Managing Trunk

Diseases of Grapevine

Kendra Baumgartner

Chris Wallis United States Department of Agriculture

Dario Cantu

Mark Lubell

David Doll

Themis Michailides

Philippe Rolshausen University of California

Jonathan Kaplan

California State University

Mizuho Nita

Virginia Tech

Eutypa

dieback Esca

Phomopsis

dieback Botryosphaeria

dieback

GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES

Eutypa lata

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

Phaeoacremonium minimum

Diaporthe ampelina

Neofusicoccum parvum

Diplodia seriata

Lasiodiplodia theobromae

GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES

Rain induces spore release and

dispersal.

Cold temperatures delay wound healing.

Eutypa dieback Esca

Phomopsis dieback Botryosphaeria

dieback

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

EUTYPA DIEBACK

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

EUTYPA DIEBACK

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

ESCA (AKA MEASLES)

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

Botryosphaeria dieback

Eutypa dieback

Phomopsis dieback

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

DISEASE INCIDENCE INCREASES WITH VINEYARD AGE

0 5 10 15 20 25

100

80

60

40

20

0

From Duthie et al. 1991 (Colombard vineyards ranging from 5 to 34 years)

Years

Preventative

practices

Post-infection

practices

75% of

vines are

symptomatic

20% of

vines are

symptomatic

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

SCENARIO 1

YOUNG VINEYARD (3 TO 5-YRS-OLD)

DISEASE INCIDENCE IS LOW TO NON-EXISTENT

PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES

Delayed

Pruning

December ✖

January ✖

February ✖

March ✔

Protectants

Topsin,

Rally,

B-Lock,

Vitiseal

Double

Pruning

1st pass in

December,

2nd pass in

March

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

December ✖

Petzold et al.

1981. Pruning

wound

susceptibility

to Eutypa

dieback.

High spores

Low spores

No spores

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

February ✖

High spores

Low

spores

No spores

March ✔

VINEYARD ACREAGE IN CALIFORNIA ~900K ACRES

HIGH COST OF PRUNING

FEWER SKILLED LABORERS IN MARCH

ALTERNATIVES TO DELAYED PRUNING:

• DOUBLE PRUNING

• PRUNING-WOUND PROTECTANTS

December ✖ February ✖ March ✔

Pruning-wound protectants

-Topsin M (thiophanate-methyl)

-Rally (myclobutanil)

-B-lock (boron)

-Vitiseal

*Apply before rain, which induces spore

production/dispersal.

PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES

$42,282

-$39,662

$12,784

$5,787

-$19,624

-$50,000

-$40,000

-$30,000

-$20,000

-$10,000

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

0 5 10 15 20 25Vineyard Age

Healthy Vineyard Infected Vineyard Year 3 Year 5 Year 10

CUMULATIVE NET RETURNS WITH TOPSIN

(50% disease control efficacy)

Delayed

Pruning Topsin

Double

Pruning

25% effective

Year 3 19 19 18

Year 5 14 14 13

Year 10 12 12 12

50% effective

Year 3 25 25 25

Year 5 19 19 18

Year 10 14 14 13

75% effective

Year 3 25 25 25

Year 5 20 21 19

Year 10 14 14 14

LAST YEAR THAT ANNUAL NET RETURNS ARE POSITIVE

(out of 25 years total)

SCENARIO 2

MATURE VINEYARD (10-YRS-OLD)

DISEASE INCIDENCE IS LOW (20%)

SYMPTOMATIC VINES – POST-INFECTION PRACTICES

ENTIRE VINEYARD – PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES

POST-INFECTION PRACTICES

Vine surgery Replanting

Replant rows

or

Sections of

vineyard

Sanitation

Cut out

infected

spurs and

cordons

Retrain cordon

Retrain trunk

Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

1. Basal buds push

into new shoots at

base of trunk

2. Trunk sucker is

trained up trellis

system

3. Old vine kept in

place for 1-2 yrs.

OR

1. Old vine cut at base

2. Basal buds push

into new shoots at

base of trunk

3. Trunk sucker is

trained up trellis

system

Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

SCENARIO 3

MATURE VINEYARD (15-YRS-OLD)

DISEASE INCIDENCE IS HIGH (75%)

ALL VINES – RETRAIN TRUNK AND/OR REPLANT ROWS

POST-INFECTION PRACTICES

Vine surgery Replanting

Replant rows

or

Sections of

vineyard

Sanitation

Cut out

infected

spurs and

cordons

Retrain cordon

Retrain trunk

PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES

Delayed

Pruning

December ✖

January ✖

February ✖

March ✔

Protectants

Topsin,

Rally,

B-Lock,

Vitiseal

Double

Pruning

1st pass in

December,

2nd pass in

March

Specialty Crop Research Initiative

USDA, National Institute of Food & Agriculture

American Vineyard Foundation

California Table Grape Commission

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