrors put into action behind the barbed electric fences surrounding Nazi

compounds. Their stories remind us of the atrocities humans are capable of when led to

believe those who are different from them are sub-human or otherwise undesirable.

FACES OF THE HOLOCAUST

WALKING TO THE WARSAW GHETTO

WARSAW GHETTO

JEWS STAND IN LINE - WARSAW GHETTO

WARSAW GHETTO JEWISH POLICE

WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING CAPTIVES

CHILDREN HEADED TO DEATH CAMPS

CHILDREN HEADED TO DEATH CAMPS

LIBERATED JEWISH CHILDREN

CHILDREN STARVED TO DEATH

CHILDREN STARVED TO DEATH

DR. MENGELE’S CHILD EXPERIMENTS

EXECUTIONS

EXECUTIONS

EXECUTIONS

EXECUTIONS

EXECUTIONS