Disease

“He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, so that we might die to sins and live for

righteousness; by his wounds you have been healed”

Types of disease

• Non-infectious diseases– Genetic or hereditary

e.g. hemophilia– Congenital e.g. fetal

alcohol syndrome– Environmental e.g.

anemia– Not transmitted by a

microorganism– Not contagious

Types of disease con’t …..

• Infectious diseases– Bacterial e.g. cholera– Viral e.g. chicken pox– Fungal e.g. tinnea– Parasitic e.g. malaria– Transmitted by a

microorganism– Contagious– Chicken Pox

Name Of Some Diseases..

• AIDS• allergies• Alzheimer's disease• anxiety disorders• arthritis• asthma• astigmatism• autoimmune diseases• benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)• bipolar disorder (manic-depressive)• cancer• candidiasis• cataracts• celiac disease• cervical cancer• chicken pox• chlamydia

It Is Our Project

Now We Discuss About

Cancer

What is Cancer?

– Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.

– Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide more rapidly until the person becomes an adult. After that, cells in most parts of the body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries.

– Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.

– Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA. This substance is in every cell and directs all its activities. Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired. People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for inherited cancers. Many times though, a person’s DNA becomes damaged by exposure to something in the environment, like smoking.

• Source - ACS

Different Types of Cancer

• SKIN CANCER

• LUKEMIA

• LUNG CANCER

• BREAST CANCER

• BRAIN CANCER

• OVARIAN CANCER

SKIN CANCER

• Skin cancer destroys and replaces normal skin cells and tissues. In some cases it can spread to other parts of the body.

• It affects about 20% of Americans at some time during their life.

Leukemia

• This is a malignancy or a cancer of the bone marrow. In Leukemia there is a “clone” of immature blood cells. These white blood cells gradually crowd out the normal blood cells.

• This cancer is the most common form of childhood cancer responsible for about 30% of cancer in children under the age of 16.

LUNG CANCER

• Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer deaths in both men and women in the U.S.

• More than 90% of lung cancers are preventable

• The overwhelming majority of lung cancers, greater than 90% are caused by cigarette smoking.

BREAST CANCER

• More than 1000 men are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. More than 180,000 women are diagnosed with the terrible disease each year.

• There are two kinds of tumors. They are benign tumors which are not cancer. Therefore, they are not life threatening. There are also malignant tumors. The cells in this type of tumor are abnormal. They can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. These cells can also break away from the malignant tumor and enter the bloodstream .

• This is what enables the cancer to spread to different parts of the body. Which will cause new tumors to form.

• This disease is uncommon in women under 35. Most of this type occurs in women over the age of 50. It becomes even more prevalent in women over 60.

• Breast cancer for some reason occurs more often in white women than African American or Asian women.

BRAIN CANCER• A primary brain tumor is that

which originates in the brain.• A metastatic (secondary)

brain tumor occurs when cancer cells from other parts of the body – such as the lungs, kidneys, breasts, and skin – spread to the brain.

• Brain tumors are classified as either benign (non cancerous) or malignant (cancerous

• At present, brain tumors cannot be prevented because their cause is still unknown.

OVARIAN CANCER• Ovarian Cancer begins in the cells

of the ovaries.• It accounts for 4% of all cancers

among women. It ranks 5th as the cause of death from cancer.

• The sad part of this type of cancer is that 70% of the women diagnosed with it are in the advanced stages .

• Some of the tumors are benign or noncancerous which can be surgically removed . Which would cure the patient.

• The malignant tumor treatment potions and outcome depend on the type and how far it has spread before it is diagnosed

Male Cancer Death Rates

Cancer Death Rates, for Women

*Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes 1960-2000, US Mortality Volumes 1930-1959,National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003.

0

20

40

60

80

100

1930

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Lung

Colon & rectum

Uterus

Stomach

Breast

Ovary

Pancreas

Rate Per 100,000

World Health Organization (WHO) Cancer Report for the Year 2005 :

• Cancer is the largest cause of deaths worldwide killing 7.6 million from a total of 58 million deaths in the year 2005 .

• 70 % of those deaths were among the middle socioeconomic countries .

• The leading cancer deaths in both males & females:

1. Lung Cancer : 1.3 million deaths

2. Stomach Cancer : 1 million deaths

3. Liver Cancer : 662.000 deaths

4. Colon Cancer : 665.000 deaths

5. Breast Cancer : 502.000 deaths

National Cancer Registery (NCR) Report of Cancer Pateint in KSA in the Year 2002 :

• Breast Cancer : 625 patients• Colorectal Cancer : 502 patients• Lymphomas : 441 patients • Leukemia : 441 patients • Liver Cancer : 341 patients

and cancer deaths were more due to :

Colorectal Ca : males---------- Breast Ca : females

Carcinogenesis : Molecular Basis of Cancer

• Multistep process .• Affecting genes that normally regulate

cellular proliferation .• Non lethal genetic damage can transform

the normal cell into a tumor cell .( Monoclonal )

• Accumulation of genetic mutation during cellular proliferation lead to Increasing in malignant attributes ( Heterogeneous ) .

Basically :

Two Steps :

1. Origin of the tumor from single cell and growth of tumor.

2.Increase growth ,Angiogenesis , Invasion , Metastasis .

Cancer Development :

• Factors required for Origin & Growth :

Oncogenes Tumor suppressor

genes Apoptosis control genes DNA repair Genes Replication control

genes

• Factors required for increase Growth , Invasiveness and Metastasis :

Angiogenesis Factors Invasion Factors Metastasis factors

Risk Factors & Risk Reduction

• Nearly all cancers of the lung, bladder, mouth and skin could be prevented

• 50-75% of cancer deaths are related to personal behaviors or habits

• 30% or more of all cancer deaths related to cigarette smoking

• 30% of all cancer deaths related to poor nutrition & inactivity leading to obesity

• Risk may be reduced by increasing consumption of fruits & vegetables and limiting high-fat foods

Risk Factors

• Viruses (e.g., Human Papilloma Virus-HPV, hepatitis B and C ) and bacteria (helicobacter pylori)

• Number of pregnancies and age at first pregnancy

• Environmental and occupational exposures (e.g., radiation, second-hand smoke, radon, asbestos, organic vapors, and pesticides

Risk Factors

• Genes known to be involved or suspected of being involved in familial cancer syndromes (e.g., BRCA1)

• Interactions of genes with lifestyle factors, environmental, and/or occupational exposures (e.g., variations in carcinogen metabolism associated with our genes)

Strategies for Cancer Prevention

• Stop using tobacco

• Maintain a reasonable weight

• Increase physical activity

• Eat 5-9 fruits and vegetables daily

• Increase fiber and reduce fat

• Limit alcohol consumption

• Limit exposure to the sun

Early Detection/Screening

• Screening for cancer means looking for cancer BEFORE there are symptoms.

• Screening may identify early cases of cancer that might never have become clinically apparent.

Screening/Early Detection Screening/Early Detection TechniquesTechniques

• Breast Cancer

– 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women

• Breast Self Exam• Mammograms

– Ages 40-49 every one to two years

– Age 50 and over - yearly

• Clinical Breast Exam• High risk women may

need to begin screening at earlier ages

Screening/Early Detection Screening/Early Detection TechniquesTechniques• Colon/Rectum

• Third most common cancer in both men and women

Other Screening Other Screening PossibilitiesPossibilities

• Tumor Markers• EX: PSA – Prostate Cancer, CA-125 Ovarian

Cancer

– Can be useful when used along with other tests.

– CAN NOT be used alone as a screening tool.

Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic Tests

• Physical Exam– Examination of the entire body – Lymph node bearing areas– Abdomen is checked to detect

enlargement of any organs– Exam of the pelvic area in women,

including PAP smear. – Digital rectal exam for men and women

Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic Tests

• Lab Tests– If cancer is present blood

tests can show any effects of the disease on the body.

– FOBT - fecal occult blood test

– Urinalysis – examination of the urine

– CBC - complete blood count

Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic Tests• The physical exam, lab and imaging

tests may identify an abnormality but a BIOPSY is the only sure way to know whether cancer is present.

• In a BIOPSY, the doctor removes a sample of tissue from the abnormal area or may remove the whole area. A pathologist will examine the tissue to see whether cancer cells are present or not.

Presented By :-

• M.Muzzamil Chagla M.Idress(Attari)

• M.Daniyal A.Waheed

• M.Khalid M.Rafique(Attari)

• M.Muzzamil Abdullah(Attari)

• Ahmed Raza M.Zubair(Attari)

• Sufiyan M.Nadeem